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Journal articles on the topic 'Diluted magnetic semiconductors - Optical properties'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Samarth, N., and J. K. Furdyna. "Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors." MRS Bulletin 13, no. 6 (June 1988): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400065477.

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Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are semiconducting alloys whose lattice is partly made of substitutional magnetic ions. The most extensively studied materials of this type are the alloys, in which a fraction of the group II sublattice is replaced at random by Mn. The entire family of ternary alloys, along with their crystal structure and corresponding ranges of composition, is listed in Table I. Over the past decade, these alloys have attracted a growing scientific interest because of new fundamental effects in semiconductor physics and magnetism in these materials and because of their potential applications in optical nonreciprocal devices, solid state lasers, flat panel displays, infrared detectors, and other optoelectronic applications.The increasing popularity of this field can be attributed to the broad variety of fascinating problems offered by the study of the alloys. To begin with, there is an interest in the semiconducting properties per se — for instance, the understanding of the electronic band structure and its variation with alloy composition. As in other ternary alloys, the band parameters and the lattice constant can be “tuned” by controlling the alloy composition, opening the door to band-gap engineering and lattice matching in the context of epitaxially grown superlattices and het-erostructures. The random distribution of Mn atoms with a well-characterized antiferromagnetic Mn-Mn exchange interaction provides an ideal system for studying fundamental questions in disordered magnetism. The sp-d exchange interaction between the spins of band electrons and the localized moments of the Mn atoms constitutes a unique interplay between semiconductor physics and magnetism. This leads to unusual magneto-transport and magneto-optic phenomena such as an extremely large Faraday rotation, giant negative magneto-resistance, and a magnetic-field-induced metal-insulator transition. Finally, the potential technological importance of DMS is also being recognized. For example, the large Faraday rotation holds promise of DMS applications as optical isolators, modulators, and circulators. We will briefly introduce some of the exciting research problems offered by the study of DMS. More detailed information is available in several extensive reviews and compendia.

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2

Archer, Thomas, Chaitanya Das Pemmaraju, and Stefano Sanvito. "Magnetic properties of ZrO2-diluted magnetic semiconductors." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 316, no. 2 (September 2007): e188-e190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.02.085.

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3

Kagami, K., M. Takahashi, and K. Kubo. "Transport and Optical Properties of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors." Journal of Superconductivity 18, no. 1 (February 2005): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-005-2162-8.

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4

Ando, K., H. Saito, Zhengwu Jin, T. Fukumura, M. Kawasaki, Y. Matsumoto, and H. Koinuma. "Magneto-optical properties of ZnO-based diluted magnetic semiconductors." Journal of Applied Physics 89, no. 11 (June 2001): 7284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1356035.

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5

Hoang, Anh-Tuan. "Optical properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors in coherent potential approximation." Physica B: Condensed Matter 403, no. 10-11 (May 2008): 1803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2007.10.015.

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6

Lakshmi, Y. Kalyana, K. Srinivas, B. Sreedhar, M. Manivel Raja, M. Vithal, and P. Venugopal Reddy. "Structural, optical and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Zn0.9Co0.1O-based diluted magnetic semiconductors." Materials Chemistry and Physics 113, no. 2-3 (February 2009): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.08.021.

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7

Ahmad, Naseem, Shakeel Khan, and Mohd Mohsin Nizam Ansari. "Optical, dielectric and magnetic properties of Mn doped SnO2 diluted magnetic semiconductors." Ceramics International 44, no. 13 (September 2018): 15972–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.06.024.

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8

Ohe, Jun-ichiro, Yoshihiro Tomoda, Nejat Bulut, Ryotaro Arita, Kazuma Nakamura, and Sadamichi Maekawa. "Magnetic properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors: Quantum Monte Carlo approach." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 322, no. 9-12 (May 2010): 1192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.06.037.

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9

Hwang, Y. H., H. K. Kim, S. Cho, Y. H. Um, and H. Y. Park. "Magneto-optical properties in diluted magnetic semiconductors Cd0.65−yMn0.35NiyTe single crystals." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 310, no. 2 (March 2007): 2702–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.10.999.

