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Journal articles on the topic 'Diluent oils'
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1
Scott, William P., Joseph E. Mulrooney, and Alvin R. Womac. "Mortality of Susceptible and Resistant Heliothis virescens Larvae Exposed to Various Petroleum Oils and Insecticide Rates." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.4.466.
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Spray table tests with cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. leaves demonstrated that petroleum oil/diluent residues caused higher mortality in laboratory susceptible tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens L., larvae than in a laboratory resistant strain. Paraffinic diluents with bifenthrin caused higher mortality of the susceptible and resistant larvae under conditions of long-term exposure to spray residues than bifenthrin in an isoparaffinic oil or an aromatic solvent. None of the bifenthrin-oil treatments increased mortality above water-bifenthrin in either resistant or susceptible strains.
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Hubmann, Magdalena, and Jonathan M. Curtis. "A biobased reactive accelerant and diluent for solvent-free drying oils." Progress in Organic Coatings 157 (August 2021): 106024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.106024.
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Montes, Daniel, Wendy Orozco, Esteban Taborda, Camilo Franco, and Farid Cortés. "Development of Nanofluids for Perdurability in Viscosity Reduction of Extra-Heavy Oils." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061068.
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The primary objective of this study is the development of nanofluids based on different diluent/dispersant ratios (DDR) for extra-heavy oil (EHO) viscosity reduction and its perdurability over time. Different diluents such as xylene, diesel, n-pentane, and n-heptane were evaluated for the formulation of the carrier fluid. Instability of asphaltenes was assessed for all diluents through colloidal instability index (CII) and Oliensis tests. Rheology measurements and hysteresis loop tests were performed using a rotational rheometer at 30 °C. The CII values for the alkanes type diluents were around 0.57, results that were corroborated with the Oliensis tests as asphaltenes precipitation was observed with the use of these diluents. This data was related to the viscosity reduction degree (VRD) reported for the different diluents. With the use of the alkanes, the VRD does not surpass the 60%, while with the use of xylene a VRD of approximately 85% was achieved. Dimethylformamide was used as a dispersant of the nanoparticles and had a similar VRD than that for xylene (87%). Subsequent experiments were performed varying the DDR (xylene/dimethylformamide) for different dosages up to 7 vol % determining that a DDR = 0.2 and a dosage of 5 vol % was appropriated for enhancing EHO VRD, obtaining a final value of 89%. Different SiO2 nanoparticles were evaluated in the viscosity reduction tests reporting the best results using 9 nm nanoparticles that were then included at 1000 mg·L−1 in the carrier fluid, increasing the VRD up to 4% and enhancing the perdurability based on the rheological hysteresis and the viscosity measurements for 30 days. Results showed a viscosity increase of 20 and 80% for the crude oil with the nanofluid and the carrier fluid after 30 days, respectively. The nanoparticles have a synergistic effect in the viscosity reduction and the inhibition of the viscoelastic network re-organization (perdurability) after treatment application which was also observed in the rheological modeling carried out with Cross and Carreau models as the reported characteristic relaxation time was increased almost a 20%. Moreover, the Vipulanandan rheological model denotes a higher maximum stress value reached by the EHO with the addition of nanofluids which is derived from the EHO internal structure rearrangement caused by the asphaltenes adsorption phenomenon.
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Borisenko, A. L., M. I. Bliznyukova, and V. A. Panasenko. "THE PREPARATION OF WATER-OLIVE EMULSIONS FROM WASTE AND BY-PRODUCTS OF COKECHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF PJSC "YUZHKOKS" FOR ADJUNCTION TO COAL BLEND." Journal of Coal Chemistry 1 (2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2020-0-5-9-18.
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The existing experience and results of previous studies for the production of emulsions from resinous waste and by-products of coke production has been analyzed. A necessary condition for the creation of stable emulsion is the presence in its composition of three main components: diluent oil, emulsifiers and a neutralizing agent. In order to determine the suitability of waste and by-products of production of PJSC "YUZHKOKS" as components of water-oil emulsions, the physicochemical characteristics of acid tar of ammonia capture, neutralized acid tar of rectification of crude benzene, resins and oils of biochemical plant, non-boiling residues of monoethanolamine desulfurization of coke oven gas, alkaline water, storage waste and coal tar has been studied. The ability of these materials to mix with each other has been also studied. As a result of research, it has been found that the presents of coal tar in the composition of the diluent oil leads to the formation of more stable over time emulsions with low viscosity. The amount of coal tar in diluent oils should be 50-70 %. Non-boiling residues of monoethanolamine purification of coke oven gas from hydrogen sulfide proved to be a better neutralizing agent than alkaline water, in particular, for the reason that in some cases their use allowed to obtain homogeneous mixtures without delamination and separation of the aqueous layer by mixing emulsion components. It has been shown that when emulsions preparing it is important to follow the order of mixing the components. Based on the obtained data, formulations have been developed and the conditions for obtaining stable emulsions has been determined. Recommendations for obtaining emulsions for the purpose of their qualified use by feeding to the coal blend and improving the operation of the existing plant for waste and by-products utilization at the enterprise has been formulated.
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Ichikawa, Masatoshi, Naomi Nonaka, Masaya Nomura, Ichiro Takada, and Shigeru Ishimori. "Headspace gas chromatography analysis of uncombusted gasoline diluent in used gasoline engine oils." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 32 (April 1995): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(94)00857-w.
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Chang, Chia-Wei, Hsiu-Ling Lee, and Kun-Tsung Lu. "Manufacture and Characteristics of Oil-Modified Refined Lacquer for Wood Coatings." Coatings 9, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9010011.
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Oriental lacquer, a natural and renewable polymeric coating, comes from the sap produced by lacquer trees. For practical applications, oriental lacquer must be refined to reduce its water content and enhance its quality. In this study, drying oils were blended with oriental lacquer during a refining process to produce oil-modified refined lacquer (OMRL). Rhus succedanea lacquer, composed of 54.1% urushiols, 34.3% water, 7.2% plant gum, and 4.4% nitrogenous compounds, and drying oils, including tung oil (TO), linseed oil (LO), and dehydrated castor oil (DCO), were used as materials in this study. The effect of type and amount (0%, 10%, and 20% by wt %) of drying oils added to lacquer on lacquer properties were evaluated. Results show that the drying oils acted as a diluent, which reduced the viscosity, and enhanced workability, shortened touch-free drying time and accelerated the hardened drying of the OMRL. The results also indicated that the hardness, mass retention, Tg, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and lightfastness of OMRL films decreased as more drying oils were blended with lacquer. Conversely, the bending resistance, elongation at break, impact resistance increased. Gloss was greatly improved through the blending of more drying oils with lacquer. In conclusion, the LO-modified refined lacquer (RL) had the highest film gloss and the DCO-modified RL had the shortest drying time for coating. Otherwise, the film properties were similar among the three types of drying oils.
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Dean, S. W., Shailesh N. Shah, Bryan R. Moser, and Brajendra K. Sharma. "Glycerol Tri-Ester Derivatives as Diluent to Improve Low Temperature Properties of Vegetable Oils." Journal of ASTM International 7, no. 3 (2010): 102575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai102575.
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Hanifuddin, M., Rizkia Malik, Milda Fibria, Catur Y. Respatiningsih, Rona Malam Karina, Setyo Widodo, Tri Purnami, Riesta Anggarani, Maymuchar, and Cahyo Setyo Wibowo. "The Influence of Gasoline-Bioethanol Blends on Lubrication Characteristic of 4T Motorcycle Engine Oil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012030.
