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1
Wagenvoord, Rob, Coen Hemker, and Erik De Smedt. "The technique of measuring thrombin generation with fluorogenic substrates: 3. The effects of sample dilution." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 101, no. 01 (2009): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th08-08-0523.
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SummaryAssessing the clotting function inevitably brings about dilution of plasma. With the existing techniques of thrombin generation (TG) measurement, dilution ranges from 2:3 to 1:8. However, the possibility that dilution alters procoagulant and anticoagulant pathways differently has not been examined. We investigated the effects of dilution on the thrombin generation process and found that the anticoagulant pathways are far more affected by dilution than the procoagulant pathways. That is, when prothrombin and antithrombin concentrations are kept constant, dilution of plasma does not significantly affect tissue factor (TF)-driven thrombin generation. We demonstrate that dilution of plasma slows down the inhibitory activity of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) to a greater extent when compared with the down regulation by diluting procoagulant factors. Dilution of plasma has also a negative effect on the participation of the anti-haemophiliac factors VIII and IX in TG driven by contact activation or low TF concentration. We also investigated the effect of dilution on the participation of the anticoagulant system that consists of thrombomodulin, protein C and protein S (APC system). We found that plasma dilution causes a loss of sensitivity towards TM and APC. Furthermore, at high dilutions (> 1:12) a second wave of prothrombinase-activity was observed that could be attributed to the suppression of protein S-dependent inhibition. In conclusion, the mechanism of TG is profoundly disturbed by plasma dilution. As a consequence, the less a plasma sample is diluted, the better a TG experiment represents the physiological process.
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Mutugi, J. J., A. S. Young, A. C. Maritim, A. Linyonyi, S. K. Mbogo, and B. L. Leitch. "Immunization of cattle using varying infective doses of Theileria parva lawrencei sporozoites derived from an African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and treatment with buparvaquone." Parasitology 96, no. 2 (April 1988): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000058376.
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SummaryA Theileria parva lawrencei isolate in the form of a sporozoite stabilate, derived by feeding clean Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal ticks on an African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) captured in the Laikipia District, Kenya, was inoculated into groups of cattle at dilutions between 100 and 10-3. Groups of 3 cattle infected with 1 ml inocula at 100, 10-1 and 10-2 dilutions were treated with 2·5 mg/kg body weight of buparvaquone on day 0 and similar groups were left untreated to act as controls. An additional group, given 100 dilution of the stabilate, was treated with buparvaquone on day 8 post-inoculation. It was found that all control cattle inoculated with the stabilate at dilutions between 100 and 10-2 became infected, but only 2 out of 3 cattle developed patent infections at 10-3 dilution. All 3 control cattle receiving 100 dilution died of theileriosis, 2 at 10-1 and 10-2 dilutions, and 1 at 10-3 dilution died. Buparvaquone treatment on day 0 at 100 dilution resulted in the survival of 2 of 3 cattle and all the cattle at 10-1 and 10-2 dilutions. All the surviving cattle eventually developed a significant serological response against T. parva in the indirect fluorescent antibody test, except 1 in the 10-3 dilution group, and were immune to homologous challenge when tested 3 months later with a lethal inoculum of stabilate, except 2 cattle in the 10-3 dilution group. As a result of a theileriosis problem at about day 60 after inoculation in 2 cattle given 10-2 dilution of stabilate and buparvaquone treatment on day 0, an additional 5 cattle were given 10-2 dilution of stabilate and developed a good immunity after buparvaquone treatment. None was shown to develop the carrier state. Treatment with buparvaquone on day 8 after infection with 100 dilution of stabilate was not successful since 2 died. The stabilate used was shown to produce reproducible infection in cattle at different dilutions.
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Deltsov, Alexander A., Valentina M. Bachinskaya, Nastasya K. Belova, and Alexandra A. Popova. "Investigation of antibacterial properties of shampoo with chlorhexidine for dogs and cats." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 1, no. 122 (2024): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202401002.
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The article presents the results of a study of the antibacterial effect of shampoo with chlorhexidine for dogs and cats. It was found that with serial dilution of antibacterial shampoo in meatpeptone broth, it prevents the growth of E. coli in dilutions of 1:10 and 1:100; S. aureus in dilutions of 1:10 and 1:100; P. aeruginosa in dilutions of 1:10 and 1:100; S. enterica in dilutions of 1:10, 1:100 and 1:1000; P. vulgaris in breeding 1:10 and 1:100. And it was also found that the test sample interferes with the growth of E. coli at a dilution of 1:10 on the Endo medium; S. aureus in dilution of 1:10 and 1:100 on elective, salt agar; P. aeruginosa in dilution of 1:10 per MPA; S. enterica in dilution of 1:10, 1:100 and 1:1000 per MPA; P. vulgaris in dilution of 1:10 and 1:100 per MPA. Thus, even at a concentration of 1:10, the shampoo has an antiseptic effect. It is recommended to use shampoo in the initial concentration.
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Arendrup, Maiken Cavling, Karin Meinike Jørgensen, Nicolien Hanemaaijer, and Paul E. Verweij. "ISO standard 20776-1 or serial 2-fold dilution for antifungal susceptibility plate preparation: that is the question!" Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, no. 7 (March 18, 2021): 1793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab088.
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Abstract Background Since the ISO standard 20776-1 and serial dilution procedures were compared in 2010 for fluconazole and itraconazole, several new antifungals that are hydrophobic and highly potent have been introduced. Objectives To investigate the impact of the number of tip changes during serial dilution, and ISO and serial dilution for nine antifungals. Methods EUCAST E.Def 7.3.2 with serial (0–10 tip changes) and ISO dilution. Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019, Candida albicans ATCC 64548, C. albicans CNM CL-F8555, Candida krusei ATCC 6258, Aspergillus flavus ATCC 204304 and clinical isolates (n = 5) of C. albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, C. krusei, A. flavus and Aspergillus terreus were included. GM MICs were compared for ISO and serial dilution and with QC values where available. Results Increasing the number of tip changes (0/1/2/10 times) during serial dilution for plate preparation increased the MICs 1 to >2 dilutions for amphotericin B, anidulafungin, micafungin, fluconazole, voriconazole and isavuconazole against C. albicans ATCC 64548 but only isavuconazole MICs against C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 (3 dilutions). ISO and serial dilution (two tip changes) were compared for eight compounds and four Candida QC strains (352 MICs). Six/41 GM MIC pairs deviated with 1–1.8 dilution (14.6%). Comparing the GM MIC with the QC values, the ISO method GM MIC was closest to the target in 30.8%, the serial dilution in 34.6% and the methods identical in 34.6% of the cases. Finally, ISO and serial dilution MICs were compared for clinical isolates (920 MICs). Five/23 GM MIC pairs (21.7%) deviated 1.0–1.1 dilutions. Conclusions The ISO and serial dilution (two tip changes) method were in acceptable agreement and thus equally applicable for EUCAST testing.
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Li, S. S., and D. O. Hodgins. "Modelling wastewater effluent mixing and dispersion in a tidal channel." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 1 (January 2010): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-128.
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The dilution and dispersion behaviour of wastewater effluent discharged from the Lions Gate Wastewater Treatment Plant into Burrard Inlet in British Columbia is investigated. This investigation focuses on the initial dilution zone, where low dilutions or high concentrations of contaminants contained in the effluent potentially pose a water-quality problem. We took the numerical approach and used field measurements of effluent dilutions, ambient stratification, and currents made in the vicinity of the discharge point for model input and verification. Predictions of effluent dilution and trapping compare well with the field results. We successfully determined the zone of exposure, effluent dilutions, trapping depths, and dispersion pathways as a function of discharge flow rate, ambient currents, and ambient stratification. It is shown that effluent trapping and dilutions in the initial dilution zone are governed mainly by the ambient currents, discharge rate, and, to a small extent, ambient stratification.