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10

Chuev, M. A., B. A. Aronzon, E. M. Pashaev, M. V. Koval’chuk, I. A. Subbotin, V. V. Rylkov, V. V. Kvardakov, P. G. Medvedev, B. N. Zvonkov, and O. V. Vikhrova. "Diluted magnetic semiconductors: Actual structure and magnetic and transport properties." Russian Microelectronics 37, no. 2 (March 2008): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063739708020017.

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11

Dobrowolska, M., H. Luo, and J. K. Furdyna. "Optical Properties of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Quantum Structures." Acta Physica Polonica A 87, no. 1 (January 1995): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.87.95.

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12

Chen, Chenjia, Xuezhong Wang, Zhifeng Qin, Wei Wu, and W. Giriat. "Optical properties of diluted magnetic semiconductor Zn1−xCoxSe." Solid State Communications 87, no. 8 (August 1993): 717–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(93)90213-7.

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13

Hwang, Younghun, Hyekyeong Kim, Sunglae Cho, Youngho Um, and Hyoyeol Park. "Structural, Optical, and Magneto-Optical Properties in Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors Cd0.63-yMn0.37CoyTe Single Crystals." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 50, no. 3 (March 15, 2007): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.50.853.

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14

Hwang, Younghun, Hyekyeong Kim, Sunglae Cho, Taesoo Kim, Youngho Um, Hyoyeol Park, and Gwangsoo Jeen. "Magnetic and magneto-optical properties in diluted magnetic semiconductors: Cd1−x−yMnxFeyTe single crystals." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 304, no. 1 (September 2006): e309-e311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.02.075.

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15

Srinivas, K., M. Vithal, B. Sreedhar, M. Manivel Raja, and P. Venugopal Reddy. "Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Co Doped SnO2 Based Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113, no. 9 (February 9, 2009): 3543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp809146x.

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16

Yang, Jinghai, Lianhua Fei, Huilian Liu, Yang Liu, Ming Gao, Yongjun Zhang, and Lili Yang. "A study of structural, optical and magnetic properties of Zn0.97−xCuxCr0.03O diluted magnetic semiconductors." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509, no. 8 (February 2011): 3672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.12.157.

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17

Chen, Chenjia, Xuezhong Wang, Wei Gao, Zhifeng Qin, and Kejun Ma. "Magnetic and optical properties of Cd1−xGdxTe diluted magnetic semiconductor." Solid State Communications 86, no. 3 (April 1993): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(93)90887-s.

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18

Alsaad, A. "Magnetic and structural properties of Cr-based diluted magnetic semiconductors and alloys." Physica B: Condensed Matter 405, no. 3 (February 2010): 951–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2009.10.025.

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19

LIU, YangHua, MengTing ZENG, TingTing WU, Fang LIN, Xia YU, ChengXu DU, YingYan DU, et al. "Electronic structures and optical properties of Mn-doped LiCaN new diluted magnetic semiconductors." SCIENTIA SINICA Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica 48, no. 5 (March 21, 2018): 057502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/sspma2017-00349.

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20

Zhi-Kuo, Tao, Zhang Rong, Cui Xu-Gao, Xiu Xiang-Qian, Zhang Guo-Yu, Xie Zi-Li, Gu Shu-Lin, Shi Yi, and Zheng You-Dou. "Optical and Magnetic Properties of Fe-Doped GaN Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors Prepared by MOCVD Method." Chinese Physics Letters 25, no. 4 (April 2008): 1476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/25/4/084.

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21

Liu, Huilian, Jinghai Yang, Zhong Hua, Yongjun Zhang, Lili Yang, and Dandan Wang. "Structure, magnetic, and optical properties in Zn0.98−x Cu0.02 Fe x O diluted magnetic semiconductors." physica status solidi (a) 207, no. 8 (June 7, 2010): 1811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200925456.

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22

Wu, Meirong, Zhiqiang Wei, Wenhua Zhao, Xuan Wang, and Jinlong Jiang. "Optical and Magnetic Properties of Ni Doped ZnS Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors Synthesized by Hydrothermal Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1603450.

