Academic literature on the topic 'Dimetilsulfuro'

A partir de una muestra de sedimento marino procedente de la Antártida se aisló una cepa adaptada al frío que llamaba la atención por el aspecto mucoso de sus colonias, lo cual sugería la producción de material extracelular. Esta cepa también destacó por desprender un olor característico que se atribuyó a la producción de compuestos orgánicos volátiles de azufre (VOSCs). Con el objetivo de caracterizar el nuevo aislamiento antártico, se procedió a realizar su clasificación taxonómica polifásica mediante pruebas genéticas, fenotípicas y quimiotaxonómicas. Posteriormente, se caracterizó el material extracelular producido por la nueva bacteria antártica a nivel estructural y químico. También se estudiaron sus propiedades, principalmente su capacidad emulsionante, crioprotectora y osmoprotectora, con el fin de explorar posibles aplicaciones biotecnológicas. En la última parte de este estudio, se analizaron los VOSCs producidos por el nuevo aislamiento antártico y se identificó el dimetilsulfuro (DMS) como el principal de ellos. El DMS es un gas de gran importancia debido a que es la mayor fuente de origen biológico que se transfiere desde los océanos a la atmósfera en el ciclo global del azufre. Además, es un potente quimioatrayente para aves, crustáceos y mamíferos marinos y ha sido ampliamente estudiado por su posible efecto en la regulación del clima. Se estudiaron los posibles sustratos para la producción de DMS en esta bacteria adaptada al frío y se identificó y caracterizó una nueva ruta de síntesis de DMS a partir de metanotiol (MeSH) e independiente de dimetilsulfoniopropionato (DMSP). Se identificó el gen implicado en la producción de DMS a partir de MeSH y se demostró que su expresión no estaba afectada por ninguno de los sustratos o condiciones ensayadas y tampoco estaba localizado cerca de ningún gen relacionado con el metabolismo del azufre. Este gen codifica una proteína con 4-6 dominios transmembrana que sin embargo se localiza en agregrados fibrilares citoplasmáticos que están ausentes en el mutante. Además, esta proteína está presente en una amplia variedad de importantes grupos taxonómicos incluyendo Pseudomonas sp., múltiples cepas de actinobacterias de los géneros Gordonia, Rhodococcus y Mycobacterium, incluyendo a los patógenos M.tuberculosis y M.avium; miembros de los rhizobiales incluyendo los fijadores de N2 Bradyrhizobium y Mesorhizobium y cianobacterias fijadoras de N2 incluyendo Cyanothece sp., Pseudoanabaena sp., y Nodosilinea sp. Finalmente, la proteína que cataliza la conversión de MeSH en DMS, está presente en la mayoría de metagenomas consultados, aunque se observan abundancias relativas más elevadas en ambientes terrestres, particularmente en metagenomas de suelo.
A cold-adapted bacterial strain was isolated from an Antarctic marine sediment sample. This strain caught the attention because of the mucous appearance of its colonies, which indicated the production of extracellular material. Notably, this isolate produced a characteristic smell that was apportioned to volatile organic sulfurous compounds (VOSCs). With the aim of characterising the new Antarctic isolate, its polyphasic taxonomy classification was performed by genetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses. The extracellular material produced by the Antarctic strain was also chemically and structurally characterised and its properties were studied, focusing on its emulsifying, cryoprotectant and osmoprotectant capacities to evaluate its potential biotechnological applications. In the final component of this study, the VOSCs produced by the new Antarctic isolate were analysed and dimethylsulfide (DMS) was identified as the main compound. DMS is a very important gas because it is the most abundant biogenically derived form of sulfur transferred from the sea to the air in the global sulfur cycle. Also, it is a potent chemoattractant for birds, crustaceans and marine mammals and it has been widely studied for its potential effects on climate regulation. Possible substrates for DMS production were studied and a novel pathway for DMS synthesis from methanetiol (MeSH) and independent of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) was identified and characterised in this new Antarctic strain. The gene involved in DMS production from MeSH was identified and it was shown that is not regulated in response to none of the substrates and conditions tested, and neither is it located near any genes related to sulfur metabolism. This gene encodes a protein with 4-6 transmembrane domains but localises in cytoplasmic fibers that are absent in the mutant. Moreover, this protein is present in many varied and important taxonomic groups including Pseudomonas sp., multiple strains of actinobacteria of the genus Mycobacterium, including the pathogens M. tuberculosis and M. avium, Gordonia and Rhodoccocus; rhizobiales members including the N2-fixing Bradyrhizobium and Mesorhizobium and N2-fixing cyanobacteria such as Cyanothece sp., Pseudoanabaena sp., and Nodosilinea sp. Finally, the protein that catalyses the conversion of MeSH into DMS, is present in most of the metagenomes analysed, but higher relative abundances are seen in terrestrial environments, particularly in soil metagenomes.