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Arif, Ani Atul, Tulus Maulana, Ekayanti Mulyawati Kaiin, Bambang Purwantara, Raden Iis Arifiantini, and Erdogan Memili. "Comparative analysis of various step-dilution techniques on the quality of frozen Limousin bull semen." November-2020 13, no. 11 (2020): 2422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2422-2428.
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Background and Aim: Indonesia has two National Artificial Insemination centers and 17 Regional Artificial Insemination Centers. The frozen semen production techniques differed between the centers, including the type of diluent and semen dilution technique. The aim of the research was to compare the quality of frozen Limousin bull semen diluted using different techniques. Materials and Methods: Semen was collected from three sexually mature Limousin bulls using an artificial vagina. Immediately after collection, the semen was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Semen that had >70% motile sperm and <20% sperm abnormality was divided into three tubes and diluted with skim milk-egg yolk (SMEY) using three different dilution techniques: One-step dilution (100% SMEY with 8% glycerol) at room temperature ([RT] 20°C until 25°C) two-step dilution (50% SMEY without glycerol at RT, stored at 5°C; and 50% SMEY with 16% glycerol after 1 h stored at 5°C); and three-step dilution (50% SMEY without glycerol at RT, stored at 5°C; and 50% SMEY with 16% glycerol added twice at 1 h and 1.5 h after being stored at 5°C). The diluted semen was loaded into 0.25 mL mini straws, equilibrated, and frozen using a freezing machine. Sperm motility, viability, membranes, DNA integrity, and concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes were evaluated after thawing. Results: The results showed that there were no significant differences in sperm motility and DNA integrity between dilutions (p>0.05). However, sperm viability and membrane intactness of one-step dilutions were higher than those of three-step dilutions. The concentrations of MDA and AST enzymes of sperm in one-step dilutions were lower than those of three-step dilutions (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the one-step-dilution technique was better than three-step dilution for cryopreservation of Limousin bull semen.
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Brummel-Ziedins, Kathleen E., Matthew F. Whelihan, Eduards G. Ziedins, and Kenneth G. Mann. "The Resusciatative Fluid You Chose May Potentiate Bleeding." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1029.1029.
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Abstract Trauma is the leading cause of death in the younger population in the United States, frequently from the development of hemorrhagic shock. Controversy exists over the type of volume resuscitation to be used (dilutions ranging up to 66%) in hemorrhagic shock for restoring hemodynamic stability. Trauma results in massive exposure of tissue factor to the circulation and explosive amounts of thrombin being generated. We studied the effect of various resuscitative formulas to blood coagulation, specifically thrombin generation and fibrin formation, in a controlled setting using corn trypsin inhibited whole blood initiated with a 5pM stimulus of tissue factor. Thrombin generation measured as its complex with antithrombin III (TAT) was evaluated periodically over a time course of 20 min. Fibrin clots were collected and weighed. We investigated four diluents (0.9% NaCl (NS), lactated Ringer’s solution (LR), 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and 3% NaCl (HS)) each at a 0,10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% blood dilution. At a 10% dilution TAT generation was in the order of LR (−4%) < HES (−8%)< NS and HS (−12%). Diluting by 20% resulted in further decreases of TAT formation. The fibrin clot mass decreased dramatically with a 20% dilution for NS (−42%) and HES (−30%). Conversely, HS produced no change in fibrin mass but effected the largest change in thrombin generation rate (−56%). At a 50% dilution, comparable thrombin generation profiles were obtained for LR, HES and NS (~35% decrease). However, the fibrin masses decreased by 27% with LR, 46% with NS and 74% with HES. No clot formation or thrombin generation was seen with HS at > 20% dilution. This in vitro study shows that: 1) LR has the least effect on thrombin generation and gave higher than anticipated clot weights; 2) HES reduced the fibrin clot mass at higher dilutions; 3) HS abolishes coagulation after a 20% dilution. Overall, both the extent and nature of hemodilution cause profound alterations in the hemostatic mechanism.
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Cruz, Jorddy Neves da, Luciano Augusto de Sousa, Paulo Cairo Nunes de Oliveira, Marcio Marcelo da Silva Pessoa, Nathiel Sarges Moraes, Maria Jaqueline Bailão Silva, Ayrton Barradas Rocha, et al. "Comparative analysis of the antimicrobial activity of peracetic acid and sodium hypoclorite in the fight against Staphylococcus aureus." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 11 (August 25, 2022): e377111133708. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i11.33708.
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Analyze compared to antimicrobial activity of peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite against S. aureus, showing the best reagent in the inhibition of the same, in addition to quantify the concentration minimum required to inhibition growth. methodology: for the experimental group I (peracetic acid), were used 10 microtubes getting 900μl reagent and dilutions serial of 10-1 to 10-9, for the experimental group II (sodium hypochlorite) another 10 microtubes received 900μl reagent and dilutions serial of 10-1 to 10-9. It was added more 100μl the inoculum bacterial to microtubes of both groups, the mixture was incubated greenhouse bacteriological for 5 minutes at 37ºc and later sown in culture medium. The peracetic acid showed efficiency inhibition of growth of S. aureus to the dilution of 10-2, this being dilution the 0,001% of peracetic acid. In dilution of 10-3 there was a growth part of 44% compared to the control group, in dilutions later there was 100% bacterial growth. sodium hypochlorite showed effectiveness to the dilution of 10-4 being this dilution corresponding to the sodium hypochlorite the 0,0001%. In dilution of 10-5 sodium hypochlorite had an effect partial 86% of bacterial growth in relation to the control group, in dilutions later there was 100% bacterial growth. The Sodium hypochlorite showed be ten times more effective than the peracetic acid in relation to inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus aureus.
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Won, Dong I. L. "Measurements of Endpoint Titers Based on the Fluorescence Intensity Trend in Anti-Nuclear Antibody Testing." Laboratory Medicine 51, no. 5 (December 24, 2019): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/lmz087.
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Abstract Background Automated systems for antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing provide endpoint titers that are predicted based on the fluorescence intensity (FI) value at a screening dilution (single-well titration [SWT]) showing frequent titration errors (more than plus or minus 1 dilution). Methods Line slope titration (LST) was based on the trend of FI values on dilutions. Three dilutions per specimen were prepared considering a patient’s previous titer or FI at the screening dilution. On the XY plot, with the reciprocal of dilution as the X-axis and FI value as the Y-axis, a fitted line was drawn to obtain the endpoint titers. Results The titration error rate (no. of errors/total no.) of LST using a regression line was lower than that of SWT (31/710 [4.4%] and 152/674 [22.6%], respectively; P < .000000001), with serial dilution as a reference. When comparing a regression line using 3 dilution points with a line using 2 dilution points, the error rate of the former was not significantly different from that of the latter (31/710 [4.4%] and 31/746 [4.2%], respectively; P = .842). Conclusions This LST method is useful as an accurate, cost-effective, and rapid approach to measure endpoint titers in routine ANA testing.
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Keler, Cynthia, Tabitha Balutis, Kim Bergen, Bryanna Laudenslager, and Deanna Rubino. "Serial Dilution Simulation Lab." American Biology Teacher 72, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2010.72.5.9.
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Serial dilution is often a difficult concept for students to understand. In this short dry lab exercise, students perform serial dilutions using seed beads. This exercise helps students gain skill at performing dilutions without using reagents, bacterial cultures, or viral cultures, while being able to visualize the process.
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Blodgett, Robert J. "Planning a serial dilution test with multiple dilutions." Food Microbiology 26, no. 4 (June 2009): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2009.02.001.