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Diluted magnetic semiconductors Zn1-xNixS with different consistency ratio (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method using ethylenediamine as a modifier. The influence of Ni doping concentration on the microstructure, morphology, and optical and magnetic properties of undoped and Ni doped ZnS nanocrystals was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (XEDS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), photoluminescence spectra (PL), and the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The experiment results show the substitution of Ni2+ on Zn2+ sites without changing the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnS and generate single-phase Zn1-xNixS with good crystallization. The lattice constant causes distortion and decreases with the increase of Ni2+ doped concentration. The appearance of the samples is one-dimensional well-dispersed nanorods. UV-vis spectra reveal the band gap of all Zn1-xNixS samples greater than that of bulk ZnS (3.67 eV), and blue shift phenomenon occurs. The photoluminescence spectra of undoped and doped samples possess the broad blue emission band in the range of 400–650 nm; the PL intensities of Zn1-xNixS nanorods increase with the increase of Ni content comparing to pure ZnS and reach maximum for x = 0.03. Magnetic measurements indicated that the undoped ZnS samples are superparamagnetic, whereas the doped samples exhibit ferromagnetism.

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23

Liu, Huilian, Lianhua Fei, Hongbo Liu, Jihui Lang, Jinghai Yang, Yang Liu, Ming Gao, Xiaoyan Liu, Xin Cheng, and Maobin Wei. "Effects of annealing atmosphere on structure, optical and magnetic properties of Zn0.95Cu0.02Cr0.03O diluted magnetic semiconductors." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 587 (February 2014): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.10.193.

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24

Ando, K., H. Saito, V. Zayets, and M. C. Debnath. "Optical properties and functions of dilute magnetic semiconductors." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 16, no. 48 (November 20, 2004): S5541—S5548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/16/48/009.

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25

Imam, N. G., and Mohamed Bakr Mohamed. "Optical properties of diluted magnetic semiconductor Cu:ZnS quantum dots." Superlattices and Microstructures 73 (September 2014): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2014.05.026.

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26

Ahn, Jin-Yong, and Masaaki Imamura. "Magneto-optical properties of diluted magnetic semiconductor CdMnFeTe films." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 272-276 (May 2004): 2002–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.12.1025.

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27

Chang, Kai, and J. B. Xia. "Magneto-optical properties of diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum dots." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 14, no. 49 (November 27, 2002): 13661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/14/49/320.

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28

CHANG, L. L., D. D. AWSCHALOM, M. R. FREEMAN, and L. VINA. "ChemInform Abstract: Optical and Magnetic Properties of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Heterostructures." ChemInform 23, no. 15 (August 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199215324.

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29

Hou, Qingyu, Chunwang Zhao, and Lingfeng Qu. "Effects of V heavy doping on the magnetic and optical properties in anatase TiO2." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 01 (January 10, 2017): 1650240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216502404.

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A half-metal diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) can be formed in heavy V-doped TiO2. Contradictory experimental results in the literature have reported about the absorption spectra blueshift and redshift results in heavy V-doped TiO2. This study aims to reveal the mechanism of half-metal DMS in heavy V-doped TiO2 and solve the problem of absorption spectra blueshift and redshift in the doping system. In this study, models of the unit cells of pure anatase TiO2 and two V heavy-doped supercells of Ti[Formula: see text]V[Formula: see text]O2 and Ti[Formula: see text]V[Formula: see text]O2 were constructed based on density functional theory, which uses the first-principles plane-wave ultrasoft pseudopotential method. All models were obtained through geometry optimization. Local density approximation [Formula: see text] was used to calculate the band structure, density of states (DOS), orbital charge and absorption spectrum of the doping system. The calculated results under the condition of electron spin showed that in the heavy doping concentration range, the volume of supercells increases, the total energy and formation energy decrease and the stability of the supercells increases as V doping concentration increases. Furthermore, the interaction of [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] states is weaker than that of [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] states, which results in the valence band maximum shifting toward the low-energy region, and also the optical bandgap becomes narrower as well as the redshift and intensity of the absorption spectrum become more notable. Noticeably, the hybrid coupling effect of Ti-3[Formula: see text] and V-3[Formula: see text] states becomes stronger, and the magnetic moment increases. The Fermi levels of spin-up band structure within the conduction band, which form the [Formula: see text]-type degenerate semiconductors, and the Fermi levels of spin-down band structure within the bandgap indicate that the doping system has semiconductor features. Therefore, V-doped anatase TiO2 is an extremely promising DMS because of its high electron polarizability of nearly 100%. The calculation results are consistent with the experimental data; these results explain the problems reasonably and adequately. Therefore, the research findings can help solve the contradiction of the redshift and blueshift in the preparation of photocatalysts and half-metal diluted magnetic semiconductors of V heavy-doped anatase TiO2.

