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Journal articles on the topic 'Dilemmes sacrificiels'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 May 2025

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1

Carron, Robin, Nathalie Blanc, and Emmanuelle Brigaud. "Contextualizing sacrificial dilemmas within Covid-19 for the study of moral judgment." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): e0273521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273521.

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"Sacrificial dilemmas" are the scenarios typically used to study moral judgment and human morality. However, these dilemmas have been criticized regarding their lack of ecological validity. The COVID-19 pandemic offers a relevant context to further examine individuals’ moral judgment and choice of action with more realistic sacrificial dilemmas. Using this context, the purpose of the present study is to investigate how moral responses are influenced by the contextualization of the dilemma (i.e., contextualized or not within the Covid-19 pandemic). By comparing two versions of one dilemma, Experiment 1 revealed that the more realistic version (the one contextualized within the Covid-19 pandemic) did not elicit more utilitarian responses than the less realistic version (the one not contextualized within the Covid-19 pandemic). In Experiment 2, we examined more specifically whether both the perceived realism of the dilemma and the plausibility of a utilitarian action influence moral responses. Results confirmed that the contextualization of the dilemma does not make any difference in moral responses. However, the plausibility of an action appears to exert an influence on the choice of action. Indeed, participants were more inclined to choose the utilitarian action in the plausible action versions than in the implausible action versions of the dilemma. Overall, these results shed light on the importance for future research of using mundane and dramatic realistic dilemmas displaying full information regarding a sacrificial action and its consequences.
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Kirova, Alena, Ying Tang, and Paul Conway. "Are people really less moral in their foreign language? Proficiency and comprehension matter for the moral foreign language effect in Russian speakers." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 10, 2023): e0287789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287789.

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Previous work has demonstrated that people are more willing to sacrifice one person to save five in a foreign language (FL) than in their native tongue. This may be due to the FL either reducing concerns about sacrificial harm (deontological inclinations) or increasing concerns about overall outcomes (utilitarian inclinations). Moreover, proficiency in a foreign language (FL) may moderate results. To test these possibilities, we investigated the moral foreign language effect (MFLE) in a novel sample of Russian L1/English FL speakers. We employed process dissociation (PD)—a technique that independently assesses concerns about rejecting harm and maximizing outcomes in sacrificial dilemmas, and we assessed measures of objective and subjective foreign language proficiency and of dilemma comprehension. Results replicated the pattern of increased acceptance of sacrificial harm in FL demonstrated in earlier studies, but a PD analysis showed no evidence of increased concerns for utilitarian outcomes in a FL; instead, this pattern was driven by reduced concerns regarding sacrificial harm. However, people who reported better dilemma comprehension in the FL demonstrated both stronger deontological and utilitarian responding, and people with higher objective proficiency displayed stronger utilitarian responding in the FL than those with lower proficiency. These findings show that utilitarian inclinations are affected by reading dilemmas in a foreign language mainly in low-proficiency speakers, and that while emotional concerns for sacrifice are reduced in FL, better comprehension can increase such concerns as well as concern for outcomes.
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Aktas, Büsra, Onurcan Yilmaz, and Hasan G. Bahçekapili. "Moral pluralism on the trolley tracks: Different normative principles are used for different reasons in justifying moral judgments." Judgment and Decision Making 12, no. 3 (May 2017): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005891.

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AbstractThe psychological correlates of utilitarian choices in sacrificial moral dilemmas are contentious. In the literature, some research (Greene, et al., 2001) suggested that utilitarianism requires analytic thinking while other research (Kahane et al., 2015) showed that utilitarianism is correlated with psychopathy. In the present research, we looked at the relation of several normative views with analytic cognitive style (ACS), psychopathy and real-world utilitarianism in three Turkish samples. In Study 1 (n = 269), we used four ethical dilemmas and asked participants to select one normative principle as the grounds for their judgment in the dilemma: fatalism, virtue ethics, utilitarianism, deontology and amoralism. The results showed that the majority selected the deontological principle. Additionally, there was a considerable amount of fatalistic and virtue ethical justifications. Utilitarianism and psychopathy had a significant positive correlation. In Study 2 (n = 246), we replicated Study 1 and showed a significant relation between ACS and moral minimalism (the view that the sacrificial act is permissible but not necessary). In Study 3, the results showed that the utilitarian option in the sacrificial dilemmas was positively correlated with both real-life utilitarianism and psychopathy, but the latter two variables were not correlated with each other. All in all, the results suggest that some people choose the utilitarian option in moral dilemmas from psychopathic tendencies (as Kahane argued), while others due to real-life utilitarian reasons (as Greene argued). The findings also indicate that virtue ethical and fatalistic justifications cannot be ignored in understanding lay people’s moral judgments.
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Rosas, Alejandro, Juan Pablo Bermúdez, and David Aguilar-Pardo. "Decision conflict drives reaction times and utilitarian responses in sacrificial dilemmas." Judgment and Decision Making 14, no. 5 (September 2019): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s193029750000485x.

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AbstractIn the sacrificial moral dilemma task, participants have to morally judge an action that saves several lives at the cost of killing one person. According to the dual process corrective model of moral judgment suggested by Greene and collaborators (2001; 2004; 2008), cognitive control is necessary to override the intuitive, deontological force of the norm against killing and endorse the utilitarian perspective. However, a conflict model has been proposed more recently to account for part of the evidence in favor of dual process models in moral and social decision making. In this model, conflict, moral responses and reaction times arise from the interplay between individually variable motivational factors and objective parameters intrinsic to the choices offered. To further explore this model in the moral dilemma task, we confronted three different samples with a set of dilemmas representing an objective gradient of utilitarian pull, and collected data on moral judgment and on conflict in a 4-point scale. Collapsing all cases along the gradient, participants in each sample felt less conflicted on average when they gave extreme responses (1 or 4 in the UR scale). They felt less conflicted on average when responding to either the low- or the high-pull cases. The correlation between utilitarian responses and conflict was positive in the low-pull and negative in the high-pull cases. This pattern of data suggests that moral responses to sacrificial dilemmas are driven by decision conflict, which in turn depends on the interplay between an objective gradient of utilitarian pull and the moral motivations which regulate individual responsiveness to this gradient.
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5

Goldstein-Greenwood, Jacob, Paul Conway, Amy Summerville, and Brielle N. Johnson. "(How) Do You Regret Killing One to Save Five? Affective and Cognitive Regret Differ After Utilitarian and Deontological Decisions." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 9 (January 28, 2020): 1303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219897662.