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Hashemi, Shervin, and Mooyoung Han. "Control of urine odor in different sanitation practices and its implication on water saving." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.094.
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To avoid odor in sanitation systems, urine is usually diluted with water (flushed), which leads to high water consumption. The smell may remain in sanitation systems if the systems are not well managed, or if the urine is flushed with insufficient amounts of water. In this study, using the standard threshold odor number (TON) measurement as an indicator of urine odor, the effects of the pH and temperature of the diluting water regarding the amount of water:urine dilution ratio were studied. The effects of temperature and pH of the diluting water on TON when the dilution ratio was constant were investigated. Results show that lowering the pH and temperature of the diluting water can reduce the minimum dilution ratio needed to achieve TON = 0. At constant dilution ratio, reducing pH seemed to be more efficient, sustainable, and economical in comparison to adjusting the temperature of the diluting water. It was found that, based on the specific pH and temperature of the diluting water, there is a minimum dilution ratio required to avoid urine odor. Therefore, in sanitation systems, the amount of flushing should be adjusted based on the characteristics of the flushing water as well as on the amount of urination.
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Leuenberger, Kurt P., Spero Cataland, Ming Jin, Carol Orr, Guido Marcucci, Eric H. Kraut, and Haifeng M. Wu. "Distinguishing Antiphospholipid Antibodies from an Acquired Factor Inhibitor: A Novel Laboratory Approach." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.2150.2150.
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Abstract Distinguishing between antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) and an acquired factor inhibitor can sometimes be difficult and complicated by the fact that high titer APA can interfere with in vitro phospholipid dependent coagulation tests, including factor assays and Bethesda titers. Incorrect diagnosis can lead to inappropriate management. The following case illustrates these problems and demonstrates a novel means to rapidly distinguish between APA and a factor inhibitor. A 78 year old man with a 3 year history of myelodysplastic syndrome was admitted for worsening pancytopenia. His PTT was prolonged (68 seconds) and did not correct with a mixing study. His PT was also elevated at 18 seconds. D-dimer and fibrinogen levels were normal. Some factor assays were ordered at the time showing factors IX (3%), II (103%), V (110%), VII (85%), and X (114%). Lupus anticoagulants (LA) were detected by the dilute Russell’s Viper Venom test as well by a positive Staclot®LA test using standard methods. Anticardiolipin antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and showed an elevated IgM level and a normal IgG level. Standard dilutions at 1:2 to 1:8 (patient plasma:buffer) were performed to evaluate for possible dilutional effects on the factor IX assays. On several attempts, the dilutional effect could not be adequately assessed because all clotting times obtained were off the standard curve. A Bethesda assay for factor IX inhibitor was then performed, using a standard procedure, indicating an anti-factor IX titer of 28 Bethesda units. Due to the unlikelihood for coexistence of APA with an acquired factor inhibitor, we used a novel method to determine if this patient plasma contained an extremely high titer of interfering APA that may have been responsible for a falsely low factor IX level determined by a phospholipid-dependent clotting assay. We postulated that diluting patient plasma with a significant amount of pooled normal plasma (PNP) would effectively decrease APA titer while not changing the clotting factor level. At a dilution of the patient plasma mixed with PNP where the factor level reaches 20-30% in a standard factor assay, further dilutional effects of this mix with buffer will be evident if the patient in fact has an interfering APA. We first serially diluted the patient plasma with PNP until we obtained a 25% factor IX activity. This occurred at a 1:64 dilution (patient:PNP). Standard dilutional assays with buffer were then performed on this mix (patient plasma mixed with PNP). These assays demonstrated 40% activity at a 1:2 dilution, 96% activity at a 1:8 dilution, and 128% activity at a 1:64 dilution. The results conclusively demonstrated the presence of an interfering APA that resulted in a falsely low detected level of factor IX. To determine if high titer APA were interfering with other phospholipid based assays, factor VIII and XI levels were drawn and showed levels of 2% and 3%, respectively. Chromogenic assays, ELISA-based techniques, and phospholipid neutralization have been developed to help differentiate between APA and factor inhibitors. However, this novel approach is potentially simpler, more rapid and less expensive, and is currently being validated on other patients with high titer APA to help validate these results.
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Chow, Aaron C., Wilbert Verbruggen, Robin Morelissen, Yousef Al-Osairi, Poornima Ponnumani, Haitham M. S. Lababidi, Bader Al-Anzi, and E. Eric Adams. "Numerical Prediction of Background Buildup of Salinity Due to Desalination Brine Discharges into the Northern Arabian Gulf." Water 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2019): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112284.
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Brine discharges from desalination plants into low-flushing water bodies are challenging from the point of view of dilution, because of the possibility of background buildup effects that decrease the overall achievable dilution. To illustrate the background buildup effect, this paper uses the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, a shallow, reverse tidal estuary with only one outlet available for exchange flow. While desalination does not significantly affect the long-term average Gulf-wide salinity, due to the mitigating effect of the Indian Ocean Surface Water inflow, its resulting elevated salinities, as well as elevated concentrations of possible contaminants (such as heavy metals and organophosphates), can affect marine environments on a local and regional scale. To analyze the potential effect of background salinity buildup on dilutions achievable from discharge locations in the northern Gulf, a 3-dimensional hydrodynamic model (Delft3D) was used to simulate brine discharges from a single hypothetical source location along the Kuwaiti shoreline, about 900 km from the Strait of Hormuz. Using nested grids with a horizontal resolution, comparable to a local tidal excursion (250 m), far field dilutions of about 28 were computed for this discharge location. With this far field dilution, to achieve a total dilution of 20, the near field dilution (achievable using a submerged diffuser) would need to be increased to approximately 70. Conversely, the background build-up means that a near field dilution of 20 yields a total dilution of only about 12.
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García-Rentería, Francisco-Fernando, Gustavo Ariel Chang Nieto, and Gustavo Hernández Cortés. "Wave Effects on the Initial Dilution of Untreated Wastewater Discharge for Santa Marta’s Submarine Outfall (Colombia)." Water 15, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15050919.
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The initial dilution generated by the final disposal of untreated wastewater through a submarine outfall in Santa Marta was examined with a near-field dilution model. Northward and eastward seawater velocity, salinity, and temperature profiles from a 3D hydrodynamic model were used to provide the oceanic conditions to calculate the dilution. The upwelling phenomenon occurs two times a year at the wastewater discharge site, the major from December to March and the minor in July, eliminating the stratification condition of seawater. The results of the dilution model showed that in these periods the plume reaches the water surface, achieving dilutions greater than 100. In addition, the external wave effect on the initial dilution of submarine outfall discharge in Santa Marta was determined. Surface waves increase dilution during the dry period of the year, when trade winds increase the surge and start the upwelling phenomenon. The dilution with/without waves factor is up to 1.90 for the center of the plume on the water column.
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Hsieh, P. C., C. L. Lee, and A. A. Chiu. "Desorption kinetics of naphthalene from sediment particles: batch and stepwise desorption approach." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 4 (February 1, 2010): 1011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.001.
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We investigated three major parameters in simulating desorption behaviours: the pre-contamination period, dilution by clean water mass (dilution ratio) and the length of the time interval between dilutions, in both batch and stepwise desorption experiments using particles pre-contaminated with a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalene (NAPH). We found that the dilution ratio plays a major role in batch desorption, whereas the pre-contamination period plays a major role in stepwise desorption (SD). In addition, the diffusion process was found to be the rate-determining step for our study of SD kinetics. Based on the results of our batch experiments, we were able to derive a mathematical expression capable of correlating the SD rate constant with the length of time interval between dilutions. This expression can be applied in numerical modelling of various naturally occurring processes such as the dispersion and dilution of a heavily contaminated water mass in a marine environment due to an oil spill incident.