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its algal metabolite precursor, dimethylsulfoproprionate (DMSP), are major players in the oceanic and atmospheric sulfur cycle. DMS is the most abundant volatile organic sulfur compound in the upper ocean and its global emission accounts ca. 28 Tg S per year, thus representing the main natural source of sulfur to the troposphere and about 30% of the global (including anthropogenic) sulfur emissions. DMS cycle has been the subject of hundreds of studies over the last 27 years because of its hypothesized role in climate regulation (CLAW hypothesis), where it has been postulated to regulate the number of cloud condensation nuclei over the oceans and hence reduce the total amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. However, this simplistic view has not been proven so far as the relationship between oceanic DMS concentrations and solar radiation is complex and involves several different actors. Both DMS and DMSP (hereafter referred together as DMS(P)) concentrations are variable in the surface ocean and physics, chemistry and biology in the photic upper layer all play important roles in their cycling, from DMSP biosynthesis to DMS ventilation, with their relative importance varying amongst the diversity of biomes and pelagic ecosystem settings encountered in the world's oceans. Hence, predicting DMS at a global scale needs an intricate understanding of processes affecting its cycle at all temporal and spatial scales. The premise of the thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the different physical, chemical and biological drivers that shape the DMS(P) cycle in polar, tropical and sub- tropical oceanic environments from very short to longer term temporal scales. This work combines an extensive database of DMS measured at low and high frequency, in different regions and across environmental gradients, and at temporal scales that span from minutes to seasons. In the short term (minutes to hours) , exposure to UVR seems to play an important role in the physiological response of phytoplankton cells and DMS(P) production. Solar radiation also dictates the pace of variability in DMS concentration over diel (day-night) cycles, where DMS seems to be surprisingly coupled to photobiological clocks. However, while gross biological DMS production generally increases with light exposure, concentration depends on the net effect of production and losses by photolysis, microbial consumption and ventilation. As a result, no single pattern for diel DMS oscillations is valid for the global oceans. Extensive data gathering across many biogeographical provinces in the tropical and subtropical oceans confirmed that DMS distribution is better explained by abiotic factors (solar radiation, vertical mixing, light absorption by organic matter) and phytoplankton physiology (efficiency of photosystem II) than by indicators of plankton abundance and general activity. Our work also shows that inferences about the causes of the variability of DMS depend on the frequency of the data collection. During a circumnavigation cruise, data collected at low frequency translated into relatively low variation factor (5.1) within individual biogeochemical provinces. In contrast, high frequency data revealed much higher variation factor (96) because of the capture of sub-mesoscale variability. Statistical work on high frequency data showed that critical variability distances for DMS average 15 and 50 km for coastal and open ocean marine provinces, respectively. DMS distribution patchiness increases with productivity and latitude, with important implication for designing fieldwork and computational mapping of DMS concentration and emissions. Overall, this thesis sheds light on the complex interplay of physical, chemical and biological variables in the DMS cycle and emphasizes the difficulty of finding simple environmental drivers of quantitative applicability at global scales.
