Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dilemma of justice

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Dilemma of justice'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Dilemma of justice"

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Schroeder, David A., Julie E. Steel, Andria J. Woodell, and Alicia F. Bembenek. "Justice Within Social Dilemmas." Personality and Social Psychology Review 7, no. 4 (November 2003): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0704_09.

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The defining feature of social dilemma situations is the inherent conflict faced by those involved: should one act in his or her own individual best interest or sacrifice a measure of one's personal payoff to help maximize the joint payoff of the group as a whole? In such dilemmas, those making individualistic and defecting choices are always at a competitive advantage relative to those who choose to cooperate. One seemingly inevitable consequence of the resulting resource allocation asymmetry is that it must challenge and threaten the cooperator's sense of fairness and justice, and it is the reaction of those caught in social dilemmas to this injustice and unfairness that is the focus of this article. We examine how justice processes-distributive justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, and retributive justice operate in social dilemmas. Within this examination, we consider ideas from classic and contemporary conceptual analyses of justice to provide a broader context within which to understand social dilemmas and the roles that justice plays as people strive to ensure fair outcomes for themselves and for others. We conclude with the proposal of a 4-stage, sequential model of justice in social dilemmas that posits groups move between the types of justice concerns when unfair and unsatisfactory outcomes (e.g., inequitable resource allocations, violations of agreed-on allocation rules, intentional and egregious exploitation of the group) cause members to “recognize the necessity” for change to ensure fair and just outcomes for all.
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Heath, Joseph. "Intergenerational Cooperation and Distributive Justice." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 27, no. 3 (September 1997): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1997.10715956.

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Kevin Sauvé has recently argued in this journal that David Gauthier's conception of ‘morals by agreement’ is inimical to the development of long-term productive investment and sustainable levels of resource exploitation. According to Sauvé, this is because society is confronted with an intergenerational interaction problem whose strategic equilibrium is suboptimal (a ‘Prisoner's Dilemma’). However, unlike the ‘contemporaneous Prisoner's Dilemma’ that Gauthier analyzes, the intergenerational version cannot be solved by an appeal to constrained maximization. As a result, Sauvé claims, Gauthier cannot effectively address the question of intergenerational justice.The portion of Sauvé's argument that concerns me is the following:Gauthier solves the contemporaneous Prisoner's Dilemma by ensuring that each person will cooperate only if all others cooperate, and indeed his conception of morality is aimed at ensuring that all individuals incur the costs as well as the benefits of social cooperation. But the contemporaneous solution cannot be applied to the Intergenerational Dilemma: if each generation will save for the next only if the previous generations have also saved, none will ever save. (170)
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Uitermark, Justus, and Walter Nicholls. "Planning for social justice: Strategies, dilemmas, tradeoffs." Planning Theory 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095215599027.

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This article charts predicaments and conundrums associated with the ambition to plan for social justice. Drawing from classical theory on the roles of intellectuals, we identify what we call the “power of representation dilemma.” This dilemma arises because the credentials, knowledge, and skills of intellectuals (like urban planners) make them into powerful agents of social justice but at the same time can put them in a position of power in relation to the very communities they represent and serve. We develop a typology of various strategies for contending with this dilemma and conclude there are no clean ways to resolve the dilemma as each strategy has significant tradeoffs. We encourage a “ realpolitik of social justice,” whereby planners become cognizant that there are only imperfect strategies to engage in the politics of social justice. Recognition of their fallibility in the pursuit of noble ideals will make them more reflexive and capable of responding to the inevitability of new injustices and silencings that arise when planning for social justice.
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Graybill, Lyn S. "Peace Versus Justice?: The Dilemma of Transitional Justice in Africa." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 46, no. 2 (August 2012): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2012.705609.

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Dragovic-Soso, Jasna. "Peace versus justice? The dilemma of transitional justice in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 38, no. 127 (March 2011): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2011.556001.

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George, Janet. "Conceptual muddle, practical dilemma." International Social Work 42, no. 1 (January 1999): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087289904200103.

