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1
Hudson, Alan. "Diglossia: A bibliographic review." Language in Society 21, no. 4 (December 1992): 611–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004740450001575x.
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ABSTRACTThe bibliography following the body of this paper contains a total of 1,092 entries on the subject of diglossia. Entries dealing with diglossia in the classical sense of Ferguson (1959) and in the sense of functional compartmentalization of distinct languages are represented approximately equally. Scholarly publication in the area of diglossia continues unabated as indicated by the fact that approximately one-half of the entries in the bibliography were published between 1983 and 1992. However, there remains a need for a comprehensive integration, comparative analysis, and socioevolutionary interpretation of diglossia research. (Bilingualism, diglossia, functional variation, literary languages, registers, standard languages, standardization)
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Denisova, E. A. "The mixing of language codes in anglophone postmodern literature." Professional Discourse & Communication 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2020-2-1-49-58.
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The study of the mixing of language codes on a par with linguistic and extralinguistic factors that determine peculiarities of the equal functioning of two (or more) languages in a communicative act or in a literary text, in particular an anglophone literary text, is studied at the interdisciplinary level and is relevant. Traditionally, the phenomenon of mixing language codes is considered as a separate aspect of language interactions, as well as in the context of such linguistic phenomena as: borrowings, interference, bilingualism, diglossia, code switching, etc. The interest of linguists to language mixtures arose in the middle of the 20th century. This is evidenced by works in the field of structural phonology theory, information theory, bilingualism theory, considering successfully coexisting language systems (two or more). In linguistics, as in the other interdisciplinary studies, today debates about the nature of bilingualism and the prerequisites for its occurrence take place. Traditionally, bilingualism is considered to be a forced phenomenon arising from the established use of two languages in society. However, we emphasize that the so-called tradition of using several languages in speech is not always present in society, unlike the Anglophone postmodern literature of the last century, where the presence of language mixtures (foreign language insertions) is one of the characteristic features. The key issue of this article is the Anglophone literary text created by bilingual bi-cultural writers using the strategy of language mixing (code switching) not only as a language game, but also as a full-fledged linguistic phenomenon, the mechanism of interaction of components of language insertions, demonstrating a certain style, cultural way of portrayed social and linguistic environment.The aim of the study is to analyze the language and speech activity of the characters of a certain language group on the material of the Anglophone literary text.
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Muñiz-Cachón, Carmen. "Prosody: A feature of languages or a feature of speakers?" Prosodic Issues in Language Contact Situations 16, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00047.mun.
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Abstract Social situations of language coexistence have resulted in linguistic manifestations of bilingualism and diglossia, including linguistic interference, lexical loans and code switching. What role does prosody play in social bilingualism? In other words, when contact between different languages is not restricted to the individual but affects an entire speech community, does a dominant prosody exist? Does prosody vary among different linguistic varieties? In order to find an answer to these questions, we hereby show the results of a research project on the prosodic features of Asturian and Castilian spoken in the centre of Asturias. This experimental study is based on the speech of four informants from Oviedo – two men and two women – two of which speak Castilian, while the other two speak Asturian.
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Fernández, Mauro. "Los Origenes del término diglosia." Historiographia Linguistica 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1995): 163–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.22.1-2.07fer.
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Summary This article reviews the history of the term ‘diglossia’, particularly from its first documented use by Rhoidis in 1885 to refer to the Greek linguistic situation, to Ferguson’s 1959 landmark article, in order to reveal its origin and process of circulation. The few authors who have dealt with the pre-Ferguson history of the term ‘diglossia’ depict it as a small series of isolated, sparsely scattered, barely connected occurrences. Contrary to this commonly accepted view, in this article it is argued that there existed a continuous use of the term in several languages between 1885 and 1959. It is suggested that this continuous use could have been inferred even from the scarce number of pre-Ferguson references which had been located previously. Some interpretations about the coinage of the term and the diffusion paths of these interpretations are discussed; it is shown why these accounts are inaccurate or highly implausible. Finally, focus is placed on the first documented usages of Greek διγλωσσία and French diglossie in 1885 to mean ‘two forms of the same language’. Contrary to the common opinion that διγλωσσία used to mean simply ‘bilingualism’, it is argued that this development is recent and follows the coinage of bilinguisme in French, bilingualism in English, bilinguismo in Italian, etc. Furthermore, any linguistic sense of the Greek term διγλωσσία is argued to be relatively recent; thus, Rhoidis’ pioneering use must be seen as a creative neologism based on the traditional sense of Greek διγλωσσία as “falsehood”, “hypocrisy”, “deceitfulness” or “double-tonguedness”.
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Li, David C. S. "The Functions and Status of English in Hong Kong." English World-Wide 20, no. 1 (November 5, 1999): 67–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.20.1.03li.
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This paper is an update of Luke and Richards' (1982) study on the functions and status of English in Hong Kong. The sociolinguistic matrix is described by outlining the distribution of the main functions of the two written languages standard written Chinese (SWC) and English, and the three spoken languages Cantonese, English and Putonghua, in four key domains: government, media, employment and education. Cantonese and English remain the most important spoken languages. The macro-sociolinguistic analysis "diglossia without bilingual-ism" has given way to polyglossia with increasing bilingualism. There are two written H varieties, SWC and English, the former is penetrating into some domains formerly dominated by the latter. Cantonese, typically interspersed with some English, is assigned L functions in both spoken and written mediums. There is some indication that Putonghua is getting increasingly important in post-colonial Hong Kong, but there are as yet no significant social functions assigned to it. Compared with the early 1980s, significant changes have taken place at all levels. Language-related changes are discussed in light of a critical review of recent local research in a number of areas: medium of instruction, language right, linguistic imperialism, Hong Kong accent, Hong Kong identity and language attitudes toward Chinese and English. In view of the tremendous social prestige and symbolic predominance of English, it is argued that "value-added" is a more suitable epithet than "auxiliary" to characterize the status of English in post-1997 Hong Kong.
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Valdés, Guadalupe, and Claudia Angelelli. "4. INTERPRETERS, INTERPRETING, AND THE STUDY OF BILINGUALISM." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 23 (March 2003): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190503000199.
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In this chapter we present a brief overview of the literature on interpreting focused specifically on issues and questions raised by this literature about the nature of bilingualism in general. It is our position that research carried out on interpreting—while primarily produced with a professional audience in mind and concerned with improving the practice of interpreting—provides valuable insights about complex aspects of language contact that have not been thoroughly addressed by the existing literature on bilingualism. Examination of the literature emphasizing a category of bilinguals, who have been referred to as “true” bilinguals (Thiery, 1978a, b), provides perspectives on both individual and societal bilingualism that can complement, and possibly refocus, some current views of the linguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic characteristics of language contact. For applied linguists who study language minority populations around the world, the literature on interpreting suggests important new directions for research focusing on areas such as the process of high level development of two languages in diglossic contexts; the effects of instruction on the development of nonsocietal languages; the nature of language transfer; and the characteristics of communication between speakers of societal and nonsocietal languages.
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Matsumoto, Kazuko. "A restudy of postcolonial Palau after two decades." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 30, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2020): 34–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.00044.mat.
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Abstract This paper reports results from a reinvestigation of multilingualism in postcolonial Palau, conducted twenty years after the first study. The first-ever ethnographic language survey conducted in 1997–1998 highlighted the diglossic nature of Palau where English replaced Japanese as the ‘high’ language, while indigenous Palauan remained as the ‘low’ spoken language. It indicated three possible future scenarios: (a) shift from multilingualism to bilingualism after the older Japanese-speaking generation passes away; (b) stability of diglossia with a clear social division between an English-speaking elite and a predominantly Palauan-speaking non-elite; (c) movement towards an English-speaking nation with Palauan being abandoned. The restudy conducted in 2017–2018 provides real-time evidence to assess the direction and progress of change, whilst the ethnographic analysis of recent changes in language policies and the linguistic analysis of teenagers’ narratives reveal the unpopularity of Palauan as a written language and the emergence of their own variety of English.
