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Journal articles on the topic 'Dilatometry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 22 June 2024

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1

Pawłowski, B., P. Bała, and R. Dziurka. "Improper Interpretation of Dilatometric Data for Cooling Transformation in Steels." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 1159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0202.

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Abstract Dilatometry is the most commonly method of producing CCT diagrams and analyzing phase transformations during cooling (as well as transformations during heating) and it permits the real-time monitoring of the extent of reaction in terms of dimensional changes due to phase transformation. All modern dilatometers are fitted with computerised systems which collect dimensional change signals versus temperature to plot a dilatometric curve and also to calculate and plot the derivative of the relative dimensional change with respect to temperature. Unfortunately, elaborated by dilatometers manufacturers software, in many cases could lead to wrong interpretation of phase transformations during cooling.

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2

Břuska, M., J. Beňo, M. Cagala, and V. Jasinková. "Dilatometric Characterization of Foundry Sands." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0027-8.

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Dilatometric Characterization of Foundry Sands The goal of this contribution is summary of physical - chemistry properties of usually used foundry silica and no - silica sands in Czech foundries. With the help of dilatometry analysis theoretical assumptions of influence of grain shape and size on dilatation value of sands were confirmed. Determined was the possibility of dilatometry analysis employment for preparing special (hybrid) sands with lower and/or more linear character of dilatation.

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3

Drozd, Zdeněk, Zuzanka Trojanová, and Pavel Lukáč. "Experimental Study on the Relation between Elastic and Thermal Deformation of the AZ31 Magnesium Alloy and Composite." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.423.

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The dilatation characteristics of the continuosly cast AZ31 alloy and composite with AZ31 matrix reinforced by SiC nanoparticles were investigated in the temperature range of 20-410 °C. The axis of specimens was either parallel or perpendicular to the casting texture. The linear thermal expansion of the alloy as well as the composite was measured in an argon protective atmosphere using a Netzsch 410 dilatometer. The relative elongation and coefficient of thermal expansion are the main experimental results obtained using dilatometry. The temperature dependence of the elastic modulus can be calculated using analysis of the dilatometry results.

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4

Kövér, Michal, and Peter Sláma. "Aluminium Alloys Measurement in Quenching Dilatometer and Application of the Data." Advanced Materials Research 1127 (October 2015): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1127.73.

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Thermal expansion is an important material property. From change of this quantity phase transformations can be evaluated. Therefore dilatometry is a common tool for construction of transformation diagrams in steel and prediction of material structure according to the performed heat treatment. However there are some restrictions for quenching dilatometers, such as magnetic properties of the material or weldability of the controlling and measuring thermocouple. In this article the quenching dilatometry is proposed for evaluation of precipitation during continuous cooling from solution annealing temperature. Aluminium alloy EN AW 6082 was chosen as the experimental material. Due to poor weldability of the experimental material new sample geometry was introduced.

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5

Mohapatra, Goutam, and Satyam S. Sahay. "A Probabilistic Approach to Analyze Austenite to Ferrite Transformation in Fe-Ni System." Defect and Diffusion Forum 279 (August 2008): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.279.71.

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Dilatometer is often used for in situ measurement of phase transformation by monitoring the length change during heating or cooling cycle. However, the inevitable temperature gradient across the specimen length during inductive heating, introduces uncertainty in temperature measurements and hence the associated phase transformation kinetics. Due to this uncertainty, it is more meaningful to interpret the transformation kinetics from dilatometry in terms transformation ranges instead of unique values of fraction transformed. In the present work, a probabilistic approach has been used to predict the fraction transformed ranges, arising due to the temperature gradient during dilatometry. The approach has been validated for Fe-5.93 at.% Ni undergoing austenite to ferrite phase transformation at various constant cooling rates.

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6

Neumeier, J. J., and Genevieve A. Nelson. "Sapphire dilatometer cell for measuring the thermal expansion of solids." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 063903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0091377.