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Abstract Bioethanol produced from renewable resources can be the substitute of gasoline or blended with it, gives better exhaust emissions, and has oxygen content to boost combustion. The combustion chamber liner of motorcycles’ engine need tobe lubricated with lubricants of engine oil characteristics. The unburned fuel from gasoline-bioethanol blends have a tendency to enter the oil sump. The increasing amount of bioethanol content accumulated within the oil may degrade the quality the engine oil. The aims of this study are to identify and to analyze the influence of gasoline-bioethanol blends accumulation on the characteristic of engine oils. The methodology applied in this study were adding gasoline-bioethanol blends (E40, E50, E60) into 3 types of commercial four-strokes motorcycle engine oils (SAE 5W-30, SAE 10W-40, SAE 20W-50) and analysing the effects of these addition to the engine oils characteristics by comparing the properties of each mixtures of fuel-lube blends. The engine oil properties choosed to be the studied parameters are density (ASTM D4052), kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445), flash point (ASTM D92) and four ball wear test (ASTM D 4172). The result gained from this study showed that the bioethanol content as fuel diluent resulted from unburned bioethanol decrease the quality of engine oils.
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Revel-Muroz, P. A., R. N. Bakhtizin, R. M. Karimov, and B. N. Mastobaev. "About the effectiveness of hydrocarbon diluents for pipeline transportation of high viscosity heavy and waxy oil." SOCAR Proceedings, SI1 (June 30, 2021): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp2021si100521.
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Deposits of tight high viscosity heavy and waxy oil are becoming increasingly important in the world economy. They are also of particular importance in Russia, where the fields of easy accessible oil are practically depleted, and the newly discovered ones are located mainly in the northern latitudes of the country, which complicates their delivery to places of consumption, and use of so-called "special methods" (heating, chemical reagents) leadsytanb to an increase Cost. Despite the abundance of such methods, one can distinguish one of the most accessible and understandable from the point of view of the physico-chemical effect - dilution with hydrocarbon diluents, as can be effectively used by adding ready-made motor fuels and light distillates of oil, as well as - cheaper stable gas condensate, also co-produced in oil fields.In the present work, the experience of blending high viscosity heavy and congealing waxy oil with various types of hydrocarbon diluents has been considered with the aim of improving the operational properties of hydrocarbon crude, the transport and processing of which are associated with high costs due to the peculiarities of the composition and properties of the oil. The results of laboratory experiments on dilution of heavy and congealing oils with diesel fuel and stable gas condensate are given, on the basis of which recommendations on the effective usage these special methods. Keywords: oil; rheology; effective viscosity; pour point; hydrocarbon diluent; stable gas condensate.
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Najmi, Ziba, Alessandro Calogero Scalia, Elvira De Giglio, Stefania Cometa, Andrea Cochis, Antonio Colasanto, Monica Locatelli, et al. "Screening of Different Essential Oils Based on Their Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties to Preserve Red Fruits and Improve Their Shelf Life." Foods 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12020332.
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Strawberries and raspberries are susceptible to physiological and biological damage. Due to the consumer concern about using pesticides to control fruit rot, recent attention has been drawn to essential oils. Microbiological activity evaluations of different concentrations of tested EOs (cinnamon, clove, bergamot, rosemary and lemon; 10% DMSO-PBS solution was used as a diluent) against fruit rot fungal strains and a fruit-born human pathogen (Escherichia coli) indicated that the highest inhibition halos was found for pure cinnamon and clove oils; according to GC-MS analysis, these activities were due to the high level of the bioactive compounds cinnamaldehyde (54.5%) in cinnamon oil and eugenol (83%) in clove oil. Moreover, thermogravimetric evaluation showed they were thermally stable, with temperature peak of 232.0 °C for cinnamon and 200.6/234.9 °C for clove oils. Antibacterial activity evaluations of all tested EOs at concentrations from 5–50% (v/v) revealed a concentration of 10% (v/v) to be the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. The physicochemical analysis of fruits in an in vivo assay indicated that used filter papers doped with 10% (v/v) of cinnamon oil (stuck into the lids of plastic containers) were able to increase the total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in strawberries after four days, with it being easier to preserve strawberries than raspberries.
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Dollhopf, Ralph H., Faith A. Fitzpatrick, Jeffrey W. Kimble, Daniel M. Capone, Thomas P. Graan, Ronald B. Zelt, and Rex Johnson. "Response to Heavy, Non-Floating Oil Spilled in a Great Lakes River Environment: A Multiple-Lines-Of-Evidence Approach for Submerged Oil Assessment and Recovery." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 434–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.434.
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ABSTRACT The Enbridge Line 6B pipeline release of diluted bitumen into the Kalamazoo River downstream of Marshall, MI in July 2010 is one of the largest freshwater oil spills in North American history. The unprecedented scale of impact and massive quantity of oil released required the development and implementation of new approaches for detection and recovery. At the onset of cleanup, conventional recovery techniques were employed for the initially floating oil and were successful. However, volatilization of the lighter diluent, along with mixing of the oil with sediment during flooded, turbulent river conditions caused the oil to sink and collect in natural deposition areas in the river. For more than three years after the spill, recovery of submerged oil has remained the predominant operational focus of the response. The recovery complexities for submerged oil mixed with sediment in depositional areas and long-term oil sheening along approximately 38 miles of the Kalamazoo River led to the development of a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach comprising six major components: geomorphic mapping, field assessments of submerged oil (poling), systematic tracking and mapping of oil sheen, hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling, forensic oil chemistry, and net environmental benefit analysis. The Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) considered this information in determining the appropriate course of action for each impacted segment of the river. New sources of heavy crude oils like diluted bitumen and increasing transportation of those oils require changes in the way emergency personnel respond to oil spills in the Great Lakes and other freshwater ecosystems. Strategies to recover heavy oils must consider that the oils may suspend or sink in the water column, mix with fine-grained sediment, and accumulate in depositional areas. Early understanding of the potential fate and behavior of diluted bitumen spills when combined with timely, strong conventional recovery methods can significantly influence response success.
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Tang, Jijun, Jinshuai Zhang, Jianyu Lu, Jia Huang, Fei Zhang, Yun Hu, Chengguo Liu, et al. "Preparation and Properties of Plant-Oil-Based Epoxy Acrylate-Like Resins for UV-Curable Coatings." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 2165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092165.
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Novel oil-based epoxy acrylate (EA)-like prepolymers were synthesized via the ring-opening reaction of epoxidized plant oils with a new unsaturated carboxyl acid precursor (MAAMA) synthesized by reacting maleic anhydride (MA) with methallyl alcohol (MAA). Since the employed epoxidized oils including epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), epoxidized rubber seed oil (ERSO), and epoxidized wilsoniana seed oil (EWSO) possessed epoxy values of 7.34–4.38%, the obtained epoxy acrylate (EA)-like prepolymers (MMESO, MMERSO, and MMEWSO) indicated a C=C functionality of 7.81–4.40 per triglyceride. Furthermore, effects of the C=C functionality and the addition of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) diluent on the ultimate properties of the resulting UV-cured EA-like materials were investigated and compared with those of commercially available acrylated ESO (AESO) resins. As the C=C functionality increased, the storage modulus at 25 °C (E’25), glass transition temperature (Tg), 5% weight–loss temperature (T5), tensile strength and modulus (σ and E), and hardness of the coating for both the pure EA and EA/HEMA resins increased significantly as well. These properties indicated similar trends when comparing the EA materials with 30% of HEMA with those pure EA materials. Specially, although ERSO had a clearly lower epoxy value that ESO, both the UV-cured pure MMERSO and MMERSO/HEMA materials showed much better E’25, Tg, σ, and E than their AESO counterparts, indicating that the MAAMA modification of epoxidized plant oils was much more effective than the modification of acrylic acid to achieve high-performance oil-based epoxy acrylate resins.