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Belmar, Guillem. "The Role of Translation in the Revitalization Process of Minority Languages: The Case of Basque." Sustainable Multilingualism 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sm-2017-0002.
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Summary All literature reflects the existing discourse in a given community, and translation –as a process of rewriting texts– is a readily accessible tool which linguistic minorities can use to shift power dynamics in their society or, at least, suggest new paradigms and new discourses. In this paper we analyze the key role which translation plays in the cultural systems of minority languages and how translation helps revitalize these languages. The aim of the paper is to defend this key role of translation in the revitalization processes of all minority languages and, at the same time, to highlight the main obstacles one may come across and to try to establish some basic guidelines which may be applied throughout all these processes to maximize their results. Therefore, this paper deals with language standardization, language planning, choice of texts to translate, source languages of the translations, target audience of the translations, diglossia, actual bilingualism, language orientation in translations and the dichotomy between originals written in the language and translations. In order to do so, we will first picture the theoretical frame upon which this paper is based and we will go on to discuss translation into Basque. Finally, we will establish a set of guidelines for other minority languages.
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Tóth, Gergely. "Bilingual Experience in the Hungarian and German Immigrant Communities of the San Francisco Bay Area." Hungarian Cultural Studies 5 (January 1, 2012): 362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2012.92.
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Studies on the interaction of languages are gaining importance in today’s world, characterized by accelerated migration and increasing cultural exchange. Unlike most research in this field, which concentrate on one embedded language against a matrix language, this fieldwork-based study examines the linguistic life in two immigrant populations, Hungarian and German, against the background of English. The primary focus of this article is the description of the bilingual and bicultural experience of the two groups. The discussion of language and identity will take a central place in the paper, and diglossia, bilingualism, loyalty, and language as social behavior will also be touched upon (section 4). This is complemented by a socio-historical portrayal of these speech communities of San Francisco, set forth in the preceding section 3. Section 5 provides an outline of the informant sets, spanning three generations in each linguistic cohort, and illustrates the subjects’ attitude towards maintenance. The final, sixth section offers qualitative and quantitative comparative statements about the results of linguistic interference and the ongoing attrition process, thus contributing to our understanding of contact linguistic mechanisms, and shedding light on specific grammatical and lexical features that are most prone to attritional forces.
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Zopus, András. "Bilingualism and Diglossia as Sociocultural Phenomena in Romanian–Hungarian Translations in Transylvania." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2016-0027.
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Abstract My study aims to scrutinize the extent to which bilingualism and diglossia influence Transylvanian translators’ texts when the target language is Hungarian. While studying the narrower and wider interpretations of these linguistic phenomena, we may find that all the conditions are given that are required for us to say: Transylvanian translators’ bilingualism and diglossia may be considered as facts, and socio-lingual effects become tangible in various translations.
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Fonyuy, Kelen Ernesta. "The rush for English education in urban Cameroon: sociolinguistic implications and prospects." English Today 26, no. 1 (February 23, 2010): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078409990289.
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The growing demand for English in parts of Cameroon that were once firmly under French influence.In the last decade, multilingual Cameroon has awoken to a new linguistic reality characterised by reconstructing linguistic identities in order to fit in the global space. This is seen in more and more urban Francophones pursuing English medium education and the Anglophones consolidating their identity alignment to the English language. From a sociolinguistic perspective, this paper evaluates the prominence and implications and prospects of this rush for English education in contemporary urban Cameroon. The case study method and cost-benefit analysis confirm that there is a fast growing interest in English medium education and the beginnings of English as an L1 in urban Cameroon. The result is a paradoxical sociolinguistic outcome: first of all, there is a shift by the majority Francophone group, who are shifting from a predominantly French medium to an English medium education, principally for economic benefits. Secondly, the Anglophones are increasingly shifting to English as an L1, without losing French as they live in basically French-speaking urban zones. This state of language shift implies that there will subsequently be bilingualism without diglossia in Cameroon's two official languages, and loss of the long-standing French language hegemony in Cameroon. At the same time, this shift threatens Cameroon's ancestral languages, forcing them increasingly into attrition and possibly endangerment.
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Asli-Badarneh, Abeer, and Mark Leikin. "Morphological ability among monolingual and bilingual speakers in early childhood: The case of two Semitic languages." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 5 (June 18, 2018): 1087–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918781079.
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This study examines the possible effects of bilingualism, mother tongue and type of morphology on morphological awareness of Arabic- and Hebrew-speaking preschoolers (mean age – 5:4). Four groups of children participated in the study: (1) 50 Arabic-speaking monolingual speakers; (2) 50 Hebrew-speaking monolingual speakers; (3) 50 Arabic/Hebrew bilingual speakers; and (4) 50 Hebrew/Arabic bilingual speakers. Participants from the bilingual groups were sequential non-balanced bilingual speakers who started learning a second language at ages 3–4 in a bilingual Arabic/Hebrew kindergarten. All children performed two tasks on inflectional morphology and three tasks on derivational morphology in one or both languages. To examine inflectional morphology, domain plural nouns were chosen because of their linear nature in both Hebrew and Arabic and because inflectional plural-noun morphology is acquired very early. In derivational morphology, the focus was on the verbs because of their high token frequency, early acquisition compared to nominal morphology, and its importance for Semitic languages. The results demonstrate significant effects of mother tongue, bilingualism and type of morphology on the children’s performance. The better results were obtained in Hebrew-speaking monolinguals and in Arabic-speaking bilinguals. Monolingual Hebrew speakers performed better in Hebrew than Arabic-speakers did in Arabic. At the same time, Arabic-speaking bilingual children demonstrated significantly better results in Hebrew (second language) than Hebrew speakers did in Arabic (second language). Analysis of the findings also shows that differences in performance among the bilingual and monolingual groups seem to relate not only to psycholinguistic factors such as linguistic complexity but also to sociolinguistic factors (e.g. diglossia in Arabic).
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Walters, Keith. "Gender, identity, and the political economy of language: Anglophone wives in Tunisia." Language in Society 25, no. 4 (December 1996): 515–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500020807.
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ABSTRACTUsing the frameworks of the political economy of language, and of language use as acts of identity, this study attempts to describe and analyze the situation of natively anglophone wives living with their Tunisian husbands in Tunisia – a speech community characterized by Arabic diglossia and Arabic/French bilingualism. Particular attention is devoted to these women's beliefs about using Tunisian Arabic (TA), the native language of their husbands, and the ways in which access to TA or the use of it becomes a site of conflict between husbands and wives, or mothers and children, in these mixed marriages. (Gender, identity, political economy of language, ideology, Tunisia, Arabic, francophonie, diglossia, code-switching, bilingualism, multilingualism, family relations)
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Boyd, Sally, and Sirkku Latomaa. "Language Maintenance and Language Shift among Four Immigrant Minorities in the Nordic Region: A Re-evaluation of Fishman's Theory of Diglossia and Bilingualism?" Nordic Journal of Linguistics 19, no. 2 (December 1996): 155–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500003371.
