Relevant bibliographies by topics / Diisocyanate

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Diisocyanate'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Diisocyanate"

1

Hegedus, Ondrej, Zuzana Smotlakova, Alzbeta Hegedusova, et al. "Determination of Isocyanates in Workplace Atmosphere by HPLC." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 2 (2018): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.2.6142.

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Determination of diisocyanates in the laboratories of the Authorities of Public Health was described and verified. Air samples collected in the breathing zone of workers exposed to diisocyanates were analyzed in an automotive industry. Diisocyanates (2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 4,4�-methylenediphenyl isocyanate, and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate) were measured by HPLC and the validation characteristics were determined. Diisocyanate exposure was monitored in the workplace atmosphere of 25 workers. Air samples from the breathing zone were collected and analyzed by HPLC after extraction. The results were compared to the occupational exposure limit. Reliability of the method was confirmed by validation characteristics for the diisocyanates. The repeatability of the method ranged from 2.98 to 4.51%, the calculated relative standard uncertainty was 11 � 12% for the parameters, and the recovery was between 99 and 103%. The low LOD and LOQ ensured the determination of the diisocyanates in the harmful concentration. Monitoring of diisocyanate exposure was performed on four different workplaces. The results showed that 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate were present in the concentration range from 6.3 to 13.2 �g m-3. The 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate was found in all cases below the limit of detection and the 4,4�-methylenediphenyl isocyanate was found only at two workplaces (between 8.3 and 44.8 �g m-3). The HPLC method was found to be appropriate for the determination of diisocyanates. Applying the method for the determination of diisocyanate exposure in four different workplaces, which produce car accessories, showed that the diisocyanate level did not exceed the occupational exposure limit set for average exposure.
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2

Chen, Xiao Dong, and Yu Hua Yi. "Influence of Diisocyanates on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Castable Polyurethane Elastomers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.563.

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A series of castable polyurethane elastomers, based on polytetramethylene glycol as soft segments and toluene diisocyanate, 4, 4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, P-phenylene diisocyanate as diisocyanates respectively, were synthesized. The dynamic mechanical analysis method was utilized to determine tan delta property (tanδ). Also the influence of diisocyanates on the dynamic mechanical properties of castable polyurethane elastomers was analyzed. It can be concluded that the P-phenylene diisocyanate system elastomers have the most excellent dynamic mechanical properties.
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3

Lee, Jong Baek, Kwang Hyun Lee, Byung Chul Kang, Byung Won Kang, Sang Ll Lee, and Jin Kyung Lee. "Thermal Properties of a Liquid-Crystalline Polyurethanes Containing Biphenyl Mesogen." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1385.

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A new type of thermotropic main-chain liquid crystalline polyurethanes containing biphenyl units was synthesized by polyaddition reaction of diisocyanates such as 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,5-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, and 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, with 4,4′-Bis(11-hydroxyundeyloxy)biphenyl (BP11). The structure of the monomer and the corresponding polymers were confirmed FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic methods. BP11 exhibited a smectic type mesophase, however, nematic phase was found for all synthesized liquid crystalline polyurethanes except for 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate/BP11 based polyurethane. For example, polyurethane 2,5-TDI/BP11 exhibited monotropic liquid crystallinity in the temperature ranges from 173 to 156 °C on the cooling stage.
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4

Gebauer, Tim, Axel T. Neffe, and Andreas Lendlein. "Influence of diisocyanate reactivity and water solubility on the formation and the mechanical properties of gelatin-based networks in water." MRS Proceedings 1569 (2013): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.839.

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ABSTRACTGelatin can be covalently crosslinked in aqueous solution by application of diisocyanates like L-lysine diisocyanate ethyl ester in order to form hydrogels. Reaction of isocyanate groups with water is however a limiting factor in hydrogel network formation and can strongly influence the outcome of the crosslinking process. Here, diisocyanates with different water solubility and reactivity were applied for the formation of gelatin-based hydrogel networks and the mechanical properties of the hydrogels were investigated to gain a better understanding of starting material/ hydrogel property relations. L-Lysin diisocyanate ethyl ester (LDI), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,4-butane diisocyanate (BDI), and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were selected, having different solubility in water ranging from 10-4 to 10-2 mol·L-1. BDI and LDI were estimated to have average reactive isocyanates groups, whereas TDI is highly reactive and IPDI has low reactivity. Formed hydrogels showed different morphologies and were partially very inhomogeneous. Gelation time (1 to 50 minutes), water uptake (300 to 900 wt.-%), and mechanical properties determined by tensile tests (E-moduli 35 to 370 kPa) and rheology (Shear moduli 4.5 to 19.5 kPa) showed that high water solubility as well as high reactivity leads to the formation of poorly crosslinked or inhomogeneous materials. Nevertheless, diisocyanates with lower solubility in water and low reactivity are able to form stable, homogeneous hydrogel networks with gelatin in water.
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5

Jiang, Lei, Zhiyong Ren, Wei Zhao, Wentao Liu, Hao Liu, and Chengshen Zhu. "Synthesis and structure/properties characterizations of four polyurethane model hard segments." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 7 (2018): 180536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180536.

