Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dimocarpus longan'

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A introdução de espécies ou suas seleções melhoradas são de grande interesse para a fruticultura brasileira, pois principiam um mercado em potencial que é pouco explorado. Dentre elas, pode-se destacar a longan (Dimocarpus Longan Lour), também conhecida como longana ou “olho do dragão”. Originária do Sudeste Asiático, mais precisamente da zona subtropical da China, pertence à família Sapindácea. Acha-se distribuída em todas as regiões subtropicais do mundo, os frutos são globosos, de sabor agradável, adocicado e polpa translúcida; quando maduros possui coloração castanha e sabor menos pronunciado que a lichia. Poucas são as informações técnicas sobre esta cultura, principalmente no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar plantas quanto às características dos frutos, semeadura e a clonagem por estaquia desta espécie. Seis plantas, do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da FCAV, foram avaliadas quanto ao desenvolvimento e características físicas (diâmetros transversal e longitudinal (mm) e massas, em g, do fruto, casca, polpa e semente) e químicas (acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, ácido ascórbico e ratio) dos frutos. As sementes extraídas manualmente, de frutos maduros, foram lavadas em água corrente e semeadas em canteiros de areia sob condições de ripado (50% de luminosidade). Observou-se a influência de diferentes períodos (0, 14, 28 e 42 dias) e condições de armazenamento em câmara fria (10ºC e 60% UR), câmara seca (16-18ºC e 60-70% UR), dessecador contendo sílica-gel e ambiente. Estacas enfolhadas de ramos herbáceos, coletadas em três épocas (primavera, verão e outono), tratadas com ácido indolbutírico (AIB): 1.000; 3.000; 5.000; 7.000 mg.L-1 e testemunha foram avaliadas quanto a sua capacidade de formação de raízes, sob condições de câmara de nebulização intermitente...
The introduction of exotic species or their improved selections are highly interesting to Brazilian fruit farmers, since these species open an unexplored market. Among these species is longan (Dimocarpus Longan Lour), also known as longana, which is originated from Southeast Asia, more specifically from subtropical zone of China, and belongs to the family Sapindaceae. It is distributed in all subtropical regions of the world. The fruits are globe-shaped, of pleasant and sweet taste and translucid pulp. At maturity, fruits are wood-colored and a taste blander than litchi. There is little information on this fruit species, especially in Brazil. This work was undertaken to evaluate fruit characteristics, seeding and cutting of this species. Six plants from the Active Germplasm Bank of FCAV were analyzed in terms of fruit development, physical (transversal and longitudinal diameter, in mm, eand fruit, peel, pulp and seed mass, in g) and chemical traits (titrable acidity, soluble solids, ascorbic acid and ratio). Manually extracted seeds from mature fruits were washed in water flow and sowed in sand under fifty percent shading. The influence of several periods (0, 14, 28 and 42 days) and storage conditions: in cool-chamber (10ºC e 60% RH), dry-chamber (16-18ºC and 60- 70% RU), dryer containing silica-gel and environment conditions. Cuttings containing leaves from herbaceous branches, collected in three different (spring, summer and fall) and treated with indolbutiric acid (IBA): 1,000; 3,000; 5,000; 7,000 mg.L-1 and control were evaluated for their rooting capacity under intermittent nebulization chamber conditions. The crop cycle in Jaboticabal was found to be 120 to 130 days and plant 6 showed the best results, and can be grown or used in breeding programs. The best seedling emergence results were found in seeds form plant 5, which can be used as rootstocks... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Orientador: Antonio Baldo Geraldo Martins
Banca: José Antonio Alberto da Silva
Banca: João Alexio Scarpare Filho
Banca: Jose Carlos Barbosa
Banca: Luiz de Souza Corrêa
Resumo: A introdução de espécies ou suas seleções melhoradas são de grande interesse para a fruticultura brasileira, pois principiam um mercado em potencial que é pouco explorado. Dentre elas, pode-se destacar a longan (Dimocarpus Longan Lour), também conhecida como longana ou "olho do dragão". Originária do Sudeste Asiático, mais precisamente da zona subtropical da China, pertence à família Sapindácea. Acha-se distribuída em todas as regiões subtropicais do mundo, os frutos são globosos, de sabor agradável, adocicado e polpa translúcida; quando maduros possui coloração castanha e sabor menos pronunciado que a lichia. Poucas são as informações técnicas sobre esta cultura, principalmente no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar plantas quanto às características dos frutos, semeadura e a clonagem por estaquia desta espécie. Seis plantas, do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da FCAV, foram avaliadas quanto ao desenvolvimento e características físicas (diâmetros transversal e longitudinal (mm) e massas, em g, do fruto, casca, polpa e semente) e químicas (acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, ácido ascórbico e ratio) dos frutos. As sementes extraídas manualmente, de frutos maduros, foram lavadas em água corrente e semeadas em canteiros de areia sob condições de ripado (50% de luminosidade). Observou-se a influência de diferentes períodos (0, 14, 28 e 42 dias) e condições de armazenamento em câmara fria (10ºC e 60% UR), câmara seca (16-18ºC e 60-70% UR), dessecador contendo sílica-gel e ambiente. Estacas enfolhadas de ramos herbáceos, coletadas em três épocas (primavera, verão e outono), tratadas com ácido indolbutírico (AIB): 1.000; 3.000; 5.000; 7.000 mg.L-1 e testemunha foram avaliadas quanto a sua capacidade de formação de raízes, sob condições de câmara de nebulização intermitente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The introduction of exotic species or their improved selections are highly interesting to Brazilian fruit farmers, since these species open an unexplored market. Among these species is longan (Dimocarpus Longan Lour), also known as