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In his (1972) book, The Sociology of Language, Joshua Fishman presents his often-cited typology of language contact situations in the form of a four-cell table: + or − diglossia and + or − bilingualism. Although criticism has been made of this typology and particularly of the predictions based on it, in this paper we operationalize Fishman's concepts of diglossia and bilingualism as presented in this book. We then examine results from a comparative study of language contact among four immigrant minorities in the Nordic region – North Americans, Finns, Turks and Vietnamese. Each of these groups was studied in at least two locations in the region, making a total of nine informant groups. By comparing the results for the generations, it is possible to see if there is evidence to support Fishman's predictions in the cases studied. The relatively stable levels of bilingualism found among the Americans and the Turks are not predicted by Fishman's typology, at least as we have operationalized it. The “stability” would seem to result more from the way these minorities have been received by the host societies than from the pattern of language use within the groups.
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Johnson, Robert Keith. "Language Policy and Planning in Hong Kong." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (March 1994): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002889.
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Hong Kong has a population of 5,902,100 people crowded into its land area of 1076 sq. kms. In broad terms, 98 percent of its population are Chinese.1 They speak Cantonese among themselves and English in dealing with expatriates. The expatriate community, once predominantly British, now reflects the full range of national and multinational commercial and banking interests, including those of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan. Luke and Richards (1982) described Hong Kong as having diglossia without bilingualism.
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Kaye, Alan S., and Saleh M. Suleiman. "Jordanian Arabic between Diglossia and Bilingualism." Language 64, no. 1 (March 1988): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414828.
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Rubino, Antonia, and Camilla Bettoni. "Language maintenance and language shift." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.21.1.02rub.
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Patterns of language use by Sicilians and Venetians living in Sydney are here presented with particular attention to the maintenance of Italian and Dialect under the impact of widespread shift to English. Data gathered by questionnaire self-reporting are analysed according to four main variables: domain, linguistic generation, gender and region of origin. Results suggest that the original Italian diglossia between the High and the Low languages is well maintained, as Italian occupies the more public, formal and regionally heterogeneous space in the community, and Dialect the more private, informal and homogeneous one. Among the subjects’ variables, generation predictably accounts for the greatest variation, as both languages are used most by the first generation and least by the second. However, the original diglossia holds well also among the second generation. With regard to gender and region of origin, it would seem that, compared to men, women maintain both languages slightly better, and that, compared to men and Sicilians respectively, both women and Venetians maintain slightly better the original diglossia. We conclude that the position of Italian, although more limited, seems somewhat more solid than that of Dialect, and suggest some reasons for it.
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Vaish, Viniti. "Bilingualism Without Diglossia: The Indian Community in Singapore." International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 10, no. 2 (March 15, 2007): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/beb400.0.
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Kyuchukov, Hristo. "Turkish, Bulgarian and German Language Mixing Among Bulgarian Muslim Roma in Germany." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 6, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2019.6.2.kyu.
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The paper presents the phenomenon of language mixing with Bulgarian by Muslim Roma migrants from northeastern Bulgaria in Berlin, Germany. They identify as Turks and in their everyday communication speak mainly Bulgarian and old variety of Turkish, in the scientific literature known as Balkanized Turkish. They can speak relatively little German and have low proficiency in the language. The paper describes the language mixing as well as the forms of code-switching between Turkish, Bulgarian and German. These linguistic and social phenomena within the Muslim Roma community are analysed within the framework of several sociolinguistic theories regarding code-switching and bilingualism. The theory of J. Gumperz (1962) about communication matrix is used and patterns of Turkish- Bulgarian, Turkish-German and Turkish-Bulgarian-German are presented and analysed. The grammatical categories which are switched in the Turkish-Bulgarian-German language contacts, involve nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and negations. However, code-switching is used only in communication with other Bulgarians. In communication with Turks from Turkey they switch only between Turkish and German and use another variety of Turkish.
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Thonhauser, Ingo. "“Written language but easily to use!”." Written Language and Literacy 6, no. 1 (December 3, 2002): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.6.1.05tho.
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Questions of biliteracy and multiliteracies increasingly move into the centre of literacy research. This paper focuses on the question how perceptions of spoken and written language are shaped by diglossia and multilingual language practices in Lebanon. A brief introduction to the language situation in modern Lebanon, plus a discussion of the basic concepts of literacy and diglossia, are followed by a study of excerpts of a series of qualitative case studies, conducted in Beirut. Multilingualism in Lebanon is characterised by a dominance of colloquial Lebanese Arabic in oral discourse; this contrasts with the use of a variety of languages — English, French and Modern Standard Arabic — in the written domain. The analysis of statements taken from the interviews suggests that perceptions of continuity and discontinuity between the spoken/written modes are related to and shaped by diglossia. The paper ends with an outlook on educational implications.
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Ready, Carol. "Maintaining the status quo." Language Problems and Language Planning 42, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00018.rea.
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Abstract Arabic is considered one of the defining cases of diglossia (Ferguson, 1959; Sayahi, 2014). Despite previous scholars’ critiques that the construct of diglossia perpetuates linguistic and societal inequalities, few studies have examined how this seminal construct has been enacted in language policy (Woolard & Schieffelin, 1994; Pennycook, 1994; Harris, 1981). This paper addresses this gap by examining language policy in context through an intertextual analysis of language policy documents including the 1992 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and several reports on their fulfillment of the charter’s requirements. Using Irvine and Gal’s (2000) framework of three semiotic processes of ideology, the texts demonstrate the use of the notion of diglossia as a tool of iconization, fractal recursivity, and erasure used to naturalize current linguistic inequalities. Consequently, diglossic descriptions are taken up in policy documents in service of a particular language ideology that justifies suppression of minority languages such as is the case of Arabic in Ceuta.
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Tibi, Sana, R. Malatesha Joshi, and Lorraine McLeod. "Emergent writing of young children in the United Arab Emirates." Written Language and Literacy 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.16.1.04tib.
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We report results of writing samples of six Emirati children aged four to four and a half years collected at monthly intervals over an eight month period (the kindergarten academic year). Three teachers and six parents were interviewed to triangulate the data that were collected in the classrooms. The grounded theory method was used to code and categorize the data, which were then compared with the literature on emergent writing. Findings of this longitudinal study revealed that few opportunities are provided at home and in kindergarten for the development of young children’s emergent writing in Arabic and revealed other issues related to bilingualism and diglossia. Recommendations are provided for policy makers, teachers, and parents that would accelerate the development of young children’s Arabic literacy, particularly emergent writing skills, in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
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Reagan, Timothy. "Review of Krishnamurti (1986): South Asian Languages: Structure, Convergence and Diglossia." Language Problems and Language Planning 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.12.1.18rea.
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Spreafico, Marco. "Diglossia and language ideology Petrarch on linguistic variation and differentiation." Historiographia Linguistica 47, no. 1 (October 16, 2020): 21–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.00061.spr.
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Summary Petrarch’s metalinguistic observations are scattered throughout his work, rare and for the most part elliptical. The present article closely examines Petrarch’s statements about language to arrive at an alternative interpretation to that of previous scholarship. We analyse the ideas, attitudes and beliefs that inform Petrarch’s conception of the difference between Latin and the vernacular languages. The first section provides a critique of the now prevailing view on Petrarch’s metalinguistic thinking. Mirko Tavoni and Silvia Rizzo hypothesize that Petrarch ‘was not conscious of being bilingual’, since he considered Latin and vernaculars as different stylistic varieties of one and the same language. In the remaining two sections we propose an alternative account. Comparing statements made by contemporaries of Petrarch and investigating their origin and rationale, we suggest that Petrarch’s conception and practice cannot be accounted for within a modern perspective of national language and are better captured by the notion of diglossia, in which two linguistic varieties are delimited by the contexts of their use.