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Four model polyurethane (PU) hard segments were synthesized by reaction of butanol with four typical diisocyanates. The four diisocyanates were aromatic 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (4,4′-MDI) and MDI-50 (50% mixture of 2,4′-MDI and 4,4′-MDI), cycloaliphatic 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (HMDI) and linear aliphatic 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, MS, X-ray and DSC methods were employed to determine their structures and to analyse their crystallization behaviours and hydrogen bonding interactions. Each of the four PU compounds prepared in the present work displays unique spectral characteristics. The FTIR bands and NMR resonance peaks assigned in the four samples thus provide a reliable database and starting point for investigating the relationship between hard segment structure and the crystallization and hydrogen bonding behaviour in more complex-segmented PU compositions.
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6

Neffe, Axel T., Tim Gebauer, and Andreas Lendlein. "Tailoring of Mechanical Properties of Diisocyanate Crosslinked Gelatin-Based Hydrogels." MRS Proceedings 1569 (2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.837.

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ABSTRACTPolymer network formation is an important tool for tailoring mechanical properties of polymeric materials. One option to synthesize a network is the addition of bivalent crosslinkers reacting with functional groups present in a polymer. In case of polymer network syntheses based on biopolymers, performing such a crosslinking reaction in water is sometimes necessary in view of the solubility of the biopolymer, such as gelatin, and can be beneficial to avoid potential contamination of the formed material with organic solvents in view of applications in biomedicine. In the case of applying diisocyanates for the crosslinking in water, it is necessary to show that the low molecular weight bifunctional crosslinker has fully reacted, while tailoring of the mechanical properties of the resulting hydrogels is possible despite the complex reaction mechanism. Here, the formation of gelatin-based hydrogel networks with the diisocyanates 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 1,4-butane diisocyanate, and isophorone diisocyanate is presented. It is shown that extensive washing of materials is required to ensure full conversion of the diisocyanates. The use of different diisocyanates gives hydrogels covering a large range of Young’s moduli (12-450 kPa). The elongations at break (up to 83%) as well as the maximum tensile strengths (up to 410 kPa) of the hydrogels described here are much higher than for lysine diisocyanate ethyl ester crosslinked gelatin reported before. Rheological investigations suggest that the network formation in some cases is due to physical interactions and entanglements rather than covalent crosslink formation.
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7

Byrne, Catherine A., Daniel P. Mack, and James M. Sloan. "A Study of Aliphatic Polyurethane Elastomers Prepared from Diisocyanate Isomer Mixtures." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 5 (1985): 985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536109.

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Abstract Linear polyurethane elastomers are block copolymers which are elastomeric because they are phase separated. The soft block is derived from a hydroxy terminated telechelic polymer, frequently a polyether or polyester of a molecular weight less than 3000 and a glass transition temperature well below room temperature. The hard block, having a Tg above room temperature, consists of a diisocyanate and a diol. Most frequently the diisocyanate is aromatic and the diol is 1,4-butanediol. The elastomers produced are frequently opaque and then yellow in storage due to the presence of the aromatic rings. For applications where transparency and nonyellowing are important, aliphatic diisocyanates are the compounds of choice. One such diisocyanate is methylene bis(4-cyclohexyl-isocyanate), which is conveniently called H12MDI. It is prepared from the same diamine as methylene dianiline diisocyanate (MDI), but the aromatic rings are hydrogenated before phosgenation. The hydrogenation leads to a mixture of three aliphatic diamine isomers. Phosgenation leads to a diisocyanate which is a mixture of the three isomers shown in Figure 1. The isomer content is adjusted by the manufacturer, and the product received is a liquid. Another example of a diisocyanate which is marketed as a mixture is toluene diisocyanate, an 80:20 mixture of the 2,4:2,6 isomers being the most common. The aromatic diisocyanates are planar molecules or bent planar molecules like MDI. The H12MDI is also bent, but does not contain planar rings. Even if polymers from one pure diisocyanate isomer are examined, the cycloaliphatic compounds are much less likely to form highly ordered or crystalline regions in the hard-segment phase due to the greater difficulty in packing correctly. A desire to know the isomer composition of the diisocyanate and what effect the isomer composition has on the properties of the elastomers led to this study. Mixtures of the isomers varying from approximately 10% of the trans-trans isomer up to 95% (t-t) have been prepared and the properties of polyurethanes prepared from them have been studied.
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Lee, Jong Baek, and Byung Won Kang. "Synthesis and Properties of Thermotropic Main-Chain Type Liquid Crystalline Polyurethanes Containing Biphenyl Mesogen." Key Engineering Materials 342-343 (July 2007): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.342-343.729.