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Sacrificial moral dilemmas, in which opting to kill one person will save multiple others, are definitionally suboptimal: Someone dies either way. Decision-makers, then, may experience regret about these decisions. Past research distinguishes affective regret, negative feelings about a decision, from cognitive regret, thoughts about how a decision might have gone differently. Classic dual-process models of moral judgment suggest that affective processing drives characteristically deontological decisions to reject outcome-maximizing harm, whereas cognitive deliberation drives characteristically utilitarian decisions to endorse outcome-maximizing harm. Consistent with this model, we found that people who made or imagined making sacrificial utilitarian judgments reliably expressed relatively more affective regret and sometimes expressed relatively less cognitive regret than those who made or imagined making deontological dilemma judgments. In other words, people who endorsed causing harm to save lives generally felt more distressed about their decision, yet less inclined to change it, than people who rejected outcome-maximizing harm.
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6

Brigaud, Emmanuelle, and Nathalie Blanc. "When dark humor and moral judgment meet in sacrificial dilemmas: Preliminary evidence with females." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 17, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.2417.

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The influence of dark humor on moral judgment has never been explored, even though this form of humor is well-known to push the boundaries of social norms. In the present study, we examined whether the presence of dark humor leads female participants to approve a utilitarian response (i.e., to kill one to save many) in sacrificial dilemmas. The effects of two types of humorous contexts were compared (i.e., dark vs. nondark) on dilemmas, which differed according to whom benefits from the crime (i.e., oneself and others vs. others only). In addition to collecting moral responses, individuals’ emotional states were assessed at three critical steps: Before and after reading the jokes and also after performing the moral judgment task. Our results revealed that dark and nondark humor similarly elicited a positive emotional state. However, dark humor increased the permissiveness of the moral violation when this violation created benefits for oneself. In self and other beneficial dilemmas, female participants in the dark humorous condition judged the utilitarian response more appropriate than those in the nondark condition. This study represents a first attempt in deepening our understanding of the context-dependent nature of moral judgment usually assessed in sacrificial dilemmas.
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7

Crone, Damien L., and Simon M. Laham. "Multiple moral foundations predict responses to sacrificial dilemmas." Personality and Individual Differences 85 (October 2015): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.041.

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8

Rosas, Alejandro, and David Aguilar-Pardo. "Extreme time-pressure reveals utilitarian intuitions in sacrificial dilemmas." Thinking & Reasoning 26, no. 4 (October 23, 2019): 534–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2019.1679665.

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9

Antoniou, Rea, Tobias Haeusermann, Alissa Bernstein Sideman, Celeste Fong, Patrick Callahan, Sherry Chen, Bruce L. Miller, Winston Chiong, and Katherine P. Rankin. "62 Moral Reasoning Through the Eyes of Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723003806.

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Objective:Persons with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) have been shown to exhibit altered morality, manifested as atypical utilitarian tendencies towards sacrificial moral dilemmas. This takes the form of endorsing harmful actions towards single individuals, including vulnerable or relationally close individuals (e.g. children, loved ones), in order to promote the greater good for the community or society as a whole. The dual process model of moral cognition interprets such tendencies as deriving from a lack of emotional engagement, whereas moral emotion theory views them as selective impairment in prosocial sentiments. We hypothesized that both the widespread neuropsychological practice of using sacrificial moral dilemmas to evaluate moral reasoning, and these tests' overreliance on quantitative results, inadequately represent how persons with bvFTD reason and feel while responding to moral dilemmas. To evaluate this hypothesis, we applied a mixed-methods approach to identify the reasoning, motivations, and emotional experiences of bvFTD persons during their deliberation about moral scenarios.Participants and Methods:We conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 participants: 7 persons with bvFTD & 7 older healthy controls. Transcripts were coded in Atlas 5.0 to characterize the underlying reasoning, emotions, response processes, and values that emerged when responding to a structured set of moral dilemmas. Our dilemmas measured utilitarian reasoning holistically by incorporating both sacrificial and impartial/altruistic components, as suggested by the 2-dimensional model of utilitarianism.Results:Unexpectedly, bvFTD persons articulated a prosocial compass when asked about their values, stating they were organizing their choices predominantly around kindness and altruism, even when they were making choices to harm loved ones or vulnerable individuals to promote the greater good. During moral deliberation, persons with bvFTD showed significantly less metacognition (bvFTD = 10%, HC = 90%) but reported more positive emotions (joy; bvFTD = 83%, HC = 17%) than negative (frustration; bvFTD = 30 %, HC = 70 %) compared to controls. Qualitatively, this observed emotional outlook was typically coupled with a more rigid, simplistic viewpoint (e.g., "I felt great, it was a no brainer"), suggesting a moral understanding lacking emotional nuance and complexity.Conclusions:Our data showed that bvFTD persons' utilitarian responses to moral dilemmas did not arise from an emotionally flat or antisocial cognitive perspective, but instead were guided by positive emotionality, simplistic reasoning, and prosocial values. These findings challenge the current understanding of the reasoning processes and experiences of persons with bvFTD and highlight the importance of incorporating mixed method approaches in dementia research that take into consideration the viewpoint of the cognitively compromised individual.
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10

Navarick, Douglas J. "Question framing and sensitivity to consequences in sacrificial moral dilemmas." Journal of Social Psychology 161, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2020.1749019.

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11

Chu, Yueying, and Peng Liu. "Machines and humans in sacrificial moral dilemmas: Required similarly but judged differently?" Cognition 239 (October 2023): 105575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105575.