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Qais Muri Laabusi. "To isolate and diagnose the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis of some soils Wasit Province and use it as bio-pesticide with different concentrations to kill Agrotis ipsilon ( Hufnagel) laboratory." Journal of Wasit for Science and Medicine 8, no. 2 (December 5, 2022): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/jwsm.250.
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The Bacillus thuringiensis found in all the study zones in Wasit province, but at different rates because difference type the land and climatic situation in each region. The average of bacteria in those areas 30.0،Swairah and Badra recorded higher rates for this bacteria 50% and 40% respectively. The Bacillus thuringiensis in soils Districts Al-ahrar and Al-hai was least 20% and 10% respectively .The study indicated to three of Bacillus thuringiensis dilutions differed in kill the larvae of the worm black biting Agrotis ipsilon laboratory, The B .thuringiensis dilution (57 × 106) Spor / ml killed higher of other dilutions and was 77.5% after 3 days of treatment of killing rate decreased with increasing the length of time .The dilution B .thuringiensis (57 × 106) Spor / ml recorded 30.7% kill rate during the treatment . dilution B .thuringiensis (34 × 105) Spor / ml least in kill of larvae of the worm black biting Agrotis ipsilon laboratory and was 59.2% after 3 days of treatment in the dilution .The kill rate decreased with increasing the time .Recorded general average for ratio killing of the dilution 25.0% during the time of the treatment.
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Flessland, Karen A., Helen R. Landicho, Kimberlee K. Borden, and Harry E. Prince. "Performance Characteristics of the PolyTiter Immunofluorescent Titration System for Determination of Antinuclear Antibody Endpoint Dilution." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 9, no. 2 (March 2002): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.9.2.329-332.2002.
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ABSTRACT Conventional screening for circulating antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is generally performed by immunofluorescent (IF) microscopy with a 1:40 dilution of serum. Intensity of IF staining is then semiquantitated by using twofold serial dilutions, where the highest dilution in which staining intensity equals the endpoint control is expressed as an endpoint titer. The PolyTiter Immunofluorescent Titration system (Polymedco, Inc.) facilitates ANA-IF assay (IFA) testing by relating the intensity of IF staining to reference calibrators (defined in PolyTiter units), providing an endpoint titer directly from a 1:40 dilution. This study was conducted to assess the performance characteristics of the PolyTiter system. Two technologists each evaluated 10 replicates of three specimens and two controls on five sequential days. Endpoint dilution agreement (defined as ±2 dilutions) with the reference was 100% for all controls and for all specimens by one technologist. The second reader reported agreement of 98, 88, and 100% for the low, medium, and high specimens, respectively. Analysis of PolyTiter unit values yielded between-reader, between-run, and within-run precision coefficients of variation of less than 10%. The variance component in the lot-to-lot analysis was zero, indicating all of the variation was due to run-to-run differences. Overall endpoint dilution agreement between PolyTiter and serial dilution in the evaluation of 125 specimens at three sites was 90, 93, and 86%. Pattern identification with the PolyTiter was similar to that with serial dilution. The PolyTiter system demonstrates acceptable performance for routine ANA-IFA testing in the clinical laboratory.
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Trajstman, A. C. "A Note on Dilution Assays with Errors in Dilutions." Biometrical Journal 38, no. 3 (1996): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710380304.
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Yang, Li, Wubin Weng, Yanqun Zhu, Yong He, Zhihua Wang, and Zhongshan Li. "Investigation of Dilution Effect on CH4/Air Premixed Turbulent Flame Using OH and CH2O Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020325.
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Diluting the combustion mixtures is one of the advanced approaches to reduce the NOx emission of methane/air premixed turbulent flame, especially with high diluents to create a distributed reaction zone and mild combustion, which can lower the temperature of reaction zone and reduce the formation of NOx. The effect of N2/CO2 dilution on the combustion characteristics of methane/air premixed turbulent flame with different dilution ratio and different exit Reynolds number was conducted by OH-PLIF and CH2O-PLIF. Results show that the increase of dilution ratio can sharply reduce the concentration of OH and CH2O, and postpone the burning of fuel. Compared with the ultra-lean combustion, the dilution weakens the combustion more obviously. For different dilution gases, the concentration of OH in the combustion zone varies greatly, while the concentration of CH2O in the unburned zone is less affected by different dilution gas. The CO2 dilution has a more significant effect on OH concentration than N2 with the given dilution ratio, but a similar effect on the concentration of CH2O in the preheat zone of flame. However, dilution does not have much influence on the flame structure with the given turbulent intensity.
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Sawalha, Hazem Diab Aref, Rasha Ma'ali, and Anan Hussein. "Landfill leachates as an abiotic disease factor affecting solanaceous crops and olive trees." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 5, no. 3 (March 30, 2016): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v5i3.5047.
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Different landfills in Jenin district were selected in this research, and are considered the main garbage destination for the north part of the West bank. Due to their expected drastic effect on agriculture, the experiment was carried out to study the impact of such landfills on nearby olive orchards. The results showed that the landfills since their establishment caused drastic reduction of olive production from an average of 1500 kg/hectare in 2005 to 560 kg/hectare in 2009. Furthermore, olive production in the studied area stopped absolutely in 2011 due to complete olive orchard failure. On the other hand, the effect of landfills was studied on vegetables under lab conditions. Therefore, different dilutions of the landfill leachate were used to irrigate tomato and pepper plants. The results showed that leachate caused plant stunting and reduction in leaf surface area when compared with control regardless of dilution used, but more pronounced in dilution zero. On the other hand, chlorophyll concentration was more in plant treated with zero dilution of leachate when compared with other treatments. Number of dropped leaves was more in plant treated with zero dilution of leachate when compared with other dilutions and control. The plants treated with zero dilution died before others treatments. Conclusion: leachate may have a drastic effect on nearby cultivated plant and could affect plant growth and lead to premature plant death.
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Best, L. M., D. J. M. Haldane, M. Keelan, D. E. Taylor, A. B. R. Thomson, V. Loo, C. A. Fallone, et al. "Multilaboratory Comparison of Proficiencies in Susceptibility Testing of Helicobacter pylori and Correlation between Agar Dilution and E Test Methods." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 10 (October 2003): 3138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.10.3138-3144.2003.
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ABSTRACT Susceptibility testing was performed at seven Canadian microbiology laboratories and the Helicobacter Reference Laboratory, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, to assess susceptibility testing proficiency and the reproducibility of the results for clarithromycin and metronidazole and to compare the Epsilometer test (E test) method to the agar dilution reference method. Control strain Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504 (American Type Culture Collection) and 13 clinical isolates (plus duplicates of four of these strains including ATCC 43504) were tested blindly. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines for agar dilution testing were followed, and the same suspension of organisms was used for agar dilution and E test. Antimicrobials and E test strips were provided to the investigators. Methods were provided on a website (www.Helicobactercanada.org ). Each center reported MICs within the stated range for strain ATCC 43504. Compared to the average MICs, interlaboratory agreements within 2 log2 dilutions were 90% (range, 69 to 100%) for clarithromycin by agar dilution, with seven very major errors [VMEs], and 85% (range, 65 to 100%) by E test, with three VMEs. Interlaboratory agreements within 2 log2 dilutions were 83% (range, 50 to 100%) for metronidazole by agar dilution, with six VMEs and eight major errors (MEs), and 75% (range, 50 to 94%) by E test, with four VMEs and four MEs. At lower and higher concentrations of antibiotic, E test MICs were slightly different from agar dilution MICs, but these differences did not result in errors. When a standardized protocol based on NCCLS guidelines was used, most participants in this study correctly identified clarithromycin- and metronidazole-susceptible and -resistant strains of H. pylori 93% of the time by either the agar dilution or E test method, and the numbers of errors were relatively equivalent by both methods.
