Journal articles: 'Digrafia'

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Braicovich, Teresa, and Elsa Osio. "Sobre el espectro del digrafo (h, j) adjunto de un multidigrafo K–regular." Revista de Matemática: Teoría y Aplicaciones 15, no. 2 (July 31, 2008): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rmta.v15i2.39390.

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En este trabajo se vincula la Teoría de Matrices con la Teoría de Grafos, en particular se trabaja con polinomios característicos de matrices de precedencia y con el espectro de digrafos (h, j) adjuntos. El mismo tiene como objetivo enunciar y demostrar, mediante representaciones matriciales adecuadas, un teorema que permite determinar los autovalores de un digrafo (h, j) adjunto de un multidigrafo k–regular, dándose las respectivas multiplicidades y también la forma de los autovectores asociados.

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Eleutério, Samuel, Helena Freire, Elisabete Ranchhod, and Jorge Baptista. "A System of Electronic Dictionaries of Portuguese." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.19.1.04ele.

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In this paper we present the state of development of DIGRAMA, a system of electronic dictionaries and grammars of Portuguese. We describe briefly the general characteristics of the system, concentrating then on the analysis of two dictionary modules: DIGRAS and DIGRAF. The former is a dictionary of simple words, the latter is a dictionary of inflected forms. To each lexical entry of DIGRAS has been associated a code corresponding to the formal description of the morphological properties of the entries. This information constitutes the basis for a program of automatic generation of inflected forms. DIGRAF is made up of all the inflected forms from the words of DIGRAS.

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Strnad, William. "Incipient Musings on Theory and Formation of Modern Korean Digraphia." Investigationes Linguisticae 40 (May 31, 2019): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/il.2018.40.3.

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This article explores modern Korean digraphia, its chracteristics, duality and formation. The author posits that the essential axis of argumentation of the Korean digraphic debate related to the applications of Chinese characters and Korean phonetic script was formed by the early part of the twentieth century, and would be recapitulated in the two Koreas against the backdrop of post-colonial metanarration and Cold War politics. The author asserts that the functional and synchronic nature of modern Korean digraphia was formed under the influence of the Lyotardian modernity emancipation and speculative (science) metanarratives, as well as the discourse of modern Korean nationalism, which synchronically formed in the Korean assertion of national identity and idependence, during Koreaʼs struggle against imperialism.

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Li, Jiang, Xiaoyan Duan, Qianran Wang, Lei Zhang, Fei Deng, Hualin Wang, Zhihong Hu, Manli Wang, and Jun Wang. "Genome Analysis of a Novel Clade II.b Alphabaculovirus Obtained from Artaxa digramma." Viruses 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100925.

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Artaxa digramma is a lepidopteran pest distributed throughout southern China, Myanmar, Indonesia, and India. Artaxa digramma nucleopolyhedrovirus (ArdiNPV) is a specific viral pathogen of A. digramma and deemed as a promising biocontrol agent against the pest. In this study, the complete genome sequence of ArdiNPV was determined by deep sequencing. The genome of ArdiNPV contains a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) of 161,734 bp in length and 39.1% G+C content. Further, 149 hypothetical open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted to encode proteins >50 amino acids in length, covering 83% of the whole genome. Among these ORFs, 38 were baculovirus core genes, 22 were lepidopteran baculovirus conserved genes, and seven were unique to ArdiNPV, respectively. No typical baculoviral homologous regions (hrs) were identified in the genome. ArdiNPV had five multi-copy genes including baculovirus repeated ORFs (bros), calcium/sodium antiporter B (chaB), DNA binding protein (dbp), inhibitor of apoptosis protein (iap), and p26. Interestingly, phylogenetic analyses showed that ArdiNPV belonged to Clade II.b of Group II Alphabaculoviruses, which all contain a second copy of dbp. The genome of ArdiNPV was the closest to Euproctis pseudoconspersa nucleopolyhedrovirus, with 57.4% whole-genome similarity. Therefore, these results suggest that ArdiNPV is a novel baculovirus belonging to a newly identified cluster of Clade II.b Alphabaculoviruses.

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Rivlina, A. A. "GLOBAL ENGLISH-LOCAL DIGRAPHIA: TRANSLINGUAL ASPECT." RUDN Journal of Language Education and Translingual Practices 14, no. 2 (2017): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8011-2017-14-2-171-180.

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Čepon, Robert. "Opažanja o glasovnem sistemu pamfilskega dialekta." Keria: Studia Latina et Graeca 7, no. 1 (July 6, 2005): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/keria.7.1.71-85.

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Prispevek obravnava nekatere aspekte glasovnega sistema tistega razvojnega stadija pamfilskega dialekta, kije izpričan na silionskem napisu iz četrtega stoletja pr. n. št. V prvem delu se članek ukvarja z vzroki za sporadično palatalizacijo glasu u, relevantnostjo prehoda ερ > αρ za dialektalno umestitev pamfilščine ter z razlogi za ne beleženje aspirate v nekaterih besedah. V nadaljevanju se prispevek posveča določitvi glasovne vrednosti grafemov ϝ, W, ψ in digrafa υh ter etimologiji besede διϝια.

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Iswadi, Hazrul. "Digraf Eksentris Turnamen Tereduksi." Sains & Teknologi 1, no. 3 (October 17, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jst.v1i3.2235.

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Turnamen tereduksi T adalah turnamen yang himpunan titiknya dapat dipartisi menjadi sub himpunan A dan B dimana setiap titik di sub himpunan A mengalahkan setiap titik di sub himpunan B. Digraf eksentris ED(T) dari turnamen T adalah digraf yang memiliki titik yang sama dengan T dan terdapat busur u ke v jika dan hanya jika v adalah titik dengan jarak terjauh dari u. Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas sifat-sifat digraph eksentris turnamen tereduksi T dengan sub turnamen yang diinduksi oleh sub himpunan A dan B diganti menjadi kelas turnamen yang khusus yaitu turnamen regular dan transtitif.

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Rohsenow, John S. "The present status of digraphia in China." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2001, no. 150 (January 10, 2001): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2001.029.

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Akbar, Rahima, Hanan Taqi, and Taiba Sadiq. "Arabizi in Kuwait: An Emerging Case of digraphia." Language & Communication 74 (September 2020): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.07.004.

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10

Strnad, William. "Questioning North Korea’s digraphic inflection point: Kim Il Sung’s 1964 and 1966 conversations with linguists reconsidered." Scripta Neophilologica Posnaniensia 21 (December 15, 2021): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/snp.2021.21.11.

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Kim Il Sung’s 1964 and 1966 conversations with linguists are appropriately deemed important as the establishment of the North’s “cultured language” as a standard, as well as guidance related to language purification and script. In the analysis of inflection point related to language planning and policy in the North, is the often guidance on re-enshrinement of teaching “Chinese characters” (hanja) in North Korean education. Clearly this was official pronouncement of functional, synchronic digraphia, which has been preserved and operationalized down to the present. Scholarship on these conversations, amounting to policy guidance, attribute the shift in policy related to script as an inflection point. The author of this article concurs with its importance, but with respect to digraphia in the North, the conversations related to hanja instruction served as a confirmation for what was a broad trend in North Korean language planning during the years 1953-1964, a language planning and policy fait accompli, diminishing the portrayal of the conversations as a digraphic inflection point in North Korea.

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SWANSON, DANIEL R. "Three new species of Rasahus, with clarifications on the identities of three other Neotropical corsairs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae)." Zootaxa 4471, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4471.3.2.