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12

Denny, Brian S. "The Warden's Dilemma as Nested Game: Political Self-Sacrifice, Instrumental Rationality, and Third Parties." Government and Opposition 56, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2019.9.

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AbstractInspired by the famous Prisoner's Dilemma game theory model, Karin Marie Fierke introduced the Warden's Dilemma to explain self-sacrifice and compromise in asymmetric interactions and to show that such an explanation requires a social ontology. She applied her model to Irish Republican Army hunger strikes in 1980–1981. Her model, however, closely resembles what game theorists call a ‘nested game’. This article (re)introduces the nested Warden's Dilemma, focuses on the tripartite relationship inherent to the model and examines hunger strikes as part of a strategy potentially informed by instrumental rationality and knowledge of the Warden's Dilemma dynamic. After briefly discussing the implications of approaching self-sacrificial behaviour from a rationalist perspective, a case study of strategic non-violence in Myanmar (Burma) demonstrates how third parties can both diffuse instrumental rationality regarding political self-sacrifice and facilitate patterns of resistance that appear to capitalize on the Warden's Dilemma dynamic.
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13

Simpson, David, and Kyle Nash. "Applying process dissociation to self-sacrificial moral dilemmas: Extending the dual-process model." Cognition 250 (September 2024): 105873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105873.

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14

Landy, Justin F., Benjamin A. Lemli, Pritika Shah, Alexander D. Perry, and Rebekah Sager. "Moral preference reversals: Violations of procedure invariance in moral judgments of sacrificial dilemmas." Cognition 252 (November 2024): 105919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105919.

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15

Bauman, Christopher W., A. Peter McGraw, Daniel M. Bartels, and Caleb Warren. "Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8, no. 9 (September 2014): 536–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12131.

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16

Crone, Damien L., and Simon M. Laham. "Utilitarian preferences or action preferences? De-confounding action and moral code in sacrificial dilemmas." Personality and Individual Differences 104 (January 2017): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.022.

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17

Young, April D., and Andrew E. Monroe. "Autonomous morals: Inferences of mind predict acceptance of AI behavior in sacrificial moral dilemmas." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 85 (November 2019): 103870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103870.

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18

Awad, Edmond, Sohan Dsouza, Azim Shariff, Iyad Rahwan, and Jean-François Bonnefon. "Universals and variations in moral decisions made in 42 countries by 70,000 participants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 5 (January 21, 2020): 2332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911517117.

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When do people find it acceptable to sacrifice one life to save many? Cross-cultural studies suggested a complex pattern of universals and variations in the way people approach this question, but data were often based on small samples from a small number of countries outside of the Western world. Here we analyze responses to three sacrificial dilemmas by 70,000 participants in 10 languages and 42 countries. In every country, the three dilemmas displayed the same qualitative ordering of sacrifice acceptability, suggesting that this ordering is best explained by basic cognitive processes rather than cultural norms. The quantitative acceptability of each sacrifice, however, showed substantial country-level variations. We show that low relational mobility (where people are more cautious about not alienating their current social partners) is strongly associated with the rejection of sacrifices for the greater good (especially for Eastern countries), which may be explained by the signaling value of this rejection. We make our dataset fully available as a public resource for researchers studying universals and variations in human morality.
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Bostyn, D. H., J. De Keersmaecker, J. Van Assche, and A. Roets. "Bright mind, moral mind? Intelligence is unrelated to consequentialist moral judgment in sacrificial moral dilemmas." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 27, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01676-9.

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20

Kahane, Guy. "Sidetracked by trolleys: Why sacrificial moral dilemmas tell us little (or nothing) about utilitarian judgment." Social Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (March 20, 2015): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2015.1023400.

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21

Kahane, Guy, Jim A. C. Everett, Brian D. Earp, Miguel Farias, and Julian Savulescu. "‘Utilitarian’ judgments in sacrificial moral dilemmas do not reflect impartial concern for the greater good." Cognition 134 (January 2015): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.10.005.

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22

Druică, Elena, Toni Gibea, Rodica Ianole-Călin, and Emanuel Socaciu. "Do Moral Judgments in Moral Dilemmas Make One More Inclined to Choose a Medical Degree?" Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 6 (June 5, 2023): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13060474.

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The role of moral intuitions and moral judgments has become increasingly prominent in educational and academic choices. The present research aims to examine if the moral judgments elicited in sacrificial trolley dilemmas have a distinct pattern for the decisions made by junior medical students, in comparison to those of senior high school students. We work with this sample because it represents the population out of which medical students are recruited in the case of Bucharest, Romania. Our findings show that moral judgments are indeed a significant predictor for a respondent’s status as medical students. This result, albeit with limitations, bears multiple practical implications, from developing empirically informed medical ethics courses in medical schools to evidence-based policy designs which consider factors such as morality alongside financial outcomes and incentives.
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23

Bostyn, D. H., and A. Roets. "Sequential decision-making impacts moral judgment: How iterative dilemmas can expand our perspective on sacrificial harm." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 98 (January 2022): 104244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104244.

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24

Maranges, Heather M., Susan K. Chen, and Paul Conway. "Insecure and insensitive: Avoidant and anxious attachment predict less concern for others in sacrificial moral dilemmas." Personality and Individual Differences 185 (February 2022): 111274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111274.

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Takamatsu, Reina, and Jiro Takai. "With or Without Empathy: Primary Psychopathy and Difficulty in Identifying Feelings Predict Utilitarian Judgment in Sacrificial Dilemmas." Ethics & Behavior 29, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2017.1367684.

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Rosas, Alejandro, Hugo Viciana, Esteban Caviedes, and Alejandra Arciniegas. "Hot utilitarianism and cold deontology: Insights from a response patterns approach to sacrificial and real world dilemmas." Social Neuroscience 14, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2018.1464945.

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27

Natali, Marcos P. "O sacrifício da literatura." Alea : Estudos Neolatinos 15, no. 1 (June 2013): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-106x2013000100013.