longana, which is originated from Southeast Asia, more specifically from subtropical zone of China, and belongs to the family Sapindaceae. It is distributed in all subtropical regions of the world. The fruits are globe-shaped, of pleasant and sweet taste and translucid pulp. At maturity, fruits are wood-colored and a taste blander than litchi. There is little information on this fruit species, especially in Brazil. This work was undertaken to evaluate fruit characteristics, seeding and cutting of this species. Six plants from the Active Germplasm Bank of FCAV were analyzed in terms of fruit development, physical (transversal and longitudinal diameter, in mm, eand fruit, peel, pulp and seed mass, in g) and chemical traits (titrable acidity, soluble solids, ascorbic acid and ratio). Manually extracted seeds from mature fruits were washed in water flow and sowed in sand under fifty percent shading. The influence of several periods (0, 14, 28 and 42 days) and storage conditions: in cool-chamber (10ºC e 60% RH), dry-chamber (16-18ºC and 60- 70% RU), dryer containing silica-gel and environment conditions. Cuttings containing leaves from herbaceous branches, collected in three different (spring, summer and fall) and treated with indolbutiric acid (IBA): 1,000; 3,000; 5,000; 7,000 mg.L-1 and control were evaluated for their rooting capacity under intermittent nebulization chamber conditions. The crop cycle in Jaboticabal was found to be 120 to 130 days and plant 6 showed the best results, and can be grown or used in breeding programs. The best seedling emergence results were found in seeds form plant 5, which can be used as rootstocks... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Doutor

Abstract Plant Growth Regulator Sprays and Girdling: Potential Horticultural Techniques to Increase Fruit Retention and Yield of Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Trees in California Leila Graves June 2009 The longan is a subtropical fruit tree whose popularity is growing quickly among American consumers, and thus, could become a lucrative niche market for California growers. Trees planted as part of an initial variety trial conducted in commercial California orchards are beginning to bear fruit. However, fruit retention and yields are low due to excessive abscission during early fruit set. Horticultural techniques, such as plant growth regulator (PGR) sprays and girdling, often increase fruit retention and yield of fruit tree crops, though effects are typically dependent on treatment timing and PGR concentration. The objective of this study was to identify PGR and girdling techniques that result in increased longan fruit retention. The experiment was conducted in a commercial orchard using a randomized complete block design with whole-tree experimental units and five replications per treatment. Treatments included foliar applications of two synthetic auxins, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 20, 60, or 100 ppm or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 5, 25, or 45 ppm, each applied during early or late fruit set. Girdling was also conducted at early or late fruit set, for a total of 15 treatments, including an untreated control. Factors examined at harvest included fruit number and mass per inflorescence and individual fruit mass and diameter. During the on-crop year, a significant increase in the number and mass of fruit per inflorescence was observed in response to 25 ppm 2,4-D applied at late fruit set, as compared to the control. Despite this increase in fruit number, 25 ppm 2,4-D applied at late fruit set did not result in decreased diameter and mass of individual fruit. Late fruit set applications of 25 ppm 2,4-D appear to mitigate the effects of alternate bearing in the off-crop year. Fruit abscission during early and/or late fruit set decreased in response to 5 ppm 2,4-D at early fruit set, 25 or 45 ppm 2,4-D at early or late fruit set, or 100 ppm NAA at early fruit set. Fruit loss occurred as a result of Santa Ana winds during both growing seasons. Neither leaf nor fruit nutrient concentrations of treated trees were significantly different from that of untreated controls. Results indicate that properly-timed PGR applications have the potential to be used commercially to increase yield and profit to longan growers in California.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
園藝學系研究所
99
In this study, for high variation of fruit in longan, 'Fenke' of main cultivar in Taiwan, 'Shuigong' of big fruit, 'Wuyueyan' and 'Hongkezaosheng' of early cultivar, 'Qingke' and 'Hongke' of small seed, and 'Congzai' and abroad-introduced cultivar 'Bai Dum' and 'Sak Ip' were investigated. The result showed that change of fruit weight or volume in 'Bai Dum' was a sigmoid curve. The fruit of 'Bai Dum' developed slowly from the day of pistillate blooming to 49 days after pistillate blooming (DAPB), and after that was fast development of fruit. The intersection of slow development to fast development of fruit was 45.5 ± 4.2 DAPB for nine cultivars of longan. Fruits of 'Sak Ip', 'Fenke', 'Qingke', 'Congzai', 'Shuigong', 'Hongkezaosheng', 'Hongke' and 'Wuyueyan' were developed slowly at first, then developed fast at that intersection of fruit development. While total soluble solids in aril reached the maximum for each cultivar of longan, the fruit weight and volume of the highest cultivar 'Shuigong' (132 DAPB) were 14.1 ± 1.4 g and 12.8 ± 1.4 cm3, respectively. The fruit densities of nine cultivars were affected by density-changed peel, aril and seed. Fruit shape indexes of all were decreased with fruit development, and the fruit shape index was about 1 when the total soluble solids in aril reached the maximum. The fruit shape indexes of 'Hongke' and 'Wuyueyan' were 1.00 ± 0.02 (120 DAPB) and 1.00 ± 0.04 (141 DAPB), respectively. And, the decreased total soluble solids of aril at early development might be affected by embryo and seed abortion in these cultivars. Finally, 'Fenke', 'Qingke', and 'Congzai' could be harvested while percentage of aril weight reached 53.1 %; and 'Bai Dum', 'Sak Ip', 'Shuigong', 'Hongkezaosheng', 'Hongke' and 'Wuyueyan' could be harvested while percentage of aril weight reached 60.3 %.