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Frangoudaki, Anna. "Diglossia and the present language situation in Greece: A sociological approach to the interpretation of diglossia and some hypotheses on today's linguistic reality." Language in Society 21, no. 3 (September 1992): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500015487.
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ABSTRACTIn the first part of the article, an approach to Greek diglossia is proposed, focusing on the differing social functions of the two coexisting Greek languages. The adoption of “pure” Greek in the early 19th century represented a compromise, which made possible the rejection of Ancient Greek as the official language of the new state. The language question that developed at the turn of the century represented an effort to modernize Greek culture in the context of economic and social change brought about by the rise of the bourgeoisie. Starting in the interwar period and increasingly after the civil war, “pure” Greek became associated exclusively with authoritarian politics. The language reform of 1976, which formally abolished diglossia, thus came at the end of a long process of devaluation of the official “pure” language. Yet, in recent years, a metalinguistic prophecy of language decline has received widespread acceptance. The second half of the article examines the reasons for its success and the resulting revival of the argumentation questioning Demotic Greek, and concludes that they should be attributed to a crisis of national identity. (Diglossia, language ideology, language planning, Greek)
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Steever, Sanford B. "Review of Krishnamurti, Masica & Sinha (1986): South Asian Languages: Structure, Convergence and Diglossia." Diachronica 4, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.4.1-2.13ste.
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Lucas, John Scott. "TROVAS LEMOSINAS OR LLENGUA CATALANA: MAJADEROS DE CASTILLA AND THE MANY NAMES FOR THE CATALAN LANGUAGE." Catalan Review 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/catr.20.17.
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Previous attempts to understand the usage of the terms Catalan, Provençal, Occitan, and Limousin and the languages these designations represent have fallen short of any real analysis. Most scholars to date have either presented historical data without linguistic explication or have attempted to use the data to argue for particular political views on the question of Catalan and its many names. The present study of the names used for Catalan in different regions and at different times helps us understand the relationship of diglossia that existed between the Occitan and Catalan languages for about two hundred years and bears witness to the emergence of linguistic consciousness in Catalonia and in Valencia from the early Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century.
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Jaffe, Alexandra. "Misrecognition unmasked? ‘Polynomic’ language, expert statuses and orthographic practices in Corsican schools." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 515–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.13.4.04jaf.
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Over the last twenty years, “expert” discourses about the sociolinguistic character of Corsica have shifted from a focus on “diglossia” to an assertion that Corsican is a “polynomic” language. In the context of language shift and efforts at minority language revitalization, these two discourses make different claims about the relationship of language and identity, posit different kinds of power relationships between Corsicans and their two languages, and have different implications for Corsican language policy and advocacy. One of the unintended consequences of a revitalization program built on the idea of “diglossia” was the internal reproduction of dominant language hierarchies that divided rather than unified Corsicans around language. As an antidote, Corsican academics in the late eighties, introduced the notion of Corsican as a “polynomic” language defined both by its internal variation (multiple centers of “authenticity” and “authority”) and by speakers’ recognition of linguistic unity in diversity - a collective stance vis-à-vis linguistic variation that challenges the very principles of dominant (French) language ideologies in its inclusive, non-hierarchical nature. Through analysis of ethnographic data from a month-long bilingual teacher training course and from the way that Corsican orthography is taught in a bilingual school, I explore the ideology of polynomic unity in diversity and how it misrecognizes 1) contemporary speakers’ relationship with regional variation and 2) the new forms of linguistic diversity caused by language shift among both students and teachers in Corsican bilingual classrooms.
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Youssef, Valerie. "Varilingualism." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.11.1.02you.
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There is a need for a label which will adequately describe the communicative competence acquired by speakers who learn to mix their codes in speech communities like those of Trinidad and Tobago. They mix according to community-based parameters for use of the codes in contact and according to their relative exposure to different admixtures of those codes. In a situation of leaking diglossia, the stylistic and social dimensions of code-mixing are blurred by shifts in the values set by these parameters, but code-mixing continues to be stylistically motivated, and varilingualism is posited as a useful term for the competence underlying it. It is in some ways comparable with the competence of bilinguals and multilinguals who mix their codes regularly in interaction with each other, but there are some differences in the relationship between the contact codes and the socio-linguistic milieux in which they are used, which affect, in particular, the structural constraints on language use. It lies, in effect, between mono-lingualism and bi/multilingualism. Varilingualism is shown to cover three main types of competence and to apply prototypically to situations in which the contact codes share a major part of their lexicons and converge in grammar.
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Wojan, Katarzyna. "Kontakty językowe w Finlandii." Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego LXXV, no. 75 (December 31, 2019): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6622.
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Language contacts in Finland. Summary: The article outlines linguistic contacts in Finland in different periods of time, from prehistory to the present day. It emphasizes the historically validated multilingualism and multiculturalism of the country. A thesis has been formulated concerning the strong influences of various languages on Finnish at various stages of its development (i.e. on prehistoric spoken Proto-Finnish, the medieval folk language of the Finns, Finnish of the modern era, as well as on the contemporary stratified language characterized by diglossia and triglossia). The author describes the latest sociolinguistic phenomena such as the interference of migrant languages with the stratified Finnish language and with its urban jargons. The analysis includes the national languages of Finland and languages of ethnic minorities, including sign languages (and their sociolinguistic aspect). The article refers to the latest developments in genetic linguistics. S t r e s z c z e n i e: Artykuł w ogólnym zarysie opisuje kontakty językowe mające miejsce w Finlandii w różnych okresach, począwszy od prehistorii po współczesność obejmującą obecną dekadę stulecia. Podkreśla się usankcjonowaną historycznie wielojęzyczność i wielokulturowość kraju. Postawiono tezę o silnych wpływach odmiennych języków na fińszczyznę będącą w różnym stadium rozwoju (tj. na prehistoryczne odmiany mówione prafińszczyny, średniowieczny ludowy język Finów, nowofiński doby nowożytnej, jak też na współcześnie rozwarstwiony język, który cechuje dyglosja i tryglosja). Scharakteryzowano najnowsze zjawisko socjojęzykowe – interferencję języków migrantów w rozczłonkowanej odmianie mówionej języka fińskiego oraz rozwijających się żargonach miejskich. Obiektem analizy lingwistycznej objęto języki krajowe Finlandii oraz języki mniejszości etnicznych, w tym języki migowe (aspekt socjolingwistyczny). W artykule zawarto wzmiankę na temat najnowszych osiągnięć genetyki lingwistycznej.
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Kohzadi, Hamedreza, Fatemeh Aziz Mohammadi, and Fatemeh Samadi. "Is there a Relationship between Shyness and English Proficiency Level of Bilingual and Monolingual EFL Learners." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 33 (June 2014): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.33.50.
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It would be mention that bilingualism can be defined in different ways. For example, Maleki (2011) asserted that individual level includes consecutive or simultaneous learning which involves the content of achievement, ability, language competence and proficiency. However, social level contains complex phenomena of minority and migrants and focuses some matters like domain and diglossia. These are useful in interpreting the various ways that linguistic resources are organized in multilingual communities. In these communities, there are some phenomena like transfer, borrowing, code switching and interference. The current study seeks to examine the effects of the role of shyness in English proficiency level of Bilingual EFL Learners in Komijan (in the province of Markazi) and Monolingual EFL learners in Arak (in the province of Markazi). The number of subjects were 98 and all of them were male. The age range of learners was 12 to 15. Thus, Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS) was used to measure the shyness level of both bilingual and monolingual learners. Results of the One-way ANOVA indicated that different level of shyness was not significant among bilingual and monolingual learners. It also indicated that bilingual students outperformed monolingual students in General English Proficiency.