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A clear understanding of the concept of human rights is fundamental to social work that places a priority on social development as a strategy for social justice; this paper illustrates the difficulty in applying the concept by reference to the Asia-Pacific area. Social workers should take a position on human rights and social justice, weighing conceptual, cultural and political aspects. This is a prerequisite to defining feasible strategies, based on a view of the relationships between idealism and pragmatism and between universalism and relativism. For social work educators, it is a prerequisite to curriculum design for social development.
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Agerström, Jens, Kristiina Möller, and Trevor Archer. "MORAL REASONING: THE INFLUENCE OF AFFECTIVE PERSONALITY, DILEMMA CONTENT AND GENDER." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 34, no. 10 (January 1, 2006): 1259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.10.1259.

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This study examined the influence of affective personality, perfectionism, gender, arousal and dilemma content on moral reasoning. 264 participants were presented with moral dilemmas to which they had to provide a solution that reflected various degrees of justice and care. The results indicated that a) affective personality had an effect on moral reasoning, b) female participants reported higher levels of care morality than did male participants, c) gender interacted with perfectionism in the production of moral standpoints, d) dilemma content exerted a strong effect on the participants' use of moral strategy. It was concluded that although moral reasoning appears to be governed primarily by the dilemma content at hand, an individual's moral solutions are influenced by gender and affective state.
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Coleman, Doriane Lambelet. "Individualizing Justice through Multiculturalism: The Liberals' Dilemma." Columbia Law Review 96, no. 5 (June 1996): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123402.

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Cárdenas, Juan Camilo, Andrés Casas-Casas, and Nathalie Méndez Méndez. "The Hidden Face of Justice: Fairness, Discrimination and Distribution in Transitional Justice Processes." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2013-0052.

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AbstractThis article contributes to the literature on the impact of transitional justice measures using behavioral evidence from experiments. We argue that there is a distributional dilemma at the heart of transitional justice programs, given that the State must allocate goods and services both to victims and excombatants. Individual and social preferences over these processes matter, given that they are likely to scale up to undermine or increase public support for transitional justice programs. We offer evidence from the Colombian case, to show what we call the hidden face of justice effect, which occurs when in the transition from war to peace distributional dilemmas arise and generate a social sanction function that creates negative incentives that can affect the achievement of reintegration of ex-combatants and jeopardizes the maintenance of peace. In order to explore the microfoundations that underlie the differences between allocations to victims and ex-combatants, we use data from field experiments and find that ex-combatants expect lower transfers from public officers and citizens and indeed receive lower transfers, if compared to the victims and the control groups included in the study, despite the fact that third-party observers have the power to punish senders when making offers seen by the third-party as unfair.
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Wood, Nathan, and Katy Roelich. "Substantiating Energy Justice: Creating a Space to Understand Energy Dilemmas." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051917.

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This paper explores the relationships between the moral philosophical foundations and strategic goals of two conceptions of energy justice: the “triumvirate conception” and the “principled approach”. We explore the extent to which the goals of these approaches align with their core aims and strategies. Having initially been developed to capture and reflect the values of activist-led environmental justice movements, we find that the triumvirate approach’s adoption of a trivalent conception of justice currently lies in tension with its overarching top-down approach. We note that the principled approach does not face the same tensions as the triumvirate conception of energy justice, but would benefit from illustrating the consequences of framing the same energy dilemma with conflicting moral theories. Aiming to ameliorate these limitations and further develop conceptions of energy justice, we outline a case study of hydro power in Hirakud, India and propose a framework which illustrates how using differing theories of justice to conceptualise the same energy dilemmas can result in substantially different normative framings and guidance. We illustrate how this framework, combined with a pluralistic appeal to moral theory, can enable both approaches to draw on a wider range of moral theory to assess energy dilemmas. This in turn provides a broader socio-political backdrop in which to view energy dilemmas. We outline how this backdrop contributes to the creation of a space in which the grievances of those who suffer in relation to energy systems can be heard and better understood.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dilemma of justice"

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D'Amico, Daniel J. "The imprisoner's dilemma the political economy of proportionate punishment /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3137.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008.
Vita: p. 140. Thesis director: Peter J. Boettke. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 18, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-139). Also issued in print.
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Marconi, Cláudia Alvarenga. "Um regime internacional para atrocidades: o tribunal penal internacional e o conflito de valores entre a justiça e a paz." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-04102013-131853/.