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Capacitive-based dilatometry is used to determine the thermal expansion of solid specimens over a broad temperature range and for the study of structural and thermodynamic phase transitions. It can detect length changes of 0.1 Å or better. Dilatometer cells have been constructed of metals, such as copper or silver, and non-metals, such as silicon and fused silica. Sapphire is a good candidate for the construction of a dilatometer cell. It has excellent thermal conductivity, a well-behaved thermal expansion of moderate magnitude, especially below ∼60 K, and is readily available. The design, fabrication, and testing of a sapphire dilatometer cell are described herein.

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7

Altamirano-Guerrero, Gerardo, Emmanuel J. Gutiérrez-Castañeda, Omar García-Rincón, and Armando Salinas-Rodríguez. "Experimental Determination of Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams of Hot-Rolled Heat Treatable Steel Plates Using Quenching Dilatometry." MRS Proceedings 1812 (2016): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2016.29.

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ABSTRACTThis article outlines the use of quenching dilatometry in phase transformation kinetics research in steels under continuous cooling conditions. For this purpose, the phase transformation behavior of a hot-rolled heat treatable steel was investigated over the cooling rate range of 0.1 to 200 °C/s. The start and finish points of the austenite transformation were identified from the dilatometric curves and then the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams were constructed. The experimental CCT diagrams were verified by microstructural characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Vickers micro-hardness. In general, results revealed that the quenching dilatometry technique is a powerful tool for the characterization and study of solid-solid phase transformations in steels. For cooling rates between 200 and 25 °C/s the final microstructure consists on plate-like martensite with the highest hardness values. By contrast, a mixture of phases of ferrite, bainite and pearlite predominated for slower cooling rates (10-0.1 °C/s).

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8

Milkereit, Benjamin, Michael Reich, and Olaf Kessler. "Detection of Quench Induced Precipitation in Al Alloys by Dilatometry." Materials Science Forum 877 (November 2016): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.877.147.

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Quenching is a critical step during the strengthening age hardening of Aluminium alloys. To obtain optimal technological results, parts should be quenched with the upper critical cooling rate. The precipitation behaviour of Al alloys during cooling from solution annealing and thereby the critical cooling rates are typically investigated by in-situ measurements with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Conventional DSCs are limited at cooling rates below 10 Ks-1. Unfortunately, medium to high strength Al alloys typically have critical cooling rates between 10 and some 100 Ks-1. Recently it was shown that dilatometry is generally able for in-situ detection of precipitation in Al alloys. Dilatometry allows controlled cooling up to some 100 Ks-1 and therefore covers the cooling rate range relevant. In this work, we aim to show up and discuss possibilities and limitations of dilatometric detection of quench induced precipitates in 2xxx, and 7xxx Al alloys. The basic method will be presented and results will be compared with DSC work.

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9

Liu, Yuan, Yan Han, Sheng Yin, and Fei Zhao. "Metastable Austenite Transformation Kinetics of Medium-Carbon Silicon-Rich Steel during Partitioning in a Q & P Process." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060738.

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In the present study, quenching and partitioning (Q & P) treatment of a medium-carbon silicon-rich steel was processed by a dilatometer. The volume fraction of the retained austenite at different partitioning times was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The metastable austenite transformation process after different partitioning times was studied by a combination of dilatometry, XRD, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Analysis of the transformation kinetics of metastable austenite during partitioning by means of dilatometry and the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation was carried out. The results show that the volume fraction of retained austenite increases first and then decreases with the increase of the partitioning time. The transformation active energy Q = 141 kJ·mol−1 and the Avrami exponent n = 1. The transformation product of metastable austenite is needle-like bainite, which grows perpendicularly towards the boundary of the austenite. Finally, the blocky austenite was divided into lath-shaped forms.

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10

Maca, K., V. Pouchly, and A. R. Boccaccini. "Sintering densification curve: A practical approach for its construction from dilatometric shrinkage data." Science of Sintering 40, no. 2 (2008): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos0802117m.

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This article summarizes the usage of high-temperature dilatometry in ceramic processing and powder technology with special attention on the description of the sintering process. A practical method for transformation of dilatometric shrinkage data into densification curves (the dependence of the sample density on sintering temperature or time) is described in detail. A new automatic procedure to recalculate sintering shrinkage data allowing the plot of the densification curve has been developed, which is presented here.