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Oliver, Kruger, Thorp, and Prescott. "Determination of the lowest dilution of aluminium acetate solution able to inhibit in vitro growth of organisms commonly found in chronic suppurative otitis media." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 114, no. 11 (November 2000): 830–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215001904365.
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Burow’s solution has been found to inhibit the in vitro growth of most commonly occurring bacteria found in the discharging ear. These organisms were inoculated onto appropriate agar plates that contained serial dilutions of aluminium acetate. Results show that the lowest dilution able to inhibit the growth of these organisms lies between a 1:80 and a 1:160 dilution of Burow’s solution.
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Chen, Franklin M., Nada Abdi, and Nolan Torres. "Applications of the Partial Molar Volume Concept in Whisky and Gin Dilutions with Water." Journal of Distilling Science 1, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.61855/jds0101.01.
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The meaning of the partial molar volume, the analytical methods for finding the partial molar volumes and the additivity theorem of the partial molar volumes are explained. The additivity theorem of the partial molar volume is used for whisky alcohol strength dilutions and for single shot or multi-shots for gin in both flavor dilution with GNS and alcohol strength dilution.
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Pongratz, W., G. Kastberger, F. A. C. Wiegant, M. Haidvogel, and P. C. Endler. "Climbing activity in frogs and the effect of highly diluted succussed thyroxine." British Homeopathic Journal 80, no. 04 (October 1991): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(05)80745-8.
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SummaryThe experiments investigate the influence of extremely dilute thyroxine (T4) in special ‘homœopathic’ preparation (dilution T4.30x) on the spontaneous tendency of juvenile frogs to leave the water and climb on land. Climbing activity was suppressed by dilution T4.30x, with statistical significance both in comparison to the effect of the ‘potentized’ preparation of the solvent (dilution H2O.30x) as well as in comparison to the control observations before the start of the treatment. Finally, in the search for optimal treatment duration, it was shown that exposure to the dilutions for even a few minutes sufficed to cause significant effects.
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Core, John E., Wayne R. Guay, and S. P. Kothari. "The Economic Dilution of Employee Stock Options: Diluted EPS for Valuation and Financial Reporting." Accounting Review 77, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 627–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2002.77.3.627.
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In this paper, we derive a measure of diluted EPS that incorporates the economic implications of the dilutive effects of employee stock options. We show that the existing FASB treasury-stock method of accounting for the dilutive effects of outstanding options systematically understates the options' dilutive effect, and thus overstates reported EPS. Using firm-wide data on 731 employee stock option plans, our proposed measure suggests that economic dilution from options is, on average, 100 percent greater than dilution in reported diluted EPS using the FASB treasury-stock method. We examine the implications of our analysis for stock price valuation, the price-earnings relation, and the return-earnings relation. We demonstrate analytically that when firms have options outstanding, empirical applications of equity valuation models that use reported per-share earnings as an input (e.g., Ohlson 1995) yield upwardly biased estimates of the market value of common stock. We predict that when the difference between our measure of economic dilution from options and the FASB treasury-stock method dilution from options is greater, the observed return-earnings and price-earnings coefficients will be smaller, and we provide some (albeit weak) empirical support for this prediction.
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Lang, Werner, and Rolf Zander. "Prediction of dilutional acidosis based on the revised classical dilution concept for bicarbonate." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 1 (January 2005): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00292.2004.
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Due to the controversy surrounding the term dilutional acidosis, the classical dilution concept for bicarbonate has been rigorously revised for the prediction of pH, actual bicarbonate concentration, and base excess. In the algorithms derived for buffer solutions, blood, and whole body (1-, 2-, and 3-fluid compartment), only bicarbonate is considered. On dilution at constant Pco2, the final concentration of bicarbonate is the sum in terms of pH, due to the following processes: dilution, formation from chemical reaction with the nonbicarbonate buffers phosphate, hemoglobin, and plasma proteins, and transfer from erythrocytes and interstitial fluid to plasma. At constant Pco2, the level of carbonic acid is held constant, whereas those of the buffer bases are reduced by dilution, resulting in acidosis. In mixed bicarbonate/phosphate buffer, the final concentration of HCO3− exceeds the diluted value due to additional buffering of H2CO3 by HPO42−. For whole blood in vitro, pH, and actual bicarbonate concentration are predicted from dilution with 0.9% saline from initial Hb (100%) to infinite dilution (pure saline). The acidosis from dilution of plasma bicarbonate is mitigated by contributions from plasma proteins (<1 mmol/l) and from the erythrocytes (∼5 mmol/l). Similarly, for whole body, the main contributions to combat primary dilutional acidosis in the range of hemodilution (relative Hb: 100–50%) are from the erythrocytes (1.2–2.2 mmol/l) and from the interstitial fluid (3.3–7.2 mmol/l). Perioperatively measured nonrespiratory acidosis is predictable if caused by hemodilution with fluids containing neither bicarbonate nor its precursors, irrespective of other electrolytes.
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Moffett, Brady S., Kimberly Dinh, Jennifer Placencia, Gregory Pelkey, Shiu-Ki Rocky Hui, and Jun Teruya. "Stability and Sterility of Enoxaparin 8 mg/mL Subcutaneous Injectable Solution." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 21, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.4.322.
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BACKGROUND: Enoxaparin is often diluted to accurately deliver doses to neonatal and infant patients. Current recommendations for dilutions may not be adequate for the smallest patients. METHODS: Review of dosing at our institution occurred, and an 8 mg/mL concentration of enoxaparin was chosen. A concentration of 8 mg/mL was compounded by diluting 0.4 mL of enoxaparin (100 mg/mL) into 4.6 mL of sterile water for injection into an empty sterile vial. Four syringes of the 8 mg/mL concentration were prepared by 5 technicians (20 total syringes). Stability and sterility testing occurred a 0, 7, 14, and 30 days. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to detect significant differences in Anti–Factor Xa concentrations at the testing time points. RESULTS: The dilution of enoxaparin was sterile at 30 days but exhibited significant degradation at the 30-day point (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A dilution of enoxaparin 8 mg/mL is stable and sterile for 14 days refrigerated but is not stable at 30 days.
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De Simone, Nicole, and Ravi Sarode. "The Use of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time As a Surrogate to Predict Residual FVIII Activity in the Bethesda Assay." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 4962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4962.4962.