El dimetilsulfur (DMS) i el seu precursor algal dimetilsulfoniopropionat (DMSP) són part fonamental del cicle del sofre als oceans i l’atmosfera. El DMS és el compost volàtil de sofre més abundant a l’oceà superficial, que n’emet a l’atmosfera una quantitat aproximada de 28 Tg S l’any. Això representa la principal font natural de sofre a la troposfera, i aproximadament un terç de l’emissió global de sofre, incloent-hi l’antropogènica. El cicle del DMS ha estat objecte de centenars d’estudis en els darrers 27 anys, motivats sobretot per la hipòtesi CLAW que proposava que el DMS és la principal font de nuclis de condensació de núvols sobre els oceans i, d’aquesta manera, ajuda a regular la quantitat de radiació solar que arriba a la superfície de la Terra i, de retruc, el clima. Aquesta hipòtesi, avui vista com a simplista, no s’ha arribat a provar totalment, sobretot perquè la relació entre radiació solar i concentració i emissió de DMS és complexa i hi intervenen múltiples factors. Tant la concentració del DMS com la del DMSP (que referim conjuntament com a DMS(P)) varien força en l’oceà superficial com a resultat de processos que van de la biosíntesi del DMSP a la ventilació del DMS. Aquests processos, a la vegada, responen a factors i actors físics, químics i biològics, la importància relativa dels quals varia entre biomes i configuracions de l’ecosistema pelàgic. Com a conseqüència, predir la distribució del DMS a escala global demana un coneixement profund de tots els processos implicats, a totes les escales temporals i espacials. L’objectiu general de la tesi és contribuir a conèixer millor els factors físics, químics i biològics que governen el cicle dels DMS(P) en aigües polars, subtropicals i tropicals a escales temporals molt diverses. El treball combina una base de dades extensa de mesures de DMS obtingudes a baixa i alta freqüència, en regions diverses, a través de gradients ambientals, i d’escales de temps que van des dels minuts fins a les estacions de l’any. A més curt termini (minuts a hores), l’exposició a la llum UV sembla jugar un paper important en la resposta fisiològica del fitoplàncton i la subseqüent producció de DMS(P). La radiació solar també dicta el ritme de variació de la concentració de DMS en cicles dia-nit, en què el DMS es mostra sorprenentment acoblat amb els rellotges fotobiològics. Tanmateix, malgrat que la producció biològical bruta de DMS generalment augmenta amb l’exposició a la llum, la concentració depèn de l’efecte net d’aquesta producció amb les pèrdues per fotòlisi, consum microbià i ventilació. Al capdavall, no sembla que hom pugui definir un patró d’oscil·lació dia-nit únic per al DMS a l’oceà global. L’obtenció de dades en moltes províncies oceàniques tropicals i subtropicals va confirmar que la distribució del DMS s’explica millor amb factors abiòtics tals com la radiació solar, la barreja vertical, l’absorció de la llum per la matèria orgànica, i també per factors de fisiologia de fitoplàncton, com l’eficiència del fotosistema II, més que amb els indicadors d’abundància i activitat general del plàncton. El treball mostra també que les inferències que hom pugui fer sobre les causes de variabilitat de la concentració del DMS depenen força de la freqüència d’observació. En una campanya de circumnavegació, les mesures fetes a baixa freqüència mostraven, per a una província donada, una amplitud de variació d’un factor de 5. En la mateixa província, les mesures d’alta freqüència mostraven una amplitud d’un factor de 96, perquè capturaven la variabilitat de mesoescala i submesoescala. L’anàlisi estadística de les dades d’alta freqüència va mostrar que les distàncies de variabilitat crítiques per al DMS eren de 15 i 50 km per aigües més costaneres i més oceàniques, respectivament. Les distàncies d’heterogeneïtat en la distribució del DMS es fan més curtes amb la latitud i com més productives són les aigües. Això té implicacions importants en el disseny de treball de camp i en els esforços de ‘mapejat’ computacional. En conjunt, la tesi aporta llum a la complexitat de les interaccions que intervenen en el cicle del DMS, i ressalta la dificultat de trobar una relació simple que permeti predir la concentració i emissió del DMS en qualsevol punt de l’oceà global a partir de variables ambientals conegudes.