博士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
100
Potassium chlorate (KClO3) is important for longan off-season production in many countries but its mechanism on floral induction is still unclear. Thus, the effect of KClO3 on off-season flowering in ̀Fenker ́ longan was investigated in this study. Result was shown that percentage of budbreak and flowering of KClO3 treated plants in normal season of winter were less effective and inconsistent. The percentage of budbreak in KClO3 treated tree was not significant difference but KClO3 treatment delayed flowering around 9-10 days compared to untreated tree. Flowering percentage after KClO3 treatment were 60% for trees (80 g/tree) and 100% for potted plants (2 g/plant). The inconsistent flowering and late flowering were may be because of low temperature (below 20 ̊C) which was not suitable for floral induction by KClO3 treatment. Percentage of budbreak in KClO3 treated potted plants in off-season of summer (100%) and autumn (70%) which were higher than in untreated plants (70% in summer; 6.2% in autumn). The KClO3 treatment induced off-season flowering in both season, flowering percentages in summer and autumn were 72.5 % and 68.1 % in new shoots, respectively as compared to no flowering untreated plant. In addition, it was found that girdling inhibited vegetative flush and improved percentage of leafless panicle after KClO3 treatment. Supplying 67% of water requirement (low irrigation) showed the negative effect including the reduction of budbreak percentage and tended to reduce flowering percentage after KClO3 treatment in autumn. Well water irrigation is necessary for floral induction by KClO3 treatment in autumn. Total soluble sugar in shoots of KClO3 treated plant was significantly increased on 21st day after treatment in summer and autumn, while, root viability was decreased. The high correlation coefficient was observed between total soluble sugar content in shoots during floral induction period and flowering percentage in both summer (0.91**) and autumn (0.579*). It is considered that the increase of total soluble sugar in shoots and the reduction of root viability enhance the floral induction.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
94
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular disease, and the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is the important step to initiate atherosclerosis. Antioxidants can increase the resistance against oxidative damage, so the supplementation of food with antioxidants may help prevent the incidence of atherosclerosis. Previous year study in our laboratory has shown that Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) flower had good antioxidative activity. Therefore, the objective of this study is to conduct antioxidant activity-guided separation and purification of Longan flower by the major antioxidative assay, the inhibition of Cu2+-induced human LDL oxidation, and to identify the effective compounds. After liquid-liquid partition of Longan flower methanol extract with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the best antioxidant activity. The EC50 value of the ethyl acetate fraction in scavenging DPPH radicals was 5.28 ± 1.14 μg/mL, and its effect of delaying LDL oxidation is 1.14 times better than Trolox at the same concentration level (1μg/mL). Besides, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest contents of total polyphenol (701.7 ± 29.3 mg gallic acid /g dry weight of sample) and flavonoid (213.7 ± 14.8 mg catechin equivalent /g dry weight of sample). Silica gel chromatography was employed to fractionate the ethyl acetate fraction of Longan flower methanol extract, and twenty sub-fractions were obtained. DPPH assay showed that the sub-fractions with medium to high polarity had better antioxidative activities. Result of ORAC assay revealed that F8~11 were the more effective sub-fractions and F9 (eluted by ethyl acetate/n-hexane=60/40, v/v) gave the highest ORAC value (25.07 ± 4.08 Trolox equivalent). As for the effect of Cu2+-induced oxidation of human LDL, F8~11 also showed better effect in delaying LDL oxidation. Among them, F10 (eluted by ethyl acetate/n-hexane=70/30, v/v), which had superior effect, was 1.72 times better than Trolox at the same concentration level (1μg/mL). Further analysis of these sub-fractions showed that F9 contained the hightest amounts of total polyphenol (970.4 ± 11.2 mg gallic acid /g dry weight of sample) and total flavonoid (732.9 ± 19.0 mg catechin /g dry weight of sample). The trends of total flavonoid contents and the antioxidative activities of the four sub-fractions (F8~11) were similar, we therefore supposed that the antioxidative activity of Longan flower was highly related to its total flavonoid content or composition. There was only one major compound present in F9 by HPLC analysis and it was identified as (-)-epicatechin by spectrometric analysis of IR, MS, UV-Vis, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and 2D-NMR. After separating F10 by Sephadex LH-20, two major components were identified as (-)-epicatechin and proanthocyanidin A2. Both of them had superior effect in delaying LDL oxidation, and the lag time of each compound was 1.95 ( (-)-epicatechin ) and 2.04 ( proanthocyanidin A2 ) times better than Trolox at the same concentration level (0.5μg/mL). The contents of (-)-epicatechin and proanthocyanidin A2 in Longan flower were quantified by HPLC to be 5.58 and 1.70 mg/g dry weight, respectively. This study showed that Longan flower contained components with excellent activity, it thus has good potential to be developed as a functional food.