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Kokosa, John M., and Andrzej Przyjazny. "Headspace microdrop analysis—an alternative test method for gasoline diluent and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in used engine oils." Journal of Chromatography A 983, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01686-2.
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Murugan, P., S. Bhuvaneshwari, and D. Vidhyeswari. "The extraction and process optimization of Cu (II) and Cd (II) using Pickering emulsion liquid membrane." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 8 (March 25, 2021): 1863–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.117.
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Abstract In the present study, the extraction of divalent heavy metals like copper [Cu (II)] and cadmium [Cd (II)] using a Pickering Emulsion Liquid Membrane (PELM) has been investigated by using three different surfactants such as Amphiphilic silica nanowires (ASNWs), Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Alumina) and Sorbitan monooleate (SPAN 80). The influence of the process parameters such as pH, the stripping phase concentration, the agitation speed, and the carrier concentration on the extraction efficiency have been examined to find the optimum conditions at which the maximum recovery of Cu (II) and Cd (II) could take place. At optimum conditions, the extraction efficiency of 89.77% and 91.19% for Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions were achieved. Non-edible oils were used as diluent in this present study to reduce the need for toxic organic solvents in preparing PELM. The impact of each process factor on the extraction efficiency of Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions has been verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The higher values of F and lower values of P (less than 0.05) indicate pH is the most significant parameter on the percentage extraction of Cu (II) and Cd (II) using the Taguchi design approach.
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Lascano, Diego, Jorge Valcárcel, Rafael Balart, Luís Quiles-Carrillo, and Teodomiro Boronat. "Manufacturing of composite materials with high environmental efficiency using epoxy resin of renewable origin and permeable light cores for vacuum-assisted infusion molding." Ingenius, no. 23 (December 27, 2019): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17163/ings.n23.2020.06.
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This work focuses on the manufacturing and characterization of novel and lightweight hybrid sandwich-type structures, using different stacking sequences of flax and basalt fabrics as reinforcement fibers, both of them previously silanized. To reduce the overall weight and facilitate the manufacturing process, a polyester non-woven core, was used which, besides reducing the weight of the composite it also acts as a media to spread the resin. These composites were manufactured with a partially bio-based epoxy resin with a reactive diluent derived from epoxidized vegetable oils that contributes to a 31 % of biobased content. The hybrid composites were obtained by vacuum-assisted resin infusion moulding (VARIM), where the core was used as a media to spread the resin. The mechanical properties were evaluated in flexural and impact conditions. The interactions in the fiber-matrix interface were studied through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The obtained data revealed that the silane (coupling agent) treatment works better on basalt fibers than on flax fibers, resulting in superior flexural properties on structures where these fibers are present. It is noteworthy to mention that the stacking sequence of plies directly influences the flexural properties, but it does not significantly affect the energy absorbed when these composites work on impact conditions.
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Yamaguchi, Kenji, Kazuo Ogawa, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Yasuo Kondo, Satoshi Sakamoto, and Mitsugu Yamaguchi. "Property and Recyclability Change of Corrosion-Inhibition-Improved Amine-Free Water-Soluble Cutting Fluid with Repeated Recycling." Key Engineering Materials 749 (August 2017): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.749.65.
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Cutting fluid is commonly used during metal cutting process for cooling and lubrication. Fluid types are generally classified into mineral or fatty oils and water miscible oils. In Japan, the former is called water-insoluble coolants, and the latter is called water-soluble coolants. Water-insoluble coolants are specified as dangerous material by the Japanese law due to its flammability. Therefore, the water-insoluble coolants are not appropriate for unmanned operation of machine tools. Therefore, the usage rate of water-soluble coolants is increasing. Water soluble coolants are diluted with a water by several ten times. The waste management of the water-soluble coolant become important for environment-conscious green manufacturing. We have been developing a recycling system for water-soluble coolants. In the recycle system, water is extracted from the waste coolant and the water is then reutilized as a diluent of a new coolant. We have developed various types of chemical or bio-chemical water recovery methods for recycling systems. We found a commercially available amine-free water-soluble coolant is suitable for the recycling system. The processing time, processing cost, and the biochemical and chemical oxygen demand of the extracted water are improved by the amine-free water soluble coolant compared with a conventional amine-containing coolant. However, its corrosion inhibition performance was poor in general machining applications. Our cooperative company developed a prototype of a corrosion-inhibition-improved amine-free water-soluble cutting coolant. The prototype coolant showed a good stability and cooling and lubricating performances, and its recyclability was as good as that of conventional amine-free coolants. In this study, we focused on repeated recycling of the prototype coolant. We repeatedly applied the water recycling process to the recycled coolant. The recyclability of the prototype coolant was not affected by repeated recycling; however, process residues increased with the number of recycles, and a deterioration was noticed in the corrosion-inhibition performance of the coolant diluted with recycled water.
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Testa, Manuela, Julia Corá Segat, Rafael Alan Baggio, Gabriela Miotto Galli, Carolina Riviera Duarte Maluche Baretta, Ricardo Evandro Mendes, Aleksandro Schafer Da Silva, and Dilmar Baretta. "Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil Reduces Infestation by Alphitobius diaperinus in Poultry Litter." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46, no. 1 (February 24, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86074.
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Background: Even though insecticides are managed and the period of sanitary emptiness in poultry is respected, the elimination of Alphitobius diaperinus may not be successful. The use of essential oils of plant origin presents as a good alternative in the substitution of insecticides with synthetic molecules, since they are easy to obtain, with rapid degradationand without risk of residues for non-target organisms. The main objective of the present study was to examine whether Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil reduces Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) infestations under experimental conditions, without causing toxicity to broilers chicks exposed to treated litter.Materials, Methods & Results: The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications per treatment. The treatments were as follows: solvent control using the diluent Dimethyl Sulfoxide 5% (oil diluent); chemical control using 5 g/m² cypermethrin; one spray of C. zeylanicum 5% oil; and two sprays of C. zeylanicum 5% oil. Each experimental unit was infested with 150 lesser mealworm adults. At 15 days of the broiler chick’s life, blood was collected for biochemical analysis (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides and uric acid), and liver fragments were isolated for histopathological analysis. Using TupeTrap devices, we counted lesser mealworm 40 days after treatment. The treatments did not alter biochemical variables, and did not causehistopathological lesions in liver. The treatments with C. zeylanicum 5% oil with one and two sprays efficiently reduced lesser mealworm infestation compared with solvent control. Cypermethrin treatment had no effect.Discussion: Many of the commercial products present low effectiveness in the control of A. diaperinus, since the target organisms develop resistance to the product. In the present study, we used a higher cypermethrin dose than that recommended by the manufacturer, in order to increase efficacy in the face of possible resistance. Even so, cypermethrin did not efficiently control the organism. The effectiveness of the essential oil of C. zeylanicum tested can be attributed to the compounds found in greater quantity in the oil composition, such as cinnamaldehyde (41.27%), linalool (13.05%) and methyl eugenol (10.87%), characterized as responsible for the action of oil repellency. Monoterpenoid compounds found in essential oils extracted from plants have insecticidal action acting on the central nervous system of insects, which impairs their development, being characterized as neurotoxic compounds. The results found with the essential oil of C. zeylanicum are of great importance, since the control of A. diaperinus is not efficient because this organism has behavior that favors reinfestation in the poultry houses, such as shelter in cracks, in the draperies, below the feeders and in the soil. The biochemical analyzes of the blood can as important tools to assist in the monitoring of broilers health, in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and therefore the results presented are of great importance since they assist in the search for alternative methods for the control of A. diaperinus, where we can affirm that the essential oil of C. zeylanicum does not cause toxicity to broilers. Based on these results we can affirm that essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 5%, is an effective substitute for existing commercially-available insecticides.Keywords: alternative control, cinnamon oil, insecticide, lesser mealworm.