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11

Kim, Jae Hong, Dae Cheol Ko, and Byung Min Kim. "Hardness Prediction of Tailor Rolled Blank in Hot Press Forming Using Quench Factor Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 729 (February 2017): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.729.110.

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This paper aims to predict the hardness of hot formed part for tailor rolled blank (TRB) by the FE-simulation coupled with quenching factor analysis (QFA). Dilatometry test of boron steel is performed at various range of cooling rates from 0.2 to 100°C/s using the dilatometer with forced air cooling system. The dilatometry test provides a hardness data according to cooling curves which are used to determine the material constants (K1~K5) of QFA and the time‒temperature‒property (TTP) diagram of boron steel. Then, FE‒simulation of hot press forming is conducted to predict the cooling curves of hot formed TRB part with a thickness combination of thicker 1.6mm and thinner 1.2mm which is called as rear side member of automotive component. The cooling curves of FE-simulation are applied to predict the hardness of hot formed rear side member using the QFA. Also, experiment of hot press forming is performed to verify the predicted results and to examine the effect of cooling curves on the hardness.

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12

HADJADJ, L., R. AMIRA, and M. BOUCHEAR. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PHENOMENA OF PRECIPITATION IN Al–Zn–Mg ALLOY BY THE DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRIC AND THE DILATOMETRY AND INTERPRETATION OF DILATOMETRIC EFFECTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 19 (July 16, 2012): 1250076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979212500762.

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Our aim is to contribute to comprehension of the phenomena of precipitation in the Al–Zn–Mg alloys. For this, we have made a comparative study of the transformations of phases using the differential scanning calorimetric and the dilatometry. This last technique is relatively new in the case of Al–Zn–Mg alloys. It consists of two opposite effects (contraction and expansion) observed on the dilatometric curves. These effects translate two opposite metallurgical phenomena which are generally the precipitation and the dissolution.

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13

Kaspar, R., and H. Hoppe. "Modified Deformation Dilatometry." Materials Testing 32, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-1990-320616.

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14

Hirata, Toshimi. "Dilatometry of wood." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 23, no. 3 (September 1992): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(92)80020-m.

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15

Hirata, Toshimi. "Dilatometry of wood." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 23, no. 2 (August 1992): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(92)85005-6.

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16

Kim, Se Jong, Yi Gil Cho, Dong Woo Suh, Sung Joon Kim, Gyo Sung Kim, and Heung Nam Han. "Boundary Migration Induced Plasticity during Recrystallization and Growth under Applied Stress." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.533.

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In general, plastic strain occurs over a certain stress, called yield stress. However, it has been reported that the permanent strain could happen during boundary migrating even under the extremely slight externally applied stress. In this study, we performed dilatometry experiments under the various compressive stresses and measured the amount of recrystallization and growth induced permanent strain. A new empirical constitutive equation was suggested to describe the recrystallization and growth induced plasticity. This equation was verified by comparing the calculated values with dilatometric experimental data under the various compressive stresses.

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17

Kraftmakher, Ya A. "Possibilities of modulation dilatometry." Measurement Techniques 32, no. 6 (June 1989): 553–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00867901.

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18

Fietz, Walter H., Kai Grube, and Hanno Leibrock. "Dilatometry under high pressure." High Pressure Research 19, no. 1-6 (September 2000): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08957950008202580.

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19

Hordieiev, Yu S., and A. V. Zaichuk. "Preparation and characterization of strontium-doped bismuth borate glasses." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 19, no. 2 (June 6, 2024): 773–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2024.192.773.