碩士
中原大學
生物科技研究所
103
High blood glucose level and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been regarded as important factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications such as cardiovascular disease and nephropathy. High blood glucose and AGEs not only increase generation of ROS which cause inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, but increase monocyte adherent to endothelial cells. In this study, high glucose (HG) and AGEs induced endothelial dysfunction models were used to investigate the improving effect of longan flower water extracts (LFWE) on endothelial dysfunction. In the first part of this study, HUVECs were treated with HG. We found that HG enhanced adhesion of THP-1 monocyte to HUVECs. Moreover, HG also increased the expression of cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein expression and decreased the phosphorylation of endothelial cell NO synthases (eNOS). These findings could be ameliorated by LFWE. In the second part, our results show that AGEs decreased cell viability and increased the expression of ICAM-1. LFWE could improve the AGEs induced ICAM-1 expression, but there is no effect on cell death. In conclusion, we suggested LFWE may has potential to improve endothelial dysfunction induced by high glucose and AGEs.

碩士
大葉大學
生物產業科技學系
101
In this study, fresh longan seeds and dried longan seeds were extracted by heat reflux extraction with various solvents (water, methanol, 50% ethanol, ethyl acetate), and the effect of solvent on the antioxidant capacity of the extract was investigated. Main tests included: (1) determination of antioxidant contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids; and (2) analysis of antioxidant activity including DPPH radical scavenging capacity, ferrous ion chelating ability, reducing power, superoxide anion scavenging ability, and ABTS cation scavenging ability. The antioxidant capacities of the standards of BHA, EDTA-Na, and gallic acid were compared with those of the extracts. For the content of total polyphenols, the extract of fresh longan seeds by 50% ethanol had the highest level, reaching 98.2 mg/g, and the extract by ethyl acetate has the lowest content (only 5.81 mg/g). The extracts of dry longan seeds by 50% ethanol and by ethyl acetate contained 87.9 mg/g and 89.0 mg/g of total polyphenols, respectively. The extracts of fresh and dried longan seeds by ethyl acetate contained 16.3 mg/g and 51.7 mg/g of total flavonoids, respectively. Experimental results showed that the extraction rates for fresh longan seeds by 50% ethanol reached 12.9%, being the highest, and the rate for dried longan seeds also by 50% ethanol reached 14.8%, being the highest. On the evaluation of antioxidant activity for fresh longan seeds, the DPPH radical scavenging capacity reached 99% for the extract by ethyl acetate at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The extract by ethyl acetate at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL had the highest chelating ability reaching 84.9%. The extract by 50% ethanol at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL had an ABTS radical scavenging ability of 95%. The extract by 50% ethanol at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL had a relative reducing power of 110.8% compared with the standard. On the evaluation of antioxidant activity for dried longan seeds, the DPPH radical scavenging capacity reached 95% for the extract by 50% ethanol at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The chelating ability reached 85.2%, being the highest, for the extract at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The ABTS radical scavenging ability for the extract by 50% ethanol at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL reached 53.0%, being higher than that of the standard. The relative reducing power reached 108.5% compared with the standard for the extract by 50% ethanol at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. Based on the results of this investigation, the extracts of dried longan, especially extracted by 50% ethanol, showed better antioxidant capacities. The findings of this investigation can be used in the development of functional foods.

博士
國立臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
99
Dimocarpus longan Lour., known as longan (dragon eye) in the Orient, belongs to the Sapindaceae family. Longan is a subtropical fruit widely grown in Taiwan, China and Southeast Asia. In traditional Chinese medicine the flowers are used for the treatment of leucorrhea and kidney disorders. The water extract of longan flower was found to possess high antioxidative activity against LDL oxidation in vitro. The major antioxidative compounds against LDL oxidation in longan flower were identified to be (-)-epicatechin and proanthocyanidin A2 (PA2). Intervention studies with procyanidin-rich extracts such as cocoa and wine suggest protective effects of proanthocyanidin against cardiovascular diseases. However, the bioavailiabily study of A-type proanthocyanidins is quite limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioavailiabilty of PA2 following oral administration by Sprague-Dawley rats. After tube-feeding 250 mg/kg BW of PA2 for 2 hr, PA2 could not be detected in plasma. The pharmacokinetic parameter Cmax and T1/2 were 24.60±1.5 μg/mL and 8.46±0.8 min respectively after i.v. injection of 30 mg/kg BW PA2. The bioavailability of PA2 was almost 0. After tube-feeding 200 mg/kg BW of PA2 for 24 hr, 63% PA2 were excreted to feces. We used in vitro fermentation of PA2 with rat microbiota to examine the metabolites of PA2. The main metabolites of PA2 were 5-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ- valerolactone and 3-(3''-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (3-HPP). These metabolites of PA2 were also found in urine and intestine of rats tube-fed with 200 mg/kg BW PA2 indicating the possibility of absorption of PA2 after oral administration. After introducting PA2 (100 mg/kg BW) directly into the cecum for 6 hr, PA2 was found to be degraded into 21 phenolic acid compounds. The major metabolites were found to be 3-HPP, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid and hippuric acid. Our results showed that intestinal microbiota could convert PA2 to a number of smaller phenolic compounds. The health potential of these metabolites should be further studied in order to understand the effect of PA2, since the PA2 concentrations in plasma and other tissues are very low.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業研究所
89