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A new type of thermotropic main-chain liquid crystalline polyurethanes containing biphenyl units was synthesized by polyaddition reaction of diisocyanates such as 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,5-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, and 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, with 4,4′-Bis(8-hydroxyoctoxy)biphenyl (BP8). The structure of the monomer and the corresponding polymers were confirmed using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic methods. BP8 exhibited a smectic type mesophase, however, nematic phases were found for all synthesized liquid crystalline polyurethanes except for 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate/BP8 based polyurethane. For example, polyurethane 2,5-TDI/BP8 exhibited monotropic liquid crystallinity in the temperature ranging from 172 to 160 °C on the cooling stage. Properties of these polyurethanes were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and optical polarizing microscopy. The FT-IR study indicated that the hydrogen bonding among urethane linkages attributed to the mesomorphism.
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LEE, JONG BACK, SANG PILL LEE, and JIN KYUNG LEE. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYURETHANES WITH BIPHENYL MOIETY." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (2006): 4487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206041562.

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A new series of thermotropic polyurethanes containing biphenyl units was synthesized by polyaddition reaction of diisocyanates such as 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,5-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, and 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, with 4,4□-bis(9-hydroxynonoxy)biphenyl (BP9). Structures of the monomer and the corresponding polymers were identified using FT-IR and 1 H NMR spectroscopic methods. BP9 exhibited a smectic type mesophase, however, nematic phase was found for all synthesized liquid crystalline polyurethanes except for 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate/BP9 based polyurethane. Their phase transition temperatures and thermal stability were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical polarizing microscopy, and X-ray scattering. The infrared study indicated that the hydrogen bonding among urethane linkages attributed to the mesomorphism. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of synthesized polyurethanes showed that no weight loss of the polymers observed up to 280°C.
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Li, Ting, Tianze Zheng, Jiarui Han, et al. "Effects of Diisocyanate Structure and Disulfide Chain Extender on Hard Segmental Packing and Self-Healing Property of Polyurea Elastomers." Polymers 11, no. 5 (2019): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11050838.

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Four linear polyurea elastomers synthesized from two different diisocyanates, two different chain extenders and a common aliphatic amine-terminated polyether were used as models to investigate the effects of both diisocyanate structure and aromatic disulfide chain extender on hard segmental packing and self-healing ability. Both direct investigation on hard segments and indirect investigation on chain mobility and soft segmental dynamics were carried out to compare the levels of hard segmental packing, leading to agreed conclusions that correlated well with the self-healing abilities of the polyureas. Both diisocyanate structure and disulfide bonds had significant effects on hard segmental packing and self-healing property. Diisocyanate structure had more pronounced effect than disulfide bonds. Bulky alicyclic isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) resulted in looser hard segmental packing than linear aliphatic hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), whereas a disulfide chain extender also promoted self-healing ability through loosening of hard segmental packing compared to its C-C counterpart. The polyurea synthesized from IPDI and the disulfide chain extender exhibited the best self-healing ability among the four polyureas because it had the highest chain mobility ascribed to the loosest hard segmental packing. Therefore, a combination of bulky alicyclic diisocyanate and disulfide chain extender is recommended for the design of self-healing polyurea elastomers.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diisocyanate"

1

Wang, Ting. "Degradation and stabilisation of diisocyanate cured polybutadiene." Thesis, Aston University, 1992. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9792/.