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Employing the melt quenching method, new bismuth borate glass compositions denoted as (40+x)Bi2O3–(60-x-y)B2O3–ySrO, with x and y ranging between 0 to 20 mol%, were synthesized. The X-ray Diffraction analyses confirmed the amorphous nature of all glass samples, indicating the absence of long-range order typically seen in crystalline materials. Concurrently, the Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy examinations unveiled the existence of fundamental structural units within the glasses, including BO3 and BO4 trigonal and tetrahedral units, as well as BiO3 and BiO6 polyhedra, suggesting a complex network structure. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and dilatometry assessed the glasses' thermal properties. DTA demonstrated the glasses' high thermal stability, with a stability value of up to 106°C, noting that stability improves with more SrO. Dilatometry analyses revealed these glasses exhibit a high thermal expansion coefficient, ranging from 8.69 to 10.7 ppm/°C, alongside relatively low glass transition temperatures between 362 and 432°C and dilatometric softening temperatures spanning from 380 to 447°C. Density measurements were conducted, followed by molar volume and oxygen packing density calculations, to glean further insights into the samples. Compared to other heavy-metal oxide glasses, the glasses examined in this study exhibited notably high-density values, ranging between 6.279 and 7.476 g/cm3 .

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20

Jimbert, Pello, Teresa Guraya, Idurre Kaltzakorta, Teresa Gutiérrez, Roberto Elvira, and Leili Tafaghodi Khajavi. "Different Phenomena Encountered during Dilatometry of Low-density Steels." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 31, no. 4 (November 22, 2021): 2878–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-06418-4.

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AbstractIn recent decades, highly alloyed low-density steels are being developed to reduce the weight of different automotive parts. Dilatometry can be a very useful experimental technique to understand phase transformations during heating or cooling of new low-density steel alloys. When performing dilatometry measurements some assumptions are made such as the homogeneity of the sample material tested during the experiment. In this study, dilatometry tests were performed for two different low-density steels, and the variations of the composition between the surface and the inner part of the sample were analyzed. The migration of manganese by diffusion from the interior of the samples and finally its evaporation on the surface under vacuum were observed. This compositional gradient generated in the samples may influence the veracity and interpretation of the results obtained in dilatometry when working with high manganese steel alloys. The detachment of surface grains created by this compositional change near the surface of the samples is also investigated.

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21

Jankula, Miroslav, Peter Šín, Rudolf Podoba, and Ján Ondruška. "Typical problems in push-rod dilatometry analysis." Epitoanyag-Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 65, no. 1 (2013): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2013.3.

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22

Soliman, Mohamed, Heinz Palkowski, and Adel Nofal. "Thermo-Mechanically Processed Multi-Phase Ductile Iron: Microstructure Development." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.199.

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Using thermo-mechanical simulator equipped with dilatometry system, two ductile iron alloys with different Mn-content are processed by combining both, well defined deformation process and subsequent controlled cooling in a single processing chain to control the final microstructure. Accordingly, ductile irons with four different structrues are produced namely, martensite, ausferrite, martensite+ferrite and ausferrite+ferrite. Depending on the dilatometric measurments, the ferrite formation temperature-range has been defined for both alloys. Preferential transformation of austenite to ferrite at graphite nodules during cooling is observed. It is also observed that the formation of ferrite during cooling results in both decreased martensite start of the undecomposed austenite and accelerated kinetics of ausferrite formation.

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23

Rappon, Manit. "Electro-dilatometry of simple liquids." Chemical Physics Letters 118, no. 3 (July 1985): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(85)85327-6.

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24

Pieczonka, Tadeusz, and Jan Kazior. "Microstructure Evolution during Sintering of Aluminium in Nitrogen." Advanced Materials Research 811 (September 2013): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.811.64.

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High purity aluminium powder was sintered in a dilatometer in flowing high purity nitrogen. The distinct shrinkage segments observed on the dilatometry curves were the basis of experiments consisting of interrupted sintering. In this way compacts with microstructure frozen at different steps of sintering cycle were produced. Optical microstructure examinations and LECO analysis of nitrogen content showed the development of aluminium nitriding. Additionally, X-ray diffraction was used to examine phases appearing in the system investigated. Microstructure analysis of structural components revealed evidence that isothermal sintering proceeds in the presence of a liquid phase, despite taking place below the melting point of aluminium. It seems that aluminium nitrogen interactions are responsible for the appearance of this phase, which is accompanied by extensive shrinkage.

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25

San Martín, David, and Carlos García-Mateo. "Promoting Isothermal Martensite Formation by High Temperature Heat Treatments in a Precipitation Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steel." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.166.