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The industry of Kraft pulp production process generates large amount of foul condensate. Such condensates are potential pollutants impacting on investment, cost of operation and maintenance, power consumption, cost of chemical in the process, water consumption, effluent generation and odor. Systems useful for treatment of foul condensates from a Kraft pulp mill are formed by stripping systems which are columns of removing volatile contaminants condensed with the use of steam or air. This study aimed at improving the process of treating contaminated condensate in a plant of bleached eucalyptus Kraft pulp, existing, which presented poor treatment of condensate and due to this low efficiency did not use the total amount of treated condensate in the process, generating higher costs and increased effluent load. An assessment of the design data and operation of each of the three systems of stripping the existing plant. The variables and process controls, and offers technical alternatives for the treatment of contaminated condensate as well as use indicated of the entire treated condensate.
A indústria de produção de polpa celulósica Kraft gera no processo grandes volumes de condensados contaminados, oriundos do processo de cozimento e da evaporação de licor negro. Tais condensados são potenciais agentes poluidores impactando em investimentos, custo de operação e manutenção, consumo de energia, gasto de insumos químicos no processo, consumo de água, além de geração de efluente e odor. Sistemas usuais de tratamento de condensados contaminados de uma fábrica de polpa Kraft são formados por sistemas de extração de gases, que são colunas de remoção dos contaminantes voláteis dos condensados com uso de vapor ou ar. Este estudo teve como objetivo o aperfeiçoamento do processo de tratamento de condensado contaminado em uma planta de polpa Kraft de eucalipto branqueada, existente, que apresentava deficiência no tratamento dos condensados e, por conta desta baixa eficiência, não utilizava todo o condensado tratado no processo, gerando maiores custos e uma maior carga para o efluente. Foi realizada uma avaliação dos dados de projeto e de operação de cada um dos três sistemas de extração de gases da planta existente. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de processo e os controles e propostas alternativas técnicas para o tratamento do condensado contaminado bem como a utilização para todo o condensado tratado. Como resultado, foram identificadas as alterações que deverão ser executadas nos sistemas de tratamento de condensado e as alternativas para o uso de todo do condensado tratado, tendo como resultado a redução de custos e impactos ambientais.

Halitosis affects around 25% of the whole population and has a large social and economic impact. For the majority of patients suffering from bad breath, it causes embarrassment and affects their social communication and life. Dentists and periodontologists are the first-line professionals to be challenged with this problem, so they should be aware of the origin, the detection and the treatment of this pathology. But halitosis can be indicative of underlying diseases, requiring a multidisciplinary team approach. Depending on the place where it is originated, halitosis can be divided into intra-oral and extra-oral, whose treatment is much more complicated than for intra-oral halitosis. In this work, the origins of extra-oral halitosis were addressed, as well as the responsible sulfur compounds. Distinctive methods of detection of halitosis were focused and their advantages and disadvantages were highlighted. Gas differentiation methods as an auxiliary tool were emphasized in the diagnosis of halitosis type and, therefore, in its specific treatment. At last, different methods of treatment of extra-oral halitosis have been approached, from masking the bad breath to more invasive treatments.
A halitose afeta aproximadamente 25% da população e tem um grande impacto social e económico. Para a maioria dos pacientes que sofrem de halitose, a patologia causa constrangimento e afeta a sua comunicação oral e qualidade de vida. Os médicos dentistas e periodontologistas são os primeiros profissionais a serem confrontados com este problema, pelo que devem dominar a deteção, diagnóstico e tratamento desta patologia. Mas a halitose pode ser indicativa de doenças mascaradas, sendo necessária a abordagem de uma equipa multidisciplinar. Dependendo do local de origem, a halitose pode ser dividida em intraoral ou extraoral, sendo o tratamento mais complicado na extraoral que na primeira. Neste trabalho foram abordadas as diversas origens da halitose extraoral, assim como os compostos sulfurados responsáveis. Distintos métodos de deteção da halitose foram focados e evidenciados as suas vantagens e desvantagens. Foram salientados métodos de diferenciação gasosa como ferramenta de auxílio no diagnóstico do tipo de halitose e, consequentemente, no seu tratamento específico. Por último, foram discriminados métodos de tratamento da halitose extraoral, desde técnicas para disfarçar o mau hálito até tratamentos mais invasivos.