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Hermeziu, Cristina. "Le désir de langue. Les dimensions poétique et politique de la diglossie dans le roman « Le jardin de verre » de Tatiana Țîbuleac." Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 4, no. 1 (May 13, 2021): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v4i1.22481.
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Still relevant today via mobility and the multicultural environment as the constitutive elements of our globalized societies, the reflections around “the cumbersome problem of the genius of languages” (Cassin 2016) join and enrich the question of living together and building oneself. In the field of literature or human sciences, the thought of the practice of languages in a situation of diglossia has forged an imaginary which often connects the passage from one language to another to a balance of power and a tension of identity. We propose an analysis of the symbolic values of the dilemma between the Romanian language and the Russian language which is at the heart of the diegesis of the novel Grădina de sticlă [The Glass Garden] by Tatiana Țîbuleac. Published in Romanian by Éditions Cartier de Chișinău and translated into several languages, including French and Spanish, the book was awarded the European Union Prize for Literature in 2019. The fictional world and the language of writing describe a symbolic abyss: the author describes in Romanian the fight with the Russian of a Moldovan orphan who is trying to rebuild herself between the two languages. In a very colorful style, the novel deploys a po(ï)etics of “between”, which also has a political dimension.
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Vila, F. Xavier. "The hegemonic position of English in the academic field." European Journal of Language Policy: Volume 13, Issue 1 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2021.5.
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English has achieved a hegemonic position in the field of science and technology and is gaining ground as the means of instruction in higher education. These developments have raised concern in numerous circles about the effects of the reduction of multilingualism in the academic fields, and some authors have warned against a possible scientific diglossia that might reduce all language but English to the status of non-academic languages. In this paper we argue that this approach is insufficient because it misses two fundamental points: on the one hand, it reduces the scientific field to only one of its dimensions, namely publication in scholarly articles, whereas academic life includes many other scholarly activities; on the other hand, the number of academic languages has actually increased in the last decades. Confronting these approaches, we propose to understand the aforementioned evolution in terms of a socioeconomic transformation which has triggered a number of new language choices. Plurilingualism has been a traditional feature of communities with an academic language, and we illustrate this plurilingualism with Catalan, a language that regained the status of academic language in the 1970s and is currently used side by side with Castilian and with English. To finish, some considerations are raised about the risk that English goes beyond its role of academic lingua franca and becomes appropriated as a legitimate vehicle of in-group interaction among members of other communities.
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Wierzbicka, Anna. "Antitotalitarian language in Poland: Some mechanisms of linguistic self-defense." Language in Society 19, no. 1 (March 1990): 1–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004740450001410x.
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ABSTRACTThis article explores the concept of political diglossia, a phenomenon arising in totalitarian or semitotalitarian countries, where the language of official propaganda gives rise to its opposite: the unofficial, underground language of antipropaganda. The author studies one semantic domain – the colloquial designations of the political police and security forces in contemporary Poland – and compares them with the official designations. The semantics of the relevant words and expressions is studied in great detail so that the social attitudes encoded in them can be revealed and rigorously compared. To achieve this, the author relies on the natural semantic metalanguage that she has developed over the last two decades, which has already been applied in the study of many other semantic domains, in many different languages. The social and political attitudes encoded in the Polish expressions referring to the security apparatus are discussed against the background of Poland's history. The author shows that language is not only the best “mirror of mind” (Leibniz) and “mirror of culture” and “guide to social reality” (Sapir), but also a mirror of history and politics. (Sociolinguistics, pragmatics, semantics, language of propaganda, expressive language)
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Cerruti, Massimo, and Riccardo Regis. "Standardization patterns and dialect/standard convergence: A northwestern Italian perspective." Language in Society 43, no. 1 (January 24, 2014): 83–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404513000882.
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AbstractThis article is inspired by the typology of “dialect/standard constellations” outlined in Auer (2005, 2011), which aims to detect common dynamics in the current processes of dialect/standard convergence in Europe. The specific sociolinguistic situation addressed in this article involves Italian, Piedmontese, and Occitan in Piedmont, a northwestern region of Italy. We analyze a set of linguistic features with the aim of depicting the dynamics of intralinguistic and interlinguistic convergence as they relate to the ongoing standardization processes in these languages. Some adjustments to the two types of repertoires drawn by Auer (diaglossia and endoglossic medial diglossia) are proposed to better suit them, respectively, to the Italo-Romance continuum between Piedmontese rural dialects and standard Italian (which actually consists of two separate subcontinua with intermediate varieties) and to the relationship between Occitan dialects and their planned standard variety (as well as that between Piedmontese and its “Frenchified” standard variety). (Language standardization, dialect/standard convergence, Italian, Piedmontese, Occitan.)*
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Krasowska, Helena. "Sytuacja socjolingwistyczna Polaków bukowińskich." Acta Baltico-Slavica 34 (August 31, 2015): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2010.013.
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Sociolinguistic situation of Poles in BukovinaIn the present article the author presented the sociolinguistic situation of Poles in Bukovina. She paid attention to the group of Bukovina mountaineers who stayed in Bukovina after the repatriation in 1945 and those who currently inhabit the so called Western Lands. The Poles in Bukovina were not a homogenous group. The Polish population settling in Bukovina since the 18th century was of a different place of origin. We need to distinguish three basic groups: newcomers from Galicia, Lesser Poland and from the region of Cadca in Slovakia. This resulted in using three variations of the Polish language in this area.The following domains of language usage have been distinguished for the description of the Polish mountaineers in Bukovina and so called Western Lands: family, neighbourhood, church, school, offices.The author highlights that there should be a sociolinguistic research of all the Bukovina mountaineers in Poland in comparison with studies which have discussed this group in Bukovina so far. Apart from problems regarding linguistic interference, shifting codes, the theory of bilingualism and diglossia such research should include extralinguistic conditions, e.g. origin, age, education, profession, departures. Cоциолингвистическая ситуация поляков в БуковинеВ статье представлена социолингвистическая ситуация поляков, проживающих в Буковине. Особое внимание обращено на группу граждан не эвакуирующуюся в Польшу в 1945 году и оставшуюся на постоянное жительство вне родины. Те, кто покинул Буковину и переехал в Польшу, поселились на западных польских территориях. Буковинские поляки–горцы не составляли однородной группы. Польские поселенцы, прибывающие в Буковину, начиная с XVIII столетия, были выходцами из разных районов Польши: прибыли из Галиции, Малой Польши, и чадецкого района Словакии. Cледовательнo они разговаривали на разных диалектах. Oбcyждалось употребление данной разновидности языка в следующих областях: семья, соседи, церковь, школа, правительственные организации.Автор статьи обращает внимание на необходимость сравнительных социолингвистических исследований всех групп польских буковинских горцев с группой, проживающей с 1945 года в Польше.
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Strobel, Maj-Brit. "Die Verschriftungen in der Dialekterhebung Friedrich Maurers in Baden und im Elsass als Evidenz für die Verbreitung der Standardlautung." Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 49, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 155–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2021-2024.
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Abstract This paper examines the development of lay transcriptions of base dialects within a period of 50 years in the early 20th century in the Upper Rhine area in Alsace and Baden. I argue that the spread of spoken standard German can be documented by the development of these transcriptions. In alignment with Ganswindt (2017), it is assumed that the still not widespread standard competence at the beginning of this period is reflected in ‚misspellings‘ in the transcriptions of the dialect, since the Standard German grapheme was associated with the phonetics of the regional standard. The lay transcriptions of the Upper German delabialization by the participating teachers from Friedrich Maurer’s indirect dialect survey from 1941 and the survey of the so-called Wenkeratlas from 1887/88 serve as data. A place-by-place comparison via vector maps allows to localize variation patterns. It can be shown that the ‘misspellings’ – i. e. rounded variants in the area of delabialization – are scattered throughout the area and significantly decrease in time as the spoken German standard is spreading. This is especially the case in the area of Baden, where the amount of ‘misspellings’ diminishes from about 30–60 % to 5–30 %. In Alsace, on the other hand, the amount of ‘misspellings’ is generally much lower and consequently the decrease is as well. I argue that the reason for the difference between transcriptions from Baden and Alsace is to be found in the different repertoire structures with a diglossia with two written standard languages – French and German – in Alsace.