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Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) has been used as a rocket propellant binder which is required to be stored for at least twenty years. It is found that the excellent stress-strain characteristics of this propellant can be totally lost, during this long storage, due to the deterioration of the polybutadiene chains. As a result, the propellant can not stand the service loads, which may lead to a catastrophe. The study of the HTPB binder degradation, below 80°C, has been carried out by investigating the environmental factors and the changes which occur along the macromolecular chains. Results have shown that oxygen is the main factor which causes the crosslinking and chain scission reactions. The former is the predominant reaction and proceeds rapidly under oxygen sufficient environment. The unsaturation of polymer chain, which provides the desired physical properties to the binder, was lost with the increase in crosslink density. At the same time hydroperoxides were found to form and decompose along the polymer chains. Therefore, the deterioration of the binder results from the oxidation of polymer chains. Since the oxidation reaction occurred at higher rate than oxygen diffusion rate and oxygen diffusion rate is inversely proportional to the crosslink density, the binder, below the surface layer in a thick section container, could be naturally protected under an oxygen deficient condition for a long time. Investigation of the effectiveness of antioxidants in HTPB binder has shown that the efficiency of an antioxidant depends on its ability to scavenge radicals. Generally, aromatic amines are the most effective binder antioxidants. But when a peroxide decomposer is combined with an aromatic amine at the appropriate ratio, a synergistic effect is obtained, which gives the lowest binder gel increase rate.
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2

Giraud, Stéphane Bourbigot Serge Tighzert Lan. "Microencapsulation d'un diisocyanate et d'un phosphate d'ammonium." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl-grisemine/pdf/extheses/50376-2002-311-312.pdf.

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3

Mhike, Morgen. "Characterization of Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate Protein Conjugates." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1844.

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Diisocyanates (dNCO) such as methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) are used primarily as cross-linking agents in the production of polyurethane products such as paints, elastomers, coatings and adhesives, and are the most frequently reported cause of chemically induced immunologic sensitization and occupational asthma (OA). Immune mediated hypersensitivity reactions to dNCOs include allergic rhinitis, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and allergic contact dermatitis. There is currently no simple diagnosis for the identification of dNCO asthma due to the variability of symptoms and uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms. Immunological sensitization due to dNCO exposure is traditionally thought to require initial conjugation of the dNCO to endogenous proteins to generate neoantigens, which trigger production of dNCO specific T lymphocytes and ultimately dNCO specific IgE. Testing for dNCO-specific IgE, for diagnosis of dNCO asthma is however, only specific (96-98%) but not sensitive (18-27%). The low prevalence of detectable dNCO specific IgE has been attributed to both assay limitations and a potential IgE-independent dNCO asthma mechanism(s). The identity of the conjugated proteins responsible for the sensitization also remains unknown. It is also not clear whether dNCOs bind to extracellular, cell membrane, or intracellular proteins as a way of triggering non-IgE asthma. Standardization and optimization of immunoassays used to screen for dNCO specific antibodies in sera is important if its utility as a dNCO asthma diagnostic tool is to be achieved. This will potentially improve sensitivity and allow comparison of results across studies. Current studies on assays of dNCO-specific IgE and IgG lack or have limited characterization of the conjugates used. Diisocyanates bound to hemoglobin (Hb), human serum albumin (HSA), and THP-1 proteins were quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Proteomic tandem mass spectrometry (MS) was used to delineate TDI and MDI specific amino acid binding sites on Hb as well as identification of proteins from MDI exposed THP-1 cells. The trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid assay (TNBS) and SDS gel electrophoresis were used to evaluate extent of intra and intermolecular cross-linking in dNCO-HSA conjugates. Binding of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to dNCO bound proteins in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate antigenicity of dNCO-protein conjugates. The amount of dNCO binding to HSA and Hb increased with the concentration of the dNCO used for conjugation. All the dNCOs reacted with HSA more than with Hb. Eight binding sites were observed with both MDI and TDI on Hb. The N-terminal valines of both the alpha and beta subunits on Hb, lysine 40 of the alpha subunit and lysine 61 of the beta subunit were common binding sites for both TDI and MDI. Lysine 7 of the alpha subunit and lysines 8, 65 and 66 of the beta subunit were unique to MDI. On the other hand, lysines 11, and 16 of the alpha subunit and lysines 17 and 144 of the beta subunit were unique to TDI. Protein bound MDI was detected in a dose-dependent manner in membrane and cytoplasm fractions of MDI exposed THP-1 cells. MDI was also detected in 11 of the 13 cytoplasmic protein bands. The extent of MDI intracellular protein binding was not affected by cytochalasin D, a chemical that binds actin filaments and inhibits active uptake into cells. The extent of cross-linking shown using the TNBS assay was found to increase with amount of dNCO used. Clear bands from both intra and intermolecular cross-linking were observed on all dNCO-Hb/HSA SDS gels. Using ELISA, both TDI-Hb and TDI-HSA conjugates were reactive to monoclonal antibodies produced against TDI conjugated HSA indicating that dNCO-Hb is also antigenic. The best characterization of dNCO-protein conjugates is achieved by the quantitative determination of conjugated dNCO per mole of protein as well as determining the extent of dNCO cross-linking. Although HSA is more reactive to dNCOs than other serum proteins such as Hb, contribution from other serum proteins to development of OA should not be overlooked as dNCO-Hb was found to be reactive to dNCO specific mAbs. dNCO-conjugated proteins identified in the soluble fraction of MDI exposed THP-1 cells were all of intracellular origin suggesting that MDI can cross the cell membrane and react with intracellular proteins. The entry of MDI into live cells is a passive process, as the extent of intracellular binding was not affected by cytochalasin D. The present study support the potential involvement of dNCO-haptenated membrane and intracellular proteins in development of non-IgE dNCO asthma.
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Tardio, Sabrina. "The interaction of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and related compounds with metallic surfaces." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/811968/.