The purpose of this experiment is to regulate the flowering by chemicals and study their effects on fruit quality of longan (Dimocarpus longana Lour.). The research showed that the ingredients of firecrackers could induce the flower of longan, and potassium chlorate is the only effective chemical in firecracker. Soil drench under canopy was used to force longan flower in previous study. However, the efficiency and timing were not as expected. To improve the efficiency of the chemical treatment, spray of mixed potassium chlorate, urea, and potassium biphosphate were applied. The results showed spray of potassium chlorate was more effective and faster. Foliage spray is found to be more convenient and lower cost to induce the flowers of longan. Lower fruit set was found in off-season longan flower in the winter. Pollen germination under various temperatures was conducted to clarify the factor of low fruit setting. The results indicted that the optimal temperature for pollen germination were from 20℃ to 30℃. The percentage of pollen germination were 0.35% and 89.7% for 15℃ and 30℃ respectively. However, the rate of germination at 15℃ was the same as 30℃ at 3 hours after treatments. The result showed the effect of low temperature on fruit set might not so significant as expected. Effects of chemicals on inflorescence and flower sex were also studied to realize the possible factor of low fruit set. It appeared that sexual sequence of longan was the same either for regular or off-season flower. The sequences of flowering were male flower, then hermaphrodite functions as female (HFF) and hermaphrodite functions as male (HFM). In some special conditions, HFF may flower first and thereafter produce earlier fruit when harvest. The result showed that chemical treatments did not significantly change inflorescence and flower sex ratio. To understand the effect of different flower period on fruit quality in longan. Regular and off-season fruits from Wufong, Taichung, Yujing, Tainan and the NPUST campus orchard were harvested respectively. The fruit quality expressed as fruit weight, fruit diameter, the percentage of fruit peel, the percentage of flesh, and the percentage of seed, soluble solid concentration and favor were measured of normal. The percentages of fruit peel are higher in off-season fruits. The percentages of seed and flesh were higher in regular season. Flesh percentage is also higher in normal fruits. Fruit weight and diameter of normal and off-season fruit were not significant different. The soluble solids of all fruits tested were higher than 19∘Brix and no significant difference were found between treatment. The results indicated that fruit quality of off-season fruits were similar to those of regular season.

碩士
中國醫藥學院
中國藥學研究所
87
Dimocarpus longan LOUR. is one of the plants of Sapindaceae family, distributed in Taiwan and Southern China. The ethanolic extract of fructus from Dimocarpus longan LOUR. was partitioned and separated by chromatographic methods. Five components were obtained. By analyzing their physical , chemical and spectral data, those components were identified. Three components : two triterpene (Friedelin, 3-epi-Friedelinol) and one steroid ( mixture of b-Sitoterol and stigmasteroid ) were isolated from n-Hexane fraction. Two components : one steroid (Sitosterol-b-D-glucoside) and one coumarin (Scopletein) were isolated from chloroform fraction.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業暨國際合作研究所
92
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of leaf development and chemicals on flowering in longan and understand the differences of continuous flower-inducing treatments. Longan trees were treated by potassium chlorate with various methods either in the field and potted plants. The results showed treatments of KClO3 with soil drench were more effective than leaf-spraying. The average percent of flowering with KClO3 solution was higher than KClO3 by soil drench only. The average percent of flowering treated with 4 % KClO3 was higher than 2 % KClO3 for the concentration of foliar-applying, however, application of 4 % was more unstable than 2 %. There was no flower formation in the potted longan despite any methods applied. Leaf development in longan was classified into 4 different stages. Those were: (1) leaf just emerged, (2) brown leaf, (3) light green and (4) deep green. One of experimental objectives is try to find out the most effective timing of application and suitable developmental stages of leave for best flower induction. The result of field trials showed the longan trees could form flower buds in the leaf developmental periods of initiative emergence and deep green with soil treatments. Flower induction was found in any leaf stages with foliar application, and leaf index 1 was the most effective in treatments. The flowering of soil treatments were reduced slightly following continuous chemical application. The flowering percent was increased with higher concentration of foliar treatments. The carbohydrates all were 10-15 % of dry weight (DW) before treatments and the levels were increased gradually following flower bud-forming but decreased at the period of full-opening bloom. Carbohydrates including soluble sugar and starch were no significant difference between treatments and control. Levels of soluble sugar were increased daily in the treatments of KClO3 solution and leaf-spraying after application. However, changes were unstable in the treatments of KClO3 only and control. Starch levels of all treatments increased rapidly but reduced gradually after application. Nitrogen levels did not change greatly before and after all treatments. Therefore, the changes of C/N ratio were similar to the carbohydrates in all treatments. Variation of carbohydrates was increased after treatments compared with before. During 90 days before the treatments, the levels increased continually with foliar treatments, but decreased with other ones during 60 days before the treatments. Variation of nitrogen decreased gradually following days. Variation of C/N ratio increased but decreased after treatments compared with before.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
農園生產系
93
Flowering is an important physiological transition process in the plant life cycle, and is affected by many environmental and endogenous signals. It has been shown that the LFY (LEAFY)/FLO (FLORICAULA) gene and its homologs control the vegetative to reproductive transition as well as floral development in diverse plants. In this study, a LFY gene and its promoter were cloned from longan. The effect of potassium chlorate-induced flowering on the expression of LFY was also investigated. Part of the LFY gene was isolated from cDNA derived from opened longan flowers using degenerate primers. The complete gene and 5’ flanking sequences were obtained using 3’-RACE and genome walking approaches. This gene was designated as DlLFY. The full length of the cloned DlLFY cDNA was 1,391bp, which contains a 3’-UTR of 221bp and putative 1,167bp ORF encoding a polypeptide of 389 amino acids. There were at least one copy of DlLFY present in the longan genome according to Southern blot analysis. DlLFY contains a poline-rich region and basic and acidic regions. The predicted amino acid sequences of DlLFY share 69 and 68% similarity with CsLFY and PtLF cloned from Citrus sinensis and Populus trichocarpa, respectively. DlLFY has two highly conserved regions from amino acids 53 to 122 and 215 to 303, respectively. RT-PCR analysis showed that DlLFY was expressed with the highest level in young leaves and opened flowers, and had lower expression in mature leaves and fruits. However, expression in roots was not detected. The expression in mature leaves remained low from potassium chlorate treatment until blooming. Sequence analysis of promoter reveals photoperiod and gibberellins response-related cis-acting elements. Keyword: longan, flowering, potassium chlorate, LEAFY

碩士
臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
95