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Abstract Introduction: Bethesda assays, used in the quantification of factor VIII inhibitors, are time and labor intensive. They are performed by mixing one part of normal pooled plasma (NPP) with an equal amount of serial dilutions of patient plasma in imadizole buffered saline (IBS), and incubating at 37°C for 2 hours. After the incubation time, most laboratories perform factor VIII (FVIII) activities on each tube. These results are divided by the activity resulted on the control (NPP+IBS) to obtain the percent residual activity. The dilution with a percent residual FVIII activity between 25-75% is then converted to a Bethesda Unit using the Bethesda graph. This value is multiplied by the dilution to calculate final Bethesda units/mL. We propose an alternative method, involving performing partial thromboplastin times (PTTs) on all dilution tubes and only performing FVIII activity testing on a limited number of tubes e.g. 2 tubes rather than all 10 tubes. The study below describes the methodology and provides data to show how the PTT can be used as a surrogate. Using PTTs may reduce cost per test by reducing the amount of FVIII deficient plasma used for FVIII activity testing, especially in the case of very high titer inhibitors. Methods: Serial dilutions of patient plasma with IBS are prepared to the 512 dilution (10 tubes) and incubated with an equal amount of NPP along with a control consisting of IBS and NPP. PTTs are run using Siemens Actin FSL reagent on the BCS coagulometer (Siemens) on all 10 tubes and the control. The tube with a resultant PTT within 5 seconds above the control is identified and then that tube, along with the next higher dilution, are tested for residual factor VIII activity (ACL TOP, Instrumentation Laboratory). These results are used to calculate the percent residual FVIII activity and Bethesda units/mL as described above. To support our hypothesis, we performed PTT and FVIII activities on all dilution tubes. Results: We performed 14 inhibitor assays on 9 patients. 44% (4/9) had congenital hemophilia A with an inhibitor and 56% had acquired hemophilia A. Table 1 shows results from dilution tubes that resulted in residual FVIII activities between 25-75%. The dilutions with residual activity closest to 50% were used in the final interpretation and are bolded. Using the 5 seconds above control PTT to identify dilutions to limit FVIII assays correlated with residual FVIII activities in 12 of the 14 samples tested (86%). Furthermore, this method identified the dilution with the residual FVIII activities closest to 50% in 10 of the 12 samples. Two samples demonstrated no correlation between PTT and FVIII activities. These samples had low titer inhibitors (<5 BU), which could have been predicted by the low PTTs in the first two dilutions. In these cases, serial FVIII activities were used in calculations. More data is needed to definitively say whether this methodology could not be used for low titer inhibitors. Conclusion: An alternative method, using PTT testing to perform targeted FVIII activity testing, may be used in the Bethesda Assay. Table Table. Disclosures Sarode: CSL Behring: Consultancy, Honoraria.
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Fishel, Laurence A. "Dilution Confusion: Conventions for Defining a Dilution." Journal of Chemical Education 87, no. 11 (November 2010): 1183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed1001762.
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Toth, Beata, Andrea Gyorgy, Monika Varga, and Akos Mesterhazy. "The Influence of the Dilution Rate on the Aggressiveness of Inocula and the Expression of Resistance against Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat." Plants 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2020): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080943.
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In previous research, conidium concentrations varying between 10,000 and 1,000,000/mL have not been related to any aggressiveness test. Therefore, two Fusarium graminearum and two Fusarium culmorum isolates were tested in the field on seven genotypes highly differing in resistance at no dilution, and 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, and 1:16 dilutions in two years (2013 and 2014). The isolates showed different aggressiveness, which changed significantly at different dilution rates for disease index (DI), Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), and deoxynivalenol (DON). The traits also had diverging responses to the infection. The effect of the dilution could not be forecasted. The genotype ranks also varied. Dilution seldomly increased aggressiveness, but often lower aggressiveness occurred at high variation. The maximum and minimum values varied between 15% and 40% for traits and dilutions. The reductions between the non-diluted and diluted values (total means) for DI ranged from 6% and 33%, for FDK 8.3–37.7%, and for DON 5.8–44.8%. The most sensitive and most important trait was DON. The introduction of the aggressiveness test provides improved regulation compared to the uncontrolled manipulation of the conidium concentration. The use of more isolates significantly increases the credibility of phenotyping in genetic and cultivar registration studies.
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Bennett, C. D., H. L. Classen, and C. Riddell. "Live performance and health of broiler chickens fed diets diluted with whole or crumbled wheat." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-090.
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Broiler chicken diets were diluted with three levels of whole wheat and two levels of crumbled wheat to determine how feeding whole grain and diluting feed with wheat would alter the performance of male and female broilers. Grit was not used. The amount of extra wheat added increased from 5% at 11 d of age to a maximum level of 30% at 31 d of age. Body weight at 41 d of age averaged 2.130 kg for pullets and 2.422 kg for cockerels and was unaffected by diluting with wheat, in whole or crumbled form. Total mortality and cause of mortality were similarly unaffected by dilution and form of wheat. The feed:gain ratio from 11 to 41 d of age was increased significantly for cockerels from 1.75 at zero dilution to 1.84 at maximum dilution. Dilution did not affect the feed conversion of pullets and form did not influence the feed conversion of either sex. Dilution of broiler rations may be profitable because of the limited effect on bird performance. Pelleting all the wheat in poultry rations is unnecessary because bird performance is unaffected by feeding up to 30% whole grain in the finisher diets. Key words: Broiler chickens, whole wheat, pelleting
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Yan, Yan, Eiko E. Kuramae, Peter G. L. Klinkhamer, and Johannes A. van Veen. "Revisiting the Dilution Procedure Used To Manipulate Microbial Biodiversity in Terrestrial Systems." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 13 (April 17, 2015): 4246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00958-15.
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ABSTRACTIt is hard to assess experimentally the importance of microbial diversity in soil for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. An approach that is often used to make such assessment is the so-called dilution method. This method is based on the assumption that the biodiversity of the microbial community is reduced after dilution of a soil suspension and that the reduced diversity persists after incubation of more or less diluted inocula in soil. However, little is known about how the communities develop in soil after inoculation. In this study, serial dilutions of a soil suspension were made and reinoculated into the original soil previously sterilized by gamma irradiation. We determined the structure of the microbial communities in the suspensions and in the inoculated soils using 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Upon dilution, several diversity indices showed that, indeed, the diversity of the bacterial communities in the suspensions decreased dramatically, withProteobacteriaas the dominant phylum of bacteria detected in all dilutions. The structure of the microbial community was changed considerably in soil, withProteobacteria,Bacteroidetes, andVerrucomicrobiaas the dominant groups in most diluted samples, indicating the importance of soil-related mechanisms operating in the assembly of the communities. We found unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) even in the highest dilution in both the suspensions and the incubated soil samples. We conclude that the dilution approach reduces the diversity of microbial communities in soil samples but that it does not allow accurate predictions of the community assemblage during incubation of (diluted) suspensions in soil.
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A, RATHINASAMY, and LAKSHMI NARASHIMHAN C.R. "EFFECT OF SUGAR FACTORY EFFLUENT ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF BHENDI - VAR PKM-1." Madras Agricultural Journal 85, september (1998): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00769.
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A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of sugar factory effluents on growth, yield and quality of bhendi-var PKM 1 in the premises of a sugar factory in Aundipatti, Madurai District. The crop quality was not affected. Increased yields were obtained with 50% and 75% dilutions when compared to zero per cent dilution. There was no adverse effects on the soil physical properties. The effluent can be used for irrigating bhendi with proper dilution.
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Kuriyama, Takumi, Nobuyuki Sakai, Mikiya Beppu, Chiaki Sakai, Hirotoshi Imamura, Iwao Kojima, Katsuhiro Masago, and Nobuyuki Katakami. "Optimal dilution of contrast medium for quantitating parenchymal blood volume using a flat-panel detector." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060517715165.
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Objective Similar to perfusion studies after acute ischemic stroke, measuring cerebral blood volume (CBV) via C-arm computed tomography before and after therapeutic interventions may help gauge subsequent revascularization. We tested serial dilutions of intra-arterial injectable contrast medium (CM) to determine the optimal CM concentration for quantifying parenchymal blood volume by flat-panel detector imaging (FD-PBV). Methods CM was diluted via saline power injector, instituting time delays for FD-PBV studies. A red/green/blue (RGB) color scale was employed to quantify/compare FD-PBV and magnetic resonance-derived CBV (MRCBV). Results Contrast values of right and left common carotid arteries did not differ significantly at CM dilutions of ≥20%. RGB analysis of FD-PBV imaging (relative to MR-CVB), showed CM dilution altered the colors (by 16%), increasing red and decreasing blue ratios. Conclusion Diluting CM to 20% resulted in no laterality differential of FD-PBV imaging, with left/right quantitative ratios approaching 1.1 (optimal for clinical use).
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Sukul (nee Chunari), Soma, Sandhimita Mondal, and Nirmal C. Sukul. "Sepia 200cH at 1:1000 dilution ameliorates salt stress in cowpea seedlings but its medium 90% ethanol proves ineffective at the same dilution." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 11, no. 41 (December 3, 2021): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v11i41.618.