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Morozov, V. V., E. G. Kovalenko, G. P. Dvoichenkova, and V. A. Chut-Dy. "Selection of Temperature regimes for conditioning and flotation of diamond-bearing kimberlite with compound collectors." Gornye nauki i tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) 7, no. 4 (December 26, 2022): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2022-10-23.
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The condition for stable fixation of a collector on the surface of diamonds and their flotation is the use of collectors of the optimal fractional composition and the choice of the optimum temperature regime of the process. To determine the parameters of the diamond flotation regime, the regularities of the phase transitions of asphaltene-tar fractions at increasing temperature and diluting F-5 with technical diesel fraction were established. It was demonstrated that increasing the collector temperature leads to the transfer of asphaltenetar fractions to a dissolved and finely dispersed state. To an even greater extent, dissolving asphaltene-tar fractions is facilitated by the addition of medium- and low-molecular weight fractions of oil, for instance, a technical diesel fraction.It was revealed that the KM-10, KM-14, and KM-18 reagents, being compounds of F-5 fuel oil with technical diesel fraction (10–18 % DF), were characterized by optimal viscosity and ability to displace aqueous phase from a diamond surface, thus ensuring stable hydrophobization and high floatability of diamonds. The optimal temperature regime has been selected, which involved maintaining the temperature at the stage of conditioning with the collector at +30–40 °С, at which the maximum selective fixation of compound collectors on the diamond surface, characterized by the value of the limiting wetting angle, was achieved. The flotation tests have confirmed that the best results are achieved at a temperature of +30–40 °С at the conditioning stage and +14–24 °С at the flotation stage. At +24 °С, the best results were obtained for the relatively less diluted KM-10 and KM-14 fuel oils obtained by diluting F-5 fuel oil with a technical diesel fraction at the diluent volume fractions of 10 and 14 %. The diamond recovery achieved in the flotation tests was 3.8–4.5 % higher than when using the traditional collector, F-5 fuel oil. At +14 °С, the highly diluted fuel oil, KM-18 with a volume fraction of 18 % of the technical diesel fraction, demonstrated better collecting abilities.The optimal compositions of the collector and the regimes of feed preparation and flotation were tested at a foam separation unit. The tests showed that it is possible to increase diamond recovery into concentrate by 2.3–4.5 %. The recommendations are provided on the use of thermal conditioning in the foam separation cycle and maintaining the conditioning medium temperature at +30–40 °С and the foam separation temperature at +14–24 °С.
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Demengeot, Emmanuelle-Anita-Claude, Inga Baliutaviciene, Jolita Ostrauskaite, Liudvikas Augulis, Violeta Grazuleviciene, Lina Rageliene, and Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius. "Crosslinking of epoxidized natural oils with diepoxy reactive diluents." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 115, no. 4 (February 15, 2010): 2028–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.31347.
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Zong, Zhengang, Mark D. Soucek, Yubiao Liu, and Jun Hu. "Cationic photopolymerization of epoxynorbornane linseed oils: The effect of diluents." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 41, no. 21 (September 25, 2003): 3440–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.10942.
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Muturi, Patrick, Danqing Wang, and Stoil Dirlikov. "Epoxidized vegetable oils as reactive diluents I. Comparison of vernonia, epoxidized soybean and epoxidized linseed oils." Progress in Organic Coatings 25, no. 1 (October 1994): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9440(94)00504-4.
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Czub, Piotr. "Application of Modified Natural Oils as Reactive Diluents for Epoxy Resins." Macromolecular Symposia 242, no. 1 (October 2006): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200651010.
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Gamble, K. R., and D. W. Smith. "Discrimination of "Odorless" Mineral Oils Alone and as Diluents by Behaviorally Trained Mice." Chemical Senses 34, no. 7 (July 16, 2009): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjp036.
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Del Valle, I., A. Souter, W. M. C. Maxwell, T. Muiño-Blanco, and J. A. Cebrián-Pérez. "Function of ram spermatozoa frozen in diluents supplemented with casein and vegetable oils." Animal Reproduction Science 138, no. 3-4 (May 2013): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.02.022.
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Barkane, Anda, Oskars Platnieks, Maksims Jurinovs, Sigita Kasetaite, Jolita Ostrauskaite, Sergejs Gaidukovs, and Youssef Habibi. "UV-Light Curing of 3D Printing Inks from Vegetable Oils for Stereolithography." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081195.
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Typical resins for UV-assisted additive manufacturing (AM) are prepared from petroleum-based materials and therefore do not contribute to the growing AM industry trend of converting to sustainable bio-based materials. To satisfy society and industry’s demand for sustainability, renewable feedstocks must be explored; unfortunately, there are not many options that are applicable to photopolymerization. Nevertheless, some vegetable oils can be modified to be suitable for UV-assisted AM technologies. In this work, extended study, through FTIR and photorheology measurements, of the UV-curing of epoxidized acrylate from soybean oil (AESO)-based formulations has been performed to better understand the photopolymerization process. The study demonstrates that the addition of appropriate functional comonomers like trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and the adjusting of the concentration of photoinitiator from 1% to 7% decrease the needed UV-irradiation time by up to 25%. Under optimized conditions, the optimal curing time was about 4 s, leading to a double bond conversion rate (DBC%) up to 80% and higher crosslinking density determined by the Flory–Rehner empirical approach. Thermal and mechanical properties were also investigated via TGA and DMA measurements that showed significant improvements of mechanical performances for all formulations. The properties were improved further upon the addition of the reactive diluents. After the thorough investigations, the prepared vegetable oil-based resin ink formulations containing reactive diluents were deemed suitable inks for UV-assisted AM, giving their appropriate viscosity. The validation was done by printing different objects with complex structures using a laser based stereolithography apparatus (SLA) printer.
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Truzzi, Eleonora, Lucia Marchetti, Stefania Benvenuti, Valeria Righi, Maria Cecilia Rossi, Vito Gallo, and Davide Bertelli. "A Novel qNMR Application for the Quantification of Vegetable Oils Used as Adulterants in Essential Oils." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185439.
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Essential oils (EOs) are more and more frequently adulterated due to their wide usage and large profit, for this reason accurate and precise authentication techniques are essential. This work aims at the application of qNMR as a versatile tool for the quantification of vegetable oils potentially usable as adulterants or diluents in EOs. This approach is based on the quantification of both 1H and 13C glycerol backbone signals, which are actually present in each vegetable oil containing triglycerides. For the validation, binary mixtures of rosemary EO and corn oil (0.8–50%) were prepared. To verify the general feasibility of this technique, other different mixtures including lavender, citronella, orange and peanut, almond, sunflower, and soy seed oils were analyzed. The results showed that the efficacy of this approach does not depend on the specific combination of EO and vegetable oil, ensuring its versatility. The method was able to determine the adulterant, with a mean accuracy of 91.81 and 89.77% for calculations made on 1H and 13C spectra, respectively. The high precision and accuracy here observed, make 1H-qNMR competitive with other well-established techniques. Considering the current importance of quality control of EOs to avoid fraudulent practices, this work can be considered pioneering and promising.
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Bertini, Fabio, Adriano Vignali, Marcello Marelli, Nicoletta Ravasio, and Federica Zaccheria. "Styrene-Free Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins with Tunable Properties Starting from Vegetable Oils and Terpenes." Polymers 14, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 4185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194185.