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of disorders, including hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension that increase one''s risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease . Natural antioxidants were reported to ameliorate metabolic syndrome. Previous study in our laboratory has shown that Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) flower had strong antioxidant activity in vitro. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the supplemention of Longan flower extract on metabolic syndrome. The first stage of this study was to analyze the antioxidative activity of Longan flower in vitro, the crude extracts were prepared by extracting Longan flower with boiling water and two solvents (95% ethanol, methanol) at room temperature. Then, the three different solvent extracts of Longan flower were tested for two different antioxidant assays, including DPPH free radical scavenging effect and the inhibition of Cu2+-induced oxidation of human LDL. The results of antioxidant assays revealed that the best effect was exhibited by the water extract, followed by ethanol and methanol. The EC50 value of water extract in scavenging DPPH radicals was 3.75±0.61 µg/mL, and its effect on delaying LDL oxidation is 1.57 times better than trolox at the same concentration level (1 µg/mL). The second stage of the study was to observe the glucose tolerance of rats after the acute treatment with Longan flower crude extract (125 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg) and glucose. Results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in rats showed that the plasma glucose levels of the Sprague-Dawley rats administered 250 mg/kg BW of Longan flower water extract (LFWE) were lower than the control group after 30 minutes of ingestion but insulin concentrations showed no difference with the control group at each time intervals . However, both the plasma glucose and insulin levels of the rats ingested Longan flower ethanol extract showed no significant difference with control group. These findings suggest that Longan flower water extract may delay or interference with the sugar absorption in the gastrointestinal tract without changing insulin secretion and its action. The third stage is to investigate the effect of long-term treatment of LFWE on rats with metabolic syndrome induced by high fructose diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats of body weight around 250 g were randomly divided into four groups: group C, fed with standard Purina chow; group F, fed with high fructose diet alone; group L, fed with high fructose diet plus LFWE 125 mg/kg BW per day by gavage (a low dose group) and group H, fed high fructose diet plus LFWE 250 mg/kg BW per day by gavage (a high dose group). The dietary manipulation lasted for 14 weeks. Results of our study showed that, high fructose feeding for 2 weeks cause significant increase in sytosolic blood pressure, fasting plasma triglyceride and insulin levels without elevating fasting plasma glucose. And insulin resistance was demonstrated after the 4th week by OGTT. These results indicated that fructose-rich diet could cause a cluster of disorders in metabolic syndrome. In antioxidative capacity analyses, at the end of the 12-week experiment high fructose diet increased plasma TBARS and significantly decreased liver antioxidant enzyme activity . The supplementation of LFWE ameliorated insulin resistance by enhancing the expression of insulin signaling pathway related proteins, including GLUT 4 and insulin receptor substrate-1. LFWE supplementation was also found to decrease SBP and ameliorated oxidative stress. These findings indicate that Longan flower water extract may improve the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome in fructose-fed rats.

碩士
明志科技大學
化學工程系碩士班
104
This study mainly discussed the coal and dimocarpus longan as fuel for fluidized bed gasification to produce gas. The main factor is temperature、air equivalence ratio (ER value) and co-gasification coal and dimocarpus longan in accordance with a specific ratio. As well as add steam in the experimental process. The experimental results was show that enhance ER values lead reduction the content of hydrogen due to improve the the amount of oxygen to make carbon dioxide production increase; Increasing the reaction temperature can make hydrogen and carbon dioxide content increases. From the experimental results was found that dimocarpus longan and coal co-gasification will be increase the level of carbon dioxide more than single gasification. From steam gasification experiments can be able to know with increase gasification temperature and ER values will reduce the yield of hydrogen, but carbon dioxide content will increase significantly, but the total amount of synthesis gas which are unable to better results than air gasification. In this study the best gasification and co-gasification condition at the temperature is 700 ℃ and ER value at 0.2, this condition can be obtained less carbon dioxide and more hydrogen and the co-gasification ratio at 5% dimocarpus longan to 95% coal.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
97
Metabolic syndrome becomes an important issue recently. It has strong correlation with several chronic disease, for instance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The risk factors of metabolic syndrome contain abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Previous study in our laboratory has shown that Longan (Dimocarpus Longan Lour.) flower had strong antioxidant activity in vitro. Furthermore, we also have demonstrated that Longan flower water extract (LFWE) can improve the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome in animal model. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of each fraction of Longan flower water extract on metabolic syndrome. We expect to find effective compound in Longan flower in the future. The study was carried out into two parts. The first part was an acute study to examine the effects of LFWE and its fractions on glucose tolerance in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, administered LFWE, ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction, water fraction and ddH2O by gavage respectly. Results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in rats showed that both EA and W fraction can improve glucose tolerance. Therefore, we choose these two fractions to do the following study. The following study was to investigate the effect of long-term treatment of EA and W fraction on rats with metabolic syndrome induced by high fructose diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: group B, fed with standard Purina chow; group C, fed with high fructose diet ; group LFWE, fed with high fructose diet plus LFWE 250 mg/ml/kg BW per day by gavage ; group EA, fed with high fructose diet plus EA 36.3 mg/ml/kg BW per day by gavage ; group W, fed with high fructose diet plus W 147.5 mg/ml/kg BW per day by gavage. The dietary manipulation lasted for 16 weeks. Results of this study showed that, high fructose feeding cause significant increase in abdominal fat mass, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol levels and systolic blood pressure. These results indicated that fructose-rich diet could cause a cluster of disorders in metabolic syndrome. Treatment with LFWE significantly improved abdominal fat accumulation, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and insulin resistance. To further evaluated the possible mechanism of LFWE, we found that the rats showed decreased oxidative stress and increased expression of insulin signaling pathway related protein, including insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), Akt and glucose transporter Ⅳ(GLUT4). The supplement of EA fraction showed many similar efficacies as LFWE on abdominal fat, fasting glucose, insulin, triacylglyceride, hypertension and insulin resistance. EA fraction also showed the ability to decrease plasma TBARS and enhance glutathione reductase activity in fructose-fed rats. And the expressions of insulin signaling pathway related protein were also enhanced. W fraction significantly decreased fasting glucose, total cholesterol, abdominal fat and liver triacylglycerol accumulation. But it shown no effects on insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia induced by high fructose diet instead. According to these finding, we suggested the effective components for ameliorating metabolic syndrome should be in the ethyl acetate fraction.