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This work investigates what phase transformations are taking place during a continuous heating as well as the influence of the solution temperature on the isothermal formation of martensite in a precipitation hardening semi-austenitic stainless steel. In previous studies in the stainless steel under investigation (12Cr-9Ni-4Mo-2Cu) only the isothermal mode of martensitic transformation has been experimentally detected. In this work it is shown that: 1) The AFtemperature is located around 1040 K; 2) The χ-phase present in the initial microstructure dissolves above ~1323 K; 3) above 1448 K the formation of delta ferrite is promoted at austenite grain boundaries; 4) the kinetics of isothermal martensite formation is strongly accelerated with increasing solution temperature. The kinetics has been monitored in-situ at room temperature by using high resolution dilatometry. A semi-empirical dilatometry model is used to convert the dilatometry signal into volume fraction of martensite transformed. The results are briefly compared with previous kinetic measurements under the influence of strong magnetic fields.

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26

Williams, Blair, and Russell Richman. "Laboratory dilatometry and field test to assess durability of masonry." Journal of Building Physics 40, no. 5 (September 27, 2016): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259116649364.

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This article analyses the use of dilatometry to assess the durability of load-bearing clay brick masonry in a century home in Toronto (Canada). The building had recently undergone the addition of medium density closed-cell polyurethane spray-applied foam insulation on all interior sides of the exterior clay brick load-bearing walls, increasing the insulating value in areas to RSI 7.9 m2K/W, on average, from the original RSI 0.5 m2K/W, on average. The critical moisture content (saturation degree) of representative samples from the building were compared with values obtained from frost dilatometry testing. The later indicate critical moisture content for freeze–thaw. The frost dilatometry method was furthered by studying three-dimensional testing, rather than the traditional two-dimensional approach. The results showed the brick masonry in the study building are at a relatively low risk of freeze–thaw damage thanks to good resistance of freeze–thaw of the subject brick masonry and low wetting potential of the brick masonry on site. This further strengthens the need for good water shedding characteristics.

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27

Tsubakihara, Shinsuke, Kenichi Higashi, Seiji Taki, Kazumi Matsushige, and Munehisa Yasuniwa. "High Pressure Dilatometry of n-Perfluoroeicosane." Polymer Journal 24, no. 8 (1992): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.24.777.

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28

Manière, Charles, Shirley Chan, Geuntak Lee, Joanna McKittrick, and Eugene A. Olevsky. "Sintering dilatometry based grain growth assessment." Results in Physics 10 (September 2018): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.05.014.

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29

Holba, Pavel. "Ehrenfest equations for calorimetry and dilatometry." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 120, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4406-6.

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30

Carvalho, M. H., H. J. Carvalhinhos, and J. F. Thomas. "High temperature dilatometry of Ti-6242." Scripta Metallurgica 21, no. 11 (November 1987): 1417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(87)90275-4.

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31

Pintilei, Geanina Laura, Sorin Iacob Strugaru, Carmen Biniuc Papatoiu, Constantin Paulin, Alexandru Bârcă, and Corneliu Munteanu. "Dilatometry and DTA Analyses of a Sample Made of Ni Base Super Alloy with a ZrO₂/20%Y₂O₃ Ceramic Layer." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.705.

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This paper presents the results of dilatometry and DTA analyses performed on a Ni base super alloy sample on which a ZrO2/20%Y2O3 coating was deposited. The tests were done at similar temperatures as those present in a gas turbine engine at the inlet of the turbine. The purpose is to assess how a turbine blade with a ZrO2/20%Y2O3 coating would behave to changes in volume due to temperature and structural changes. The differential thermal analyses and thermo gravimetric analyses were performed on the DTA PT 1600 Linseis installation. The thermal dilatometry was performed on the L75HX XXXX installation.

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32

Patterson, D. E., and M. W. Smith. "Unfrozen water content in saline soils: results using time-domain reflectometry." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t85-009.

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The use of time-domain reflectometry (TDR) for determining the phase composition of saline permafrost from measurement of the apparent dielectric constant, Ka, is examined.Combined TDR–dilatometry experiments were performed to assess whether the TDR method could be used on frozen soil samples with high pore water salinity. In general, unfrozen water content determinations by TDR were within ±0.025 cm3∙cm−3 of those obtained by dilatometry, with no marked influence due to salinity. A novel probe design for use on saline core samples shows promise as a means for determining unfrozen water contents in the field.