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Three new peiratine species in the genus Rasahus Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae) are described: Rasahus nesiotes sp. nov. from Grand Bahama, Rasahus deliquus sp. nov. from Panama, and Rasahus abolitus sp. nov. from French Guiana. Rasahus castaneus Coscarón, 1983 is reported for the first time from French Guiana. The identity of Reduvius scutellaris Fabricius, 1787 is clarified, resulting in the following taxonomic and nomenclatural changes: Rasahus rufiventris (Walker, 1873) is considered a junior synonym of Rasahus scutellaris (Fabricius, 1787) stat. rev. et syn. nov., and Pirates myrmecinus Erichson, 1848 is resurrected and transferred, resulting in Rasahus myrmecinus (Erichson, 1848) stat. rev. et comb. nov. Most records of Rasahus scutellaris auct. (nec Fabricius) prior to this study remain indeterminate. Additionally, the peiratine fauna known from Panama and French Guiana are enumerated, and an updated key to the species of Rasahus is provided. Lastly, Pirates digramma Walker, 1873 (p. 102), tentatively considered to belong to Rasahus by previous authors, is discussed and transferred to Tydides Stål, 1866, resulting in Tydides digramma (Walker, 1873) comb. nov.

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12

Kim, SangWon. "Adoption of “Chinese phonetic alphabet orthography” and the “Digraphia”." Journal of Chinese Literature 85 (November 30, 2021): 249–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31985/jcl.85.10.

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13

Rivlina, Alexandra. "Global English-related Digraphia and Roman-Cyrillic Biscriptal Practices." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 236 (December 2016): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.12.006.

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14

Li, Jingjing, and Xianghua Liao. "THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF DIGRAMMA (PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA: LIGULIDAE) INFERRED FROM DNA SEQUENCES." Journal of Parasitology 89, no. 4 (August 2003): 792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-3078.

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15

Luo, H. Y., P. Nie, W. J. Yao, G. T. Wang, and Q. Gao. "Is the genus Digramma synonymous to the genus Ligula (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)?" Parasitology Research 89, no. 5 (January 8, 2003): 419–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-002-0802-5.

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Мазур, О. Е., И. А. Кутырев, and Ж. Н. Дугаров. "Цитоморфологические изменения крови и мезонефроса серебряного карася, зараженного Ligula ( Digramma ) interrupta (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)." Известия Российской академии наук. Серия биологическая, no. 1 (2020): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002332920010075.

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Faizah, Widya Nur, Muhammad Khudzaifah, and Dewi Ismiarti. "Analisis Frekuensi Ciphertext dengan Algoritma Kriptografi DNA dan Transformasi Digraf." Jurnal Riset Mahasiswa Matematika 1, no. 6 (August 30, 2022): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jrmm.v1i6.14591.

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DNA Cryptography is one of new algortihm in cryptography that is used to encrypt the data by converting the DNA code into binary code. Encryption process is expected to produce a random and unreadable ciphertext. This research aims to determine the result of encryption frequency analysis of the ciphertext obtained from the encryption process using DNA Cryptography and Digraph Transformation algorithm. The formation of a symmetric key is carried out for the encryption and decryption process in DNA Cryptography, and modular arithmetic in Digraph Transformation algorithm. The encryption process produces ciphertext in the form of letters and symbols because if involves the use of an ASCII table. Frequency analysis is done by comparing the frequency of occurence of letters in the ciphertext with frequency of occurence of letters in English. The conclusion for this research is that the ciphertext looks random, not easy to read, and hard to guess. For the future work, researcher can change the choice of binary code combinatory in DNA Cryptographic algorithms, increase the character vocabulary in the Digraph Transformation algorithm, and use various languages to code.

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Mazur, Kutyrev, and Dugarov. "COMPOSITION OF LEUKOCYTES IN BLOOD OF GOLDFISH INFECTED BY LIGULA (DIGRAMMA) INTERRUPTA (CESTODA: PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA)." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 21 (May 29, 2020): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.207-212.

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The tapeworm Ligula interrupta of the genus Ligula (Digramma) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) is a specific parasite of freshwater cyprinid fish; its plerocyrcoids are localized in the body cavity causing heavy parasitic pathology. With parasitosis, an important role in the regulation of the pathological process is assigned to the participants of the organism’s protective reactions, among which a special pool of immunocompetent cells – leukocytes – is distinguished. In the literature, there are single data on hemo- and immunopoiesis goldfish with digrammosis. In our work, new data were obtained on the leukocyte composition of the blood of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), infected with Ligula interrupta in conditions of the native range (Shilen Lake and Cheremukhovoe Lake, Lake Baikal basin). All fish specimens caught with seine nets, both infested and noninfested with L. interrupta, were identical by the size and age composition (age +3…+5, body length 145–237 and 150–180 mm, respectively, weight 100–184 and 120–174 g). Hematological studies were carried out according to the Sbornik [2]. To quantify the individual types of leukocytes, the leukocyte profile, expressed in absolute terms, was calculated. Three groups of cells were revealed in the blood of all goldfish species: blast forms, granulocytes (neutrophils, pseudobasophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). The decrease in the blood of infected fish of the total number of leukocytes and their various types at all stages of development, the violation of the proliferation and differentiation of lymphoid and granulocytic elements in the studied organs, the formation of vacuolated and atypical cells, the absence of circulating basophils and eosinophils were established. It has been shown that in this parasitic system, partner relations are reduced to the launch of L. interrupta mechanisms that regulate the host's protective immunological processes by the type of inhibition of the acute inflammatory response and the development of mild chronic inflammation.

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Чугунова, Ю. К., and Е. Н. Шадрин. "ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ ПАРАЗИТОФАУНЫ РЫБ КРАСНОЯРСКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА ЗА МНОГОЛЕТНИЙ ПЕРИОД, "Паразитология"." Паразитология, no. 5 (2018): 366–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0031184718050025.

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На примере Красноярского водохранилища дается описание изменений паразитофауны рыб, обусловленных сменой гидрологического режима, вымиранием аборигенных реофильных рыб-хозяев, обеднением бентосных сообществ и бурным эвтро-фированием водоема. В процессе формирования биоты водохранилища водоем из осетрово-лососевого превратился в окунево-плотвичный. Современная паразитофауна сохранившихся видов рыб претерпела заметные изменения: сократилось число видов, цикл развития которых связан с бентосом, из миксоспоридий сохранилось 6 видов, трематоды представлены только одним видом, полностью утрачена фауна скребней. Эвтрофирование водоема привело к увеличению роли зоопланктона в пищевом рационе рыб и, как следствие, к росту зараженности рыб цестодами. Наблюдается высокая встречаемость Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas, 1781), появились и заняли ведущее положение в составе паразитофауны опасные в эпизоотическом отношении цестоды Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) и Digramma interrupta (Rudolphi, 1810). Плероцеркоиды лентеца широкого Dibothriocephalus latus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ltihe, 1899 до зарегулирования отсутствовали, в настоящее время в водохранилище сформировался мощный очаг диботриоцефалеза, в результате чего отмечается высокий уровень заболеваемости местного населения.

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Ivković, Dejan. "Pragmatics meets ideology." Journal of Language and Politics 12, no. 3 (September 27, 2013): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.12.3.02ivk.

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Serbian is a unique example of active digraphia, that is, the use of two scripts by the same speech community. Writers of Serbian use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets in various domains. Moreover, the Internet has brought to the fore competing orthographic variants within the Serbian Latin writing system. Technology-driven and ideologically motivated, non-standard de facto orthographic norms emerge as a result of the medium’s affordances embedded in a given socio-political context. This paper presents a case study on alphabet choice and the use of non-standard orthographic variants on two Serbian news websites, Politika Online and B92. The results show that a two-fold process occurs in Serbian orthographic practices, emerging from Internet discourses from below, including online commentaries: the dominance of the Latin alphabet over Cyrillic; and the stabilization of non-standard Latin orthographic variants. Metalinguistic commentaries of online posters illustrate the tension between pragmatic concerns and language ideologies.