碩士
輔仁大學
生命科學系碩士班
99
The flower extract of Dimocarpus longan (LFE) was screened out as an anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) agent by the plaque reduction assay and its inhibitory mechanisms on HSV-1 replication in green monkey kidney cells (Vero E6 cells) were investigated in this thesis. The inhibitory activity of LFE on HSV-1 replication (IC50 = 31.58 μg/ml) was not derived from cytotoxicity. Further studies to elucidate its possible anti-virus mechanisms which got the following results: (1) Data from the time of addition experiment indicated that LFE blocked HSV-1 replication at 0~24 hr postinfection without influence of HSV-1 releasing. (2) LFE blocked HSV-1 replication by interfered HSV-1 structure. (3) Data from polymerase chain reaction showed that LFE did not affect HSV-1 DNA synthesis. (4) Data of RT-PCR showed that LEE could decrease HSV-1 structure mRNA expression. (5) The levels of HSV-1 ICP5 structure protein and ICP0 regulate protein were inhibited in the presence of LFE. These results suggested that the inhibitory mechanisms of LFE on HSV-1 replication associate with (1) disturbing the formation of HSV-1 virus particles, (2) inhibiting viral structure gene expression and protein synthesis, and (3) downregulating HSV-1 ICP0 regulatory protein. For the anti-HSV-1 drug development of LEF, it needs further investigation using a HSV-1-infected animal model.

碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
水產食品科學研究所
100
The aim of the present research was to study the composition and physicochemical properties of various fiber-rich fraction prepared from the Dimocarpus longan Lour. hull (DLL hull) and Litchi chinensis Sonn. hull (LCS hull) via different preparation methods by using distilled water, alcohol, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The physicochemical properties of fiber types including water holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, swelling property, glucose adsorption capacity, glucose adsorption capacity. Furthermore, the effects of these insoluble fibers on bile acid binding capacity, lipase activity, and cholesterol-micelle disintegration were investigated. These results demonstrated that DLL hull and LCS hull were rich in insoluble fiber (71.286.1 and 70.181.1 g/100 g, respectively). DLL hull and LCS hull fibers were predominantly composed of uronic acid and cellulosic glucose, suggesting the presence of high amount pectin substances and cellulose. In view of the physicochemical properties, water insoluble solid (WIS) prepared from DLL hull and LCS hull showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher bulk density, water-holding and oil-holding capacity than those of cellulose. The WIS derived from both hulls markedly postponed the adsorption of glucose as compared with that of cellulose. Compared to cellulose, the WIS of DLL hull and LCS hull significantly (P < 0.05) increased bile acid binding capacity and decrease lipase activity. Alcohol insoluble solids (AIS) and WIS of DLL hull siginificantly （P < 0.05） decrease the solubility of cholesterol micelles. Insolule dietary fiber (IDF) and WIS of DLL hull siginificantly （P < 0.05） decrease the solubility of cholesterol micelles. The extractable polyphenols and nonextractable polyphenols content of insoluble fibers from DLL hull and LCS hull reached 6.3712.56 and 3.6615.5 g/100 g, respectively. Flavonoids contents in insoluble fibers from DLL hull and LCS hull reached 0.370.76 and 0.260.80 g/100 g, respectively. In the determination of antioxidant model systems including trolox equivalenr antioxidant capacity, DPPH (2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activities, and reducing powers, AIS among these insoluble fibers was the best , followed by IDF and WIS. In conclusion, WIS parepared from both hull possessed desired physicochemical properties, they can be applied as low-calorie bulk ingredients requiring oil and water retention.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
獸醫學研究所
100
Hyperuricemia results from over production or/and underexcretion of uric acid. Uric acid production is catalyzed by xanthine oxidase (XO) in the liver, which is a key enzyme in the oxidizing process of xanthine into uric acid. This study investigated anti-hyperuricemia bioactivity of Dimocarpus longan Lour. Longan pulp is a Chinese medicinal plant used for the treatment of amnesia and its flower is folklorically made into drinking tea to lower serum uric acid level. Therefore, the methanol extracts of the flower, seed, shell, stem and leaf of Longan were tested in vitro and in vivo to confirm its anti-hyperuricemic effect. Firstly, xanthine oxidase suppression rates were evaluated by the xanthine oxidase inhibition assay. The results showed that all Longan extracts reduced blood uric acid level as compared to the control group (p < 0.01). The flower extract exibited the best blood uric acid lowering effect and IC50 of XO inhibition was 115.76 μg/ml. 10 compounds have been previously isolated from Longan flower in other studies; in this study, we also examined them by the xanthine oxidase inhibition assay, revealing that proanthocyanidin A2 had the strongest inhibitory effect (70.67%). In the in vivo part of this study, the methanol extracts from 5 different Longan parts were orally administrated to different groups of mice at 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg 1 hour before oxonic acid was injected. The blood uric acid levels in mice were then detected 2 h later. Furthermore, we carried out the urine uric acid excretion test in rats to find out whether the Longan extracts could promote the excretion of uric acid; however no significant effect on the excretion of uric acid was observed. According to these results, the mechanism behind the antihyperuricemic effect of Longan methanol extracts was indicated to be associated with the inhibition of xanthine oxidase which results in decreased production of uric acid. This study not only revealed the existence of antihyperuricemic effect of of Dimocarpus longan, but also explored possible mechanisms. Our results showed that Dimocarpus longan has a great potential to be developed into novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of hyperuricemia.