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Komissaruk, Ekaterina L. "Споры о письменном языке в Ладакхе: консерваторы и реформаторы." Oriental Studies 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 158–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-53-1-158-171.
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Ladakhi is an idiom used mainly within Ladakh (a region that until 2019 was part of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir), as well as in the bordering areas of China and Pakistan. Goals. The paper discusses the development of Ladakhi as a written language and the controversy it leads to both in Ladakh and outside. Methods and Materials. The study analyzes various official documents issued by local administrative bodies of Ladakh, academic works and grammatical descriptions of the Ladakhi idiom, as well as interviews with residents of the region. The main methods of the field research conducted in Ladakh in 2010—2011 include participant observation, analysis of documentary sources, and interviewing. Results. Most Ladakhis consider Tibetan and Ladakhi to be the same language, often using the linguonym ‘Bhoti’ to refer to both the languages. Since the independent princedom of Ladakh was established in the 10th century AD, Classical Tibetan has been the dominant written language there, while other idioms have also been used in oral communication. For a long time, Ladakhi has existed in diglossia, its role being that of a ‘low’ language. Most government officials, education workers and Buddhist clerics in Ladakh still believe that Ladakhi is and should remain a spoken version of Classical Tibetan rather than an entirely separate language. They see any attempts to codify the Ladakhi language as sacrilege because in their opinion the Tibetan language was created by Thonmi Sambhota to put down sacred Buddhist texts, and so it should remain unchanged. However, the last four decades have seen some considerable changes. A few dozen books written in Ladakhi or translated into the language have been published. A number of issues of a magazine in spoken Ladakhi released, and Al-Baqarah, the second surah of Quran, was also published in Ladakhi. Whether Ladakhi should become a fully fledged written (literary) language is the subject of hot debates in contemporary Ladakh attracting increasing attention both in and outside the region.
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"Bilingual education & bilingualism." Language Teaching 39, no. 2 (April 2006): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444806263705.
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06–332Asker, Barry (Lingnan U, Hong Kong, China), Some reflections on English as a ‘semi-sacred’ language. English Today (Cambridge University Press) 22.1 (2006), 29–35.06–333Baldauf, Richard B. (U Queensland, Australia), Coordinating government and community support for community language teaching in Australia: Overview with special attention to New South Wales. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.2&3 (2005), 132–144.06–334Bamiro, Edmund O. (Adekunle Ajasin U, Nigeria; eddiebamiro@yahoo.com), The politics of code-switching: English vs. Nigerian languages. World Englishes (Blackwell) 25.1 (2006), 23–35.06–335Barwell, Richard (U Bristol, UK), Empowerment, EAL and the National Numeracy Strategy. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.4 (2005), 313–327.06–336Borland, Helen (Victoria U of Technology, Australia), Heritage languages and community identity building: The case of a language of lesser status. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.2&3 (2005), 109–123.06–337Cashman, Holly R. (Arizona State U, Tempe, USA), Who wins in research on bilingualism in an anti-bilingual state?. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 27.1 (2006), 42–60.06–338de Courcy, Michèle (U Melbourne, Australia), Policy challenges for bilingual and immersion education in Australia: Literacy and language choices for users of Aboriginal languages, Auslan and Italian. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.2&3 (2005), 178–187.06–339Duyck, Wouter (Ghent U, Belgium), Kevin Diependaele, Denis Drieghe & Marc Brysbaert, The size of the cross-lingual masked phonological priming effect does not depend on second language proficiency. Experimental Psychology (Hogrefe & Huber Publishers) 51.2 (2004), 116–124.06–340Evans, Bruce A. (Southern Oregon U, USA; evansb@sou.edu) & Nancy H. Hornberger, No child left behind: Repealing and unpeeling federal language education policy in the United States. Language Policy (Springer) 4.1 (2005), 87–106.06–341Fitzgerald, Michael & Robert Debski (U Melbourne, Australia; rdebski@unimelb.edu.au), Internet use of Polish by Polish Melburnians: Implications for maintenance and teaching.Language Learning & Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/intro.html) 10.1 (2006), 87–109.06–342Glynn, Ted & Cavanagh, Tom (U Waikato, New Zealand), Mere Berryman & Kura Loader, From literacy in Māori to biliteracy in Māori and English: A community and school transition programme. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.5 (2005), 433–454.06–343Grin, François (U Geneva, Switzerland; francois.grin@etat.ge.ch) & Britta Korth, On the reciprocal influence of language politics and language education: The case of English in Switzerland. Language Policy (Springer) 4.1 (2005), 67–85.06–344Kagan, Olga (U California at Los Angeles, USA), In support of a proficiency-based definition of heritage language learners: The case of Russian. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.2&3 (2005), 213–221.06–345Kasanga, Luanga A. (Sultan Qaboos U, Oman; luangak@yahoo.fr), Requests in a South African variety of English. World Englishes (Blackwell) 25.1 (2006), 65–89.06–346Love, Tracy (U Califonia, USA), Edwin Maas & David Swinney, Influence of language exposure on lexical and syntactic language processing. Experimental Psychology (Hogrefe & Huber Publishers) 50.3 (2003), 204–216.06–347Malcolm, Ian G. (Edith Cowan U, Mount Lawley, Australia) & Farzad Sharifian, Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: Australian Aboriginal students' schematic repertoire. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 26.6 (2005), 512–532.06–348May, Stephen & Richard Hill (U Waikato, New Zealand), Māori-medium education: Current issues and challenges. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.5 (2005), 377–403.06–349Mercurio, Antonio (Assessment Board of South Australia, Australia) & Angela Scarino, Heritage languages at upper secondary level in South Australia: A struggle for legitimacy. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.2&3 (2005), 145–159.06–350Nicholls, Christine (Flinders U, Australia), Death by a thousand cuts: Indigenous language bilingual education programmes in the Northern Territory of Australia, 1972–1998. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.2&3 (2005), 160–177.06–351Pauwels, Anna (The U Western Australia, Australia), Maintaining the community language in Australia: Challenges and roles for families. 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Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 26.6 (2005), 533–550.06–355Tagoilelagi-LeotaGlynn, Fa'asaulala, Stuart McNaughton, Shelley MacDonald & Sasha Farry (U Auckland, New Zealand), Bilingual and biliteracy development over the transition to school. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.5 (2005), 455–479.06–356Tuafuti, Patisepa & John McCaffery (U Auckland, New Zealand), Family and community empowerment through bilingual education. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.5 (2005), 480–503.06–357Tucker, G. Richard (Carnegie Mellon U, USA), Innovative language education programmes for heritage language students: The special case of Puerto Ricans?International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.2&3 (2005), 188–195.06–358Wiltshire, Caroline R. & James D. Harnsberger (U Florida, USA; wiltshir@ufl.edu), The influence of Gujarati and Tamil L1s on Indian English: A preliminary study. World Englishes (Blackwell) 25.1 (2006), 91–104.06–359Zhiming, Bao & Hong Huaqing (National University of Singapore, Singapore; ellbaozm@nus.edu.sg), Diglossia and register variation in Singapore English. World Englishes (Blackwell) 25.1 (2006), 105–114.
