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Burton, Calum, Christian Rogerson, and Jayne Rogerson. "The Making of a ‘Big 5’ Game Reserve as an Urban Tourism Destination: Dinokeng, South Africa." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 9(6) (December 15, 2020): 892–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-58.
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Since 2000, against the background of chronically high levels of city unemployment and of the stagnation or rundown of the manufacturing sector, many urban governments across South Africa pivoted towards the building of competitive tourism economies as an anchor for local economic development, employment creation and small enterprise development. With the tourism sector being the most popular sectoral focus for local economic development programming in South Africa, the evolution of place-based development initiatives around tourism is a topic of policy relevance. This paper contributes to tourism scholarship concerning new product innovation and development for urban tourism in South Africa. It investigates the unfolding planning and challenges of a unique tourism development project for the creation of a ‘big 5’ game reserve located on the periphery of the country’s major metropolitan complex and economic hub, Gauteng province. The evolution of the project and the challenges of destination development are themes under scrutiny.
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Yiu, Sze-Wing, Mark Keith, Leszek Karczmarski, and Francesca Parrini. "Early post-release movement of reintroduced lions (Panthera leo) in Dinokeng Game Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa." European Journal of Wildlife Research 61, no. 6 (September 15, 2015): 861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-015-0962-0.
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Warchol, Greg, and Brian Johnson. "Wildlife Crime in the Game Reserves of South Africa: A Research Note." International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 33, no. 1 (March 2009): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2009.9678800.
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Mordi, A. Richard. "The Future of Animal Wildlife and Its Habitat in Botswana." Environmental Conservation 16, no. 2 (1989): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900008924.
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To conserve its wildlife, Botswana has set aside more than 17% of its total land area as game reserves, national parks, and wildlife management areas. Despite this generous allocation to wildlife, the fauna of the country is declining in both absolute numbers and species diversity. Lack of permanent water-sources in some game reserves, obstruction of fauna migration routes by cattle fences, and a poorly-developed tourist industry, are partly responsible for this decline.In a developing country such as Botswana, tourism should yield sufficient funds for the maintenance of game reserves and national parks. But currently the tourist industry accounts for less than 2% of the gross national product. Unless the industry is encouraged to flourish and expand into dormant reserves such as the Gemsbok National Park and Mabuasehube Game Reserve, animals in those sanctuaries are likely to be driven by drought into South Africa.
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Louw, Johannes, Paul Funston, Ansie Greeff, and Hennie Kloppers. "The Applicability of Lion Prey Selection Models to Smaller Game Reserves in South Africa." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 42, no. 2 (October 2012): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3957/056.042.0211.
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Van der Merwe, Petrus, Melville Saayman, and Riaan Rossouw. "The economic impact of hunting: A regional approach." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 4 (August 29, 2014): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i4.439.
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The core of South Africa tourism industry is based on wildlife tourism. Private game reserves and game farms which forms part of wildlife tourism constitute most of the wildlife products in South Africa. On these private reserves and game farms, hunting is one of the major income generators for product owners. The aim of this study is to analyse the economic impact of hunting on the regional economies of three of South Africa’s most important hunting provinces. The study used economic multipliers, input-output analysis, and related modelling processes through input-output (supply-use) tables and social accounting matrices (SAM). The results differed significantly for the three provinces, with Limpopo receiving the biggest impact (R2.6 billion) and the Free State having the highest multiplier (2.08). The geographical location of the game farms, the number of farms per province and the species available all influenced the magnitude of the economic impact of hunters over and above the traditional determinants of economic impact analysis. The implication of the research is that it will help product owners in the development of game farms or hunting products, contribute to policy formulation, especially for government decisions on what products to offer where, and how to create more jobs.
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Wright, Oliver Thomas, Georgina Cundill, and Duan Biggs. "Stakeholder perceptions of legal trade in rhinoceros horn and implications for private reserve management in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Oryx 52, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000764.
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AbstractThe proposed legalization of international trade in rhinoceros horn is a hotly debated topic. South Africa is home to a large proportion of Africa's blackDiceros bicornisand white rhinocerosesCeratotherium simumpopulations. Private owners are custodians of c. 25% of the country's rhinoceroses, and the introduction of legal trade in horn harvested from live rhinoceroses may therefore have significant implications for the private conservation industry. This study explores perceptions of legal trade in rhinoceros horn, and its potential implications for reserve management, among rhinoceros owners and conservation practitioners from private game reserves in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants from 17 private game reserves (c. 37% of the total number of reserves with rhinoceroses). Whereas rhinoceros owners were mostly in favour of trade, opinion among non-owners was more nuanced. Owners expressed more interest in trading in live rhinoceroses, and stockpiled horn from natural mortalities, than in sustainably harvesting rhinoceros horn for trade. Informants therefore predicted that they would not change their practices significantly if the trade were legalized. However, most informants had little confidence that CITES would lift the trade ban. The perspectives of private reserve owners and managers should be taken into account in South African and international policy discussions relating to the legal trade in rhinoceros horn.