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A presente tese se propõe a avaliar os avanços e recuos do denominado Regime Internacional para Atrocidades (RIA), focando-se sobremaneira no seu principal desdobramento normativo e institucional: o Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Tais avanços e recuos não podem ser analisados somente a partir de qualificações políticas pragmáticas ou de princípios morais cosmopolitas reconhecidos pelo Tribunal, mas sim a partir da existência de um conflito de valores exposto na construção e consolidação do regime em questão: justiça versus paz, bem como da necessidade de superá-lo. É esse conflito entre a justiça internacional, interpretada de modo cosmopolita, e também pelo viés restrito do paradigma jurídico de enforcement dos direitos humanos, e a paz, interpretada como a ausência de conflito direto, bem como a consequente necessidade de arbitrá-lo, que nos permitirá fazer recomendações sobre o que se deve fazer para implementar um RIA realmente efetivo no sentido de livrar a humanidade das violações de direitos humanos que se qualificam como atrocidades, considerando as particularidades de contextos transicionais e ampliando a prestação de contas. A estratégia recomendada pela tese é a da combinação de uma justiça judicializada, que se traduz no TPI, com outros mecanismos de justiça transicional. Ademais, uma atuação do TPI sensível às vítimas e às atividades de peacebuilding é parte fundamental dessa estratégia. Os casos sob a investigação do TPI serão trazidos à tona na presente tese no sentido de ilustrar alguns aspectos do argumento principal nela estruturado.
This thesis aims to evaluate advances and shortcomings concerning the so-called International Atrocities Regime (IAR), focusing on its main normative and institutional achievement: the International Criminal Court (ICC). Such advances and shortcomings cannot be analised either exclusively through pragmatic political qualifications or through cosmopolitan moral principles embraced by the Court. Instead, we initially sustain the existence of a conflict of values apparent in the building up and consolidation of the above mentioned regime: the justice versus peace dilemma and the necessity of overcoming it. It is this dilemma between international justice, interpreted according to both a cosmopolitan perspective and a judicial paradigm of human rights enforcement, and peace, interpreted as the absence of direct conflict, and simultaneously the urgent need of managing this conflitct of value that will allow us to make some normative recommendations about what is to be done in order to implemente an effective IAR. By effectiveness, we mean both the prevention of humanity from suffering gross human rights violations qualified as atrocities, considering the particularities involved in transitional contexts, and the promotion of accountability. The strategy recommended by the thesis is the combination of a judicialized justice, translated into ICC practices, with other transitional justice mechanisms. In addition, an ICC performance sensible to victims and peacebuilding activities is a fundamental aspect of such a strategy. In this sense, the cases under ICC investigation will be mobilized in order to illustrate some aspects of the main argument structured in the thesis.
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Russo, Valentina. "The dilemma of translating and interpreting in the criminal justice system: civil law vs. common law." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13778/.

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The scope of this thesis is to offer solutions to some of the translation and interpreting issues arising in the legal field. In particular, the focus of the analysis will be the differences between a common law country, England, and a civil law country, Italy. Through some excerpts taken both by an Italian movie and a UK TV series, the issues are analysed and in the end, two glossaries(Italian-English and English-Italian) built on this analysis are offered.
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Ross, Sasha A. Ellis Marc H. "The dilemma of justice how religion influences the political environment of post-1948 Israel and Palestine /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/3006.

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Hetzel, Mark Andrew. "The role and limitations of transitional justice in addressing the dilemma of child soldier accountability the cases of Sierra Leone and Uganda." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3778.

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Jerlinder, Kajsa. "Rättvis idrottsundervisning för elever med rörelsehinder : dilemma kring omfördelning och erkännande." Licentiate thesis, Örebro University, Örebro University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-8063.