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33

Talebi, Seyyed, Mohammad Jahazi, and Haikouhi Melkonyan. "Retained Austenite Decomposition and Carbide Precipitation during Isothermal Tempering of a Medium-Carbon Low-Alloy Bainitic Steel." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081441.

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The effect of isothermal tempering on retained austenite decomposition and carbide precipitation were investigated in a medium-carbon low-alloy bainitic steel. High-resolution dilatometry was used to perform isothermal tempering at 350 °C, 550 °C and 600 °C for different holding times up to 16 h. The decomposition of retained austenite, morphology and composition of carbides were investigated by analyzing the dilatometric curves and were confirmed through scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations. The decomposition behavior of retained austenite varied significantly as a function of the tempering temperature with a full decomposition observed at 600 °C. It was also found that by increasing the tempering temperature from 550 °C to 600 °C, carbides precipitate approximately twice as fast, and evolve from M3C type to Cr7C3 and Cr23C6 after 16 h of tempering at 600 °C.

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34

Gorelov V. P., Belyakov S. A., and Abdurakhimova R. K. "Phase transitions in monoclinic ZrO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-." Physics of the Solid State 65, no. 3 (2023): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2023.03.55589.541.

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Zirconia ZrO2 is one of the most important modern materials, but its use faces the problem of complex polymorphism. It is generally accepted that, under normal conditions, it exists in the monoclinic form P2_1/c (N 14), which undergoes an extended martensitic transformation into the tetragonal form P4_2/nmc (N 137) when heated above 1000oC. However, the group-theoretic analysis forbids a direct transition between these space groups and requires at least two intermediate forms. The experiment carried out in this work using structure-sensitive methods (dilatometry and electrical conductivity) indeed revealed the existence of singular points on the temperature dependences of expansion and conductivity in the temperature range of 350±20 and 730±20oC. This agrees with the literature data, which demonstrate singular points on the temperature dependences of the ZrO2 monoclinic lattice parameters. According to the dilatometry data, these transitions are phase transitions of the second order, which correlates with the obtained Raman data (measurements at temperatures up to 900oC in the range 60-900 cm-1), showing that the local structure changes slightly, therefore, the transitions occur within the framework of the monoclinic syngony. Keywords: ZrO2, monoclinic phases, phase transitions, dilatometry, electrical conductivity, Raman spectroscopy.

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35

Hunkel, Martin, Juan Dong, Jeremy Epp, Daniel Kaiser, Stefan Dietrich, Volker Schulze, Ali Rajaei, Bengt Hallstedt, and Christoph Broeckmann. "Comparative Study of the Tempering Behavior of Different Martensitic Steels by Means of In-Situ Diffractometry and Dilatometry." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 5058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225058.

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Martensitic steels are tempered to increase the toughness of the metastable martensite, which is brittle in the as-quenched state, and to achieve a more stable microstructure. During the tempering of steels, several particular overlapping effects can arise. Classical dilatometric investigations can only detect effects by monitoring the integral length change of the sample. Additional in-situ diffractometry allowed a differentiation of the individual effects such as transformation of retained austenite and formation of cementite during tempering. Additionally, the lattice parameters of martensite and therefrom the tetragonality was analyzed. Two low-alloy steels with carbon contents of 0.4 and 1.0 wt.% and a high-alloy 5Cr-1Mo-steel with 0.4 wt.% carbon were investigated by dilatometry and in-situ diffractometry. In this paper, microstructural effects during tempering of the investigated steels are discussed by a comparative study of dilatometric and diffractometric experiments. The influence of the chemical composition on the tempering behavior is illustrated by comparing the determined effects of the three steels. The kinetics of tempering is similar for the low-alloy steels and shifted to much higher temperatures for the high-alloy steel. During tempering, the tetragonality of martensite in the steel with 1.0 wt% carbon shifts towards a low carbon behavior, as in the steels with 0.4 wt.% carbon.