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Ahmad, Rizwan. "Urdu in Devanagari: Shifting orthographic practices and Muslim identity in Delhi." Language in Society 40, no. 3 (May 24, 2011): 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404511000182.

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AbstractIn sociolinguistics, Urdu and Hindi are considered to be textbook examples of digraphia—a linguistic situation in which varieties of the same language are written in different scripts. Urdu has traditionally been written in the Arabic script, whereas Hindi is written in Devanagari. Analyzing the recent orthographic practice of writing Urdu in Devanagari, this article challenges the traditional ideology that the choice of script is crucial in differentiating Urdu and Hindi. Based on written data, interviews, and ethnographic observations, I show that Muslims no longer view the Arabic script as a necessary element of Urdu, nor do they see Devanagari as completely antithetical to their identity. I demonstrate that using the strategies of phonetic and orthographic transliteration, Muslims are making Urdu-in-Devanagari different from Hindi, although the difference is much more subtle. My data further shows that the very structure of a writing system is in part socially constituted. (Script-change, Urdu, Urdu-in-Devanagari, Hindi, Arabic script, Devanagari, orthography, transliteration)*

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Mazur, O. E., I. A. Kutyrev, and Zh N. Dugarov. "Cytomorphological Changes in the Blood and Mesonephros of Goldfish Infected with Ligula (Digramma) interrupta (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)." Biology Bulletin 47, no. 1 (January 2020): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359020010070.

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Martínez Oropeza, Alina. "Representación Gráfica del Problema de Máquinas en Paralelo No Relacionadas para Colonia de Hormigas por Medio de un Grafo Disyuntivo." Programación matemática y software 3, no. 1 (June 9, 2011): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30973/progmat/2011.3.1/4.

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El presente trabajo propone un modelado del problema de Máquinas en Paralelo no Relacionadas para Colonia de Hormigas por medio de un grafo disyuntivo, el cual facilita la comprensión del comportamiento del método de solución aplicado al problema antes mencionado. Para entender el funcionamiento del grafo propuesto, se realizó un análisis por medio de un digrafo para una solución particular a una instancia pequeña. Se da una introducción a definiciones básicas de teoría de grafos. Se analizan las características básicas del problema de Máquinas en Paralelo no Relacionadas, y se da una introducción general a Colonia de Hormigas, lo que da las bases para analizar las características tanto del problema como del método de solución, para lograr un modelo de grafos eficiente que permita mejorar la comprensión de Colonia de Hormigas aplicado a un problema de Calendarización de tipo NP.

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Choirul Amin and LMF Purwanto. "Peran Computer Numeric Control (CNC) Pada Karya Arsitektur The Role of Computer Numeric Control in Architecture Works." SARGA: Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/sarga.v16i2.19.

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Mesin Computer Numeric Control ( CNC ) adalah pengembangan dari mesin yang sudah ada sebelumnya tetapi belum menggunakan computer, masih menggunakan model sebagai contoh duplikasinya yang disebut Numeric Control ( NC ). Mesin Computer Numeric Control ( CNC ) pada awalnya dipergunakan sebagai alat cetak industri terutama pada bidang mesin dan otomotif. Computer Numeric Control ( CNC ) pada dasarnya dapat memakai bahan apa saja yang secara fisik bisa digrafir atau dibor ( dengan penyesuaian tertentu pada alat potongnya sesuai klasifikasi bahan ). Bahan material dasar yang sering dipakai dengan Mesin Computer Numeric Control ( CNC ) antara lain : metal / besi, kayu, plastic dan aluminium. Dari beberapa hal tersebut apakah mesin Computer Numeric Control ( CNC ) dapat berperan dalam sebuah karya arsitektur yang dihasilkan seorang arsitek?, atau apakah nantinya dengan adanya teknologi semacam ini peran arsitek tak lagi dibutuhkan? Pada sebuah karya arsitektur material bahan bangunan fabrikasi yang dihasilkan oleh Mesin Computer Numeric Control ( CNC ), biasanya dipakai sebagai finishing, walau tidak menutup kemungkinan dipakai sebagai sebuah struktur dengan rekayasa tertentu, dan juga material fabrikasi semacam ini dipakai sebagai bagian dari interior maupun produk produk furnitur hingga pelengkap suatu ruangan seperti vas, lampu, rak, dll. Produk Computer Numeric Control ( CNC ) pada sebuah karya arsitektur juga sangat indah dinikmati sebagai komponen yang diekspos pada bangunan. Suatu hasil dari produk Computer Numeric Control ( CNC ) tidak dapat dikategorikan sebagai karya arsitektur apabila hanya indah tetapi tanpa makna. Seorang arsitek menggunakan Mesin Computer Numeric Control ( CNC ) adalah sebagai tools atau alat kepanjangan tangan untuk menerjemahkan konsep dan arti dari sebuah karya arsitektur.

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Song, Ha Yeun, Yun-Hwan Jung, Bora Kim, Young Ji Choi, Tu Van Nguyen, and Dae-Sung Lee. "Complete mitochondrial genome of the double-lined fusileer, Pterocaesio digramma (Perciformes, Caesionidae): mitogenome characterization and phylogenetic analysis." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 5, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 2617–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2020.1778575.

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Oliveira, Dionatan Pontes de, Wayrone Klaiton Silva, Wesley Flávio de Miranda, Daniela Cabral de Oliveira, Maria Gláucia Dourado Furquim, and José Carlos de Sousa Júnior. "Análise e modelagem gradual de um aplicativo de auxílio operacional para hotéis desenvolvido a partir de estudo de caso." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 10 (October 23, 2020): e8699109093. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.9093.

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Os Sistemas de Informações Gerenciais (SIG), constituem uma ferramenta estratégica na gestão organizacional, ao fornecer informações que contribuam para a sistematização de processos internos e embase a tomada de decisão das empresas independentemente do porte ou ramo de atuação. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tem por objetivo descrever as atividades inerentes a análise e modelagem gradual de um aplicativo na plataforma Android, de auxílio operacional para hotéis. Metodologicamente, o estudo classifica-se como sendo de natureza qualitativa, por meio da realização de um estudo de caso no município de Iporá em Goiás, para coleta das informações que auxiliou no processo de modelagem do negócio, diagrama de caso de uso e digrama de classe com intuito de transformar as informações coletadas em informações técnicas para o desenvolvimento do aplicativo. Verificou-se, portanto, que o desenvolvimento e utilização de ferramenta como o uso de aplicativo, contribui para a execução de atividades cotidianas, com foco nas prioridades identificadas.

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Ramos-Jiliberto, Rodrigo, and Rodrigo Jiliberto Herrera. "Modelización y análisis de escenarios de intervención en sistemas socio-naturales: El caso del sistema de sustentabilidad energía-territorio de la región de Coquimbo, Chile." Revista de Ciencias Ambientales 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rca.55-1.1.