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Jerlinder, Kajsa (2005): Rättvis idrottsundervisning för elever med rörelsehinder –dilemma kring omfördelning och erkännande. (Justice in Physical Education forPhysically Disabled Pupils – A Dilemma of Distribution and Recognition.) Studiesfrom The Swedish Institute for Disability Research No. 12, pp. 112. LicentiateDissertation, written in Swedish with an English abstract.The educational goal of “a school for all” creates many challenges. Issues of socialjustice and equity are central tenets of the concept of inclusive education. Despitethe goal of comprehensive education for all children, for many pupils with physicaldisabilities in an inclusive school system PE (Physical Education) teaching canresult in experiences of injustice. In the struggle to achieve social equity and createeducational experiences where disability does not matter, it seams to matter verymuch.The aim of this study is to illustrate a dilemma and its potential outcomeswhere demands for justice for pupils with physical disabilities are raised in inclusivephysical education. In the study, based on theories of redistribution andrecognition, two empirical examples are presented.The first example, in the context of the decentralisation of Swedish compulsoryschools, illustrates degrees of awareness about numbers of pupils with physicaldisabilities attending compulsory schools located in a case municipality. Foursources, with varying responsibilities for disabled children, all reported differentnumbers of pupils. Thus, with no congruent data at municipality level, distribu-tion and redistribution of necessary resources becomes difficult.In the second example of a ten year old boy with a physical disability,experiences of participation in inclusive physical education are described, fromthe perspective of five different actors (the boy himself, his PE teachers (2), hisparents, classmates, and his personal assistant).Data for this case study was gathered through interviews and systematic ob-servation. In this particular case, the outcome of inclusive PE was judged to besuccessful. The example illustrates the importance of recognition needing to befulfilled at several distributive levels. The positive outcome is discussed in terms ofthe combination of identification of particular special needs, sensitive adaptation,and general respect for the child with physical disability.Dilemmas of justice for disabled pupils in physical education are best studiedwithin a multi-level context. Recognition and redistribution demands need to besimultaneously addressed in order to fulfil the goal of equitable education forpupils with physical disabilities attending PE within the compulsory school sys-tem. An attempt to combine these different ideological approaches is discussedfrom the perspective of social status.The outcome of the two empirical examples presented in this study illustrategeneral dilemmas reaching beyond the educational challenges facing pupils withphysical disabilities and the responses of the compulsory school system to them.

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Araj, Victoria D. "The Turkish Model, the Double-Security Dilemma, and the Political Reproduction of State Polities in the Middle East." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16907.

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Conceptually the aims of this thesis are to show the salient features of the political reproduction of states as a necessity for their survival as they continually face a double-security dilemma in the neoliberal era. Empirically this thesis examines Turkey’s ruling party from 2002 to 2015. The Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) maintained authority by mitigating the polities and actors that posed vertical and horizontal competition to their power (the double-security dilemma of domestic and international threats faced by state rulers). To outcompete and absorb its rivals, the AKP maintained a post-Islamist alliance-building model of political reproduction through a globalized Islamic neoliberal authority pattern until 2011. This became popularized as the ‘Turkish Model’, a model of political reproduction framed as suitable for other Muslim-majority states. The findings from data analysis show that to maintain the constitutive sovereignty of the Turkish state, the AKP built a post-Islamist hegemony. Furthermore, this thesis explores how the AKP horizontally built a pluralist vision of neo-ottomanism enabling their navigation of the international political system. Their ‘zero-problems’ foreign policy was the cornerstone of building regional liberal peace. This policy was the basis of the AKP’s maintenance of functional sovereignty until the ‘Arab Spring’. Yet, the new double-security dilemma that emerged through the ‘Arab Spring’ not only threatened the existence of post-Islamism within Turkey, but the existence of the ‘Turkish Model’ itself. The AKP then moved towards a fortifying pattern of authority to shield both themselves and the Republic from emergent threats
Marie Curie European Commission Sustainable Peacebuilding Project through Sabancı University and the Allan and Nesta Ferguson Charitable Trust.
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Eriksson, Giwa Sebastian. "Procedural justice, social norms and conflict : human behavior in resource allocation." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (EFI), 2009. http://www2.hhs.se/efi/summary/810.htm.

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Millet, Katrina Renea, and Lisa Renee Otero. "The North Shore public transportation dilemma: How local sociopolitical ideologies, ethnic discrimination and class oppression create marginalization, and a community's quest for social justice." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3330.

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This research attempted to uncover the sociopolitical ideologies, ethnic discrimination, and class oppression that create sustained social dominance through resource control in the unicorporated community of the Salton Sea located in Eastern Riverside County, California in regard to public transportation issues.
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Strömblad, Sara. "Kvinnofridskränkning - ett stort samhällsproblem : En fallstudie av hur ett par kommuner i Kronobergs län hanterar kvinnovåldsproblematiken." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-968.