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Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is the most widely employed diisocyanate for the production of polyurethanes (PUs). This family of polymers is used for many applications including adhesives and coatings where an important characteristic is good adhesion. Considering how widely PUs are employed, the importance of MDI production in the world becomes evident. The phosgenation step, in the MDI production process, ultimately leads to fouling of the climbing �lm evaporators (CFEs) employed, resulting in the loss of their thermal e�- ciency. This work is concerned with the interactions between MDI (and related compounds) with metal substrates such as steels, which are employed in the CFEs as well as substrates for adhesion. For this study, surface analysis techniques, in particular X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of ight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), have been employed. Both substrates (316L and duplex steels) and adsorbates (MDI, polymeric MDI, methylene diphenyl amine and amine hydrochloride) have been characterised. The interaction between phenyl ring � electrons (present in MDI and related compounds) and metal have been studied by observing the XPS �-�� shake-up satellite at high spectral resolution. The interface between MDI and related compounds was then investigated. After the investigation of the model samples, plant facsimile samples were produced and analysed. Finally, actual plant samples were characterised. Proof was found of interaction between the phenyl ring � electrons and the silicon substrate, as well as the formation of covalent bonds at the interface between MDI and steel as a result of the reaction between isocyanate and metal oxides and hydroxides, present on the surface of the steel. The facsimile samples showed the same types of interactions observed in the model samples and it was also found that the corrosion of the metal strongly influences the adhesion and fouling mechanisms. The samples from the plant showed similarities with the model and facsimile samples, proving that they provide a good basis for understanding the real world scenario.
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Rungvichaniwat, Adisai. "The structure-property relationships of water-dispersed polyurethanes based on tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27146.

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Novel water-dispersed polyurethanes based on tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate (TMXDI), polycaprolactone or polytetramethylene glycols and alipbatic diamine chain extenders were synthesised. 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (DMPA) and triethylamine (TEA) were used respectively as potential carboxylic anionic emulsifying centres and neutralising agent in the resulting aqueous phase to form pendent quaternary ammonium salts. These were necessary to provide high hydrophilicity to the polyurethanes sufficient to make the polyurethanes easily dispersed in water without the assistance of organic solvent.
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6

Descheres, Isabelle. "Cinétique et thermodynamique de polycondensation d'un polybutadiène hydroxytéléchélique radicalaire avec un diisocyanate aliphatique." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO19037.

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Microstructure du polybutadiene hydroxytelechelique arco r45m; cinematique et thermodynamique de la condensation, en solution et en masse de pbht r45m avec les isocyanates de propyle et de phenyle, en l'absence et en presence d'un catalyseur, le dilaurate de dibutyl etain; cinetique et thermodynamique de la polycondensation du r45m avec le diisocyanate d'hexamethylene en solution et en masse, avec ou sans catalyseur; tentative d'etablissement de quelques relations microstructure-prpprietes physico-mecaniques des polyurethannes en fonction des taux de conversion, de la nature du diisocyanate (aliphatique ou aromatique) et du mode de synthese (presence ou absence de catalyseur)
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7

Vock, Esther Hilda. "The genotoxic potential of methylenediphenyl-4,4'-diisocyanate and methylene-4,4'-dianiline in the rat /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1995. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=11171.

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8

Kothari, Jehan. "Synthesis and Thermal Analysis of Hexamethylene Diisocyanate/Polyurea Formaldehyde Core/Shell Self-Healing Microcapsules." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1504803190656406.