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Partindo da leitura de um trecho da Circonfissão de Jacques Derrida, o trabalho revisita a questão do sacrifício, agora tendo em vista sua possível contribuição para uma reflexão sobre os estudos literários no presente. Se o sacrifício é o anúncio de uma escolha, a estrutura sacrificial pode ser útil para pensar a literatura em suas relações com demandas de diversas naturezas, ressaltando eventuais semelhanças entre a teoria literária e a teologia em suas respostas à diferença. A leitura do livro de Derrida, texto escrito durante doença de sua mãe, permite que se avalie como o autor imagina que a literatura responde a dilemas éticos presentes na escrita de qualquer texto.
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28

Sharma Kandel, Bhanu Bhakta. "Grace of Sacrifice: A Study of Henry James’ The Wings of the Dove." Literary Oracle 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2024): 46–62. https://doi.org/10.70532/lodec2404.

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The Wings of the Dove, a novel by Henry James, is rich with themes of love, sacrifice, and moral ambiguity. Central to its narrative is the character of Milly Theale, a wealthy American heiress stricken with a fatal illness, whose fortune attracts the attention of Kate Croy and Merton Densher, two lovers entangled in a complex web of desire and ambition. This article explores the concept of sacrifice embodied by Milly’s character, examining how her impending death catalyzes profound emotional and ethical dilemmas for those around her. Milly’s sacrificial nature serves as a lens through which James critiques individuals’ moral compromises in pursuit of their desires, highlighting the tension between self-interest and altruism. Through Milly’s story, James delves into the complexities of human relationships, revealing the profound impact of sacrifice on the sacrificial giver and its beneficiary. James claims that he has used his theory of the ‘Art of Fiction’ to deal with the actual happenings in his novels, which have made his novels real rather than realistic. This article attempts to see whether he has successfully applied his theory in his creations and whether the representation of ‘life-lived’ is possible in literature, as he claims. It is qualitative research based on library material. The study’s finding is that it is neither possible to create a formula for reading and writing fiction nor is it possible to represent real life in literature.
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Zhang, Zhiyu. "Gender Bias and the Power Shaping: An Analysis of Female Characters in the Film Ne Zha 2." International Journal of Education and Humanities 19, no. 1 (April 14, 2025): 128–31. https://doi.org/10.54097/v4x5ec49.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the four female characters in the film Ne Zha 2 -Lady Yin, Crane Girl, Ao Run, and Lady Shiji-by exploring the ways in which their roles are presented in the film, it reveals how traditional gender biases and societal expectations affect women's position in the power structure.Lady Yin, as a mother and female general, is marginalized as a sacrificial character in the story despite her leadership.Crane Girl has a high status among the divine attendants, yet remains as a subordinate to the male characters, reflecting a clear gender hierarchical order.The characters of Ao Run and Lady Shiji also present different gendered behaviors and dilemmas, demonstrating the invisible limitations of women in power struggles in traditional Chinese culture.This paper argues that these female role settings reflect deeper social gender norms and contribute to gender bias in contemporary media.
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Reynolds, Caleb J., Anastasia Makhanova, Larissa Nikonova, Lisa A. Eckel, and Paul Conway. "Testosterone and cortisol do not predict rejecting harm or maximizing outcomes in sacrificial moral dilemmas: A preregistered analysis." Hormones and Behavior 136 (November 2021): 105063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105063.

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31

Pletti, Carolina, Lorella Lotto, Giulia Buodo, and Michela Sarlo. "It's immoral, but I'd do it! Psychopathy traits affect decision-making in sacrificial dilemmas and in everyday moral situations." British Journal of Psychology 108, no. 2 (July 2, 2016): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12205.

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32

Zeigler-Hill, Virgil, Avi Besser, Sinead Cronin, and Jennifer K. Vrabel. "Pathological Personality Traits and Utilitarian Moral Judgments." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, no. 3 (March 2018): 182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.3.182.

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Recent research has highlighted important individual differences in moral judgment. The present study extends these findings by examining the associations between pathological personality traits and utilitarian moral judgments. This was accomplished by asking 2,121 Israeli community members to complete self-report measures concerning their pathological personality traits and evaluate the acceptability of utilitarian moral judgments in various sacrificial dilemmas (is it acceptable to intentionally kill one person in order to save several other people?). The results showed that the pathological personality traits of antagonism and disinhibition were positively associated with the endorsement of personal utilitarian moral judgments (i.e., those decisions requiring the individual to directly inflict harm on the would-be sacrificed individual), whereas negative affectivity was negatively associated with personal utilitarian moral judgments. Antagonism was the only pathological personality trait associated with impersonal utilitarian moral judgments (i.e., those decisions that did not require the individual to directly inflict harm on the would-be sacrificed individual). Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for understanding the associations between pathological personality traits and moral judgments.
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Barbosa, Sergio, and William Jiménez-Leal. "It’s not right but it’s permitted: Wording effects in moral judgement." Judgment and Decision Making 12, no. 3 (May 2017): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005908.

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AbstractThis study aims to provide evidence about two widely held assumptions in the experimental study of moral judgment. First, that different terms used to ask for moral judgment (e.g., blame, wrongness, permissibility…) can be treated as synonyms and hence used interchangeably. Second, that the moral and legal status of the judged action are independent of one another and thus moral judgment have no influence of legal or other conventional considerations. Previous research shows mixed results on these claims. We recruited 660 participants who provided moral judgment to three identical sacrificial dilemmas using seven different terms. We experimentally manipulated the explicit legal status of the judged action. Results suggest that terms that highlight the utilitarian nature of the judged action cause harsher moral judgments as a mechanism of reputation preservation. Also, the manipulation of the legal status of the judged action holds for all considered terms but is larger for impermissibility judgments. Taken as a whole, our results imply that, although subtle, different terms used to ask for moral judgment have theoretically and methodologically relevant differences which calls for further scrutiny.
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Chen, Xiyou, Zhihui Wu, Bin Zhan, Daoqun Ding, and Xiangyi Zhang. "Effects of Alexithymia on Moral Decision-Making in Sacrificial Dilemmas: High Alexithymia is Associated with Weaker Sensitivity to Moral Norms." Psychology Research and Behavior Management Volume 16 (June 2023): 2315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s407744.