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Equal opportunity issues are considered to have a clear position in Swedish policy and the making of Swedish gender policy is considered a precursor. Though many experts and scientists have shed light on the fact that the issue of women assault has had a less stable development than other gender issues such as child care, the labour market etc. within the Swedish society, and that it does not attract the wide political support it needs. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the Municipalities', in the county of Kronoberg, policy on the issue of women assault within their local policies of equality. In my thesis I have chosen a theoretical framework that is built on a dilemma of justice based on three different dimensions; the extent, content and influence of the local policies. To clarify I have subsequently summarized these three as ideal types politics of recognition and politics of redistribution.

I came to the conclusion that the prerequisites for the issue of women assault and its consequences to attract attention would increase if the issue was more frequently debated amongst the local politicians in the county. Women assault is not just a serious societal problem but also an obstacle for a sustainable societal development.

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Books on the topic "Dilemma of justice"

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Peace versus justice?: The dilemma of transitional justice in Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 2010.

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Peace versus justice?: The dilemma of transitional justice in Africa. Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2009.

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The Ajax dilemma: Justice, fairness, and rewards. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Race, ethnicity, crime, and justice: An international dilemma. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2009.

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The prisoners' dilemma political economy and punishment in contemporary democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Candice, Minch, ed. Sexual assault: The dilemma of disclosure, the question of conviction. Winnipeg, Man: University of Manitoba Press, 1988.

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Kuilwijk, Kees Jan. The European Court of Justice and the GATT dilemma: Public interest versus individual rights? Beuningen: Nexed Editions in co-operation with the Center for Critical European Studies, 1996.

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Dao de nan ti yu cheng xu zheng yi: Moral dilemma and procedural justice. Beijing Shi: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2011.

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Kuilwijk, Kees Jan. The European Court of Justice and the GATT dilemma: Public interest versus individual rights? Netherlands: Nexed Academic, 1996.

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Gunner, Göran. An unlikely dilemma: Constructing a partnership between human rights and peace-building. Eugene, Or: Pickwick, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dilemma of justice"

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Seok, Bongrae. "Prisoner’s Dilemma." In Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 903–4. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_144.

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Pokalova, Elena. "Terrorism: The Dilemma of Response." In International Criminal Justice, 109–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1102-5_5.

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Glynn, Martin. "Hamlet’s dilemma." In The Routledge Companion to Rehabilitative Work in Criminal Justice, 685–92. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315102832-61.

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Christensen, Lois McFadyen, and Jerry Aldridge. "The Dilemma of Social Justice." In Critical Pedagogy for Early Childhood and Elementary Educators, 61–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5395-2_9.

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Räikkä, Juha. "The Dilemma of Conservative Justice." In Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 17–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04633-4_2.

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Ainlay, Stephen C., and Faye Crosby. "Stigma, Justice, and the Dilemma of Difference." In The Dilemma of Difference, 17–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7568-5_2.

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Krisberg, Barry A. "Juvenile Justice and the American Dilemma." In Juvenile Justice and Delinquency, 67–90. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506329215.n7.

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Lo, Mbaye. "Justice Versus Freedom: The Dilemma of Political Islam." In Political Islam, Justice and Governance, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96328-0_1.

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Lo, Mbaye. "Morsi’s Dilemma: The Shifting Sands Between Shar’iyyah and Shari’a." In Political Islam, Justice and Governance, 305–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96328-0_8.

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Köchler, Hans. "The dilemma faced by the United Nations in the fight against terrorism." In Global Justice or Global Revenge?, 331–33. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6718-2_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dilemma of justice"

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Liu, Chang-Jiang, and Fang Hao. "Distributive Justice and Cooperation in a Public Good Dilemma." In 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csse.2008.4.

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Heinz, Manuela, Mary Fleming, Pauline Logue, and Joseph McNamara. "Collaborative learning, role play and case study: Pedagogical pathways to professionalism and ethics in school placement." In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.26.