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[Introducción]: Este articulo propone avances en la modelización y el análisis de los sistemas socio-naturales objeto de las políticas públicas en medio ambiente y desarrollo sustentable. [Objetivo]: Presentar una propuesta de modelización sistémica formal de sistemas socio-naturales en contextos de decisión estratégicos. [Metodología]: Basados en el lenguaje de los digrafos signados, presentamos un conjunto de elementos de sistemas socio-naturales modelizados, orientados al análisis prospectivo de la aplicación de diversos escenarios de intervención. Mostramos también un conjunto de nuevas métricas cuantitativas para evaluar el rol dinámico de las variables componentes del sistema socio-natural. Se toma como caso de estudio el sistema de sustentabilidad de energía en el territorio de la región de Coquimbo, Chile, y se evalúa comparativamente el desempeño esperado de medidas de gestión ambiental. [Resultados]: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que las medidas de intervención/gestión planificadas en función de las nuevas métricas presentadas en este artículo, resultan eficaces de acuerdo con los escenarios proyectados por la modelización. [Conclusiones]: La modelización estructural cualitativa es adecuada para representar y analizar sistemas socio-naturales, lo que exhibe ventajas operativas para apoyar la toma de decisiones.

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Казарникова, А. В. "АНАЛИЗ ЭПИЗООТИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ РЫБ ДЕЛЬТЫ ДОНА И ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЧАСТИ ТАГАНРОГСКОГО ЗАЛИВА В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ, "Наука юга России"." Science in the South of Russia, no. 1 (2021): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s25000640210109.

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Обобщены сведения по зараженности паразитами сельди Alosa immaculate, тарани Rutilus rutilus, судака Sander lucioperca, сазана Cyprinus carpio, карася серебряного Carassius gibelio, леща Abramis brama, бычка-сирмана Ponticola syrman, бычка-песочника Neogobius fluviatilis, бычка-кругляка N. melanostomum на основании собственных и литературных данных. Спектр паразитических организмов у рыб в дельте р. Дон и восточной части Таганрогского залива в 2019–2020 гг. включал представителей 9 классов: по 1 виду Myxrosporea, Peritricha, Bivalvia, по 3 вида Myxosporidia и Cestoda, 10 видов Monogenea, 6 видов Trematoda, 4 вида Nematoda и 5 видов Crustacea. В общей сложности у представителей азовской ихтиофауны выявлено 33 вида и не определенных до вида паразитов, из которых доминирующее положение (81 %) занимали пресноводные виды. Состав паразитов обследованных рыб отличался низким видовым разнообразием, количественные показатели – широкой вариабельностью. Выявлены потенциально патогенные для здоровья рыб виды (Myxobolus sandrae, Dactylogyrus extensus, D. vastator, Diplozoon paradoxum, Gyrodactylus sprostonae, Ancyrocephalus paradoxus, Caryophyllaeus laticeps, Khawia sinensis, Diplostomum spathaceum, Unionidae gen. sp., Achtheres percarum). Дан анализ эпизоотологической ситуации в дельте р. Дон и в восточной части Таганрогского залива и выделены возбудители, вызывающие заболевания рыб (Ligula intestinalis, Digramma interrupta), животных и человека (Apophallus donicus, Cryptocotyle concava, C. lingua, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Eustrongylides excisus).

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阮俊强. "越南古文献中汉字与喃字的双存现象初考." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 2, no. 2 (June 2018): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850217752293.

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摘要越南汉喃文献里有一种值得注意的现象, 即文本中同时存在汉文和喃文, 目前暂定为「汉喃文字的双存」（duo-existence of scripts）。笔者从语文学（philology）角度来探讨越南古典文献中, 尤其是小学教材的汉喃文字双存现象。笔者将双存文字分为三种类型：双行文字、双接文字、双入文字。不同类型的汉字与喃字有不同的关系。通过分析这些关系, 本文认为越南古文献中汉文和喃文的内容与形式不相互排斥、矛盾, 而是互相依存、结合。从文本来看, 汉字常排在中心位置, 这是汉字和喃字在越南古文历史的 “双别文字”（digraphia）标志。

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Kuchboev, A., and B. Soatov. "Fish helminths in reservoirs of the Zarafshan river." BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES OF KAZAKHSTAN 4 (December 2021): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52301/1684-940x-2021-4-32-.

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The results of the study of the helminth fauna of 8 species fish of the lower reaches reservoirs of the Zarafshan River are presented - carp (Cyprinus carpio), crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), roach (Rutilus rutilus), oriental bream (Abramis brama), pike perch (Stizostedion lucioperca), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), pike (Esox lucius), Turkestan barbel (Barbus capito conocephalus). 27 species of helminths were identified, including 12 species of cestodes (Caryophyllaeus laticeps Pallas, 1781; Caryophyllaeus fimbriceps Annenkova - Chlopina, 1919; Biacetabulum appendiculatum Szidat, 1937; Khawia sinensis Hsu, 1935; Bathybothrium rectangulum Bloch, 1782; Bothriocephalus opsariichthydis Yamaguti, 1934; Ligula intestinalis Linnaeus, 1758 larvae; Digramma interupta Rudolphi, 1810 larvae; Proteocephalus torulosus Batsch, 1786; Neogryporhynchus cheilanoristrotus Wedl, 1855 larvae; Gryporhynchus pusillus von Nordman, 1832 larvae; Valipora campylancristrota Rudolphi, 1819 larvae), 5 species of trematodes (Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905; Orientocreadium siluri Bychowsky et Dubinina, 1954; Allocreadium isoporum Looss, 1894; Diplostomum spathaceum Rudolvae, 1832 lare; (Dioctophyme renale Goeze, 1782 larvae; Rhabdochona denudata Dujardin, 1845; Desmidocercella numidica Seurat, 1920 larvae; Camallanus truncatus Rudolphi, 1814; Camallanus lacustris Zoega, 1776; Philometra ovatachenko Zeder, 1803; 1779 larvae) and 2 species of acanthocephalus (Pomphorhynchus laevis Muller, 1776; Acantocephalus lucii Muller, 1776). This work includes the results of the research of the helminthes of the fish of waterbodies in the lowers of the Zarafshan River. As a result, the infection of fish with 27 species of helminthes, belonging to cestodes (12), trematodes (5), nematodes (8), and acanthocephalans (2) was established.

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Zhao, Jinhong, Yuanyuan Li, Qiqi Xue, Zhiwei Zhu, Minghui Zou, and Fang Fang. "A novel rapid visual detection assay for Toxoplasma gondii combining recombinase-aided amplification and lateral flow dipstick coupled with CRISPR-Cas13a fluorescence (RAA-Cas13a-LFD)." Parasite 29 (2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2022021.

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Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease resulting from Toxoplasma gondii infection, remains prevalent worldwide, and causes great harm to immunodepressed patients, pregnant women and newborns. Although various molecular approaches to detect T. gondii infection are available, they are either costly or technically complex. This study aimed at developing a rapid visual detection assay using recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) and lateral flow dipstick (LFD) coupled with CRISPR-Cas13a fluorescence (RAA-Cas13a-LFD) to detect T. gondii. The RAA-Cas13a-LFD assay was performed in an incubator block at 37 °C within 2 h, and the amplification results were visualized and determined through LFD by the naked eye. The detection limit was 1 × 10−6 ng/μL by our developed RAA-Cas13a-LFD protocol, 100-fold higher than that by qPCR assay (1 × 10−8 ng/μL). No cross-reaction occurred either with the DNA of human blood or Ascaris lumbricoides, Digramma interrupta, Entamoeba coli, Fasciola gigantica, Plasmodium vivax, Schistosoma japonicum, Taenia solium, and Trichinella spiralis, and the positive rate by RAA-Cas13a-LFD assay was identical to that by qPCR assay (1.50% vs. 1.50%) in detecting T. gondii infection in the unknown blood samples obtained from clinical settings. Our findings demonstrate that this RAA-Cas13a-LFD assay is not only rapid, sensitive, and specific and allows direct visualization by the naked eye, but also eliminates sophisticated and costly equipment. More importantly, this technique can be applied to on-site surveillance of T. gondii.