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9

Ruwona, Tinashe Blessing. "Production, Characterization and Possible Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies Generated against Toluene Diisocyanate-conjugated Proteins." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/30.

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Diisocyanates are very reactive low molecular weight chemicals that are widely used in the manufacture of polyurethane products. Diisocyanate exposure is one of the most commonly reported causes of occupational asthma. Although diisocyanates have been identified as causative agents of respiratory diseases, the specific mechanisms by which these diseases occur remain largely unknown. Tandem mass spectrometry was used to unambiguously identify the binding site of isocyanates within four model peptides (Leu-enkephalin (Leu-enk, YGGFL), Angiotensin I (DRVYIHPFHL), Substance P-amide (RPKPQQFFGLM-NH2), and Fibronectin-adhesion promoting peptide (FAPP, WQPPRARI)). In each case, isocyanates were observed to react to the N-terminus of the peptide. No evidence of side chain/isocyanate adduct formation exclusive of the N-terminus was observed. However, significant intra-molecular diisocyanate crosslinking between the N-terminal amine and a side chain amine group was observed for arginine, when located within two residues of the N-terminus. Addition of multiple isocyanates to the peptide occurs via polymerization at the N-terminus, rather than addition of multiple isocyanate molecules to varied residues within the peptide. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with potential use in immunoassays for exposure and biomarker assessments were produced. A total of 59 unique mAbs were produced (29 IgG1, 14 IgG2a, 4 IgG2b, 2 IgG3 and 10 IgM) against 2,4 and 2,6 TDI bound protein. The reactivities of these mAbs were characterized by a solid phase indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Dot ELISA and Western immunoblot against various monoisocyanate, diisocyanate and dithioisocyanate protein conjugates. A subset of the mAbs were specific for 2,4 or 2,6 TDI-conjugated proteins only while others reacted to multiple dNCO conjugates including methylene diphenyl diisocyanate- and hexamethelene diisocyanate- human serum albumin . Western blot analyses demonstrated that some TDI conjugates form inter- and intra-molecular links resulting in multimers and a change in the electrophoretic mobility of the conjugate. In general, 2,4/2,6 TDI reactive mAbs displayed (1) stronger recognition of monoisocyanate haptenated proteins when the isocyanate was in the ortho position relative to the tolyl group, and were able to discriminate between (2) isocyanate and isothiocyanate conjugates (i.e. between the urea and thiourea linkage); and (3) between aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanates. The mAbs produced were not carrier protein specific with estimated affinity constants toward toluene diisocyanate conjugated human serum albumin ranging from 2.21 x 107 to 1.07 x 1010 M-1 for IgG mAbs. Studies using TDI vapor exposed lung and epithelial cell lines suggest potential utility of these mAbs for both research and biomonitoring of isocyanate exposure.
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Haupt, Robert A. "Structural Determination of Copolymers from the Cross-catalyzed Reactions of Phenol-formaldehyde and Polymeric Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/22025.