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36

Küchler, R., R. Wawrzyńczak, H. Dawczak-Dębicki, J. Gooth, and S. Galeski. "New applications for the world’s smallest high-precision capacitance dilatometer and its stress-implementing counterpart." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 045108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0141974.

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We introduce a new stress dilatometer with exactly the same size and mass as the world’s smallest miniature capacitance dilatometer (height × width × depth = 15 × 14 × 15 mm3, mass: 12 g). To develop this new device, only a single part of the most recently developed mini-dilatometer, the so-called “body,” needs to be replaced. Therefore, the new mini-dilatometer with an interchangeable body can be used for high-resolution measurements of thermal expansion and magnetostriction with and without large stress. We also report two novel applications of both mini-dilatometer cell types. Our new setup was installed for the first time in a cryogen-free system (PPMS DynaCool). The first new setup allows the rotation of both dilatometers in situ at any angle between −90° ≥ μ ≥ +90° in the temperature range from 320 to 1.8 K. We also installed our mini-cells in a dilution refrigerator insert of a PPMS DynaCool, in which dilatometric measurements are now possible in the temperature range from 4 to 0.06 K. Because of the limited sample space, such measurements could not be performed so far. For both new applications, we can resolve the impressive length changes to 0.01 Å.

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37

Farrakhov, B. F., Ya V. Fattakhov, M. F. Galyautdinov, and A. L. Stepanov. "Diffraction Dilatometry of Polymethacrylate at Low Temperatures." Optics and Spectroscopy 124, no. 3 (March 2018): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0030400x18030098.

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38

GALLAGHER, P. K., and H. M. O'BRYAN. "Characterization of LiNbO3 by Dilatometry and DTA." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 68, no. 3 (March 1985): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb09654.x.

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39

Kotzurek, Jaromir A., Eva-Maria Steyskal, Bernd Oberdorfer, Anton Hohenwarter, Reinhard Pippan, Wolfgang Sprengel, and Roland Würschum. "Direct measurement of vacancy relaxation by dilatometry." Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 021906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4958895.

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40

Dabhade, Vikram V., B. B. Panigrahi, M. M. Godkhindi, T. R. Rama Mohan, and P. Ramakrishnan. "Dilatometry of attrition milled nanocrystalline titanium powders." Materials Research Bulletin 41, no. 11 (November 2006): 2111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2006.03.030.

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41

Schuller, K. H., R. Sladek, and P. Huse. "Determination of quartz in ceramics by dilatometry." Thermochimica Acta 135 (October 1988): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(88)87405-7.

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42

Mittemeijer, E. J., A. Gent, and P. J. Schaaf. "Analysis of transformation kinetics by nonisothermal dilatometry." Metallurgical Transactions A 17, no. 8 (August 1986): 1441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02650126.

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43

Tret'yachenko, G. N., and L. I. Gracheva. "Problems in the dilatometry of decomposing composites." Measurement Techniques 29, no. 10 (October 1986): 963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00862455.

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44

Kartsev, V. N., S. N. Shtykov, and L. S. Shtykova. "Precision Dilatometry of Microemulsions with Anionic Surfactants." Colloid Journal 67, no. 4 (July 2005): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10595-005-0115-3.

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45

Filatov, I. A., A. T. Bolgov, and Yu S. Balashov. "An instrument for measuring microdisplacements in dilatometry." Measurement Techniques 30, no. 8 (August 1987): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00865658.

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46

Webb, Sharon L., Ruth Knoche, and Donald B. Dingwell. "Determination of silicate liquid thermal expansivity using dilatometry and calorimetry." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 1 (February 13, 1992): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/1/0095.

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47

Łazarska, Małgorzata, Tadeusz Z. Wozniak, Zbigniew Ranachowski, Andrzej Trafarski, and Szymon Marciniak. "The Use of Acoustic Emission and Neural Network in the Study of Phase Transformation below MS." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 24, 2021): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030551.