Lichia (Litchi chinensis), longan (Dimocarpus longan) e rambutã (Nephelium lappaceum) são frutas exóticas provenientes da Ásia, recentemente introduzidas na Europa. Com o aumento da produção mundial destes frutos, muitos subprodutos são desperdiçados durante o processamento industrial, incluindo-se as cascas não edíveis dos mesmos. Para além do aporte nutricional reconhecido, pensa-se que os compostos bioativos presentes nestes subprodutos sejam os responsáveis pelas atividades biológicas já reconhecidas, tais como, antioxidante, anti-inflamatória, antineoplásica, anti-glicémica, antimicrobiana, entre outras. O objetivo deste estudo visou determinar e comparar o aporte nutricional e conteúdo de compostos bioativos, nomeadamente, fenólicos e flavonoides totais, no sentido de valorizar as cascas não edíveis de frutos para possíveis aplicações na indústria alimentar, farmacêutica e cosmética. Na caracterização nutricional das cascas foram analisados os teores de humidade, cinzas, proteína, gordura e hidratos de carbono pelos métodos AOAC. Os teores de proteína variaram entre 2,0 e 9,1 g/ 100 g sendo as cascas de longan a amostra com teor mais elevado. O teor de gordura total nunca excedeu os 1,8 g/ 100 g nas três amostras estudadas e o teor de minerais das cascas de longan mostraram-se os mais elevados (9,1 g/ 100g). Os hidratos de carbono obtidos nas três amostras, os quais incluem a fibra dietética, variaram entre 76,8 e 83,3 g/ 100 g, não tendo afetado, de forma significativa, o valor energético total das cascas estudadas. No que toca aos compostos bioativos verificou-se que as cascas da lichia apresentam teores superiores de fenólicos e de flavonoides totais (1578,08 mg EAG/ g e 55,10 mg EC/ g, respetivamente), observando-se diferenças significativas (p0,05) entre todas as amostras, ou seja, cascas de lichia, rambutã e logan. O teor de fenólicos totais foram sempre superiores ao teor de flavonoides totais em todas as amostras, observando-se uma concordância com outros estudos idênticos e já publicados. Este estudo mostrou o elevado potencial das cascas não edíveis de frutos cujo consumo tem vindo a aumentar, como ingredientes ativos para diferentes produtos, como alimentos, produtos farmacêuticos ou cosméticos. No entanto, estudos mais detalhados serão necessários para tornar a utilização dos mesmos mais sustentável.
Lychee (Litchi chinensis), longan (Dimocarpus longan) e rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) are exotic fruits from Asia, being recently introduced in Europe. Although the world production of these fruits tends to increase, many by-products are wasted during industrial processing, including their non-edible peels. In addition to the recognized nutritional support, it is thought that phenolic compounds present in these byproducts are responsible for several activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-glycemic, antimicrobial activities, among others. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the nutritional composition and total content of bioactive compounds, namely, phenolics and total flavonoids, in order to value the non-edible fruit peels for possible applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the nutritional characterization of the fruit peels, moisture, ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate contents were analyzed by AOAC methods. Protein contents varied between 2.0 and 9.1 g/ 100 g, with longan peels being the sample with the highest content. The total fat content never exceeded 1.8 g/ 100 g in the three studied samples and the mineral content of the longan peels was the highest (9.1 g/ 100 g). The carbohydrates obtained in the three samples, which include dietary fiber, varied between 76.8 and 83.3 g/ 100 g, having no effect in the total energy value of all studied peels. Regarding bioactive compounds, it was found that lychee peels present higher levels of total phenolics and flavonoids (1578.08 mg GAE/ g and 55.10 mg CE/ g, respectively), with significant differences (p 0.05) among all samples. The content of total phenolics was always higher than the content of total flavonoids in all samples, agreeing with other identical and published studies. This study showed the high potential of non-edible peel fruits whose consumption has increased as active ingredients for different products, such as foods, pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Nevertheless, more detailed studies are needed to make the use of this plant more sustainable.