Journal articles: 'Dinoflagellates – Caribbean Sea'

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Boisnoir, Aurélie, Pierre-Yves Pascal, Sophie Marro, and Rodolphe Lémée. "First spatial distribution of potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates in the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe and Martinique), Caribbean Sea." Botanica Marina 62, no. 4 (August 27, 2019): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0002.

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Abstract For the first time, distribution and abundances (cells per gram of fresh macrophyte weight) of potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates were studied around Guadeloupe (20 sites) and Martinique (six sites) islands (Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea). Benthic dinoflagellates were identified at the genus level and cell counts were undertaken on different host species of macroalgae and seagrasses. Abundance values of potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates were one order of magnitude higher in Guadeloupe than in Martinique. The highest abundances of benthic dinoflagellates were found in the northern part of Guadeloupe Island, while their distribution was more homogeneous in Martinique. Ostreopsis was the dominant genus in Guadeloupe and Martinique. Regarding biotic substrate preferences, Phaeophyceae hosted the highest total abundances of benthic dinoflagellates on both islands, while the lowest total abundances were observed on Ulvophyceae in Guadeloupe and Florideophyceae in Martinique. The genus Gambierdiscus, known as the causal agent of the ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), developed on all macrophyte groups on both islands without showing any preferences towards biotic substrates. The presence of this potentially harmful dinoflagellate genus in both islands could explain the existence of local cases of CFP in Guadeloupe and Martinique islands.

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Ruiz Gòmez, Anderson, and Jose Ernesto Mancera Pineda. "Potentially Toxic Dinoflagellates Associated to Seagrass on Isla de Barú, Colombian Caribbean, During El Niño." Acta Biológica Colombiana 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v24n1.61799.

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In the last decades, harmful algal blooms (HAB) and toxic events such as ciguatera seem to have increased in frequency and intensity, negatively impacting human health, economy, and marine ecosystems. In Colombia, these events have caused a series of consequences ranging from the death of fish and birds to toxic effects on humans. Although some toxin-producing dinoflagellate species are common in the Caribbean, their dynamics are poorly understood, making the adoption of any regulations difficult. To determine the composition and abundance of dinoflagellates associated with seagrasses we collected 18 samples on Isla de Barú, during 2015. We found ten diatom genera and three dinoflagellate genera, Prorocentrum, Ostreopsis, and Gambierdiscus, that include toxigenic species related to ciguatera and diarrheic shellfish poisoning. Prorocentrum lima was the most abundant dinoflagellate, with average cell densities of 52±48 cells/g substrate wet weight. The temperature hypothesis gains strength as one of the main modulators of dinoflagellate abundance observed in the Caribbean, especially regarding Prorocentrum species and some diatoms such as Mastogloia corsicana and Actinocyclus normanii. This assumption is supported by the Since high positive correlation between El Niño Southern Oscillation and the sea surface temperature in the Caribbean during 2015.

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Boisnoir, Aurélie, Pierre-Yves Pascal, Sébastien Cordonnier, and Rodolophe Lemée. "Depth distribution of benthic dinoflagellates in the Caribbean Sea." Journal of Sea Research 135 (May 2018): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2018.02.001.

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Bringué, Manuel, Robert C. Thunell, Vera Pospelova, James L. Pinckney, Oscar E. Romero, and Eric J. Tappa. "Physico-chemical and biological factors influencing dinoflagellate cyst production in the Cariaco Basin." Biogeosciences 15, no. 8 (April 19, 2018): 2325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2325-2018.