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Soil salinity severely affects crop yield all over the world. In a recent study we observed that Natrum mur 200cH, a homeopathic remedy, improved growth in germinating cowpea seeds. In the present study we have tested another remedy Sepia, which is complementary to Natrum mur, on cowpea seedlings under salt stress. Cowpea seedlings grown over moist filter paper in petridishes were divided into 4 groups: (1) control in sterile water, (2) in 50mM NaCl solution, (3) seeds pretreated with 90% ethanol diluted with water 1:100 and then transferred to 50mM NaCl solution, (4) seeds pretreated with Sepia 200cH diluted with water 1:100 and transferred to 50mM NaCl solution. In another experiment the groups were same, but the dilution of 90% ethanol and Sepia 200cH was 1:1000 instead of 1:100. The purpose was to further reduce the ethanol content in both the drug and its vehicle 90% ethanol, so that the alcohol effect is minimized or abolished. The data were analysed by ANOVA followed by t-test. Sepia 200cH at both 1:100 and 1:1000 dilutions significantly increased growth, sugar, chlorophyll, protein and water content in seedlings as compared to the untreated salt-stressed group. The effect with the1000th dilution of Sepia 200cH was more pronounced than with its 100th dilution. The vehicle 90% ethanol at 1:100 dilution produced some positive effect on the seedlings, but the 1000th dilution of the vehicle produced no such effect. It is, therefore, concluded that Sepia 200cH could ameliorate salt stress in cowpea seedlings and that the 1000th dilution is more effective than its 100th dilution. The alcohol effect is totally eliminated with the 1000th dilution of 90% ethanol. Thus the 1000th dilution could retain the drug effect and eliminate the vehicle effect.
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Cavalca, Patrícia Aparecida Mançano, Cintia Miranda dos Santos, Bruno Reis, and Carlos Moacir Bonato. "Isotherapic of Culex on the biological cycle of the mosquito Culex sp." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 10, no. 36 (December 23, 2021): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v10i36.513.
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Introduction: Culex is an insect of the family Culicidae. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. It is known as the domestic mosquito. Their larvae develop in stagnant and dirty water, with plenty of organic matter. Some species of the insect such as Culex quinquefasciatus transmit the worms (helminths) called Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis or Elephantiasis.
Aims: Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of isotherapic of Culex on the biological cycle of this insect.
Material and Method: The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Homeopathy at the State University of Maringa in the period from March 26 to December 31, 2007. Fifteen larvae of Culex sp. the same stage of development (Stage I) were used in the experiment with Isopathy of Culex sp. Was added 200 microliters of the dilutions of isotherapic 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 30cH in each flask containing 30 mL of water and 15 larvae of Culex sp. The control consisted of 30 mL of water and 200 mL of 5% alcohol. The flasks were covered by tissue "toule"-type to prevent the dispersal of adult insects. The dilutions were produced according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (1987) [1]. Were determined: average number of larvae, pupae and mosquitoes during the cycle of the insect.
Results and Discussion: The presence of Culex isotherapic in the growth solution presented complex responses. Some dilution caused positive responses (3, 6, 9, 12 and 18cH) in the average number of larvae (Figure 1). Dilution 18cH apparently caused a protective effect, and somehow minimized the negative influence of the environment, or protect the larvae from unfavorable abiotic conditions. Dilutions 6, 18 and 24 cH, instead, caused adverse effect on larval and pupa survival, but positive when we consider the objective of this work. There is an interesting phenomenon when evaluating the biological responses in living according to the dilution used. The alternation of rises and falls in the physiological variables as a function of dilution were observed by several authors [2-5]. It behavior is not explained by science, but it is believed to be related to the rhythmic nature movement [6,7] and also with the law of similarity occurring between dilution and the organism that receives it. Thus, the physiological function of the dilutions in the same drug are often cyclical and not linear.
Conclusion: The results of this experiment suggest that some dilution may be used in studies to control the mosquito Culex sp.
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Montei, Carolyn, Susan McDougal, Mark Mozola, and Jennifer Rice. "Semiquantitative Determination of Mesophilic, Aerobic Microorganisms in Cocoa Products Using the Soleris® NF-TVC Method." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.13-120.
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Abstract The Soleris Non-fermenting Total Viable Count method was previously validated for a wide variety of food products, including cocoa powder. A matrix extension study was conducted to validate themethod for use with cocoa butter and cocoa liquor. Test samples included naturally contaminated cocoa liquor and cocoa butter inoculated with natural microbial flora derived from cocoa liquor. A probability of detection statistical model was used to compare Soleris results at multiple test thresholds (dilutions) with aerobic plate counts determined using the AOAC Official Method966.23 dilution plating method. Results of the two methods were not statistically different at any dilution level in any of thethree trials conducted. The Soleris method offersthe advantage of results within 24 h, compared tothe 48 h required by standard dilution plating methods.
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Ghosh, Souvik, S. P. Sinha Babu, and N. C. Sukul. "Dose-dependent suppression of haloperidol-induced catalepsy by potentized Agaricus muscarius." British Homeopathic Journal 85, no. 03 (July 1996): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(96)80116-5.
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Abstract Agaricus muscarius 30c, a potentized homoeopathic drug prepared by successive dilution with 90% alcohol followed by sonication, suppressed haloperidol-induced catalepsy in Swiss albino mice significantly. This anticataleptic effect was dose-dependent being greatest with the undiluted Agaricus 30c and least if diluted 1:20,000. Higher dilutions like 1:40,000 and 1:50,000 did not produce an anticataleptic effect. The effect reappeared when the 1:50,000 dilution was sonicated. The anticataleptic effect of potentized Agaricus was observed with the drug administered both before and after haloperidol. However, the pre-treatment effect was more pronounced than the post-treatment effect.It is thought that potentized Agaricus contains an active principle that can be attenuated by dilution and multiplied by mechanical agitation or sonication.
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García, M. T., C. Pelaz, M. J. Giménez, and L. Aguilar. "In Vitro Activities of Gemifloxacin versus Five Quinolones and Two Macrolides against 271 Spanish Isolates of Legionella pneumophila: Influence of Charcoal on Susceptibility Test Results." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 2176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.8.2176-2178.2000.
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ABSTRACT The MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited for gemifloxacin, trovafloxacin, and grepafloxacin were low (≤0.01 μg/ml) for 271Legionella isolates when they were determined by the broth microdilution method but increased (≥6 dilutions) when they were determined by the agar dilution method. This was due to the charcoal in the agar dilution medium, as shown by the progressive decrease in the MICs when the charcoal concentrations decreased. As free drug is the active fraction, charcoal binding should be considered.
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Thorling, E. B. "DILUTION ANAEMIA." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Section A Pathology 78A, no. 2 (August 15, 2009): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb00258.x.
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Suematsu, Kazumi. "Critical dilution." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 4, no. 17 (July 24, 2002): 4161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b111701g.
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Crockford, Geoffrey. "Dilution debate." New Scientist 205, no. 2749 (February 2010): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(10)60469-1.
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Crittendon, Ivory, William J. Dreyer, Jamie A. Decker, and Jeffrey J. Kim. "Ultrasound dilution." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0b013e3182196804.
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Dolan, JR, CL Gallegos, and A. Moigis. "Dilution effects on microzooplankton in dilution grazing experiments." Marine Ecology Progress Series 200 (2000): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps200127.
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Pankuch, Glenn A., Gengrong Lin, Dianne B. Hoellman, Caryn E. Good, Michael R. Jacobs, and Peter C. Appelbaum. "Activity of Retapamulin against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus Evaluated by Agar Dilution, Microdilution, E-Test, and Disk Diffusion Methodologies." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 5 (May 2006): 1727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.5.1727-1730.2006.