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Vuletić, Julijana M. "Bilingualism and the Serbo-German Bilingual Community of Serbs in Ingolstadt." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 14, no. 4 (January 5, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v14i4.12.
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In this study we represent the bilingual language situation in the ethnolinguistic community of Serbs in Ingolstadt, recorded over the period of time from 2010 until 2013. The paper also addresses the occurrences of bilingualism and diglossia in the context of contact linguistics, their classification, as well as the samples of bilingualism in the researched corpus, with the accompanying phenomena of language contact. The obtained cross-section of the sociolinguistic and linguistic situation of the researched ethnolinguistic community, as well as the research results, refer to the specific community and specific corpus. Nonetheless, obtained results with certainty allow introspect into the life cycle dynamics tendency for the Serbo-German bilingual communities. Reflecting upon the research results we may conclude that our investigated sample, which can expand onto the entire research corpus, can be regarded as being almost in the second last phase of the language change process. A rather significant part of the corpus in the further development of the language change process would certainly be the third generation of working migrants. Further direction of the bilingual community development will most likely be dependent upon this generation, as well as other accompanying factors.
In the researched sample we can observe different percentual representation of balanced bilinguals and dominant bilinguals, as well as passive and receptive bilinguals. The fact that there is a significant percentual presence of passive and receptive bilinguals among the third group of migrants explains the situation that one part of the second generation of working migrants in the researched community is powerless before the pressure of social networks, economic and social relations that we find in the social majority group. They abandon teaching their children the Serbian language, and they perceive the German language as the capital asset through which those who belong to the third generation of working migrants can gain top positions in the education system and in the market as well.
In the language practice of bilingual speakers there is the phenomenon of language contact from the first to the third generation, specifically in the occurrence of transference (mixing of two language systems on the basis of phonetics, morphology, syntax) or in code switching (mixing of two languages from the communicative aspect). Transference, as a phenomenon in the direct and indirect language contact, may have multiple results which will be considered in future papers on the issue of language contact phenomenon.
Finally, under the environmental effect (standard German language, German dialects), as well as the effect of different language community dialects the members of the first generation of working migrants come from, a new language is developed. This new language cannot be called the Serbian language spoken by the Serbs in the homeland but namely we propose a new term Serbian diaspora language in Germany. This language as such is then transferred onto the new generations and/or its use declines in one and sustains in other domains. Ultimately, at the end of this process, as many contact linguistic researches have illustrated, an inevitable situation may occur where a life cycle of the bilingual community might come to an end and there might be a complete language change of the minority with the majority community.
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Law, Wai Ling, Olga Dmitrieva, and Alexander L. Francis. "Language attitudes modulate phonetic interactions between languages in bilingual speakers in diglossic settings." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, October 3, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.18085.law.
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AbstractBilinguals’ attitudes toward their languages can be a major source of linguistic variability. However, the effect of attitudes on crosslinguistic phonetic interactions in bilinguals remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the possibility of such effects in Cantonese-English bilinguals in Hong Kong (n = 26). Participants produced near-homophones in each language on separate days. Formant values of Cantonese [ɐ] and English [ʌ] and degrees of diphthongization of Cantonese [o] and [ai], and English [oʊ] and [ai], were analyzed as a function of language proficiency, use, and language attitude scores drawn from a background questionnaire. Participants’ attitudes toward Cantonese were predictive of the acoustic difference between similar Cantonese and Hong Kong English (HKE) vowels: More Cantonese-oriented speakers produced greater acoustic distance between crosslinguistically similar vowels. No effects of English attitudes, proficiency, or use were found. These results demonstrate that bilinguals’ attitude toward their native language can affect the degree of phonetic similarity between the two languages they speak.
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Jafarova, Kamala Avadir. "role of extralinguistic factors in interlingual relations." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, no. 1 (May 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.37028/lingcure.v5n1.415.
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The article is devoted to the role of bilingualism in language relations. The problems of bilingualism and diglossia are of particular importance in modern linguistics. This process is a special form of interlingual communication. The history of bilingualism goes back to earlier times than language policy. The history of bilingualism cannot be traced back to the pre-state period. Language policy is also crucial for the development of bilingualism. This fact is connected with the establishment of the state. Bilingualism came after the establishment of the state and a single language. The language of only one of the tribes received official status, and the remaining tribes were forced to learn the dominant language. Other high-ranking tribes became bilingual by learning the language of the ruling tribe.
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Elmiger, Daniel. "Equal status, but unequal perceptions: language conflict in the bilingual city of Biel/Bienne." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2015, no. 235 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2015-0013.
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AbstractThe city of Biel/Bienne is often cited as a model of a non-conflicting cohabitation between two language groups with a similar status: German (i.e. in a diglossic situation: Standard German and Swiss German dialects) and French both benefit from explicit political promotion and legal protection. In a qualitative study conducted in the city of Biel/Bienne, most of the 40 interviewees talking about their lives in this bilingual city confirm this consensual view of linguistic cohabitation. However, the apparent balance between both communities is challenged on different levels, including the relationship between language communities according to their respective minority and majority status, the status and the visibility of both languages in the public sphere, the conflicting loyalties of bilingual citizens, the use or avoidance of a language in certain contexts or the choice of a common language in (potentially) bilingual interactions. The results of the analysis reveal divergent – and potentially conflicting – perceptions regarding urban bilingualism: although most of the interviewees appreciate the linguistic cohabitation in Biel/Bienne, many of them refer to various zones of language conflict which they suffer from or which they allot to the other speech community.
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"Sociolinguistics." Language Teaching 39, no. 2 (April 2006): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444806273701.