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Szott, Isabelle D., Yolanda Pretorius, Andre Ganswindt, and Nicola F. Koyama. "Physiological stress response of African elephants to wildlife tourism in Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa." Wildlife Research 47, no. 1 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19045.
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Abstract ContextWildlife tourism has been shown to increase stress in a variety of species and can negatively affect survival, reproduction, welfare, and behaviour of individuals. In African elephants, Loxodonta africana, increased physiological stress has been linked to use of refugia, rapid movement through corridors, and heightened aggression towards humans. However, we are unaware of any studies assessing the impact of tourism pressure (tourist numbers) on physiological stress in elephants. AimsWe used faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations to investigate whether tourist numbers in Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa, were related to changes in physiological stress in elephants. MethodsWe repeatedly collected dung samples (n=43) from 13 individually identified elephants over 15 months. Using a generalised linear mixed model and a Kenward–Roger approximation, we assessed the impact of monthly tourist numbers, season, age, and sex on elephant fGCM concentrations. Key resultsHigh tourist numbers were significantly related to elevated fGCM concentrations. Overall, fGCM concentrations increased by 112% (from 0.26 to 0.55µgg−1 dry weight) in the months with the highest tourist pressure, compared to months with the lowest tourist pressure. ConclusionsManagers of fenced reserves should consider providing potential alleviation measures for elephants during high tourist pressure, for example, by ensuring that refuge areas are available. This may be of even higher importance if elephant populations have had traumatic experiences with humans in the past, such as poaching or translocation. Such management action will improve elephant welfare and increase tourist safety. ImplicationsAlthough tourism can generate substantial revenue to support conservation action, careful monitoring of its impact on wildlife is required to manage potential negative effects.
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Welch, Rebecca J., and Daniel M. Parker. "Brown hyaena population explosion: rapid population growth in a small, fenced system." Wildlife Research 43, no. 2 (2016): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15123.
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Context In the past 200 years, many carnivores have experienced a widespread decline in numbers and range reductions. Conservation interventions include the use of small, fenced reserves that have potential restoration benefits for conservation. Over the past 25 years, the Eastern Cape province of South Africa has seen the establishment of many small (≤440 km2) game reserves, and the reintroduction of the larger, indigenous wildlife that had been extirpated by the early 20th century, including brown hyaenas (Hyaena brunnea). These game reserves have restored the environment to a more natural state but little information exists concerning the benefits and implications of introducing elusive animals that are seldom seen after reintroduction. Fenced reserves have the potential to provide surplus animals that can be relocated for restoration purposes (where applicable) or serve as a buffer to the extinction of naturally occurring populations, but careful management is required to monitor populations appropriately, so as to avoid the costs of rapid population increase. Aims The reintroduction of brown hyaenas to the Eastern Cape has provided a case study to assess the role of small reserves and their potential to contribute to conservation, by determining the persistence and population growth of brown hyaenas in a small, enclosed reserve. Methods Estimates of brown hyaena density were calculated using a capture–recapture approach from individually identifiable images captured during a 3-month camera trapping survey. Key results After a single decade, the brown hyaena population increased by at least 367%, from six individuals to a minimum of 28 individuals. These results suggest that this brown hyaena population has the highest density ever recorded for the species in southern Africa. Conclusions and Implications Because brown hyaena populations were high relative to natural unfenced populations, high fences may provide two utilities for their conservation. Fenced reserves may provide surplus animals to support reintroductions and provide protected populations to buffer the risk of species extinction.
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Jordaan, M. "THE ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING FOR SUSTAINABLE ELEPHANT MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA. FOUR MEDIUM SIZED GAME RESERVES AS CASE STUDIES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XXXIX-B8 (July 28, 2012): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xxxix-b8-259-2012.