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35

Souza, Cristiane Rodrigues de. "Danças dramáticas populares e versos amorosos de Mário de Andrade." Manuscrítica: Revista de Crítica Genética, no. 23 (March 15, 2012): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2596-2477.i23p32-54.

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Mário de Andrade, por meio de sua produção poética, resgata traços, tons, ritmos e sonoridades brasileiras, recriando-os em versos e estrofes eruditos. Após Clã do jabuti (1927), em que gêneros musicais populares do Brasil moldam os versos do poeta, Mário parte, em Remate de males (1930), em busca de sua “música interior”, como afirma Bastide , multifacetada e complexa, percebendo a expressão brasileira como parte de seu ser arlequinal. Em Tempo da Maria (1926), grupo de poemas do livro de 1930, o poeta recupera “uma das manifestações [...] da música popular brasileira” , as danças dramáticas, atualizando sua estrutura, assim como seus aspectos simbólicos, por meio de seus versos, ao mesmo tempo em que discorre sobre dilemas amorosos do eu lírico. O estudo detido do poema “Louvação da tarde”, do grupo de poemas de 1926, possibilitará a compreensão da multiplicidade do eu lírico que se entrega, como boi sacrificial, à paisagem brasileira, expressando, por meio da incorporação de elementos musicais populares, o seu ser múltiplo.
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Majid, M. Kharis, and Siti Maulida Nur Azizah. "Redemption of Sins in Christianity: Analysis of the Holy Bible Texts." Journal of Comparative Study of Religions 4, no. 01 (May 19, 2024): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21111/jcsr.v4i01.11092.

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Sin has been a frequently discussed topic in the context of Christianity. The concept of inherited sin is viewed as a barrier between humans and God. Christians believe in the redemption of this sin through the sacred blood of Jesus Christ. This concept was prophesied in the Old Testament and fulfilled in the New Testament. This research focuses on the fundamental question regarding the forgiveness of sins through the blood of Jesus, which, over time, evolved from the practice of redemption through priests to the inclusion of indulgences. The objective of this study is to examine and comprehend the sacredness of Jesus Christ's blood, which is the centerpiece of Christian belief, where His blood is seen as the means of sin redemption. A critical descriptive analysis method is employed to explore these the means of sin redemption. A critical descriptive analysis method is employed to explore these viewpoints, revealing various dilemmas arising from Paul's interpretation of this concept. The research findings indicate that the concept of sin in Christianity is a core element of Christian faith, wherein inherited sin can only be absolved through the sacrificial blood of Jesus. However, contemporary Christian teachings have undergone transformations that alter original aspects of the doctrine, where Paul's interpretations, seen as introductions to Christian teachings, influence the original meanings and give rise to the practice of indulgences, which have become part of the evolving Christian doctrine.
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Yao, Xianglin, and Jiahui Ling. "Charm of Nuo—Nuo Opera “Dongdongtui” of Dong Minority." World Journal of Social Science Research 6, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v6n2p176.

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<em>“Dongdongtui”, a kind of original sacrificial Nuo opera, was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage protection list in 2006. It only exists in Tianjing village, Xinhuang Dong autonomous county, Hunan province. Previously, the researchers only focused on the study of the intangible cultural heritage value of “Dongdongtui” and the exploration of its inheritance and development. However, due to the internal and external resistance, the government has not achieved good results in the implementation of the action, and the people with insight are unable to protect it. The national inheritor is 90 years old. His disciples are not capable enough to take up the mantle. There are few new students, and the influence of “Dongdongtui” is very limited in the region. “Dongdongtui” is spiritually lack of attraction, penetration, social acceptance and so on. It is facing with a dilemma of inheritance and development. Based on these, we went to the village and got close to “Dongdongtui”, personally felt the charm of masks, costumes and performances, and inquired about its value. Finally, combining with local geography, culture and tourism resources, we tried to propose a new region-wide tourism strategy which is suitable for the development of “Dongdongtui”.</em>
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Polianska, Ir M. "The image of Solveig in the ballet “Peer Gynt” on H. Ibsen’s dramatic poem (staged by the Kharkiv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre)." Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 57, no. 57 (March 10, 2020): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum1-57.12.