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The substitution of fossil-based monomers in the thermosetting formulations is a fundamental issue to face the environmental concerns related to the use of traditional resins. In this paper, styrene-free thermosetting resins were prepared to start from vegetable oils with different compositions and unsaturation degrees, namely soybean, hempseed, and linseed oils. Using terpenic comonomers such as limonene and β-myrcene allows one to prepare thermosets avoiding the traditional fossil-based diluents such as styrene, thus obtaining an outstanding gain in terms of both environmental and safety concerns. Furthermore, the materials obtained reveal tunable physical properties upon the proper choice of the monomers, with glass transition temperature ranging from 40 to 80 °C and Young’s modulus ranging from 200 to 1800 MPa. The possibility of preparing composite materials starting from the resins prepared in this way and natural fibres has also been explored due to the potential applications of bio-based composites in several industrial sectors.
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Asadauskas, Svajus, and Sevim Z. Erhan. "Depression of pour points of vegetable oils by blending with diluents used for biodegradable lubricants." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 76, no. 3 (March 1999): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-999-0237-6.
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A. Latif, Farah Ezzah, Zurina Zainal Abidin, Francisco Cardona, Dayang R. Awang Biak, Khalina Abdan, Paridah Mohd Tahir, and Liew Kan Ern. "Bio-Resin Production through Ethylene Unsaturated Carbon Using Vegetable Oils." Processes 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010048.
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Bio-resins are bio-based materials derived from vegetable resources, especially from vegetable seed oils. It is widely known that bio-resources are renewable, highly available, and sustainable. Resins and most polymers are largely derived from petroleum-based sources that are known to pose chemical risks. Resins have practical applications in printing inks, plasticisers and diluents, as well as in coating materials. Vegetable oils possess a large number of oxirane groups, which are essential for epoxidation to occur, resulting in the production of bio-resins. This undeniably serves as a promising candidate for competing with fossil-fuel-derived petroleum-based products. Thus, the aim of this review paper is to highlight aspects related to the production of bio-resins, including the chemical route of vegetable oil epoxidation process and its influencing factors, the reaction kinetics, bio-resins and the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of bio-resins, along with their applications. The resins industry has seen some remarkable progress towards the commercialisation of several bio-resins originating from vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, castor oil, and linseed oil. This success has undoubtedly intensified further efforts in fields related to bio-resin applications. Research and development is ongoing with the aim of customising a feasible formulation for the synthesis of bio-resins with the desired properties for catering to various applications
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Simpson, I. J., N. J. Blake, B. Barletta, G. S. Diskin, H. E. Fuelberg, K. Gorham, L. G. Huey, et al. "Characterization of trace gases measured over Alberta oil sands mining operations: 76 speciated C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>10</sub> volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>y</sub>, O<sub>3</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2010): 18507–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-18507-2010.
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Abstract. Oil sands comprise 30% of the world's oil reserves and the crude oil reserves in Canada's oil sands deposits are second only to Saudi Arabia. The extraction and processing of oil sands is much more challenging than for light sweet crude oils because of the high viscosity of the bitumen contained within the oil sands and because the bitumen is mixed with sand and contains chemical impurities such as sulphur. Despite these challenges, the importance of oil sands is increasing in the energy market. To our best knowledge this is the first peer-reviewed study to characterize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from Alberta's oil sands mining sites. We present high-precision gas chromatography measurements of 76 speciated C2–C10 VOCs (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, monoterpenes, oxygenates, halocarbons, and sulphur compounds) in 17 boundary layer air samples collected over surface mining operations in northeast Alberta on 10 July 2008, using the NASA DC-8 airborne laboratory as a research platform. In addition to the VOCs, we present simultaneous measurements of CO2, CH4, CO, NO, NO2, NOy, O3 and SO2, which were measured in situ aboard the DC-8. Methane, CO, CO2, NO, NO2, NOy, SO2 and 53 VOCs (e.g., halocarbons, sulphur species, NMHCs) showed clear statistical enhancements (up to 1.1–397×) over the oil sands compared to local background values and, with the exception of CO, were higher over the oil sands than at any other time during the flight. Twenty halocarbons (e.g., CFCs, HFCs, halons, brominated species) either were not enhanced or were minimally enhanced (< 10%) over the oil sands. Ozone levels remained low because of titration by NO, and three VOCs (propyne, furan, MTBE) remained below their 3 pptv detection limit throughout the flight. Based on their mutual correlations, the compounds emitted by the oil sands industry fell into two groups: (1) evaporative emissions from the oil sands and its products and/or from the diluent used to lower the viscosity of the extracted bitumen (i.e., C4–C9 alkanes, C5–C6 cycloalkanes, C6–C8 aromatics), together with CO; and (2) emissions associated with the mining effort (i.e., CO2, CO, CH4, NO, NO2, NOy, SO2, C2–C4 alkanes, C2–C4 alkenes, C9 aromatics, short-lived solvents such as C2Cl4 and C2HCl3, and longer-lived species such as HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b). Prominent in the second group, SO2 and NO were remarkably enhanced over the oil sands, with maximum enhancements of 38.7 and 5.0 ppbv, or 383 and 319× the local background, respectively. The SO2 enhancements are comparable to maximum values measured in heavily polluted megacities such as Mexico City and are attributed to coke combustion. By contrast, relatively poor correlations between CH4 ethane and propane suggest low natural gas leakage despite its heavy use at the surface mining sites. In addition to the emission of many trace gases, the natural drawdown of OCS by vegetation was absent above the surface mining operations, presumably because of the widespread land disturbance. Unexpectedly, the mixing ratios of α- and β-pinene were much higher over the oil sands (up to 217 and 610 pptv, respectively) than over vegetation in the background boundary layer (20±7 and 84±24 pptv, respectively), and the pinenes correlated well with several industrial tracers that were elevated in the oil sands plumes. Because so few independent measurements from the oil sands mining industry exist, this study provides an important initial characterization of trace gas emissions from oil sands surface mining operations.
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McWhorter, Chester G., and Clark Ouzts. "Leaf Surface Morphology of Erythroxylum sp. and Droplet Spread." Weed Science 42, no. 1 (March 1994): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500084101.
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Studies were conducted to examine the micromorphology of leaf surfaces of coca and nova plants and to determine which spray diluents provided optimum coverage of leaf surfaces. Adaxial leaf surfaces of both species were covered with a smooth layer of polygonal-shaped epidermal cells which were covered with wax crystals. Abaxial leaf surfaces were composed only of papillae cells and the guard and subsidiary cells surrounding stomata. Abaxial leaf surfaces of both species were also covered with wax crystals. Average wax weights were 28 to 53 μg cm−2. Water droplets containing an organosilicone surfactant at 0.1% by vol spread better on leaf surfaces that did other adjuvants. Droplets of several different petroleum-based oils spread much better on leaf surfaces than either water droplets with adjuvants or droplets of soybean or cottonseed oil.
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Simpson, I. J., N. J. Blake, B. Barletta, G. S. Diskin, H. E. Fuelberg, K. Gorham, L. G. Huey, et al. "Characterization of trace gases measured over Alberta oil sands mining operations: 76 speciated C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>10</sub> volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>y</sub>, O<sub>3</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 23 (December 15, 2010): 11931–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11931-2010.