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ABSTRACT The in vitro activity of retapamulin against 106 Staphylococcus aureus isolates and 109 Streptococcus pyogenes isolates was evaluated by the agar dilution, broth microdilution, E-test, and disk diffusion methodologies. Where possible, the tests were performed by using the CLSI methodology. The results of agar dilution, broth microdilution, and E-test (all with incubation in ambient air) for S. aureus yielded similar MICs, in the range of 0.03 to 0.25 μg/ml. These values corresponded to zone diameters between 25 and 33 mm by the use of a 2-μg retapamulin disk. Overall, 99% of the agar dilution results and 95% of E-test results for S. aureus were within ±1 dilution of the microdilution results. For S. pyogenes, the MICs obtained by the agar and broth microdilution methods (both after incubation in ambient air) were in the range of 0.008 to 0.03 μg/ml, and E-test MICs (with incubation in ambient air) were 0.016 to 0.06 μg/ml. For S. pyogenes, 100% of the agar dilution MIC results were within ±1 dilution of the broth microdilution results. E-test MICs (after incubation in ambient air) were within ±1 and ±2 dilutions of the broth microdilution results for 76% and 99% of the isolates, respectively. E-test MICs for S. pyogenes strains in CO2 were up to 4 dilutions higher than those in ambient air. Therefore, it is recommended that when retapamulin MICs are determined by E-test, incubation be done in ambient air and not in CO2, due to the adverse effect of CO2 on the activity of this compound. Diffusion zones (with incubation in CO2) for S. pyogenes were 18 to 24 mm. Retapamulin MICs for all strains by all methods (with incubation in ambient air) were ≤0.25 μg/ml. These results demonstrate that S. pyogenes (including macrolide-resistant strains) and S. aureus (including methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-nonsusceptible strains) are inhibited by very low concentrations of retapamulin and that all four testing methods are satisfactory for use for susceptibility testing.
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Suhandy, Diding, Meinilwita Yulia, Kusumiyati Kusumiyati, Siti Suharyatun, and Sri Waluyo. "Investigasi pengaruh pengenceran sampel madu pada proses klasifikasi madu menggunakan uv spectroscopy dan kemometrika." Jurnal Teknologi & Industri Hasil Pertanian 26, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtihp.v26i2.72-82.
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One form of honey adulteration is label adulteration for some premium honey such as uniflora honey from the honeybee species Trigona sp. One of the analytical methods that are currently developing and have the potential to perform the classification of premium honey in Indonesia is the UV spectroscopy method. In this study, an investigation was carried out on the effect of dilution on the performance of UV spectroscopy in the process of classifying Indonesian honey with different honeybees. A total of 4 types of honey samples with 10 samples each were used in this study. The honey sample was then diluted using distilled water. Each type of honey was given two dilution treatments, namely 1:20 (volume: volume) dilution of 5 samples and 1:40 (volume: volume) dilution of 5 samples. Spectral data were taken using a UV-visible spectrometer with a wavelength of 190-1100 nm (Genesys™ 10S UV-Vis, Thermo Scientific, USA) using the transmittance mode. The results of spectra analysis generally show that the sample with a 1:20 dilution has a higher absorbance intensity for both the original and modified spectra. The PCA results for each dilution showed that the honey samples could be separated into four different clusters for both 1:20 and 1:40 dilutions. The results of PCA analysis using all samples showed that the honey samples were classified into eight different clusters showing a significant effect of differences in honey sample dilution on the classification process of honey samples based on differences in the types of honeybees.
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Mischke, Reinhard, and Ingo Nolte. "Optimization of prothrombin time measurements in canine plasma." American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.03.236.
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Abstract Objective To optimize a prothrombin time (PT) method designed for human plasma for use with canine plasma. Sample Population 100 plasma samples from healthy dogs and 50 plasma samples with reduced activity of the single factors II, V, VII or X. Procedure Canine plasma samples with various coagulation activity values (100, 75, 50, 25 and 10%: prepared by dilution from a plasma pool [n = 100]) were assayed at various sample dilutions and dilutions of the thromboplastin component of 3 commercial calcium thromboplastin reagents. The so-named optimized PT test was compared with the standard test with respect to its sensitivity and correlation with the sum of the activity decreases of single factors II, V, VII, and X in relation to the respective reference range. Results The time intervals between various coagulation activity values, which were small by use of the standard test, could be increased by diluting the sample and substituting fibrinogen, but not by diluting the tissue thromboplastin component of PT reagent. On the basis of 50 abnormal plasma samples, the optimized test had high sensitivity (0.90 to 1.00, dependent on reagent and sample dilution) in contrast to the standard test, which had low sensitivity (0.24 to 0.58, dependent on reagent). Also, correlation with the sum of the activity decreases was closer by use of the optimized (0.90 to 0.93) than the standard (0.58 to 0.84) test. Conclusions In contrast to the standard test, an optimized test is suitable as a sensitive screening test of the extrinsic coagulation system in dogs. Clinical Relevance The optimized PT method is easy to perform and, therefore, should be in general use for assay of canine plasma. (Am J Vet Res 1997; 58:236–241)
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Drueke, Sonja, Daniel J. Kirshbaum, and Pavlos Kollias. "Environmental sensitivities of shallow-cumulus dilution – Part 1: Selected thermodynamic conditions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 21 (November 10, 2020): 13217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13217-2020.
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Abstract. Cumulus entrainment, and its consequent dilution of buoyant cloud cores, strongly regulates the life cycle of shallow cumuli yet remains poorly understood. Herein, new insights into this problem are obtained through large-eddy simulations that systematically investigate the sensitivity of shallow-cumulus dilution to cloud-layer relative humidity (RH), cloud- and subcloud-layer depths, and continentality (i.e., the land–ocean contrast). The simulated cloud-core dilution is found to be strongly sensitive to continentality, with fractional dilution rates twice as large over the ocean as over land. Using a similarity theory based on the turbulent-kinetic-energy (TKE) budget, the reduced cloud-core dilution over land is attributed to larger cloud-base mass flux (mb), driven by stronger surface heating and subcloud turbulence. As mb increases, the fractional dilution rate must decrease to maintain energetic equilibrium. A positive sensitivity is also found to cloud-layer RH, with the core dilution increasing by 25 %–50 % for a 10 % enhancement in RH. This sensitivity is interpreted using the buoyancy-sorting hypothesis, in that mixtures of cloud and environmental air are more likely to become negatively buoyant and detrain (rather than diluting the cloud core) in drier cloud layers. By contrast, the sensitivities of (marine) shallow-cumulus dilution to cloud- and subcloud-layer depths are weak, with a 3 % decrease for a doubling for the former and a 4 % reduction in dilution for a 50 % deeper subcloud layer. These surprisingly weak sensitivities are readily explained by offsetting effects in the TKE similarity theory. Altogether, these experimental findings provide useful, though still incomplete, guidance for flow-dependent shallow-cumulus entrainment formulations in large-scale models.
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Harris, Cole O., and Stephanie L. Schweiker. "Optimizing production of serially diluted compounds and distribution to multiple targets." Journal of Automated Methods and Management in Chemistry 23, no. 6 (2001): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924601000220.
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The need for a multiple-target compound selectivity programme led to the establishment of a single robotic system that produces a compound's serial dilution and its distribution to multiple replicate assay plates. A Genesis RSP 150 integrated into a Zymate Laboratory Automation System XP produced the serial dilutions, and the subsequent replicate assay plates were produced quickly and accurately by an efficient use of the carousels and rapid plate. Currently, this process allows for the production of over 200 serial dilution assay plates in a workday.