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Mazur, O. E., I. A. Kutyrev, and Zh N. Dugarov. "Destabilization Processes in the Hemopoietic Organs of Goldfish as a Consequence of the Survival Strategy of Cestode Ligula (Digramma) interrupta (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)." Inland Water Biology 15, no. 4 (August 2022): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995082922040381.

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33

Leikuma, Lideja. "LATGALĪŠU RAKSTEIBYS ATTEISTEIBA 20. G. S. BEIGUOS I 21. G. S. SUOKUMĀ CI/VOI LATGALĪŠU RAKSTEIBYS LEIKUMU LEIKUMI." Via Latgalica, no. 9 (May 5, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2017.9.2716.

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Ar atteisteibu saprūtam jaunys kvalitatis rasšonūs, īšonu nu zamuoka iz augstuoka, brīdumu. Taipat i volūdnīceibā. „Bet kurs gon dorbs nanūvacoj, jo pētnīceiba īt uz prīšku?“ (M. Bukšs). 1969. godā sovi „Latgalīšu volūdas ortografijas nūteikumi“ gotovi beja Stepuonam Seiļam. Trymdys filologi, baļsteidamīs iz 1929. gods Izgleiteibys ministrejis (IM) apstyprynuotūs pareizraksteibys nūsacejumu, tūs papyldynoj „ar tagadejim volūdas pētnīceibas atzynumim un praksē īvastom tradicijom“ (Bukšs 1973: 346). Latvejā sovus pījāmumus par latgalīšu raksteibu atkluoj Viktors Vonogs, fragmentaruok Eugeņs Karūdznīks i cyti. Ar Vitolda Valeiņa guodeibu divskaņs [uo] ar digrafu pasaruoda Aleksandra Adamāna izlasē „Sapņi un zemes balss” (1987). Latgalīšu filologu dorbu nu 1989. gods voda volūdnīks Ontuons Breidaks, pīzynumim rezuļtejūtīs „Latgalīšu literaruos volūdys pareizraksteibys nūteikumūs“ – Nūteikumi 1996. Iz tūs i tuoluokais. Kai t. s. Pītera Stroda ortografejis papyldynuojums i turpynuojums Atmūdys nūskaņuos izīt eksperimentaluo „Latgalīšu ābece (lementars)“ (1992) i „Gruomota školuotuojim“ (1993). Tamuos lītuotuo raksteiba, saukta par „jaunū“, ir latgalīšu filologu (Ivars Magazeiņs, Ontuons Breidaks, Vitolds Valeiņs, Juoņs Cybuļskis, Anna Stafecka, Jurs Cybuļs) diskuseju rezultats. Jaunynuojumi beja grafiski: divskaņa [uo] raksteiba ar digrafu (muosa, na mōsa), divskaņa [ie] škeirums nu [ē] (pierts, viejs, sēt – es sieju), škierta [yu] (dyumi) i [iu] raksteiba (iudiņs, kiuļs), atsasaceišona nu apostrofa dsk. genitivā (kūrpu, zemu), ķ, ģ lītuošona atseviškūs lūcejumūs (zaķam, kuģūs), beja i gramatiski: ļaužu runai dabeigu formu pīļuovums golūtnēs (lasejs, na lasejis; ustobys, zemis, na ustobas, zemes), pīdiekļūs (Latveja, na Latvija), prīdiekļūs (izkryta snīgs, na uzkryta snīgs, dalīt pīna, na pīlīt pīnu) i prīvuordūs (iz ceļa, na uz ceļa, da vuortu, na leidz vuortim). Vītā lykta izlūkšņu leksika, lejslatvīšu vuordi puormeiti iz sovu: saikļa un vītā raksteits i (bruoli i muosys), jo vītā – ka (ka nagribi, navajag), cytus izlūkšņu vuordus i formys pīļaunūt par literaruos normys variantim (kaimini // sābri, grīziņs // sakne; skoluoju // skolovu, es skrītum // es skrītu). Sprīsšona ap „vacū“ i „jaunū“ raksteibu atrūnama „Tāvu zemes kalendarūs“ 1994., 1996., 1998., 2001. godam, cytur. Koč na vysi volūdnīku guodi tyka leidzvierteigi saprosti i vīnpruoteibā pījimti, „Latgalīšu ābece (lementars)“ (1992) i „Gruomota školuotuojim“ (1993) sabīdreibā īguoja pozitivi. [ē] i [ie] škeirums pasaruoda Augusta Egluoja dzejūļu sakūpuojumā „Varaveiksna“ (1995), golūtnis -ys, -is – Juoņa Cybuļska izlasē „Myuža dīnys, myuža dūmys“ (1995), rokstu kruojumā „Olūts“, „Tāvu zemes kalendarī“ i tml. Šauruos vītys atsakluoj gaitā: jys, kuojys; lobīm; sakrituši, krisdams, naatsapyuzdamīs; vīnaidi runoj; mērcej, vētej; kumeļš; žāl, filmeņa; sūmugri; Ēvalds, Daugavpiļs). Ituos i cytys na(at)rysynuotys latgalīšu pareizraksteibys lītys nūdarbynoj i vāluok, vērtīs: J. Cybuļs, L. Leikuma. „Vasals! Latgaliešu valodas mācība“ (2003); A. Andronovs, L. Leikuma. „Latgalīšu-latvīšu-krīvu sarunu vuordineica“ (2008); J. Cybuļs, L. Leikuma. „Skreineite. Vuicūs laseit“ (2014); kruojums „Latgalistikys kongresu materiali“ (I–V, 2009–2015); J. Klīdziejs. „Zalta kristeņš“ (2016) i tml. Raksteibys reformys vajadzeibu i svareiguokuos mainis adekvati ir pījāmuse i sovūs rokstūs drūši lītoj latgalīšu jaunuo audze (Ilze Sperga, Muora Mortuzāne-Muravska, Sandra Ūdre i c.). Originalys izstruodis pīduovoj Rēzeknis Augstškolys (nu 2016. g. – Rēzeknis Tehnologeju akademejis) pietnīki. Latgalīšu volūdys poteņcis aplīcynoj I. Spergys stuosti „Dzeiveiba“ (2014), S. Ūdris i J. Ryučāna „Aizlauztais spaits“ (2016). Tys zeimoj, ka reformātajai latgalīšu raksteibai ir nuokūtne, koč degradejūši dorbojās latgalīšu volūdys stuņžu naasameiba školā. Taipat lītai nakolpoj nazynuošona, nagribiešona zynuot i napuordūmuotys sovvaleibys, kam dīvamžāļ juodaskaita i „Vikipedeja“ latgaliski. Nu 2007. gods latgalīšu raksteiba teik baļsteita oficialūs (apstyprynuoti 28.09.2007) pareizraksteibys nūsacejumūs (Nūsacejumi). Tik ar itū deļ volūdys izdzeivuošonys, kur vēļ atteisteibys, vaļsts paleiga ir stypri par moz!

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Kutyrev, I. A., N. M. Pronin, and Zh N. Dugarov. "Composition of leucocytes of the head kidney of the crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio, Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) as affected by invasion of cestode Digramma interrupta (Cestoda; Pseudophyllidea)." Biology Bulletin 38, no. 6 (November 9, 2011): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359011060069.

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Yongbing, Liu. "A Pedagogy for Digraphia: An Analysis of the Impact of Pinyin on Literacy Teaching in China and its Implications for Curricular and Pedagogical Innovations in a Wider Community." Language and Education 19, no. 5 (September 15, 2005): 400–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500780508668693.