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Abstract. Oil sands comprise 30% of the world's oil reserves and the crude oil reserves in Canada's oil sands deposits are second only to Saudi Arabia. The extraction and processing of oil sands is much more challenging than for light sweet crude oils because of the high viscosity of the bitumen contained within the oil sands and because the bitumen is mixed with sand and contains chemical impurities such as sulphur. Despite these challenges, the importance of oil sands is increasing in the energy market. To our best knowledge this is the first peer-reviewed study to characterize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from Alberta's oil sands mining sites. We present high-precision gas chromatography measurements of 76 speciated C2–C10 VOCs (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, monoterpenes, oxygenated hydrocarbons, halocarbons and sulphur compounds) in 17 boundary layer air samples collected over surface mining operations in northeast Alberta on 10 July 2008, using the NASA DC-8 airborne laboratory as a research platform. In addition to the VOCs, we present simultaneous measurements of CO2, CH4, CO, NO, NO2, NOy, O3 and SO2, which were measured in situ aboard the DC-8. Carbon dioxide, CH4, CO, NO, NO2, NOy, SO2 and 53 VOCs (e.g., non-methane hydrocarbons, halocarbons, sulphur species) showed clear statistical enhancements (1.1–397×) over the oil sands compared to local background values and, with the exception of CO, were greater over the oil sands than at any other time during the flight. Twenty halocarbons (e.g., CFCs, HFCs, halons, brominated species) either were not enhanced or were minimally enhanced (<10%) over the oil sands. Ozone levels remained low because of titration by NO, and three VOCs (propyne, furan, MTBE) remained below their 3 pptv detection limit throughout the flight. Based on their correlations with one another, the compounds emitted by the oil sands industry fell into two groups: (1) evaporative emissions from the oil sands and its products and/or from the diluent used to lower the viscosity of the extracted bitumen (i.e., C4–C9 alkanes, C5–C6 cycloalkanes, C6–C8 aromatics), together with CO; and (2) emissions associated with the mining effort, such as upgraders (i.e., CO2, CO, CH4, NO, NO2, NOy, SO2, C2–C4 alkanes, C2–C4 alkenes, C9 aromatics, short-lived solvents such as C2Cl4 and C2HCl3, and longer-lived species such as HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b). Prominent in the second group, SO2 and NO were remarkably enhanced over the oil sands, with maximum mixing ratios of 38.7 ppbv and 5.0 ppbv, or 383× and 319× the local background, respectively. These SO2 levels are comparable to maximum values measured in heavily polluted megacities such as Mexico City and are attributed to coke combustion. By contrast, relatively poor correlations between CH4, ethane and propane suggest low levels of natural gas leakage despite its heavy use at the surface mining sites. Instead the elevated CH4 levels are attributed to methanogenic tailings pond emissions. In addition to the emission of many trace gases, the natural drawdown of OCS by vegetation was absent above the surface mining operations, presumably because of the widespread land disturbance. Unexpectedly, the mixing ratios of α-pinene and β-pinene were much greater over the oil sands (up to 217 pptv and 610 pptv, respectively) than over vegetation in the background boundary layer (20±7 pptv and 84±24 pptv, respectively), and the pinenes correlated well with several industrial tracers that were elevated in the oil sands plumes. Because so few independent measurements from the oil sands mining industry exist, this study provides an important initial characterization of trace gas emissions from oil sands surface mining operations.
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Yamaguchi, Kenji, Yasuo Kondo, Satoshi Sakamoto, and Shu Kohira. "Study on Metabolic System for Water-Soluble Coolant — Machining Performance and Long-Term Stability of Recycled Coolant." Key Engineering Materials 407-408 (February 2009): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.407-408.313.
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To reduce the management cost and environmental load of water-soluble coolant, authors have been studying on a metabolic system for water-soluble coolant. More than 90% of waste water-soluble coolant is composed of water phase. If the oily additives and contaminants can be isolated from the waste coolant, the amount of waste coolant decreases remarkably because the recycled water can be reutilized as a diluent of renewal coolant. Authors has been developed some types of water recovery methods for the metabolic system. To complete the metabolic system for water-soluble coolant, the coolant diluted with recovered water should have the same machining performance and long-term stability as those of coolant diluted with tap water. In this report, we examined the machining performance and ability change of water-soluble coolant diluted with recycled water under operations encountered in machine tool.
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Mukherjee, Sourav, and Basudeb Munshi. "Detail data of reactive extraction of caproic acid using tri-Butyl phosphate and Sunflower and Soybean oils as diluents." Data in Brief 31 (August 2020): 105836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105836.
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Kondo, Yasuo, M. Yamaguchi, Kenji Yamaguchi, and S. Sakamoto. "A Pragmatic Approach to Reduce Environmental Load in Machining Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 163 (April 2012): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.163.12.
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We discussed the coolant composition which can guarantee both the excellent fluid abilities as the cutting fluid and the good treatability as the recyclable material toward the development of sustainable cutting fluid system. We prepared three distinctive coolants; amine-free (EX-102), mineral-oil and amine free (α-1000) and amine-containing (EM-L) coolants. All of the coolants have excellent emulsion stability for standing in the natural condition butα-1000 and EM-L showed a good anti-rust properties while EX-102 showed a rather poor anti-rust property for the cast iron chips. The vegetable oil has a rather poor stability in lubricating performance than that of the mineral oils and synthetic ester. The alkaline substances dissolved in the amine-free coolant can be separated by the surfactant treatment as well as the oil contents, while some alkaline substances, maybe di-ethanol amine, are still retained in the recovered water from the amine-containing coolant. The activated carbon treatment showed no significant change for all of the coolant. Amine-containing coolant forms no stable emulsion; the recovered water cant utilize as a diluents of newly water-soluble coolant while the amine-free coolants can form a stable emulsion to a certain extent. The most direct attack to make the cutting fluid sustainable would be developing a new emulsifier and corrosion inhibitor that can substitute for amine compounds and can show a good treatability like the amine-free cutting fluid.
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Moore, D., and R. W. Caudwell. "FORMULATION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENS FOR THE CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 129, S171 (1997): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm129171049-1.
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AbstractSuccessful development of a biological pesticide requires attention not only to the biological agent, but also to formulation, application, and the biology of the pest–pathogen interaction in the field. Emphasis in our review is given to fungi, Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, as the most suitable agents, and oil-based ULV formulations or baits as the most promising application techniques for use with locusts and grasshoppers. The efficacy of the pathogen isolate must be maximized; selection is aimed at those that are suitably virulent, specific, and well adapted to the relevant environmental conditions. Opportunities exist for manipulation of the characteristics of the isolate by genetic means and by developments in culturing techniques. Formulation requirements are stability during storage and the ability to carry the active ingredient successfully to the target insect at application. Likely storage methods for fungi would be as dry conidia, perhaps with clay diluents, or in oils; the characteristics of both are briefly discussed. At application, efficacy of dose transfer and protection of the biological agent against environmental constraints such as UV radiation are needed. Baits have advantages in terms of dose transfer but logistical problems associated with the bulkiness of the carrier remain. Technological advances, including those that offer the prospect of carrier production in situ from dense precursors, and better knowledge of feeding behaviour have improved the prospects for baits. Multi-disciplinary research reducing dependency on the biological agent and exploiting formulation chemistry and application technology is required in developing biological pesticides.
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Uspenskaya, Elena V., Tatiana V. Pleteneva, Ilaha V. Kazimova, and Anton V. Syroeshkin. "Evaluation of Poorly Soluble Drugs’ Dissolution Rate by Laser Scattering in Different Water Isotopologues." Molecules 26, no. 3 (January 24, 2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030601.
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The most important task in the design of dosage forms is to modify the pharmaceutical substances structure in order to increase solubilization, targeted delivery, controlled rate of drug administration, and its bioavailability. Screening—laboratory (in vitro) or computer (in silico)—as a procedure for selecting a prototype for the design of a drug molecule, involves several years of research and significant costs. Among a large number of solvents and diluents (alcohol, ether, oils, glycerol, Vaseline) used in the pharmaceutical industry for the manufacture of drugs water finds the greatest application. This is because all biological reactions (reactions in living systems) take place in water and distribution of the fluid in the body and the substances found within is critical for the maintenance of intracellular and extracellular functions. Modern studies in the field of the stable isotopic compositions of natural water and its structure and properties make it possible to use isotopic transformations of the water to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of medicinal substances without previous structural modification. It is known that by replacing any of the atoms in the reacting substance molecule with its isotope, it is possible to record changes in the reactivity, which are expressed as a change in the reaction rate constant, i.e., in the manifestation of the kinetic isotope effect (KIE). The article presents the results of studies on the effect of the kinetic isotope effect of a solvent—water—on increasing the solubility and dissolution rate constants of poorly soluble drugs using laser diffraction spectroscopy. The results of the studies can be successfully implemented in pharmaceutical practice to overcome the poor solubility of medicinal substances of classes II and IV, according to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), in water for pharmaceutical purposes by performing its preliminary and safe isotopic modification.