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30

Rigana Begam, M., N. Madhusudhana Rao, Girish M. Joshi, S. Kaleemulla, M. Shobana, N. Sai Krishna, and M. Kuppan. "Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Co Doped CdTe Alloy Powders Prepared by Solid-State Reaction Method." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/218659.

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Co doped CdTe powder samples were prepared by solid-state reaction method. In the present work effect of Co doping on structural, optical, and magnetic properties has been studied. X-ray diffraction studies confirm zinc blend structure for all the samples. The lattice parameter showed linear increase with the increase in Co content. The elemental constituents were characterized by EDAX. Optical studies showed the increase in band gap with increase in Co level. The samples were diluted magnetic semiconductors and exhibited clear hysteresis loop showing room temperature ferromagnetism as confirmed by vibrating sample magnetometer.

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31

Saikia, D., and J. P. Borah. "Investigations of doping induced structural, optical and magnetic properties of Ni doped ZnS diluted magnetic semiconductors." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 28, no. 11 (February 15, 2017): 8029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-6508-3.

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32

Yu, Y. M., J. G. Park, M. H. Hyun, S. Nam, O. Byungsung, K. S. Lee, K. S. An, Y. D. Choi, M. Y. Yoon, and P. Y. Yu. "Structural and optical properties of Zn1−xMnxTe epilayers as diluted magnetic II–VI semiconductors." Journal of Crystal Growth 237-239 (April 2002): 1589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(01)02347-8.

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33

Toulemonde, O., and M. Gaudon. "New examination of the magnetic properties of cobalt-doped ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductors." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 43, no. 4 (January 12, 2010): 045001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/43/4/045001.

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34

Ham, Moon-Ho, and Jae-Min Myoung. "Ferromagnetic Properties in Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors (Al,Mn)N grown by PEMBE." Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/teem.2006.7.1.012.

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35

Przeździecka, E., E. Kamińska, M. Kiecana, M. Sawicki, Ł. Kłopotowski, W. Pacuski, and J. Kossut. "Magneto-optical properties of the diluted magnetic semiconductor -type ZnMnO." Solid State Communications 139, no. 10 (September 2006): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2006.07.005.

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36

Aguekian, V. F., L. K. Gridneva, and A. Yu Serov. "Optical properties of new diluted magnetic semiconductor Cd1−x−yMnxMgyTe." Solid State Communications 87, no. 7 (August 1993): 635–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(93)90128-a.

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37

Majid, Abdul, Javed Iqbal, and Akbar Ali. "Structural, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Ce–GaN Based Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor." Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 24, no. 1-2 (October 8, 2010): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-010-1004-5.

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38

Anjum, Safia, Hina Nazli, Farooq Bashir, and Kiran Mahmood. "Structural, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Zn0.5CuxCo0.5-x Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors." Materials Today: Proceedings 2, no. 10 (2015): 5552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.11.085.

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39

Ahmad, Tokeer, Sarvari Khatoon, and Ruby Phul. "A Review on Chemical Synthesis, Characterization and Optical Properties of Nanocrystalline Transition Metal Doped Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors." Solid State Phenomena 201 (May 2013): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.201.103.

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Nanomaterials have fascinated researchers in recent years because these materials exhibit unusual optical, magnetic and electrical properties as compared to their bulk counterparts. Incorporating impurity ions into a semiconducting host to extend its properties has been one of the most important techniques that paved the way for the modern technology based on spintronic devices. Over the past few years, oxide based dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) have gained remarkable interest due to the possibility of inducing room temperature ferromagnetism. This review describes the experimental developments and optical properties of oxide based DMSs, including the recent results on ZnO, CdO and In2O3 based systems. Optical properties of transition metal (TM)-doped ZnO, CdO and In2O3 dilute magnetic semiconductor nanoparticles show red shift in energy band gaps. Such types of phenomena are attributed to sp-d exchange interactions between band electrons and localized d-electrons of the substituted transition metal ions. Table of Contents

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40

Sakuma, M., K. Hyomi, I. Souma, A. Murayama, and Y. Oka. "Giant Magneto-Optical Properties in Hybrid Nanostructures of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors With Ferromagnetic Co Wires." Journal of Superconductivity 18, no. 3 (July 12, 2005): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-005-0007-0.