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Ibrahimov, Sh, and S. Mamedova. "Ecological analysis of the fish cestode fauna of the mouth of Kura River." 36, no. 36 (August 25, 2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2075-5457-2021-36-6.

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The research was conducted in 2014–2019 in the mouth of Kura River. A total of 334 fish specimens of 24 species were examined by the method of full parasitological dissection. As a result, 17 tapeworm species in two orders and eight families were found: Caryophyllaeus fimbriceps, C. laticeps, Caryophyllaeides fennica, Eubothrium acipenserinum, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, Ligula colymbi, L. intestinalis, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, Ligula colymbi, L. intestinalis, Proteocephalus filicollis, P. gobiorum, P. ocellata, P. osculatus, Siluritaenia siluri, Gryporhynchus pusillus, and Paradilepis scolecina. Of these, seven species are specific cyprinid parasites, two species are specific sturgeon parasites, two species are specific to sticklebacks, two species to catfish, and one species to gobies; the other three species parasitize in fishes of various families. The main organ of cestode localisation in the studied fishes is the intestinal lumen, where 11 worm species were found. In other fish organs (body cavity, mucous membrane of the anterior intestine, liver, mesentery, and intestinal walls), the number of tapeworm species ranged from one to four. One cestode species invaded from one to seven fish species. In the bream, we found six tapeworm species, while in the other fish species, from one to five. Among the cestodes found, 14 species infect zooplankton-eating fish and only three species (Caryophyllaeus fimbriceps, C. laticeps, Caryophyllaeides fennica) infect fish that feeds on benthic invertebrates. The largest trophic group was the benthophages; they hosted 12 cestode species. In the planktophages and predators, we found eight and seven tapeworm species, respectively. Predatory fishes like pike, asp, round and bighead gobies accumulate parasites from the bodies of their preys, consequently, their cestode fauna is the richest. Most recorded fishes are euryhaline. Nevertheless, due to the absence of typical marine forms among the found cestodes, we registered more tapeworm species in the fish occurring the highly desalinated area of the Kura mouth than in more mineralized water. Six recorded species (Caryophyllaeus fimbriceps, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, Ligula colymbi, L. intestinalis, Digramma interrupta, and Paradilepis scolecina) are causative agents of fish diseases. Ligula colymbi and L. intestinalis, which have large plerocercoids, caused pathogenic changes in fish organisms. The other pathogenic species did not induce noticeable disorders. They are much smaller, and, thereto, had comparatively low invasion rate in the examined fish.

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Yevtushenko, A. V. "Features of the parasitic system formation in herbivorous fish in the aquaculture of the North-Eastern and Eastern regions of Ukraine." Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety 6, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/jvmbbs-2020-6-1-4.

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The research aimed to determine the peculiarities of the formation of the parasitic system in herbivorous fish in the aquaculture of the North-Eastern and Eastern regions of Ukraine. In fish farms of the North-Eastern and Eastern regions of Ukraine, 26 species of parasites were found in herbivorous fish: 19 species in the silver carp (11 — protozoa, 1 — monogeneans, 4 — trematodes, 3 — parasitic crustaceans); 18 species in the grass carp (6 — protozoa, 1 — monogeneans, 4 — trematodes, 4 — cestodes, 3 — parasitic crustaceans); and 20 species in the bighead carp (10 — protozoa, 1 — monogeneans, 4 — trematodes, 2 — cestodes, 3 — parasitic crustaceans). 11 species (42.3%) of registered parasites were invasive; 18 species (69.2%) of the detected herbivorous fish’s parasites develop directly and 8 (30.8%) — with the participation of definitive and intermediate hosts; the fish is an additional (second intermediate) host in the life cycle of 6 species (23.1%) of parasites. Outbreaks of diseases caused by parasitic protozoa from the genera Myxobolus, Cryptobia, Chilodonella, and Ichthyophthirius have been reported in both fingerlings and two-year-olds. The protozoa from the genera Ichthyobodo, Trichodina, and Trichodinella were registered en masse only in fingerlings. Pathogens from the genus Dactylogyrus were more often registered among three-year-old silver and bighead carps. Metacercariae of Ichthyocotylurus variegatus were found en masse in fingerlings of the grass carp. Posthodiplostomum cuticola larvae in unfavorable farms were found with a high level of prevalence in fish of different age groups. Thong plerocercoids were more commonly recorded in two-year-old silver and bighead carps and fingerlings of the grass carp. The highest level of cestode infection with Bothriocephalus acheilognathi was recorded in fingerlings of the grass carp. Parasitic crustaceans Sinergasilus lieni with a high level of prevalence were registered in two-year-old and three-year-old fish. Crustaceans Lernaea cyprinacea massively affected two-year-old and three-year-old fish. Pathogens from the genera Trichodina, Cryptobia, and Chilodonella, and Dactylogyrus hypophthalmichthys, Posthodiplostomum cuticola, and Sinergasilus lieni were of the greatest epizootic significance for the silver carp; for the bighead carp — from the genus Myxobolus, (especially M. pavlovskii), Chilodonella piscicola, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Dactylogyrus aristichthys, Posthodiplostomum cuticola, Diplostomum spathaceum, Digramma interrupta, and Sinergasilus lieni; for the grass carp — Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, Ichthyocotylurus variegatus, Ligula intestinalis, Sinergasilus major, Lernaea cyprinacea, Ichthyobodo necator, and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

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Prasetyo, Rizal Dwi, and Asnawi . "PENGARUH GRAFIR LASER CO2 TERHADAP KELUARAN KANAL PANDU GELOMBANG OPTIK MODEL Y-BRANCH." Inovasi Fisika Indonesia 10, no. 3 (November 8, 2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/ifi.v10n3.p9-14.