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LeBouf, Ryan F., Anand Ranpara, Jason Ham, Michael Aldridge, Elizabeth Fernandez, Kenneth Williams, Dru A. Burns, and Aleksandr B. Stefaniak. "Chemical Emissions From Heated Vitamin E Acetate—Insights to Respiratory Risks From Electronic Cigarette Liquid Oil Diluents Used in the Aerosolization of Δ9-THC-Containing Products." Frontiers in Public Health 9 (January 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.765168.
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As of February 18, 2020, the e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) outbreak caused the hospitalization of a total of 2,807 patients and claimed 68 lives in the United States. Though investigations have reported a strong association with vitamin E acetate (VEA), evidence from reported EVALI cases is not sufficient to rule out the contribution of other chemicals of concern, including chemicals in either THC or non-THC products. This study characterized chemicals evolved when diluent oils were heated to temperatures that mimic e-cigarette, or vaping, products (EVPs) to investigate production of potentially toxic chemicals that might have caused lung injury. VEA, vitamin E, coconut, and medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil were each diluted with ethanol and then tested for constituents and impurities using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Undiluted oils were heated at 25°C (control), 150°C, and 250°C in an inert chamber to mimic a range of temperatures indicative of aerosolization from EVPs. Volatilized chemicals were collected using thermal desorption tubes, analyzed using a GC/MS, and identified. Presence of identified chemicals was confirmed using retention time and ion spectra matching with analytic standards. Direct analysis of oils, as received, revealed that VEA and vitamin E were the main constituents of their oils, and coconut and MCT oils were nearly identical having two main constituents: glycerol tricaprylate and 2-(decanoyloxy) propane-1,3-diyl dioctanoate. More chemicals were measured and with greater intensities when diluent oils were heated at 250°C compared to 150°C and 25°C. Vitamin E and coconut/MCT oils produced different chemical emissions. The presence of some identified chemicals is of potential health consequence because many are known respiratory irritants and acute respiratory toxins. Exposure to a mixture of hazardous chemicals may be relevant to the development or exacerbation of EVALI, especially when in concert with physical damage caused by lung deposition of aerosols produced by aerosolizing diluent oils.
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Ab Rahman, Siti Aisha, Ai Ling Pang, Agus Arsad, Akhmal Sidek, Anwarudin Saidu, Nuha Awang, Rahmat Mohsin, and Muslim Abdurrahman. "The chemistry insight: epoxy sealant as an alternative remedial operation for well integrity." Reviews in Chemical Engineering, May 16, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2022-0003.
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Abstract Epoxy resin is commonly used in the oil and gas industry due to its excellent toughness, low shrinkage, good adhesive strength, and relatively good thermal resistance. It is used for water shutoff, zonal isolation, cementing, enhanced oil recovery, and preventing leakage in wells. This paper reviews the chemistry aspect of using an epoxy resin system as a sealant to prevent well leakage and it offers insights into the chemistry of the epoxy resin system, as applied in previous studies. The paper also unveils the reasons for the application of this system from the chemistry perspective, allowing this aspect to be better understood. Success in the investigated cases depended on the formulation design. The epoxide and hydroxyl functional groups have been found to contribute substantially to the excellent performance of the sealant system. Furthermore, the amine curing agent triggers the abrupt reaction of the oxirane ring to stabilise when the cured sealant is perfectly applied. Based on the findings, it is suggested that other types of epoxies, namely epoxidised oils, require further study. Finally, in terms of safety and sustainable energy, it is suggested that more curing agent and diluent studies are undertaken.
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Testa, Manuela, Julia Corá Segat, Rafael Alan Baggio, Gabriela Miotto Galli, Carolina Riviera Duarte Maluche Baretta, Ricardo Evandro Mendes, Aleksandro Schafer Da Silva, and Dilmar Baretta. "Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil Reduces Infestation by Alphitobius diaperinus in Poultry Litter." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46, no. 1 (May 16, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81893.
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Background: Even though insecticides are managed and the period of sanitary emptiness in poultry is respected, the elimination of Alphitobius diaperinus may not be successful. The use of essential oils of plant origin presents as a good alternative in the substitution of insecticides with synthetic molecules, since they are easy to obtain, with rapid degradation and without risk of residues for non-target organisms. The main objective of the present study was to examine whether Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil reduces Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) infestations under experimental conditions, without causing toxicity to broilers chicks exposed to treated litter.Materials, Methods & Results: The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications per treatment. The treatments were as follows: solvent control using the diluent Dimethyl Sulfoxide 5% (oil diluent); chemical control using 5 g/m² cypermethrin; one spray of C. zeylanicum 5% oil; and two sprays of C. zeylanicum 5% oil. Each experimental unit was infested with 150 lesser mealworm adults. At 15 days of the broiler chick’s life, blood was collected for biochemical analysis (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides and uric acid), and liver fragments were isolated for histopathological analysis. Using TupeTrap devices, we counted lesser mealworm 40 days after treatment. The treatments did not alter biochemical variables, and did not cause histopathological lesions in liver. The treatments with C. zeylanicum 5% oil with one and two sprays efficiently reduced lesser mealworm infestation compared with solvent control. Cypermethrin treatment had no effect.Discussion: Many of the commercial products present low effectiveness in the control of A. diaperinus, since the target organisms develop resistance to the product. In the present study, we used a higher cypermethrin dose than that recommended by the manufacturer, in order to increase efficacy in the face of possible resistance. Even so, cypermethrin did not efficiently control the organism. The effectiveness of the essential oil of C. zeylanicum tested can be attributed to the compounds found in greater quantity in the oil composition, such as cinnamaldehyde (41.27%), linalool (13.05%) and methyl eugenol (10.87%), characterized as responsible for the action of oil repellency. Monoterpenoid compounds found in essential oils extracted from plants have insecticidal action acting on the central nervous system of insects, which impairs their development, being characterized as neurotoxic compounds. The results found with the essential oil of C. zeylanicum are of great importance, since the control of A. diaperinus is not efficient because this organism has behavior that favors reinfestation in the poultry houses, such as shelter in cracks, in the draperies, below the feeders and in the soil. The biochemical analyzes of the blood can as important tools to assist in the monitoring of broilers health, in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and therefore the results presented are of great importance since they assist in the search for alternative methods for the control of A. diaperinus, where we can affirm that the essential oil of C. zeylanicum does not cause toxicity to broilers. Based on these results we can affirm that essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 5%, is an effective substitute for existing commercially-available insecticides.Keywords: alternative control, cinnamon oil, insecticide, lesser mealworm.
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McDonnell, Denby. "15. The Comparative Toxicity of two Canadian Diluted Bitumens to Developing Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)." Inquiry@Queen's Undergraduate Research Conference Proceedings, February 20, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/iqurcp.10671.