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Abstract. We present a 2.5-year-long sediment trap record of dinoflagellate cyst production in the Cariaco Basin, off Venezuela (southern Caribbean Sea). The site lies under the influence of wind-driven, seasonal upwelling which promotes high levels of primary productivity during boreal winter and spring. Changes in dinoflagellate cyst production is documented between November 1996 and May 1999 at ∼ 14-day intervals and interpreted in the context of in situ observations of physico-chemical and biological parameters measured at the mooring site. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages are diverse (57 taxa) and dominated by cyst taxa of heterotrophic affinity, primarily Brigantedinium spp. (51 % of the total trap assemblage). Average cyst fluxes to the trap are high (17.1 × 103 cysts m−2 day−1) and show great seasonal and interannual variability. On seasonal timescales, dinoflagellate cyst production responds closely to variations in upwelling strength, with increases in cyst fluxes of several protoperidinioid taxa observed during active upwelling intervals, predominantly Brigantedinium spp. Cyst taxa produced by autotrophic dinoflagellates, in particular Bitectatodinium spongium, also respond positively to upwelling. Several spiny brown cysts contribute substantially to the assemblages, including Echinidinium delicatum (9.7 %) and Echinidinium granulatum (7.3 %), and show a closer affinity to weaker upwelling conditions. The strong El Niño event of 1997/98 appears to have negatively impacted cyst production in the basin with a 1-year lag, and may have contributed to the unusually high fluxes of cysts type Cp (possibly the cysts of the toxic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides sensu Li et al., 2015), with cyst type Cp fluxes up to 11.8 × 103 cysts m−2 day−1 observed during the weak upwelling event of February–May 1999. Possible trophic interactions between dinoflagellates and other major planktonic groups are also investigated by comparing the timing and magnitude of cyst production with proxies for phytoplanktonic communities (from photopigment data) and micro- to macrozooplankton abundance indicators (from palynological data) at the site. This work provides new, detailed insights into the ecology of cyst-producing dinoflagellates and will allow for more detailed interpretations of fossil assemblages extracted from sedimentary records in the basin and elsewhere.

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Boisnoir, Aurélie, Pierre Yves Pascal, Nicolas Chomérat, and Rodolphe Lemée. "Distribution of Potentially Toxic Epiphytic Dinoflagellates in Saint Martin Island (Caribbean Sea, Lesser Antilles)." Cryptogamie, Algologie 41, no. 7 (April 23, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2020v41a7.

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Boisnoir, Aurélie, Pierre-Yves Pascal, Sébastien Cordonnier, and Rodolphe Lemée. "Spatio-temporal dynamics and biotic substrate preferences of benthic dinoflagellates in the Lesser Antilles, Caribbean sea." Harmful Algae 81 (January 2019): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.012.

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Gómez, Fernando, Dajun Qiu, Rubens M. Lopes, and Senjie Lin. "Morphological and molecular characterization of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Dinophyta) from Brazil (South Atlantic Ocean)." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 3 (June 7, 2017): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i3.29436.

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Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a toxic epiphytic dinoflagellate widely distributed in warm waters that often co-occur with species of the genera Coolia, Fukuyoa, Gambierdiscus and Prorocentrum. We investigated a strain isolated from the coast of Ubatuba, Brazil (South-West Atlantic Ocean) by light and epifluorescence microscopies; we also report molecular data based on the LSU rDNA and ITS markers. Cells were 35-65 µm in the dorso-ventral diameter and 20-40 µm wide. We obtained the sequence of a ~1900 base pair region of the rRNA gene cistron. In the LSU rDNA phylogeny, the sequences under the names O. ovata and O. cf. ovata branched into three clades. The ITS marker showed greater resolving power and the sequences of O. ovata/O. cf. ovata split into five clades. Our ITS sequence branched in a clade with sequences of strains from the Mediterranean Sea, European Atlantic coasts, subtropical NE Atlantic, other sequences from Brazil at Rio de Janeiro, and a few sequences from Japan. The cell dimensions and thecal plate arrangement were under the variability range reported in other ocean regions. Our observations confirm O. cf. ovata as the most commonly recorded species of Ostreopsis in the SW Atlantic Ocean. Ostreopsis cf. ovata co-occurred with Coolia malayensis in Brazil and Asia, but it has been commonly reported from the Mediterranean Sea, where C. malayensis has not yet been recorded; while Coolia malayensis has been reported from the Caribbean Sea, but not O. ovata. With the current knowledge, it is difficult to understand the factors that determine the biogeography of the tropical epiphytic dinoflagellates.

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LaJeunesse, Todd C., Robin T. Smith, Jennifer Finney, and Hazel Oxenford. "Outbreak and persistence of opportunistic symbiotic dinoflagellates during the 2005 Caribbean mass coral ‘bleaching’ event." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1676 (September 9, 2009): 4139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1405.