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Abstrak Pemfabrikasian kanal mikro model Y branch dengan menggunakan metode laser engraving dengan bahan dasar PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) atau yang biasa disebut dengan akrilik telah berhasil dibuat pada pekerjaan penelitian ini. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu membuat kanal pandu gelombang optik yang selanjutnya akan diaplikasikan menjadi pandu gelombang optik yang kemudian kanalnya dapat diisi dengan berbagai material inti dari pandu geombang optik, dengan didopping dengan material tin oxide (SnO2) sebagai pelapis covernya. Pemfabrikasian kanal mikro pandu gelombang optik yang dilakukan dengan metode laser engraving ini menghabiskan biaya yang rendah juga menghemat waktu pengerjaannya karena kemudahannya dibandingkan dengan metode yang lainnya. Pemfabrikasian kanal mikro pandu gelombang optik ini dimulai dengan membuat desain dengan sofware coreldraw kemudian dipotong dan digrafir menggunakan cutting laser CO2 yang kemudian diamati dengan mikroskop optik serta perhitungan kedalaman dan lebarnya menggunakan mikrometer bergeser, dengan memanpulasi banyaknya nilai grafir sebanyak 6x dan mengontrol daya pada laser sebesar 3,8 watt pada laser menghasilkan lebar dan kedalaman untuk 1x grafir menghasilkan kedalaman 0,550 mm dan lebar 0,300 mm, untuk 2x grafir menghasilkan kedalaman 0,670 mm dan lebar 0,370 mm, selanjutnya 3x grafir menghasilkan kedalaman 0,875 mm lebar 0,395 mm, 4x grafir menghasilkan kedalaman 1,200 mm dan lebar 0,415 mm, 5x grafir menghasilkan kedalaman 1,650 dan lebar 0,465 dan yang terakhir 6x grafir menghasilkan kedalaman 2,00 mm dan lebar 0,520 mm. Keenam hasil yang paling sempurna diaplikasikan menjadi pandu gelombang optik yakni pada 5x grafir karena kedalaman dan bentuk dasarnya yang kotak cocok untuk diisi dengan fiber optik yang beroprasi dengan kecepatan tinggi dalam pengiriman data dan juga tahan terhadap interferensi elektromagnetik. Kata Kunci: fabrikasi, kanal mikro, cutting laser CO2 Abstract The fabrication of the Y branch model micro canal using the laser engraving method with the basic material of PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) or commonly known as acrylic has been successfully made in this research work. The purpose of this research is to create an optical waveguide channel which will then be applied to an optical waveguide, which can then be filled with various core materials from optical waveguides, doped with tin oxide (SnO2) material as the cover layer. The optical waveguide microchannel fabrication using the laser engraving method costs a low cost and saves processing time due to its simplicity compared to other methods. The fabrication of this optical waveguide micro-channel begins by making a design using CorelDraw software then cut and engraved using a CO2 laser cutting which is then observed with an optical microscope and calculation of depth and width using a shifting micrometer, by manipulating the number of engraved values as much as 6x and controlling the power of the laser by as much as 6x. 3.8 watts on the laser produces a width and depth for 1x engraving produces a depth of 0.550 mm and a width of 0.300 mm, for 2x an engraving produces a depth of 0.670 mm and a width of 0.370 mm, then 3x engraving produces a depth of 0.875 mm, a width of 0.395 mm, 4x an engraving produces a depth of 1,200 mm and 0.415 mm wide, 5x engraving produces a depth of 1,650 and a width of 0.465 and the last 6x engraving produces a depth of 2.00 mm and a width of 0.520 mm. The six most perfect results were applied as optical waveguides, namely at 5x engraving because the depth and shape of the box base is suitable for filling with optical fiber that operates at high speed in data transmission and is also resistant to electromagnetic interference. Keywords: fabrication, kanal microchannel, laser engraving

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Juan Enrique, Villacís Jácome, Cristhian Fabricio Morales Fonseca, Lucciana Santander Meza, and Valeria Nicole Vaca Cargua. "Lenguaje y control cognitivo, un análisis reflexivo." Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar 6, no. 6 (January 2, 2023): 11415–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v6i6.4209.

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Luciana Polizzi & cols, 2013 definen al control cognitivo como “las respuestas obtenidas que permiten dilucidar tanto las variadas situaciones en que las personas intentan controlar de manera cognitiva sus emociones, así como las estrategias que utilizan para lograr dicho fin”. Frente a esto y partiendo de un análisis en el contenido, surgen o aparecen dos sistemas básicos en este proceso: Primero permiten que el ser humano logre controlar sus emociones con un contenido de emoción, nivel de intensidad y valencia. Segundo un sistema de mecanismos de control que las personas sujetas a entrevistas utilizan, esta según Luciana consta de 4 dimensiones: distracción, evitación, reflexión y supresión emocional. Esto se evidenció, en un estudio realizado con un grupo de personas de 20 a 30 años de edad y un grupo de 80 a 90 años cuyos resultados indican similitudes y diferencias entre estos sistemas básicos, pero con más prevalencia en el primero. Según otros autores bajo esta misma línea, al control cognitivo lo definen como “una entidad de componente psicológico que se encarga de la regulación de la expresión de las necesidades que actúan en función de los propios requerimientos como variables intermedias entre lo que es necesidad y percepción, o también dicho, entre genes y medio ambiente”. Desde esta misma visión, lenguaje y neurociencia nos da a conocer que de acuerdo a las ultimas publicaciones de investigaciones recientes indican que el cerebro es capaz de todo, piensa, siente, se ubica en el lugar de otro y lo más importante, toma decisiones. Se ha descubierto que las neuronas poseen alguna de estas características, por lo tanto, no solo se comunican entre sí, sino que también representan mapas u objetos completos del entorno, esto quiere decir, que en la boca de muchos neuro-científicos es evidente la filosofía del lenguaje. En una de las última ediciones de la Revista BCBL centro de investigación en neurociencia cognitiva del lenguaje, del país Vasco, mencionan que cinco son las líneas de investigación que canalizan todo el caudal experimental, este equipo liderado por el doctor Carreridas ha trazado un estudio relacionado con el lenguaje y su procesamiento de apoyo al sistema educativo, médico y psicológico, desde estas bases de actuación tratarán de analizar con una visión multidisciplinar los problemas como el Alzheimer y los trastornos del aprendizaje. Por tal motivo se analiza la decodificación de la señal del habla (fonología, sintaxis y léxico) por parte de bebés monolingües y bilingües con métodos experimentales sofisticados, y así mismo, se estudian loas procesos de comprensión y producción del habla en adultos jóvenes y mayores sanos así, como también los trastornos del habla. De acuerdo con estas investigaciones, consiste en analizar tanto el aprendizaje estándar como el que caracteriza a niños con N.E. Específicas que incluye digrafía, dislexia, discalculia y TDAH con el fin de incrementar el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos cognitivos y cerebrales y, por consiguiente, tener la oportunidad de desarrollar mejores herramientas de diagnóstico y tratamiento, por ejemplo, el Alzheimer también se analizará en esta línea de investigación. En la actualización se está estudiando la optimización de métodos avanzados de investigación como la resonancia magnética, el magneto encefalografía y los modelos computacionales, en donde incluye métodos de procesamientos de la señal y el respectivo análisis de datos obtenidos de dichas técnicas

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Alkhatib, Maan, Nik Adlin Bahrudin, HAMZAH M. SALLEH, Mohamed M. E. Nasef, and Teo M. Ting. "LIPASE IMMOBILIZATION ON FIBERS GRAFTED WITH POLYGLYCIDYL METHACHRYLATE." IIUM Engineering Journal 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v20i1.1002.

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ABSTRACT: Lipase enzyme originated from wheat germ was immobilized on nylon -6- grafted with polyglycidyl methachrylate (PGMA). The immobilization of enzyme experiments were designed and studied using face centred central composite design (FCCCD) under response surface methodology (RSM). Prior to immobilization, the polymer was activated with diethyl amine/ethanol to introduce an amine functional group to facilitate covalent bonding with the enzyme. The immobilized and free enzymes were characterized for effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity, stability, storage and reusability as well as kinetics studies. ANOVA revealed that optimum lipase activity of 0.287 U/ml was achieved at immobilization time of 5 h, pH of 6 and 1.0 mg/ml for enzyme concentration. The optimum temperatures and pH for immobilized and free enzymes were 45 °C and 35 °C, and 8 and 7, respectively. The immobilized enzyme showed higher stability compared to free enzyme. The immobilized enzyme retained 18% of its activity after being recycled 8 times. In a storage stability test, immobilized lipase was able to retain 70% of its activity after being stored for 30 days, while free enzyme activity dropped to 15 % after 20 days of storage. ABSTRAK:Enzim Lipase telah dihasilkan daripada mikroorganisma pegun gandum di atas nilon -6- dan digraf bersama poliglisidel methakrilet (PGMA). Enzim pegun ini direka dan dikaji secara eksperimen menggunakan reka bentuk campuran pusat pada permukaan (FCCCD) di bawah kaedah tindak balas permukaan (RSM). Sebelum menjadi pegun, polimer ini telah diaktifkan dengan dietil amine/ethanol bagi menghasilkan kumpulan fungsi amine bagi membantu ikatan kovalen atom pada enzim. Enzim pegun dan bebas ini telah dikategorikan mengikut kesan enzim ke atas suhu, aktiviti enzim ke atas kesan pH, kestabilan, keboleh-simpanan dan keboleh-gunaan balik, serta ujian tindak balas kinetik. ANOVA membuktikan bahawa aktiviti optimum enzim lipase ini adalah sebanyak 0.287 U/ml telah terhasil selama 5 jam pegun, pada pH 6 dan kepekatan enzim sebanyak 1.0 mg/ml. Suhu dan pH optimum, pada enzim pegun dan enzim bebas ini adalah pada 45 °C dan 35 °C, dan pH 8 dan 7, masing-masing. Enzim pegun ini menunjukkan lebih stabil daripada enzim bebas. Enzim pegun dilihat kekal 18% daripada aktivitinya selepas 8 kali ulangan. Melalui ujian kestabilan simpanan, enzim lipase pegun dapat mengekalkan 70% daripada aktivinya selepas disimpan selama 30 hari, manakala aktiviti enzim bebas telah menurun kepada 15% selepas 20 hari dalam simpanan.