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Introduction. The given article is devoted to study of the Ukrainian ballet continuing to produce new ways of implementation of the ideas and artistic images in the beginning of the XXI century. The production of the ballet “Peer Gynt” on the music by E. Grieg, done by People’s artist of Ukraine V. Pisarev for the troupe of Donetsk ‘A. Solovianenko’ Academic State Theatre of Opera and Ballet is a remarkable example of this process. The production’s premiere was on, 1997, May 17, in the framework of the international theatre project “Ukraine – Norway”. Twenty years later, in 2017, the new variant of the ballet has been created for Kharkiv National Opera and Ballet Theatre named after M. V. Lysenko. This “Kharkiv variant” was staged regarding specifics of Kharkiv theatre’s troupe, while retaining the choreographic text of the original; it is marked by scenography and decorations being more spectacular and modern. The work by H. Ibsen received harsh critique from literary scholars who gave plenty of negative reviews of it, and it was E.Grieg’s music that led this poetic drama to wide recognition and popularity it has today. H. Ibsen’s piece became a base for more than the ten of films, directed from 1915 until 2006. As well as E Grieg’s music, which mostly accompanies the theatrical and cinematic interpretations of the drama poem, there are homonymous opera by Werner Egk (1938) and the ballet by John Neumeier, created in a collaboration with A. Schnittke (1987). As a ballet, the “Peer Gynt” is being staged since 1922 up to present day. The object of this research is musically-plastique image of Solveig. The aim of the study is to reveal specifics of musically-plastique, choreographic means, which are used to portray Solveig’s image in V. Pisarev’s production of ballet “Peer Gynt” regarding literary source. The article uses such methods as: 1) historical, allowing to place selected work into the perspective of development of ballet theatre in XXI century; 2) genre approach conditioned by specifics of means of expression used in choreographic art; 3) stylistic, used to regard given ballet in the context of choreographic art. The research results. H. Ibsen elevated the story to the level of philosophical parable about man’s freedom to choose his own path and about the price this freedom comes with. A psychological portrait of the protagonist, wanderer Peer Gynt, combines traits of both humanist and insane. The playwright creates opposition between him and Solveig, majestic in her spiritual martyrdom. According to H. Ibsen’s conception, it is Solveig, being an incarnation of the very best feminine traits, such as chastity, fidelity and kindness, who saves the prodigal soul of the protagonist. In the end of his earthly path, Peer Gynt finally finds what he has been looking for his entire life – self-sacrificial Love, saving him from the eternal suffering near his death. The libretto is written by Yu. Stanishevsky, historian of ballet. The author significantly abridges the text of the dramatic poem, reducing the number of acts from five to two. The First act consists of 4 tableaus, the Second has only two; Yu. Stanishevsky omits several situations in order to make the spectacle more dynamic. The libretto features the image of Solveig only six times: thrice in the First act and thrice in the Second. But despite sporadicity and brevity of Solveig’s presence on the stage, this image plays a leading role in the dramaturgy of the ballet, no less significant than Peer Gynt. Today the poem “Peer Gynt” by H. Ibsen is hardly imaginable without E. Grieg’s music. Its score (op. 23) consisted of 28 numbers , and it included dance intermedia and introduction to every Act; dance fragments, genre scenes, portraits, fantastic episodes and landscape sceneries. Later, the composer compiled the most interesting and self-sufficient numbers into two Suites. Conspicuous Romantic style of the score might be compared to the image of blonde-haired maiden Solveig, who betokens pure femininity. The ballet of V. Pisarev consists of 8 tableaus and 3 numbers. In order to create this ballet spectacle, its author used several types of choreographic art to reveal its idea more profoundly. V. Pisarev embodied the plot of H. Ibsen’s poem using a fusion of classical and neo-classical dance as well as a reconstruction of the folklore-scenic Norwegian dance. Ballet master draws attention to the inner world of a protagonist, who is facing a dilemma: either to remain for fix the situation, or to run away once again. Significance of Solveig’s image is emphasized by the choreographic text of the ballet, as her role becomes a plastique leit-motiv of the whole work. Choreographic lexicon of Solveig is founded upon traditional Classical dance and occasional movements of contemporary dance. Conclusions. The image of Solveig is a demanding one, both technically and psychologically as the ballerina must demonstrate advanced technique and high artistry. Solveig’s dance is plastique, sculpture-like, filled with profound psychologism and elaborated expressiveness. Solveig is one of the most powerful and iconic examples of femininity and self-sacrificial love in romantic art keeping its actuality until today.
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Bostyn, Dries H., Subramanya Prasad Chandrashekar, and Arne Roets. "Deontologists are not always trusted over utilitarians: revisiting inferences of trustworthiness from moral judgments." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (January 30, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27943-3.

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Abstract Recent research has looked at how people infer the moral character of others based on how they resolve sacrificial moral dilemmas. Previous studies provide consistent evidence for the prediction that those who endorse outcome-maximizing, utilitarian judgments are disfavored in social dilemmas and are seen as less trustworthy in comparison to those who support harm-rejecting deontological judgments. However, research investigating this topic has studied a limited set of sacrificial dilemmas and did not test to what extent these effects might be moderated by specific features of the situation described in the sacrificial dilemma (for instance, whether the dilemma involves mortal or non-mortal harm). In the current manuscript, we assessed the robustness of previous findings by exploring how trust inference of utilitarian and deontological decision makers is moderated by five different contextual factors (such as whether the sacrificial harm is accomplished by an action or inaction), as well as by participants’ own moral preferences. While we find some evidence that trust perceptions of others are moderated by dilemma features, we find a much stronger effect of participants’ own moral preference: deontologists favored other deontologists and utilitarians favored utilitarians. Protocol registration The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 21 September 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21325953.
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Bacchini, Dario, Grazia De Angelis, Mirella Dragone, Concetta Esposito, and Gaetana Affuso. "Individual and Environmental Correlates of Adolescents’ Moral Decision-Making in Moral Dilemmas." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (November 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.770891.

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While extensive research has been conducted on adults’ judgments in moral sacrificial dilemmas, there is little research on adolescents. The present study aimed at: (1) adding further empirical evidence about adolescents’ moral decisions (deontological vs. utilitarian) in sacrificial moral dilemmas and (2) investigating how these moral decisions relate with gender, school grade, emotional traits (callous-unemotional traits), context-related experiences (perceived parental rejection and community violence exposure), and moral-related factors (moral disengagement and universalism value). A sample of 755 Italian adolescents (54.7% females; Mean age=16.45, SD=1.61) attending the second and the fifth year of secondary school took part in the study. Two sacrificial trolley-type dilemmas (where harmful actions promote the greater good) were presented. In the “switch” scenario (impersonal sacrificial dilemma), the choice is whether to hit a switch to save five people killing only one person. In the “footbridge” scenario (personal sacrificial dilemma), the choice is whether to push a large man off a footbridge saving five persons. For each scenario, participants had to indicate whether the proposed action was “morally acceptable” or not. Data were analyzed performing generalized linear mixed models. Our results showed that: (1) Adolescents were more likely to indicate as admissible to hit the switch rather than to push the large man; (2) male adolescents, compared to females, were more likely to say it was morally acceptable to intervene in the footbridge dilemma, whereas younger adolescents said it was morally acceptable both in the switch and the footbridge situations; and (3) higher levels of callous-unemotional traits, perceived parental rejection, and moral disengagement, on the one hand, and lower levels of universalism, on the other hand, were associated to higher admissibility to intervene in the footbridge scenario. Higher community violence exposure was associated with a lower propensity to intervene in the switch scenario. Overall, the present study expands the research on sacrificial dilemmas involving a sample of adolescents. The findings support previous studies concerning the role of emotions in making moral decisions but, at the same, open new perspectives regarding the role of contextual experiences and moral-related factors.
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Bruno, Giovanni, Andrea Spoto, Lorella Lotto, Nicola Cellini, Simone Cutini, and Michela Sarlo. "Framing self-sacrifice in the investigation of moral judgment and moral emotions in human and autonomous driving dilemmas." Motivation and Emotion, May 4, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-023-10024-3.