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06–360Blackledge, Adrian (U Birmingham, UK), The magical frontier between the dominant and the dominated: Sociolinguistics and social justice in a multilingual world. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 27.1 (2006), 22–41.06–361Boughton, Zoë (U Exeter, UK; z.c.boughton@exeter.ac.uk), Accent levelling and accent localisation in northern French: Comparing Nancy and Rennes. Journal of French Language Studies (Cambridge University Press) 15.3 (2005), 235–256.06–362Brown, N. Anthony (Brigham Young U, Utah, USA; tony_brown@byu.edu), Language and identity in Belarus.Language Policy (Springer) 4.3 (2005), 311–332.06–363Cameron, Deborah (U Oxford, UK) Language, gender, and sexuality: Current issues and new directions. Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 26.4 (2005), 482–502.06–364Deutch, Yocheved (Bar-Ilan U, Israel; yochd@netvision.net.il), Language law in Israel. Language Policy (Springer) 4.3 (2005), 261–285.06–365Edwards, John (St Francis Xavier U, Nova Scotia, Canada), Players and power in minority-group settings. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 27.1 (2006), 4–21.06–366Edwards, Viv & Lynda Pritchard Newcombe (U Reading, UK), When school is not enough: New initiatives in intergenerational language transmission in Wales. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.4 (2005), 298–312.06–367García, Patricia (Stanford U Graduate School of Education, USA), Parental language attitudes and practices to socialise children in a diglossic society. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.4 (2005), 328–344.06–368Garner, Mark (U Aberdeen, UK), Christine Raschka & Peter Sercombe, Sociolinguistic minorities, research, and social relationships.Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 27.1 (2006), 61–78.06–369Goto, Yuko (U Pennsylvania, USA; ybutler@gse.upenn.edu) & Masakazu Iino, Current Japanese reforms in English language education: The 2003 ‘Action Plan’. Language Policy (Springer) 4.1 (2005), 25–45.06–370Hankoni Kamwendo, Gregory (U Botswana, Botswana; kamwendog@mopipi.ub.bw), Language planning from below: An example from northern Malawi. Language Policy (Springer) 4.2 (2005), 143–165.06–371Kaur Gill, Saran (U Kebangsaan, Malaysia, Malaysia; saran@pkrisc.cc.ukm.my), Language policy in Malaysia: Reversing direction. Language Policy (Springer) 4.3 (2005), 241–260.06–372Lantolf, James P. (Pennsylvania State U, USA; jpl7@psu.edu), Sociocultural theory and L2: State of the art. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.1 (2006), 67–109.06–373Määttä, Simo K. (U California, Berkeley, USA; asunto@uclink.berkeley.edu), The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, French language laws, and national identity. Language Policy (Springer) 4.2 (2005), 167–186.06–374Mills, Jean (U Birmingham, UK), Connecting communities: Identity, language and diaspora. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.4 (2005), 253–274.06–375Pavlenko, Aneta (Temple U, USA), ‘Ask each pupil about her methods of cleaning’: Ideologies of language and gender in Americanisation instruction (1900–1924). International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 8.4 (2005), 275–297.06–376Richland, Justin B. (U California, Irvine, USA), The multiple calculi of meaning.Discourse & Society (Sage) 17.1 (2006), 65–97.06–377Silver, Rita Elaine (Nanyang Technological U, Singapore; resilver@nie.edu.sg), The discourse of linguistic capital: Language and economic policy planning in Singapore. Language Policy (Springer) 4.1 (2005), 47–66.06–378Tannenbaum, Michal & Marina Berkovich (Tel Aviv U, Israel; mtannen@post.tau.ac.il), Family relations and language maintenance: Implications for language educational policies. Language Policy (Springer) 4.3 (2005), 287–309.06–379Vaish, Viniti (Nanyang Technical U, Singapore; vvaish@nie.edu.sg), A peripherist view of English as a language of decolonization in post-colonial India. Language Policy (Springer) 4.2 (2005), 187–206.06–380Zuengler, Jane & Elizabeth R. Miller (U Winconsin-Madison, USA), Cognitive and sociocultural perspectives: Two parallel SLA worlds?TESOL Quarterly (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages) 40.1 (2006), 35–58.
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Hudson, Alan. "Diglossia, bilingualism, and history: postscript to a theoretical discussion." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2002, no. 157 (January 11, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2002.037.
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Romaine, Suzanne. "Can stable diglossia help to preserve endangered languages?" International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2002, no. 157 (January 11, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2002.035.
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Pintér, Tibor. "Diglossia or Functional Bilingualism in the Language Situation of Gypsies in Slovakia and Hungary." Jazykovedný Casopis 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10113-011-0001-y.
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"Abstracts: Bilingual education & bilingualism." Language Teaching 40, no. 4 (September 7, 2007): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444807004636.
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07–621De Bot, Kees (U Groningen, the Netherlands; c.l.j.de.bot@rug.nl), W. Lowie & Marjolijn Verspoor, A dynamic systems theory approach to second language acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 10.1 (2007), 7–21.07–622García, Ofelia & Lesley Bartlett (Columbia U, New York, USA), A speech community model of bilingual education: Educating Latino newcomers in the USA. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 10.1 (2007), 1–25.07–623Koutsoubou, Maria (Institute of Education, London, UK), Rosalind Herman & Bencie Woll, Does language input matter in bilingual writing? Translation versus direct composition in Deaf school students' written stories. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 10.2 (2007), 127–151.07–624Saravanan, Vanithamani (Nanyang Technological U, Singapore), Attitudes towards literary Tamil and standard spoken Tamil in Singapore. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 10.1 (2007), 58–79.07–625Serrano, Raquel (Center for Applied Linguistics Washington DC, USA) & Elizabeth Howard, Second Language writing development in English and in Spanish in a two-way immersion programme. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 10.2 (2007), 152–170.07–626Stotz, Daniel (Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland; daniel.stotz@phzh.ch), Breaching the peace: Struggles around multilingualism in Switzerland. Language Policy (Springer) 5.3 (2006), 247–265.07–627Szuber, Anna (Harvard Graduate School of Education, Boston, USA), Native Polish-speaking adolescent immigrants' exposure to and use of English. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 10.1 (2007), 26–57.07–628Tannenbaum, Michal (Tel Aviv U, Israel), Netta Abugov & Dorit Ravid, Hebrew-language narratives of Yiddish-speaking ultra-orthodox girls in Israel. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 27.6 (2006), 472–490.07–629Vaish, Viniti (National Institute of Education, Singapore), Bilingualism without diglossia: The Indian community in Singapore. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 10.2 (2007), 171–187.07–630Verschik, Anna (Tallinn U, Estonia & U Helsinki, Finland), Multiple language contact in Tallinn: Transfer B2>/A1 or B1>/A2?International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 10.1 (2007), 80–103.
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Shum, Mark Shiu-kee, and Dan Shi. "Using R2L pedagogy in teaching practical writing to non-Chinese speaking students in Hong Kong." Pedagogical Linguistics, March 5, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pl.20009.shu.
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Abstract Since Hong Kong handover, the language policy in Hong Kong shifts from diglossic bilingualism to bi-literacy and trilingualism policy, balancing the status of English and Chinese with the mother tongue education policy. This policy shift has inadvertently impacted non-Chinese speaking (NCS) students’ enrollment, whose limited mastery of Chinese language prevents them from the mainstream schooling. Faced with this ethnically diverse and multilingual population, Applied Learning Chinese (ApL(C)) motivating practical reading and writing in an applied learning context was proposed by Hong Kong Education Bureau as an alternative for second language education. This study examines the effectiveness of “Reading to Learn, Learning to Write, R2L” pedagogy (Rose, 2012) in teaching Chinese practical writing to NCS students in Hong Kong with pedagogic interventions and Systemic Functional analytical perspective. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to perceive students’ learning experiences with R2L pedagogy. The finding suggests an increased meta-linguistic awareness of genre-specific writings after interventions to be empowered with a voice against social inequity and be empathized with humanistic reflections.
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Sebina, Boikanyego, Jane Setter, and Michael Daller. "The Setswana speech rhythm of 6–7 year-old Setswana–English bilingual children." International Journal of Bilingualism, October 13, 2020, 136700692096079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006920960799.
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Aims and objectives: This study investigates the acquisition of Setswana speech rhythm, considered to be typically syllable-timed, by early sequential Setswana–English bilingual children aged 6–7 years old growing up in Botswana, a country with a diglossic setting, where English is the dominant high-status language in educational and public contexts. For this group of children, taught full-time in English from the age of 3 years, the L2 becomes their dominant language through exposure to English-medium education. The aim was to ascertain if the prosodic patterns of Setswana spoken by the bilingual children are similar to those of the monolingual children or if English, considered to be stress-timed, has an effect on these prosodic features. Data and analysis: The speech rhythm patterns of 10 Setswana–English bilingual children were compared with those of 10 age-matched Setswana monolingual children educated in public schools for whom English is a learner language. The study primarily examines spontaneous speech from the telling of a wordless picture storybook, and utilises rhythm metrics nPVI-V and Varco V to examine the speech rhythm of the children. Findings: The results showed that the prosodic pattern of Setswana in the bilingual group diverged from that of the non-bilingual group. Originality: This is the first such study on speech rhythm in bilingual children in Setswana. Significance: The research provides evidence in this population of effects from English bilingualism on L1 Setswana speech prosody, and challenges the assumption that speech rhythm prosody is established early in life, especially when the language is a less marked, syllable-timed language like Setswana.