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Grivelet, Stéphane. "Digraphia in Mongolia." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2001, no. 150 (January 10, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2001.037.

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Santana del Sol, Yisel, Karel LLópiz Guerra, Marilyn Oderay Sugasty Medina, Aracelli Gonzales-Sánchez, and José Mercedes Valqui Oxolon. "Estudios sobre la corrección de la disgrafía caligráfica en escolares con discapacidad intelectual." Propósitos y Representaciones 9, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9n1.972.

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En este artículo se realiza un estudio teórico relacionado con la corrección de la disgrafía caligráfica, así como las características de los escolares con discapacidad intelectual con este tipo de trastorno. Se revisaron teorías y concepciones existentes acerca de la corrección de la digrafía caligráfica, identificando las fallas o síntomas que presentan estos escolares con discapacidad intelectual. Para una educación con calidad, resulta conveniente señalar, la importancia que reviste la atención educativa integral al escolar con necesidad educativa especial en la comunicación escrita, de ahí la necesidad de prepararlo en la corrección de los trastornos de escritura, que necesitan de métodos y alternativas especializadas, en función de su desarrollo.

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Magner, Thomas F. "Digraphia in the territories of the Croats and Serbs." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2001, no. 150 (January 10, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2001.028.

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Unger, J. Marshall. "Functional digraphia in Japan as revealed in consumer product preferences." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2001, no. 150 (January 10, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2001.030.

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Peicheng, Su. "Digraphia: a strategy for Chinese characters for the twenty-first century." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2001, no. 150 (January 10, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2001.027.

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Li, Wen X., Pei P. Fu, Dong Zhang, Kellyanne Boyce, Bing W. Xi, Hong Zou, Ming Li, Shan G. Wu, and Gui T. Wang. "Comparative mitogenomics supports synonymy of the genera Ligula and Digramma (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae)." Parasites & Vectors 11, no. 1 (May 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2910-9.

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Selvelli, Giustina. "Latino o cirillico? Le proposte di un alfabeto misto nelle visioni di unità jugoslava del periodo interbellico." 1 | 2 | 2021, no. 2 (December 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/bes/0/2021/02/003.

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This paper discusses the context of script choice (Latin and Cyrillic) in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the late 1920s and early 1930s, focusing on bialphabetism and biliteracy as official policies of the country. I place the topic in the framework of Latinization in the interwar period and examine three texts by Yugoslav authors that propose a ‘hybrid’ writing system containing the characters of both alphabets as a solution to digraphia. It then explores some reactions to such proposals, including the one of Aleksander Belić. The article is based on the analysis of previously unknown sources found in the Matica Srpska Library in Novi Sad.

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Abdullah, Ahmad Baharuddin, and Zaidi Mohd. Ripin. "Kaedah Pengukuran Indek Kebolehsenggaraan Produk atau Sistem Berdasarkan Kriteria Pemasangan." Jurnal Teknologi, February 25, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v42.735.

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Kertas kerja ini membincangkan perhubungan antara penyelenggaraan dan pemilihan pengikat bagi meningkatkan prestasi sesuatu produk dari segi jangka hayat dan struktur fizikal. Di dalam kertas kerja ini, indek kebolehsenggaraan diukur berdasarkan digraf peleraian yang dinilai bergantung kepada jenis pengikat yang digunakan dan kriteria pemasangan. Laluan kritikal digunakan untuk mewakili laluan terpendek untuk mencapai komponen atau bahagian yang dikehendaki untuk kerja penyelenggaraan. Selain itu kekerapan penyelenggaraan sesuatu komponen atau bahagian turut diambil kira. Untuk itu satu kajian kes mengenai sistem pam akan dijalankan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa melalui penukaran jenis sambungan, indek kebolehsenggaraan dapat ditingkatkan dengan banyak. Kata kunci: Jenis sambungan, digraf pemasangan, indek penyelenggaraa This paper discusses the relationship between maintenance and the selection of fastener in order to enhance product performance in terms of life time and physical structure. In this study, maintainability index was measured using a disassembly digraph, which was evaluated due to the fastener used and the assembly criteria. The critical path was used to represent the shortest and simplest way to achieve the targeted component or part. Additionally, the rate of maintenance was also taken into consideration. To clarify the method developed, a case study of water pump was carried out. Result indicates that by changing the type of fastener, maintainability index can be increased tremendously. Key words: Assembly type, assembly digraph, maintainability index

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Brozović, Dalibor. "O alofonskoj problematici u hrvatskoj ortoepiji (Fonemi i alofoni u standardnome hrvatskosrpskom jeziku)*." Radovi. Razdio lingvističko-filološki 9, no. 6 (May 8, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/radoviling.2392.

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Fonemski inventar standardnoga hrvatskosrpskog jezika' može se smatrati utvrđenim: sačinjavaju ga trideset fonemâ predstavljenih u standardnoj grafiji s trideset grafema srpske ćirilice (od kojih su svi monogrami). odnosno hrvatske latinice (od kojih je dvadeset i sedam monograma i tri digrama), čemu još valja dodati tzv. slogotvomo r.a U ijekavskoj verziji standardnoga jezika, ili bar u onakvoj ijekavskoj verziji kakva se realizira u hrvatskoj varijanti, mora se još prihvatiti kao trideset i drugi fonem fakultativni diftong ÿe kao refleks starohrvatskosipskoga dugog jata? Taj diftong, kojemu neslogotvorni dio označujem uvjetno ipsilonom s dijerezom? predstavlja normalnu i znatno češću ortoepsku realizaciju ortografske grafemske sekvence ije (tj. /ijë/) ukoliko ona etimološki odgovara praslavenskom jatu, a sama dvosloàna fonemska sekvenca /ijë/, koja se fakultativno i rijetko pojavljuje umjesto toga diftonga, pripada stiltstičkoj strukturi.

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Carter, Marcus, Thomas Apperley, Laura Crawford, Martin Gibbs, and Bjorn Nansen. "Introduction: What ‘is’ Australian Game Studies?" Transactions of the Digital Games Research Association 2, no. 1 (December 14, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.26503/todigra.v2i1.45.

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This special issue of the Transactions of the Digital Games Research Association Journal represent approaches by contemporary Australian scholars in the study of digital games. They responded to the provocation ‘What is Game Studies in Australia?’ the topic of the inaugural conference of the Digital Games Research Association Australia (DiGRAA). This event, held on 17th of June 2014, was a meeting of academic researchers, critics, designers, developers, and artists focused on developing a discussion of what game studies ‘is’ in Australia. The conference focused special attentiveness both to diversity and any particular regional issues that delegates chose to address. These articles illustrate the breadth and variety of approaches which were discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Digrafia'

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