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41

Gu, Yilun, Shengli Guo, and Fanlong Ning. "Progress on microscopic properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors by NMR and μSR." Journal of Semiconductors 40, no. 8 (August 2019): 081506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/081506.

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42

Chen, P. P., H. Makino, and T. Yao. "MBE growth and magnetic properties of InMnN diluted magnetic semiconductor." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 21, no. 2-4 (March 2004): 983–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2003.11.176.

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43

Imamura, M., Jin-Yong Ahn, K. Takashima, and S. Inoue. "Magnetooptical properties of diluted magnetic semiconductor CdMnCoTe films." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 38, no. 5 (September 2002): 3237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2002.802515.

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44

SRINIVAS, K., and P. VENUGOPAL REDDY. "THE INFLUENCE OF NANOMETRIC SIZE ON VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF NANOCRYSTALLINE Zn0.9Ni0.1O DILUTED MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTORS." International Journal of Nanoscience 10, no. 04n05 (August 2011): 949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x11008733.

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With a view to understand the influence of nanometric size on various properties of nanocrystalline Zn0.9Ni0.1O diluted magnetic semiconductors, a systematic investigation has been undertaken. Samples were prepared for the first time by hydrazine assisted polyol method and are post annealed in air at different temperatures to vary the crystallite size. From the Rietveld refinement of XRD data, the isotropic crystallite size values are found to be in the range, 15–42 nm. Further, the phase analysis of Rietveld refined XRD data, FT-IR and optical absorbance spectral studies revealed that all the samples are having hexagonal wurzite structure without any detectable impurity phases. From AFM topography studies, it has been found that the surface condition of the grains and their distributions clearly depend on the nano size of the materials. From the PL measurements, the local defects of the materials were explored. From magnetization studies which were carried out by using VSM and MFM techniques, it has been found that all the samples are found to exhibit a clear ferromagnetic hysteresis behavior at room temperature without any magnetic clusters. Finally, electrical properties were also undertaken at room temperature to understand the variation of magnetic behavior as a function of nanometric size of these materials.

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45

Salimian, S., and S. Farjami Shayesteh. "Structural, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Mn-doped CdS Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Nanoparticles." Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 25, no. 6 (April 19, 2012): 2009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-012-1549-6.

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46

Oka, Yasuo, Kentaro Kayanuma, Satoshi Shirotori, Akihiro Murayama, Izuru Souma, and Zhanghai Chen. "Magneto-optical properties and exciton dynamics in diluted magnetic semiconductor nanostructures." Journal of Luminescence 100, no. 1-4 (December 2002): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2313(02)00446-5.

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47

Hamedoun, M., Zahia Elachheb, H. Bakrim, A. Hourmatallah, N. Benzakour, A. Jorio, and M. Hachimi. "Electronic and magnetic properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors A1 xMnxTe (A = Cd, Zn) (0 ≤ x ≤ 1)." physica status solidi (b) 236, no. 3 (April 2003): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200301653.

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48

Drašar, Č., J. Kašparová, P. Lošˇták, X. Shi, and C. Uher. "Transport and magnetic properties of the diluted magnetic semiconductors Sb1.98–xV0.02Crx Te3 and Sb1.984–yV0.016Mny Te3." physica status solidi (b) 244, no. 6 (June 2007): 2202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200642486.

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49

Shobana, M., and S. R. Meher. "Structural, optical and magnetic properties of cobalt-doped ZnTe dilute magnetic semiconductors." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31, no. 18 (July 31, 2020): 15140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04079-y.

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50

Liu, Hui Lian, Lian Hua Fei, Hong Bo Liu, Jing Hai Yang, Xin Jin, Ming Gao, Yang Liu, Xin Cheng, and Xu Zhang. "A study of structural, optical and magnetic properties of Cr, Ce co-doping in ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductors." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 24, no. 1 (July 22, 2012): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-012-0840-4.

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