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Schmitz, Peter, and Duarte Gonçalves. "Using GIS and cartography as part of the whole-of-society approach to determine coercion into marine wildlife poaching and piracy." Advances in Cartography and GIScience of the ICA 1 (July 3, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-adv-1-18-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper builds on a previous paper on determining a community’s vulnerability to coercion into wildlife crimes along South African game reserves with a focus on rhinoceros poaching. This paper looks at the profiling of coastal communities along the South African coast for possible coercion into piracy and marine wildlife crime as context for a whole-of-society approach. As with the previous paper the criteria and data are based on publicly available resources to do the profiling. Criteria range from access to motorised boats, history of illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing activities, poverty, unemployment, closeness to marine reserves and levels of education. The criteria for piracy are based on articles and reports on the reasons for piracy along the Somalian coast. From the analysis the highest risk for piracy is the south-western Cape around Cape Town since the proximity to international sea routes, the ability of the local population to do deep-sea fishing and existing gang activity. The risk to marine resources is similar owing to the same reasons as for piracy. It is a known fact that gangs are involved in the poaching of abalone along the south-western Cape coast. Socio-economic risks are higher along the east coast of South Africa owing to higher unemployment, poverty and lower education levels.</p>
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Snyman, Andrei, Craig R. Jackson, and Paul J. Funston. "The effect of alternative forms of hunting on the social organization of two small populations of lions Panthera leo in southern Africa." Oryx 49, no. 4 (August 11, 2014): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001336.
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AbstractAfrican lion Panthera leo populations have declined as a result of various anthropogenic factors, and most extant populations are small, which further compromises their persistence. Lions in unfenced areas are more exposed to illegal hunting, snaring and poisoning, and populations in fenced reserves are subject to population control by removal of selected individuals from particular age and sex classes. During 2000–2011 19 lions from the mostly unfenced Northern Tuli Game Reserve in Botswana were shot, snared or poisoned. By contrast, only one lioness was shot outside the fenced Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve 10 km away, in South Africa, where 29 lions were trophy hunted or culled. We found that the mean population size, sex ratio and litter size were the same for both reserves but population density, pride size and cub survival rate were significantly higher in the fenced reserve. The size of the population in Northern Tuli was constrained by a high rate of indiscriminate anthropogenic mortality, with 94.7% of adult mortality occurring outside the reserve. The different forms of anthropogenic suppression in evidence at the two reserves resulted in different population-level responses, which will ultimately affect population viability. As conservation strategies are attempting to remove fences and establish larger conservation areas, this study indicates how fences can influence population dynamics in areas where human presence threatens large carnivores.
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Roux, C., and R. T. F. Bernard. "Home range size, spatial distribution and habitat use of elephants in two enclosed game reserves in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." African Journal of Ecology 47, no. 2 (June 2009): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00896.x.
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Lee, Deborah E., and Mario Du Preez. "Determining visitor preferences for rhinoceros conservation management at private, ecotourism game reserves in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: A choice modeling experiment." Ecological Economics 130 (October 2016): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.06.022.
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Chakawa, Joshua, and V. Z. Nyawo-Shava. "Guerrilla warfare and the environment in Southern Africa: Impediments faced by ZIPRA and Umkhonto Wesizwe." Oral History Journal of South Africa 2, no. 2 (February 4, 2015): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/6.
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Zimbabwe Peoples’ Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) was the armed wing of Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) which waged the war to liberate Zimbabwe. It operated from its bases in Zambia between 1964 and 1980. Umkhonto Wesizwe (MK) was ANC’s armed wing which sought to liberate South Africa from minority rule. Both forces (MK and ZIPRA) worked side by side until the attainment of independence by Zimbabwe when ANC guerrillas were sent back to Zambia by the new Zimbabwean government. This paper argues that the failure of ZIPRA and Umkhonto Wesizwe to deploy larger numbers of guerrillas to the war front in Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia) and South Africa was mainly caused by bio-physical challenges. ZAPU and ANC guerrillas faced the difficult task of crossing the Zambezi River and then walking through the sparsely vegetated areas, game reserves and parks until they reached villages deep in the country. Rhodesian and South African Defense Forces found it relatively easy to disrupt guerrilla movements along these routes. Even after entering into Rhodesia, ANC guerrillas had environmental challenges in crossing to South Africa. As such, they could not effectively launch protracted rural guerrilla warfare. Studies on ZIPRA and ANC guerrilla warfare have tended to ignore these environmental problems across inhospitable territories. For the ANC, surveillance along Limpopo River and in Kruger National Park acted more as impediments than conduits. ANC also had to cope with almost all challenges which confronted ZIPRA guerrillas such as the Zambezi, Lake Kariba and various parks which Rhodesians always used as a first line of defense but had a geographically difficult task in South Africa where the environment was not attractive for a guerrilla warfare.
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LEWANDO HUNDT, GILLIAN, MARIA STUTTAFORD, and BULELWA NGOMA. "THE SOCIAL DIAGNOSTICS OF STROKE-LIKE SYMPTOMS: HEALERS, DOCTORS AND PROPHETS IN AGINCOURT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Biosocial Science 36, no. 4 (June 23, 2004): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004006662.