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This work reports the elucidation of the structure of a copolymer generated by the cross- catalyzed reactions of PF and pMDI prepolymers.  The electronic behavior of phenolic monomers as perturbed by alkali metal hydroxides in an aqueous environment was studied with 1H and 13C NMR.  Changes in electronic structure and thus reactivity were related to solvated ionic radius, solvent dielectric constant, and their effect on ion generated electric field strength. NMR chemical shifts were used to predict order of reactivity for phenolic model compounds with phenyl isocyanate with good success.  As predicted, 2-HMP hydroxymethyl groups were more reactive than 4-HMP in forming urethane bonds under neutral conditions and 2-HMP hydroxymethyl groups were more reactive than 4-HMP in forming urethane bonds under alkaline conditions.<br />The structure of the reaction products of phenol, benzyl alcohol, 2-HMP, and 4-HMP with phenyl isocyanate were studied using 1H and 13C NMR under neutral organic and aqueous alkaline conditions.  Reactions in THF-d8 under neutral conditions, without catalyst, were relatively slow, resulting in residual monomer and the precipitation of 1,3-diphenyl urea from the carbamic acid reaction.  The reactions of phenol, 2-HMP, and 4-HMP in the presence of TEA catalyst favored the formation of phenyl urethanes (PU). Reactions with benzyl alcohol, 2-HMP, and 4-HMP in the presence of DBTL catalyst favored the formation of benzyl urethanes (BU).  Reactions of 2-HMP and 4-HMP led to formation of benzylphenyldiurethane (BPDU).  DBTL catalysts favored formation of BDPU strictly by a benzyl urethane pathway, while TEA favored its formation mostly via phenyl urethane, although some BU was also present.  Under aqueous alkaline conditions, 2-HMP was more reactive than 4-HMP, exhibiting an enhanced reactivity that was attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonding and a resulting resonance stabilization of the phenolic aromatic ring.  <br />ATR-FTIR spectroscopic studies generated real time structural information for model compound reactions of the cross-catalyzed system, differentiating among reaction peaks generated by the carbamic acid reaction, PU and BU formation.  ATR-FTIR also permitted monitoring of propylene carbonate hydrolysis and accelerated alkaline PF resole condensation.  ATR-FTIR data also showed that the overall reaction stoichiometry between the PF and pMDI components drove copolymer formation.  Benzyl urethane formation predominated under balanced stoichiometric conditions in the presence of ammonium hydroxide, while phenyl urethane formation was favored in its absence.  Accelerated phenolic methylene bridge formation became more important when the PF component was in excess in the presence of sufficient accelerator.  A high percentage of free isocyanate was present in solid copolymer formed at ambient temperature. The combination of ammonium hydroxide and tin (II) chloride synergistically enhanced the reactivity of the materials, reducing the residual isocyanate.<br />From 13C CP/MAS NMR of the copolymer, the presence of ammonium hydroxide and tin (II) chloride and the higher PF concentration resulted in substantial urethane formation.  Ammonium hydroxide favored formation of benzyl urethane from the 2-hydroxymethyl groups, while phenyl urethane formed in its absence.  The low alkalinity PF resole with ammonium hydroxide favored benzyl urethane formation.  Comparison of these results with the 13C NMR model compound reactions with phenyl isocyanate under alkaline conditions confirmed high and low alkalinity should favor phenyl and benzyl urethane formation respectively.  These cross catalyzed systems are tunable by formulation for type of co-polymer linkages, reactivity, and cost.<br /><br>Ph. D.
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Books on the topic "Diisocyanate"

1

Greenberg, M. M. Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). World Health Organization, 2001.

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Kagaku Busshitsu Hyōka Kenkyū Kikō and Shin Enerugī Sangyō Gijutsu Sōgō Kaihatsu Kikō (Japan), eds. Hekisamechiren-jiisoshianēto: Hexamethylene diisocyanate. Seihin Hyōka Gijutsu Kiban Kikō Kagaku Busshitsu Hyōka Kenkyū Kikō, 2009.

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Wang, Ting. Degration and stabilisation of diisocyanate cured polybutadiene. Aston University. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 1992.

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Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and toluenediamine (TDA): Evidence of carcinogenicity. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, 1990.

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, ed. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and toluenediamine (TDA): Evidence of carcinogenicity. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, 1990.

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Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker. Beratergremium für Umweltrelevante Altstoffe. 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate: 1,6-diisocyanatohexane. Hirzel, 1997.

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, ed. Request for assistance in preventing asthma and death from diisocyanate exposure. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1996.

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C, Allport Dennis, Gilbert D. S, and Outterside S. M, eds. MDI and TDI: A safety, health and the environment : a source book and practical guide. J. Wiley, 2003.

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C, Allport Dennis, Gilbert D. S, and Outterside S. M, eds. MDI and TDI: Safety, health and the environment : a source book and practical guide. Wiley, 2003.

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Roberge, Brigitte. Diisocyanate-4,4' de diphébnylméthane (MDI): Pratiques de sécurité et concentration lors de pulvérisation de mousse polyuréthane : rapport. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Diisocyanate"

1

Gooch, Jan W. "Diisocyanate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_3676.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Isophorone Diisocyanate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6526.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Xylylene Diisocyanate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12937.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Toluene-2,4-Diisocyanate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_11935.

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Gooch, Jan W. "2,4-Tolulene Diisocyanate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_11944.

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Gooch, Jan W. "1,5-Napththalene Diisocyanate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7787.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Hexamethylene-1,6-Diisocyanate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5933.

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Patnaik, Pradyot. "Toluene-2,4-Diisocyanate." In Handbook of Environmental Analysis. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315151946-133.

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Gooch, Jan W. "2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,6-Hexane Diisocyanate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12135.

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Hoyle, Charles E., and Kyu-Jun Kim. "Photophysics of 1,5-Naphthalene Diisocyanate-Based Polyurethanes." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0358.ch017.