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Acoustic emission and dilatometry were applied to investigate the characteristics of phase transformations in bearing steel 100CrMnSi6-4 during austempering below the martensite start temperature (MS 175 °C) at 150 °C. The aim of this study is to characterize the product of transformation occurring below the MS temperature using various research methods. Analysis of the dilatometric curves shows that, after the formation of athermal martensite below the MS temperature, the austenite continues to undergo isothermal transformation, indicating the formation of bainite. Additionally, tests were carried out with the use of acoustic emission during isothermal hardening of the adopted steel. The obtained acoustic emission signals were analyzed using an artificial neural network. The results, in the form of a graph of the frequency of acoustic emission (AE) event occurrence as a function of time, make it possible to infer about the bainite isothermal transformation. The results of this research may be used in the future to design optimal heat treatment methods and, consequently, may enable desired microstructure shaping.

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48

Król, Mariusz. "Solidification Characteristics of Mg-Li-Al Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 275 (June 2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.275.41.

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The six Mg-Li and Mg-Li-Al alloys in as-cast state namely Mg-4.5%Li, Mg-9%Li, Mg-12%Li, Mg-4.5%Li-1.5%Al, Mg-9%Li-1.5%Al and Mg-12%Li-1.5%Al were prepared and analysed. These alloys have been subjected to the thermal analysis (thermal derivative-analysis and dilatometry study), and the subsequent thermal assessment, mechanical properties and microstructures were studied. The heating and cooling dilatometric curves characterise by a linear reduction (alloys with 12wt.% of Li) and linear increase (alloys with 4.5wt.% of Li) in coefficient of linear thermal expansion as a function of temperature. No transitions in the solid state occur. Based on results of thermal derivative analysis a crystallisation process of Mg-Li and Mg-Li-Al alloys was proposed. Addition of aluminium in ultra-light Mg-Li alloys shows considerably improved strengthening without a reduction in grain size. Increasing the lithium content causes in an increase of hardness.

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Farahani, Hussein, Gerrit Zijlstra, Maria Giuseppina Mecozzi, Václav Ocelík, Jeff Th M. De Hosson, and Sybrand van der Zwaag. "In Situ High-Temperature EBSD and 3D Phase Field Studies of the Austenite–Ferrite Transformation in a Medium Mn Steel." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, no. 3 (April 12, 2019): 639–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761900031x.

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AbstractIn this research, in situ high-temperature electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping is applied to record and analyze the migration of the α/γ interfaces during cyclic austenite–ferrite phase transformations in a medium manganese steel. The experimental study is supplemented with related 3D phase field (PF) simulations to better understand the 2D EBSD observations in the context of the 3D transformation events taking place below the surface. The in situ EBSD observations and PF simulations show an overall transformation behavior qualitatively similar to that measured in dilatometry. The behavior and kinetics of individual austenite–ferrite interfaces during the transformation is found to have a wide scatter around the average interface behavior deduced on the basis of the dilatometric measurements. The trajectories of selected characteristic interfaces are analyzed in detail and yield insight into the effect of local conditions in the vicinity of interfaces on their motion, as well as the misguiding effects of 2D observations of processes taking place in 3D.

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Chandra, Amreesh, Dhananjai Pandey, M. D. Mathews, and A. K. Tyagi. "Large negative thermal expansion and phase transition in (Pb1−xCax)TiO3 (0.30 ≤ x ≤ 0.45) ceramics." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 2 (February 2005): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0062.

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High-temperature dilatometric studies on (Pb1−xCax)TiO3 (x = 0.35, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45) ferroelectric ceramics reveal negative thermal expansion for x ≤ 0.40. The negative thermal expansion coefficient for x = 0.30, as obtained by dilatometry and powder x-ray diffraction, were found to be −8.541 × 10−6 K−1 and −11 × 10−6 K−1, respectively, which are comparable to those of other well-known negative thermal expansion materials like ZrW2O8, NaZr2(PO4)3. Results of temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction studies are also presented to show that the large negative thermal expansion behavior for x = 0.30 persists in a very wide range of temperatures, 70–570 K. Ca2+ substitution reduces the value of the negative thermal expansion coefficient of pure PbTiO3 crystal, but it enables the preparation of strong sintered ceramic bodies. The negative thermal expansion behavior is shown to disappear above the ferroelectric Curie point and is restricted to only the tetragonal compositions of (Pb1−xCax)TiO3.

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