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Reef corals are sentinels for the adverse effects of rapid global warming on the planet's ecosystems. Warming sea surface temperatures have led to frequent episodes of bleaching and mortality among corals that depend on endosymbiotic micro-algae ( Symbiodinium ) for their survival. However, our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary response of corals to episodes of thermal stress remains inadequate. For the first time, we describe how the symbioses of major reef-building species in the Caribbean respond to severe thermal stress before, during and after a severe bleaching event. Evidence suggests that background populations of Symbiodinium trenchi ( D1a ) increased in prevalence and abundance, especially among corals that exhibited high sensitivity to stress. Contrary to previous hypotheses, which posit that a change in symbiont occurs subsequent to bleaching, S. trenchi increased in the weeks leading up to and during the bleaching episode and disproportionately dominated colonies that did not bleach. During the bleaching event, approximately 20 per cent of colonies surveyed harboured this symbiont at high densities (calculated at less than 1.0% only months before bleaching began). However, competitive displacement by homologous symbionts significantly reduced S. trenchi 's prevalence and dominance among colonies after a 2-year period following the bleaching event. While the extended duration of thermal stress in 2005 provided an ecological opportunity for a rare host-generalist symbiont, it remains unclear to what extent the rise and fall of S. trenchi was of ecological benefit or whether its increased prevalence was an indicator of weakening coral health.

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Habibi, Nazima, Saif Uddin, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein, and Mohd Faizuddin. "Ciguatera in the Indian Ocean with Special Insights on the Arabian Sea and Adjacent Gulf and Seas: A Review." Toxins 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080525.

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The dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus are found in almost all oceans and seas between the coordinates 35° N and 35° S. Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are producers of ciguatoxins (CTXs), which are known to cause foodborne disease associated with contaminated seafood. The occurrence and effects of CTXs are well described in the Pacific and the Caribbean. However, historically, their properties and presence have been poorly documented in the Indian Ocean (including the Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, and the Gulf). A higher occurrence of these microorganisms will proportionately increase the likelihood of CTXs entering the food chain, posing a severe threat to human seafood consumers. Therefore, comprehensive research strategies are critically important for developing effective monitoring and risk assessments of this emerging threat in the Indian Ocean. This review presents the available literature on ciguatera occurrence in the region and its adjacent marginal waters: aiming to identify the data gaps and vectors.

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Estevez, Pablo, David Castro, Ana Pequeño-Valtierra, Jorge Giraldez, and Ana Gago-Martinez. "Emerging Marine Biotoxins in Seafood from European Coasts: Incidence and Analytical Challenges." Foods 8, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8050149.

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The presence of emerging contaminants in food and the sources of the contamination are relevant issues in food safety. The impact of climate change on these contaminations is a topic widely debated; however, the consequences of climate change for the food system is not as deeply studied as other human and animal health and welfare issues. Projections of climate change in Europe have been evaluated through the EU Commission, and the impact on the marine environment is considered a priority issue. Marine biotoxins are produced by toxic microalgae and are natural contaminants of the marine environment. They are considered to be an important contaminant that needs to be evaluated. Their source is affected by oceanographic and environmental conditions; water temperature, sunlight, salinity, competing microorganisms, nutrients, and wind and current directions affect the growth and proliferation of microalgae. Although climate change should not be the only reason for this increase and other factors such as eutrophication, tourism, fishery activities, etc. could be considered, the influence of climate change has been observed through increased growth of dinoflagellates in areas where they have not been previously detected. An example of this is the recent emergence of ciguatera fish poisoning toxins, typically found in tropical or subtropical areas from the Pacific and Caribbean and in certain areas of the Atlantic Sea such as the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). In addition, the recent findings of the presence of tetrodotoxins, typically found in certain areas of the Pacific, are emerging in the EU and contaminating not only the fish species where these toxins had been found before but also bivalve mollusks. The emergence of these marine biotoxins in the EU is a reason for concern in the EU, and for this reason, the risk evaluation and characterization of these toxins are considered a priority for the European Food Safety Authorities (EFSA), which also emphasize the search for occurrence data using reliable and efficient analytical methods.

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Almazán Becerril, Antonio, and David U. Hernández-Becerril. "Dinophysis siankanensis, a new species of planktonic dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) from the Mexican Caribbean Sea." Phycologia 41, no. 4 (July 2002): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-41-4-374.1.