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Teachers are moral agents. Acting professionally in loco parentis teachers have a legal and moral duty of care to students (DES, 2017). Moreover, they can be regarded as moral ‘role models’ (Bergen, 2006; Lumpkin, 2013). Professional codes of practice assist teachers in their moral agency (Alberta Teachers’ Association, 2004; CDET, 2017; DfE, 2011; Education Council, 2017; Teaching Council, 2012; 2016; World Class Teachers, 2017). In conjunction with official codes of conduct, TE ethics programmes contribute to the development of “a moral language” and raise awareness of moral agency in teaching (Shapira-Lishchinsky, 2010). In 2014 the National University of Ireland, Galway (NUIG) and the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT) jointly developed a cross-institutional training programme entitled ‘The Ethical Teacher Programme’, designed to facilitate student teachers to reflect upon professionalism and ethics during School Placement. The programme incorporated both a study of the Teaching Council Code of Professional Conduct for Teachers (Code) (2012) and explorations of selected ethical ‘case studies’ in teaching, using collaborative learning (CL) and role play strategies. The ‘ethical dilemma’ approach employed mirrored literature studies (Colenerud, 1997; Husu & Tiri, 2003; Klassen, 2002). Unique to the approach, however, was the method of application of selected classical and contemporary ethical philosophies to moral dilemmas in teaching. The programme was designed to include a one-hour introductory lecture on professionalism and ethics (from the perspectives of moral literacy and ethical theory) followed by a two-hour applied workshop. The workshop employed student-centred, active teaching and learning methods, specifically, collaborative learning, role play and case study analysis. Six ethical philosophical principles (or ‘lenses’) were integrated into programme delivery - teleology, deontology, virtue ethics, justice ethics, care ethics and relationality ethics. These lenses were applied to real-world teaching case studies. One cohort to which this training programme is offered annually is the student teachers on the Professional Master of Education (PME) programme in NUIG. The PME cohort (2015-2016) is the focus of the present study. The study sought a critical reflection on, and evaluation of, this training programme, from a student perspective. This study is phase one of a larger on-going study.
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YEŞİLBURSA, Behçet Kemal. "THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN TURKEY (1908-1980)." In 9. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-4794-5.08.

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Political parties started to be established in Turkey in the second half of the 19th century with the formation of societies aiming at the reform of the Ottoman Empire. They reaped the fruits of their labour in 1908 when the Young Turk Revolution replaced the Sultan with the Committee of Union and Progress, which disbanded itself on the defeat of the Empire in 1918. Following the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, new parties started to be formed, but experiments with a multi-party system were soon abandoned in favour of a one-party system. From 1930 until the end of the Second World War, the People’s Republican Party (PRP) was the only political party. It was not until after the Second World War that Turkey reverted to a multiparty system. The most significant new parties were the Democrat Party (DP), formed on 7 January 1946, and the Nation Party (NP) formed on 20 July 1948, after a spilt in the DP. However, as a result of the coup of 27 May 1960, the military Government, the Committee of National Union (CNU), declared its intentions of seizing power, restoring rights and privileges infringed by the Democrats, and drawing up a new Constitution, to be brought into being by a free election. In January 1961, the CNU relaxed its initial ban on all political activities, and within a month eleven new parties were formed, in addition to the already established parties. The most important of the new parties were the Justice Party (JP) and New Turkey Party (NTP), which competed with each other for the DP’s electoral support. In the general election of October 1961, the PRP’s failure to win an absolute majority resulted in four coalition Governments, until the elections in October 1965. The General Election of October 1965 returned the JP to power with a clear, overall majority. The poor performance of almost all the minor parties led to the virtual establishment of a two-party system. Neither the JP nor the PRP were, however, completely united. With the General Election of October 1969, the JP was returned to office, although with a reduced share of the vote. The position of the minor parties declined still further. Demirel resigned on 12 March 1971 after receiving a memorandum from the Armed Forces Commanders threatening to take direct control of the country. Thus, an “above-party” Government was formed to restore law and order and carry out reforms in keeping with the policies and ideals of Atatürk. In March 1973, the “above-party” Melen Government resigned, partly because Parliament rejected the military candidate, General Gürler, whom it had supported in the Presidential Elections of March-April 1973. This rejection represented the determination of Parliament not to accept the dictates of the Armed Forces. On 15 April, a new “above party” government was formed by Naim Talu. The fundamental dilemma of Turkish politics was that democracy impeded reform. The democratic process tended to return conservative parties (such as the Democrat and Justice Parties) to power, with the support of the traditional Islamic sectors of Turkish society, which in turn resulted in the frustration of the demands for reform of a powerful minority, including the intellectuals, the Armed Forces and the newly purged PRP. In the last half of the 20th century, this conflict resulted in two periods of military intervention, two direct and one indirect, to secure reform and to quell the disorder resulting from the lack of it. This paper examines the historical development of the Turkish party system, and the factors which have contributed to breakdowns in multiparty democracy.
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