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AbstractIn the investigation of moral judgments of autonomous vehicles (AVs), the paradigm of the sacrificial dilemma is a widespread and flexible experimental tool. In this context, the sacrifice of the AV’s passenger typically occurs upon enactment of the utilitarian option, which differs from traditional sacrificial dilemmas, in which the moral agent’s life is often jeopardized in the non-utilitarian counterpart. The present within-subject study (n = 183) is aimed at deepening the role of self-sacrifice framing, comparing autonomous- and human-driving text-based moral dilemmas in terms of moral judgment and intensity of four moral emotions (shame, guilt, anger, and disgust). A higher endorsement of utilitarian behavior was observed in human-driving dilemmas and for self-protective utilitarian behaviors. Interestingly, the utilitarian option was considered less moral, shameful, and blameworthy in the case of concurrent self-sacrifice. The present study collects novel information on how different levels of driving automation shape moral judgment and emotions, also providing new evidence on the role of self-sacrifice framing in moral dilemmas.
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Ng, Nyx L., and Bertram Gawronski. "Social Impressions and Moral-Dilemma Judgments." Social Psychological and Personality Science, March 14, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506251324689.

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Prior research suggests that people hold more favorable impressions of others who make deontological (vs. utilitarian) judgments in sacrificial moral dilemmas. To examine the specific factors underlying this phenomenon, two preregistered studies ( N = 644) measured impressions of morality, sociability, and competence of a known target person and investigated their associations with welfare maximization, norm adherence, and general action aversion in presumed moral-dilemma judgments of the target person. Results suggest a reliable positive association between perceived morality and norm adherence in presumed moral-dilemma judgments. Other factors of social impressions and moral-dilemma judgments revealed inconsistent results. The findings underscore the centrality of norm adherence in naïve intuitions of morality.
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Carron, Robin, Emmanuelle Brigaud, Royce Anders, and Nathalie Blanc. "Being blind (or not) to scenarios used in sacrificial dilemmas: the influence of factual and contextual information on moral responses." Frontiers in Psychology 15 (October 28, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1477825.

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IntroductionTraditionally, human morality has been largely studied with classical sacrificial dilemmas. A way to advance current understandings of moral judgment and decision-making may involve testing the impact of contexts that are made available to individuals presented with these archetypal dilemmas. This preliminary study focused on assessing whether the availability of factual and contextual information delivered through classical scenarios would change moral responses.MethodA total of 334 participants were presented with sacrificial dilemmas either with a scenario or without a scenario before performing two moral tasks: one consisted in moral judgment (e.g., is it acceptable to sacrifice one person to save five?) and one was related to choice of action (e.g., would you sacrifice one person to save five?). In the condition with a scenario, participants were presented with a story describing the dilemma, its protagonists, their roles, the location and some background details of the situation, before answering to the two moral tasks. In the condition without a scenario, participants were only asked to perform the two moral tasks without any additional contextual elements usually provided by the scenario. Participants’ emotions were also measured before and after completing the two moral tasks.ResultsThe results indicated that the presence of a scenario did not affect moral judgments. However, the presence of a scenario significantly increased utilitarian action choices (i.e., sacrificing one person in the interest of saving a greater number) and this effect was partially mediated by an increase in the perceived plausibility of the sacrificial action. Regarding emotional reaction to dilemmas, no differences were observed between the two conditions, suggesting that emotions are mainly based on the two moral tasks.DiscussionThese findings underscore the value of carefully considering the role of factual and contextual information provided by the scenarios in moral dilemmas.
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Rehren, Paul. "The effect of cognitive load, ego depletion, induction and time restriction on moral judgments about sacrificial dilemmas: a meta-analysis." Frontiers in Psychology 15 (May 2, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1388966.

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Greene's influential dual-process model of moral cognition (mDPM) proposes that when people engage in Type 2 processing, they tend to make consequentialist moral judgments. One important source of empirical support for this claim comes from studies that ask participants to make moral judgments while experimentally manipulating Type 2 processing. This paper presents a meta-analysis of the published psychological literature on the effect of four standard cognitive-processing manipulations (cognitive load; ego depletion; induction; time restriction) on moral judgments about sacrificial moral dilemmas [n = 44; k = 68; total N = 14, 003; M(N) = 194.5]. The overall pooled effect was in the direction predicted by the mDPM, but did not reach statistical significance. Restricting the dataset to effect sizes from (high-conflict) personal sacrificial dilemmas (a type of sacrificial dilemma that is often argued to be best suited for tests of the mDPM) also did not yield a significant pooled effect. The same was true for a meta-analysis of the subset of studies that allowed for analysis using the process dissociation approach [n = 8; k = 12; total N = 2, 577; M(N) = 214.8]. I argue that these results undermine one important line of evidence for the mDPM and discuss a series of potential objections against this conclusion.
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Stibbard-Hawkes, Duncan N. E., Linda Abarbanell, Ibrahim A. Mabulla, Endeko S. Endeko, Cristine H. Legare, and Coren L. Apicella. "Foreign-language effects in cross-cultural behavioural research: Evidence from the Tanzanian Hadza." PNAS Nexus, June 3, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae218.