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Smith, Vann, Sophie Warny, Kliti Grice, Bettina Schaefer, Michael T. Whalen, Johan Vellekoop, Elise Chenot, et al. "Life and death in the Chicxulub impact crater: a record of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum." Climate of the Past 16, no. 5 (October 19, 2020): 1889–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1889-2020.

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Abstract. Thermal stress on the biosphere during the extreme warmth of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was most severe at low latitudes, with sea surface temperatures at some localities exceeding the 35 ∘C at which marine organisms experience heat stress. Relatively few equivalent terrestrial sections have been identified, and the response of land plants to this extreme heat is still poorly understood. Here, we present a new record of the PETM from the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater that has been identified based on nannofossil biostratigraphy, an acme of the dinoflagellate genus Apectodinium, and a negative carbon isotope excursion. Geochemical and microfossil proxies show that the PETM is marked by elevated TEX86H-based sea surface temperatures (SSTs) averaging ∼37.8 ∘C, an increase in terrestrial input and surface productivity, salinity stratification, and bottom water anoxia, with biomarkers for green and purple sulfur bacteria indicative of photic zone euxinia in the early part of the event. Pollen and plants spores in this core provide the first PETM floral assemblage described from Mexico, Central America, and the northern Caribbean. The source area was a diverse coastal shrubby tropical forest with a remarkably high abundance of fungal spores, indicating humid conditions. Thus, while seafloor anoxia devastated the benthic marine biota and dinoflagellate assemblages were heat-stressed, the terrestrial plant ecosystem thrived.

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Núñez-Vázquez, Erick, Antonio Almazán-Becerril, David López-Cortés, Alejandra Heredia-Tapia, Francisco Hernández-Sandoval, Christine Band-Schmidt, José Bustillos-Guzmán, et al. "Ciguatera in Mexico (1984–2013)." Marine Drugs 17, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17010013.

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Historical records of ciguatera in Mexico date back to 1862. This review, including references and epidemiological reports, documents 464 cases during 25 events from 1984 to 2013: 240 (51.72%) in Baja California Sur, 163 (35.12%) in Quintana Roo, 45 (9.69%) in Yucatan, and 16 (3.44%) cases of Mexican tourists intoxicated in Cuba. Carnivorous fish, such as snapper (Lutjanus) and grouper (Epinephelus and Mycteroperca) in the Pacific Ocean, and great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) and snapper (Lutjanus) in the Atlantic (Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea), were involved in all cases. In the Mexican Caribbean, a sub-record of ciguatera cases that occurred before 1984 exists. However, the number of intoxications has increased in recent years, and this food poisoning is poorly studied in the region. Current records suggest that ciguatera fish poisoning in humans is the second most prevalent form of seafood poisoning in Mexico, only exceeded by paralytic shellfish poisoning (505 cases, 21 fatalities in the same 34-year period). In this study, the status of ciguatera in Mexico (epidemiological and treatment), and the fish vectors are reviewed. Dinoflagellate species Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum are related with the reported outbreaks, marine toxins, ecological risk, and the potential toxicological impact.

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Gómez, F., and R. M. Lopes. "NEW RECORDS OF THE DISTINCTIVE BENTHIC DINOFLAGELLATE GENUS Cabra (DINOPHYCEAE)." CICIMAR Oceánides 30, no. 1 (June 27, 2015): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v30i1.144.

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The benthic dinoflagellate genus Cabra is reported for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea and the South Atlantic Ocean, with additional records in the Caribbean Sea and the eastern Asian coasts. Cabra aremorica is reported for the first time after the original description. However, these records should be considered cautiously because the distinction between Cabra aremorica and C. reticulata is difficult based on routine light microscopy observations. It is uncertain whether there is a high intraspecific morphological variability or several co-occurring undescribed species. Cabra levis, a species recently described, is reported for first time beyond the type locality. Nuevos registros del distintivo género de dinoflagelado bentónico Cabra (Dinophyceae) El dinoflagelado bentónico del géneroCabrase describe por primera vez en el Mar Mediterráneo y el Océano Atlántico Sur, con registros adicionales en el Mar Caribe y las costas orientales de Asia. Cabra aremorica se cita por primera vez después de la descripción original. Sin embargo, estos registros deben ser considerados con cautela porque la distinción entre Cabra aremorica y C. reticulata es difícil basándose solo en observaciones rutinarias de microscopía óptica. No está claro si existe una alta variabilidad morfológica intra-específica o si existen varias especies no descritas que coexisten. Cabra levis, una especie recientemente descrita, se describe por primera vez más allá de su localidad tipo.