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Increasing demand for diluted bitumen (dilbit) has led to the development of the Alberta oil sands industry and the expansion of current and future transcontinental pipelines. However, the growth of oil transportation has led to public concern about the effects of potential dilbit spills to aquatic ecosystems. Although the toxic effects of crude oils through exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are well characterized, little is known about the toxic effects of dilbit because of the variable proportions of diluent added to bitumen. Here we assessed the toxicity of the two most transported dilbits in Canada, Access Western Blend (AWB) and Cold Lake Blend (CLB) to developing yellow perch (Perca flavescens), a species distributed throughout North America. Embryos were exposed to dilbit until hatch, or up to 16 days, using a static daily renewal treatment regime of water accommodated fractions (WAF) and chemically-enhanced water accommodated fractions (CEWAF) of dilbit at total PAH (TPAH) concentration ranges of 0.02 to 10.7 μg/L and 0.21 to 20.4 μg/L TPAH, respectively. Results show that with increased TPAH concentration, the frequency of hatched embryos with developmental malformations increased proportionally. Expression of genes associated with phase I and II detoxification, cellular stress, and xenobiotic metabolism were altered in higher TPAH concentrations. This is the first study assessing the toxicity of both AWB and CLB dilbits on wild-sourced fish. With recent approvals of pipelines in North America, these biomarkers will assist risk assessments and monitoring of Canadian ecosystems should a pipeline spill occur.
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Ortmann, Alice C., Susan E. Cobanli, Thomas L. King, Charles W. Greer, Gary Wohlgeschaffen, and Brian Robinson. "Integrating physical, chemical and biological data to understand fate, behaviour and effects of diluted bitumen in coastal waters." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2021, no. 1 (May 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141488.
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ABSTRACT: 1141488 Production of bitumen from oil sands is predicted to rise over the next decade. Some of this increased production will be transported to coastal areas for export. While some product will be transported via rail, the majority is likely to be transported through pipelines as diluted bitumen. This unconventional oil product is a mixture of the highly viscous bitumen with differing amounts of diluent, which can include condensates, synthetic crudes or conventional crudes. As a mixture of products, the behaviour of diluted bitumen may differ from conventional heavy crude oils following a spill. This is of concern in Canada as the main transportation route for exporting diluted bitumen will go through the Salish Sea, home to endangered southern resident killer whales, economically important commercial and traditional fisheries including Pacific salmon, and millions of people. Knowing how diluted bitumen products will behave and their potential impacts if a spill occurs in these coastal waters is important in developing an effective response plan. The Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research (COOGER) within Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) has been carrying out research to characterize and predict the fate and behaviour of diluted bitumen products in marine environments over the last seven years. Using a combination of small-scale microcosms, medium-scale mesocosms, large-scale weathering and wave tank studies as well as field experiments, we have collected a broad range of data providing insights into how diluted bitumen might behave following a spill. Our research suggests that diluted bitumen will weather rapidly, with density and viscosity increasing significantly over the first 48 h. Low concentrations of hydrocarbons are typically detected in the water column, even in the presence of high energy breaking waves. The amount of weathering and water column hydrocarbons vary with season, but overall the microbial community shows a small response to the presence of diluted bitumen. Conventional spill response technologies may be used within the first 48 h of a spill, but extensive weathering will further limit their effectiveness. While the studies provide a more complete understanding of the fate and behaviour of diluted bitumen in coastal waters, there are important questions yet to be answered, some of which are presented here.
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Gokulakrishnan, P., M. J. Ramotowski, G. Gaines, C. Fuller, R. Joklik, L. D. Eskin, M. S. Klassen, and R. J. Roby. "A Novel Low NOx Lean, Premixed, and Prevaporized Combustion System for Liquid Fuels." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 130, no. 5 (May 30, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904889.
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Dry low emission (DLE) systems employing lean, premixed combustion have been successfully used with natural gas in combustion turbines to meet stringent emission standards. However, the burning of liquid fuels in DLE systems is still a challenging task due to the complexities of fuel vaporization and air premixing. Lean, premixed, and prevaporized (LPP) combustion has always provided the promise of obtaining low pollutant emissions while burning liquid fuels, such as kerosene and fuel oil. Because of the short ignition delay times of these fuels at elevated temperatures, the autoignition of vaporized higher hydrocarbons typical of most practical liquid fuels has been proven difficult to overcome when burning in a lean, premixed mode. To avoid this autoignition problem, developers of LPP combustion systems have focused mainly on designing premixers and combustors that permit rapid mixing and combustion of fuels before spontaneous ignition of the fuel can occur. However, none of the reported works in the literature has looked at altering fuel combustion characteristics in order to delay the onset of ignition in lean, premixed combustion systems. The work presented in this paper describes the development of a patented low NOx LPP system for combustion of liquid fuels, which modifies the fuel rather than the combustion hardware in order to achieve LPP combustion. In the initial phase of the development, laboratory-scale experiments were performed to study the combustion characteristics, such as ignition delay time and NOx formation, of the liquid fuels that were vaporized into gaseous form in the presence of nitrogen diluent. In the second phase, a LPP combustion system was commissioned to perform pilot-scale tests on commercial turbine combustor hardware. These pilot-scale tests were conducted at typical compressor discharge temperatures and at both atmospheric and high pressures. In this study, vaporization of the liquid fuel in an inert environment has been shown to be a viable method for delaying autoignition and for generating a gaseous fuel stream with characteristics similar to natural gas. Tests conducted in both atmospheric and high pressure combustor rigs utilizing swirl-stabilized burners designed for natural gas demonstrated an operation similar to that obtained when burning natural gas. Emission levels were similar for both the LPP fuels (fuel oils 1 and 2) and natural gas, with any differences ascribed to the fuel-bound nitrogen present in the liquid fuels. An extended lean operation was observed for the liquid fuels as a result of the wider lean flammability range for these fuels compared to natural gas.
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Ranpara, Anand, Aleksandr B. Stefaniak, Kenneth Williams, Elizabeth Fernandez, and Ryan F. LeBouf. "Modeled Respiratory Tract Deposition of Aerosolized Oil Diluents Used in Δ9-THC-Based Electronic Cigarette Liquid Products." Frontiers in Public Health 9 (November 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.744166.
Full textAbstract:
Electronic cigarette, or vaping, products (EVP) heat liquids (“e-liquids”) that contain substances (licit or illicit) and deliver aerosolized particles into the lungs. Commercially available oils such as Vitamin-E-acetate (VEA), Vitamin E oil, coconut, and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) were often the constituents of e-liquids associated with an e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). The objective of this study was to evaluate the mass-based physical characteristics of the aerosolized e-liquids prepared using these oil diluents. These characteristics were particle size distributions for modeling regional respiratory deposition and puff-based total aerosol mass for estimating the number of particles delivered to the respiratory tract. Four types of e-liquids were prepared by adding terpenes to oil diluents individually: VEA, Vitamin E oil, coconut oil, and MCT. A smoking machine was used to aerosolize each e-liquid at a predetermined puff topography (volume of 55 ml for 3 s with 30-s intervals between puffs). A cascade impactor was used to collect the size-segregated aerosol for calculating the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). The respiratory deposition of EVP aerosols on inhalation was estimated using the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry model. From these results, the exhaled fraction of EVP aerosols was calculated as a surrogate of secondhand exposure potential. The MMAD of VEA (0.61 μm) was statistically different compared to MCT (0.38 μm) and coconut oil (0.47 μm) but not to Vitamin E oil (0.58 μm); p < 0.05. Wider aerosol size distribution was observed for VEA (GSD 2.35) and MCT (GSD 2.08) compared with coconut oil (GSD 1.53) and Vitamin E oil (GSD 1.55). Irrespective of the statistical differences between MMADs, dosimetry modeling resulted in the similar regional and lobular deposition of particles for all e-liquids in the respiratory tract. The highest (~0.08 or more) fractional deposition was predicted in the pulmonary region, which is consistent as the site of injury among EVALI cases. Secondhand exposure calculations indicated that a substantial amount of EVP aerosols could be exhaled, which has potential implications for bystanders. The number of EVALI cases has declined with the removal of VEA; however, further research is required to investigate the commonly available commercial ingredients used in e-liquid preparations.