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Conference papers on the topic "Diisocyanate"

1

Lis, Steven A. "Fiberoptic diisocyanate personal monitoring device." In Optics East 2006, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh, Robert A. Lieberman, and Günter Gauglitz. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.682022.

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Yu, Lei, Lin-jing Shen, and Yu-bin Ji. "Metabolism of Toluene Diisocyanate in Mice Testis and Epididymis." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5514782.

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Ji, Yu Bin, Chenfeng Ji, Lei Yu, Lang Lang, and Xiang Zou. "Determination and Analysis of Toluene Diisocyanate Metabolites in Mice." In 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (ICBBE '08). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.300.

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Bhuiyan, Md Atiqur, Mahesh V. Hosur, Yaseen Farooq, and Shaik Jeelani. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Carbon-Nanofiber Infused Polyurethane Foam." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66526.

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In this study, thermal and mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber infused polyurethane foam were investigated. Low density liquid polyurethane foam composed of Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (Part A) and Polyol (Part B) was doped with carbon nanofibers (CNF). A high-intensity ultrasonic liquid processor was used to obtain a homogeneous mixture of Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (Part A) and carbon nanofibers (CNF). The CNF were infused into the Part A of the polyurethane foam through sonic cavitation. The modified foams containing nanoparticles were mixed with Part B (Polyol) using a high-speed mechanical agitator. The mixture was then cast into pre-heated rectangular aluminum molds to form the nano-phased foam panels. Flexure, static and high strain rate compression, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were performed on neat, 0.2 wt%, 0.4 wt% and 0.6 wt% CNF filled polyurethane foam to identify the effect of adding CNF on the thermal and mechanical properties. The highest improvement on thermal and mechanical properties was obtained with 0.2 wt% loading of CNF. Morphology of the samples was studied through X-ray diffraction.
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Hwang, Shug-June, and Hsin-Her Yu. "Characterization of the Novel Coevaporated Polymer Planar Waveguide Devices." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80922.

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Aromatic polyurea waveguide were fabricated by the co-evaporation of a diamino monomer and a diisocyanate monomer on a substrate. The optimum co-evaporation process conditions of the polyurea films were evaluated by FTIR measurement. The optic properties of the polymeric guiding film were characterized by the heterodyne Mach-Zehnder interferometer and prism coupler system.
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Ji, Yu-bin, Lin-jing Shen, and Lei Yu. "Effects of Toluene Diisocyanate on Cytokine in Mice Blood Serum." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5515964.

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Roh, J., K. Park, C. Kim, H. Kim, and H. Kim. "373. Correlation Between Airborne Toluene Diisocyanate and Urinary Toluene Diamine." In AIHce 2004. AIHA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2758409.

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Swierczynska-Machura, Dominika, Ewa Nowakowska-Swirta, Joanna Piasecka-Zelga, et al. "Vitamin C inhibits the diisocyanate-induced lung inflammatory response in mice." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa3898.

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Chapman, K., E. DeMedeiros, and J. Vincent. "176. NIOSH Approved End-of-Service-Life Indicator for Toluene Diisocyanate." In AIHce 2004. AIHA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2758150.

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Cho, Y. "16. Approaches to Reducing Toluene Diisocyanate Exposure in a Petrochemical Laboratory." In AIHce 2006. AIHA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2753372.

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Reports on the topic "Diisocyanate"

1

Williams, Malcolm, G, Danie Todd, Hana Pohl, et al. Toxicological profile for toluene diisocyanate and methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. SRC Inc, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc58080.

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Mhike, Morgen. Characterization of Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate Protein Conjugates. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1843.

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Hoyle, Charles E., and Kyu-Jun Kim. Photolysis of Aromatic Diisocyanate Based Polyurethanes in Solution. Defense Technical Information Center, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada169644.

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Ruwona, Tinashe. Production, Characterization and Possible Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies Generated against Toluene Diisocyanate-conjugated Proteins. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.30.

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Scott, Sarah Nicole. Modeling Heat Transfer and Pressurization of Polymeric Methylene Diisocyanate (PMDI) Polyurethane Foam in a Sealed Container. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1417130.

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NIOSH skin notation profile: 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI), 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,6-TDI), 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate mixture. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2022117.

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7

Request for assistance in preventing asthma and death from diisocyanate exposure. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub96111.

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8

NIOSH skin notation (SK) profiles: isophorone diisocyanate [CAS No. 4098-71-9]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2014148.

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9

Current intelligence bulletin 53 - toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and toluenediamine (TDA), evidence of carcinogenicity. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub90101.

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