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Gómez, F., and R. M. Lopes. "NEW RECORDS OF THE DISTINCTIVE BENTHIC DINOFLAGELLATE GENUS Cabra (DINOPHYCEAE)." CICIMAR Oceánides 30, no. 1 (June 27, 2015): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v30i1.144.

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The benthic dinoflagellate genus Cabra is reported for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea and the South Atlantic Ocean, with additional records in the Caribbean Sea and the eastern Asian coasts. Cabra aremorica is reported for the first time after the original description. However, these records should be considered cautiously because the distinction between Cabra aremorica and C. reticulata is difficult based on routine light microscopy observations. It is uncertain whether there is a high intraspecific morphological variability or several co-occurring undescribed species. Cabra levis, a species recently described, is reported for first time beyond the type locality. Nuevos registros del distintivo género de dinoflagelado bentónico Cabra (Dinophyceae) El dinoflagelado bentónico del géneroCabrase describe por primera vez en el Mar Mediterráneo y el Océano Atlántico Sur, con registros adicionales en el Mar Caribe y las costas orientales de Asia. Cabra aremorica se cita por primera vez después de la descripción original. Sin embargo, estos registros deben ser considerados con cautela porque la distinción entre Cabra aremorica y C. reticulata es difícil basándose solo en observaciones rutinarias de microscopía óptica. No está claro si existe una alta variabilidad morfológica intra-específica o si existen varias especies no descritas que coexisten. Cabra levis, una especie recientemente descrita, se describe por primera vez más allá de su localidad tipo.

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ANDRAS, JASON P., NATHAN L. KIRK, MARY ALICE COFFROTH, and C. DREW HARVELL. "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci inSymbiodiniumB1/B184, the dinoflagellate symbiont of the Caribbean sea fan coral,Gorgonia ventalina." Molecular Ecology Resources 9, no. 3 (May 2009): 989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02549.x.

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de Queiroz Mendes, Maria Cristina, José Marcos de Castro Nunes, Santiago Fraga, Francisco Rodríguez, José Mariano Franco, Pilar Riobó, Suema Branco, and Mariângela Menezes. "Morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxinology of Coolia and Prorocentrum strains isolated from the tropical South Western Atlantic Ocean." Botanica Marina 62, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0053.

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Abstract The morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxinology of two Coolia and one Prorocentrum dinoflagellate strains from Brazil were characterized. They matched with Coolia malayensis and Coolia tropicalis morphotypes, while the Prorocentrum strain fitted well with the morphology of Prorocentrum emarginatum. Complementary identification by molecular analyses was carried out based on LSU and ITS-5.8S rDNA. Phylogenetic analyses of Coolia strains (D1/D2 region, LSU rDNA), showed that C. malayensis (strain UFBA044) segregated together with sequences of this species from other parts of the world, but diverged earlier in a separate branch to sequences from São Paulo (Brazil) or Caribbean areas. Coolia tropicalis (strain UFBA055) grouped with other sequences of this species, in a subclade with an isolate from Belize, closer to a subgroup including isolates from Thailand, Australia and Hong Kong. Phylogenetic analyses (ITS-5.8S rDNA) of P. emarginatum (strain UFBA033) grouped together with another sequence of this species from China Sea. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins (OA, DTXs and PTX2) were not detected in P. emarginatum by mass spectrometry analyses. However, hemolytic assays in P. emarginatum and both Coolia strains in this study showed positive results.

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Reimer, James Davis, Piera Biondi, Yee Wah Lau, Giovanni Diego Masucci, Xuan Hoa Nguyen, Maria E. A. Santos, and Hin Boo Wee. "Marine biodiversity research in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan: current status and trends." PeerJ 7 (April 12, 2019): e6532. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6532.