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Abstract Behavioural research in traditional subsistence populations is often conducted in a non-native language. Recent studies show that non-native language-use systematically influences behaviour, including in widely-used methodologies. However, such studies are largely conducted in rich, industrialised societies, using at least one European language. This study expands sample diversity. We presented four standard tasks ― a ‘dictator’ game, two sacrificial dilemmas, a wager task and five Likert- risk tolerance measures ― to 129 Hadza participants. We randomly varied study languages ― Hadzane and Kiswahili ― between participants. We report a moderate impact of study language on wager decisions, alongside a substantial effect on dilemma decisions and responses to Likert-assessments of risk. As expected, non-native languages fostered utilitarian choices in sacrificial dilemmas. Unlike previous studies, non-native-language-use decreased risk preference in wager and Likert-tasks. We consider alternative explanatory mechanisms to account for this reversal, including linguistic relativity and cultural context. Given the strength of the effects reported here, we recommend, where possible, that future cross-cultural research should be conducted in participants’ first language.
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Xu, Xinyi, Dries Bostyn, Xiaopeng Ren, and Arne Roets. "An Eastern Look at a Western Dilemma: Cross-Cultural Differences in Action-Balanced Trolley Dilemmas." Social Psychological and Personality Science, October 25, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19485506241289459.

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Moral judgment has been extensively studied utilizing traditional trolley-like sacrificial dilemmas. However, by building on Western philosophies and relying on WEIRD samples, this approach has potentially introduced a Western-centric bias to our understanding of the morality of sacrificial harm, by (a) assuming an inherent opposition between utilitarian and deontological morality and (b) underestimating cultural differences on the moral value of inaction. To address this bias, our study examined cross-cultural differences in moral judgment using an adapted methodology that equally weighs action/inaction framing and considers utilitarian and deontological choices separately. The findings demonstrate that Chinese participants ( n = 273) embraced a more holistic moral construct with utilitarian and deontological moral approaches being positively correlated, whereas American participants ( n = 240) viewed them as opposing to each other. Moreover, we also found that Chinese participants were more, rather than less utilitarian than American participants in trolley-like dilemmas when balancing action and inaction.
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Park, Junsu, Yongmin Shin, Seungmin Kim, Seho Maeng, and Jungjoon Ihm. "Effects of perspective switching and utilitarian thinking on moral judgments in a sacrificial dilemma among healthcare and non-healthcare students." Current Psychology, February 16, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04380-z.

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AbstractDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare professionals have often faced moral challenges, which required them to choose between endorsing self- or other-sacrifice for the greater good. Drawing on the altruistic rationalization hypothesis and trait-activation theory, this study investigates (a) whether healthcare students’ endorsement of utilitarian solutions to sacrificial moral dilemmas varies when they are confronted with the minority group, majority group, or third-person perspective on the given dilemma and (b) whether individual differences in utilitarian thinking, as measured by the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale (both instrumental harm and impartial beneficence), predict endorsement of utilitarian solutions to moral dilemmas. The study population was divided into a group of healthcare students and a group of non-healthcare students. It was found that the members of both groups expressed a stronger pro-utilitarian position when making moral dilemma judgments from a majority perspective than from the two other perspectives. However, a difference was observed with healthcare students being more reluctant to endorse the utilitarian action than their non-healthcare counterparts in the self-in-majority context. The instrumental harm component was a significant predictor of utilitarian judgments in the healthcare group, but impartial beneficence significantly predicted utilitarian judgments in the non-healthcare group in the self-in-majority context.
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Greene, Joshua D. "Dual-process moral judgment beyond fast and slow." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 46 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x22003193.

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Abstract De Neys makes a compelling case that the sacrificial moral dilemmas do not elicit competing “fast and slow” processes. But are there even two processes? Or just two intuitions? There remains strong evidence, most notably from lesion studies, that sacrificial dilemmas engage distinct cognitive processes generating conflicting emotional and rational responses. The dual-process theory gets much right, but needs revision.
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Shin, Yongmin, Seungmin Kim, Do-Hwan Kim, Seunghee Lee, Minhae Cho, and Jungjoon Ihm. "The effect of deliberative process on the self-sacrificial decisions of utilitarian healthcare students." BMC Medical Ethics 23, no. 1 (March 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12910-022-00769-w.

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Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted prosocial behavior as a professional healthcare core competency. Although medical students are expected to work in the best interests of their patients, in the pandemic context, there is a greater need for ethical attention to be paid to the way medical students deal with moral dilemmas that may conflict with their obligations. Methods This study was conducted in the spring semester of 2019 on 271 students majoring in health professions: medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. All participants provided informed consent and completed measures that assessed utilitarian moral views, cognitive reflections, cognitive reappraisal, and moral judgment. Results The healthcare-affiliated students who scored higher on the instrumental harm subscale in the measurement of utilitarian moral views were more likely to endorse not only other-sacrificial actions but also self-sacrificial ones for the greater good in moral dilemma scenarios. In particular, those engaged in deliberative processes tended to make more self-sacrificial judgments. The mediation analysis also revealed that the effect of deliberative processes on self-sacrificial judgments was mediated by cognitive reappraisal. Conclusions These findings suggested that cognitive reappraisal through deliberative processes is involved when the students with utilitarian inclination make prosocial decisions, that it is necessary to consider both moral views and emotional regulation when admitting candidates, and that moral education programs are needed in the healthcare field.
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Yavuz, Melisa, Aylin C. Küntay, and Susanne Brouwer. "The effect of foreign language and psychological distance on moral judgment in Turkish–English bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, October 18, 2023, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728923000706.

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Abstract People's judgements differ systematically while reading moral dilemmas in their native or their foreign language. This so-called Foreign Language Effect (FLE) has been found in many language pairs when tested with artificial, sacrificial moral dilemmas (i.e., Trolley and Footbridge). In Experiment 1, we investigated whether the FLE can be replicated in Turkish (native) – English (foreign) bilinguals using the same dilemmas (N = 203). These unrealistic and decontextualized dilemmas have been criticized for providing low external validity. Therefore, in Experiment 2, we (1) tested bilinguals with realistic scenarios which included the protagonist's age as a source of identity (child, adult, neutral), and (2) investigated the FLE in these scenarios (N = 467). Our results revealed that the FLE was not present in Turkish–English bilinguals, tested either on sacrificial dilemmas or realistic scenarios. Psychological distance of the scenarios, protagonists’ age and the perceived age similarity with the protagonist affected moral judgments.
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