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Marine biodiversity and derived ecosystem services are critical to the healthy functioning of marine ecosystems, and to human economic and societal well-being. Thus, an understanding of marine biodiversity in different ecosystems is necessary for their conservation and management. Coral reefs in particular are noted for their high levels of biodiversity, and among the world’s coral reefs, the subtropical Ryukyu Islands (RYS; also known as the Nansei Islands) in Japan have been shown to harbor very high levels of marine biodiversity. This study provides an overview of the state of marine biodiversity research in the RYS. First, we examined the amount of English language scientific literature in the Web of Science (WoS; 1995–2017) on six selected representative taxa spanning protists to vertebrates across six geographic sub-regions in the RYS. Our results show clear taxonomic and sub-region bias, with research on Pisces, Cnidaria, and Crustacea to be much more common than on Dinoflagellata, Echinodermata, and Mollusca. Such research was more commonly conducted in sub-regions with larger human populations (Okinawa, Yaeyama). Additional analyses with the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) records show that within sub-regions, records are concentrated in areas directly around marine research stations and institutes (if present), further showing geographical bias within sub-regions. While not surprising, the results indicate a need to address ‘understudied’ taxa in ‘understudied sub-regions’ (Tokara, Miyako, Yakutane, Amami Oshima), particularly sub-regions away from marine research stations. Second, we compared the numbers of English language scientific papers on eight ecological topics for the RYS with numbers from selected major coral reef regions of the world; the Caribbean (CAR), Great Barrier Reef (GBR), and the Red Sea (RES). As expected, the numbers for all topics in the RYS were well below numbers from all other regions, yet within this disparity, research in the RYS on ‘marine protected areas’ and ‘herbivory’ was an order of magnitude lower than numbers in other regions. Additionally, while manuscript numbers on the RYS have increased from 1995 to 2016, the rate of increase (4.0 times) was seen to be lower than those in the CAR, RES, and GBR (4.6–8.4 times). Coral reefs in the RYS feature high levels of both endemism and anthropogenic threats, and subsequently they contain a concentration of some of the world’s most critically endangered marine species. To protect these threatened species and coral reef ecosystems, more data are needed to fill the research gaps identified in this study.

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Lozano Duque, Yesid, Luis Alfonso Vidal, and Gabriel R. Navas S. "LISTA DE ESPECIES DE DINOFLAGELADOS (DINOPHYTA) REGISTRADOS EN EL MAR CARIBE COLOMBIANO." Bulletin of Marine and Coastal Research 40, no. 2 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2011.40.2.116.

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A check list of the marine species of dinoflagellates reported from coastal and oceanic Colombian Caribbean Sea is presented. The list is based on the revision of bibliographical information available from studies developed on phytoplanktonic community. It reports a total of 186 taxa corresponding to 169 species with 27 varieties and six forms. These are grouped in 32 genera, 17 families, six orders, and two classes. The taxonomic classification was based on the system proposed by Fensome et al. (1993).

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Carbonell, Maria Consuelo. "CERATIUM SCHRANK (DINOFLAGELLATAE, PERIDINIALES) DE LAS ISLAS DEL ROSARIO, CARIBE COLOMBIANO." Bulletin of Marine and Coastal Research 12 (January 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.1982.12.0.496.

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The species of Ceratium Schrank (Dinoflagellatae, Peridiniales) of Rosario Islands, Colombian Caribbean Sea, are pointed out in relation to physical parameters of sea ÿwater for three climatic periods. It is found that the species also correspond to three different populations, some of them being common for the three periods.29 species are reported, 12 are for the first time for the Colombian Caribbean Sea: Ceratium praelongum, C. kofoidii, C. incisum, C. longiroztrum, C. contrarium, C. inclinaturn, C. vultur, C. ranipes, C. reflexum, C. gibberum, C. limulus and C. schranki).Species like C. praelongum, C. ranipes, C. tenue, C. inclinatum, C. vultur and probably C. reflexum and C. lunula usually regarded as shade species, captured in surface tows may show a renewed water caused by strong winds or by small upwellings.Finally, the conservation of C. tenue and C. inclinatum as valid species and not as synonyms of C. horridum is proposed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dinoflagellates – Caribbean Sea'

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