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This paper focuses on the clinical and social diagnostics of stroke-like symptoms in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The research questions addressed here are: what are the lay understandings of strokelike symptoms and what are the health-seeking behaviours of Tsongan Mozambican refugees and South Africans in this area? The study site is ten villages in the Agincourt sub-district of Limpopo Province which are within the health surveillance area of the Agincourt Health and Population Unit (AHPU) of the University of Witwatersrand. The population are Tsongan who speak Shangaan and comprise self-settled Mozambican refugees who fled to this area during the 1980s across the nearby border and displaced South African citizens. The latter were forcibly displaced from their villages to make way for game reserves or agricultural development and moved to this area when it was the former ‘homeland’ of Gazankulu. The team collected data using rapid ethnographic assessment and household interviews as part of the Southern Africa Stroke Prevention Initiative (SASPI). The main findings are that stroke-like symptoms are considered to be both a physical and social condition, and in consequence plural healing using clinical and social diagnostics is sought to address both these dimensions. People with stroke-like symptoms maintain their physical, mental and social well-being and deal with this affliction and misfortune by visiting doctors, healers, prophets and churches.
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VAN SITTERT, LANCE. "BRINGING IN THE WILD: THE COMMODIFICATION OF WILD ANIMALS IN THE CAPE COLONY/PROVINCE c. 1850–1950." Journal of African History 46, no. 2 (July 2005): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853704009946.
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The history of the imperial/colonial elite's preoccupation with saving a handful of specific ‘game’ species in reserves has come to stand for the relationship of all classes with all wild animals in both South Africa and the wider world of the British empire. The result is a narrative of process and periodization flawed in general and false in the specific case of the Cape Colony/Province, where economics rather than ideology was both the primary motor of game conservation and the mediating factor in human relationships with wild animal species. Here the general trend across the century from 1850 to 1950 was, contra MacKenzian orthodoxy, towards private not public ownership of game propelled by a rural rather than an urban elite. Public ownership was instead restricted to ‘vermin’ species in which the state created a market in which it became the chief consumer. The Cape's great tradition was refracted through its customary permissive legislation to yield a myriad of small traditions at the regional or local level. Rather than an argument for Cape exceptionalism, its wild animal history is a caution against glib generalizations from the elite archive and an indication of the need to broaden prevailing ‘game reserve history’ to include the full range of human and animal inhabitants as agents rather than as residual analytical categories in any narrative.
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Afonso, Beatriz C., Lourens H. Swanepoel, Beatriz P. Rosa, Tiago A. Marques, Luís M. Rosalino, Margarida Santos-Reis, and Gonçalo Curveira-Santos. "Patterns and Drivers of Rodent Abundance across a South African Multi-Use Landscape." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 2618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092618.
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South Africa’s decentralized approach to conservation entails that wildlife outside formally protected areas inhabit complex multi-use landscapes, where private wildlife business (ecotourism and/or hunting) co-exist in a human-dominated landscape matrix. Under decentralized conservation, wildlife is perceived to benefit from increased amount of available habitat, however it is crucial to understand how distinct management priorities and associated landscape modifications impact noncharismatic taxa, such as small mammals. We conducted extensive ink-tracking-tunnel surveys to estimate heterogeneity in rodent distribution and investigate the effect of different environmental factors on abundance patterns of two size-based rodent groups (small- and medium-sized species), across three adjacent management contexts in NE KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a private ecotourism game reserve, mixed farms and traditional communal areas (consisting of small clusters of houses interspersed with grazing areas and seminatural vegetation). Our hypotheses were formulated regarding the (1) area typology, (2) vegetation structure, (3) ungulate pressure and (4) human disturbance. Using a boosted-regression-tree approach, we found considerable differences between rodent groups’ abundance and distribution, and the underlying environmental factors. The mean relative abundance of medium-sized species did not differ across the three management contexts, but small species mean relative abundance was higher in the game reserves, confirming an influence of the area typology on their abundance. Variation in rodent relative abundance was negatively correlated with human disturbance and ungulate presence. Rodent abundance seems to be influenced by environmental gradients that are directly linked to varying management priorities across land uses, meaning that these communities might not benefit uniformly by the increased amount of habitat promoted by the commercial wildlife industry.
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Penny, Samuel G., Rachel L. White, Dawn M. Scott, Lynne MacTavish, and Angelo P. Pernetta. "Using drones and sirens to elicit avoidance behaviour in white rhinoceros as an anti-poaching tactic." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1907 (July 17, 2019): 20191135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1135.
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Poaching fuelled by international trade in horn caused the deaths of over 1000 African rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum and Diceros bicornis ) per year between 2013 and 2017. Deterrents, which act to establish avoidance behaviours in animals, have the potential to aid anti-poaching efforts by moving at-risk rhinos away from areas of danger (e.g. near perimeter fences). To evaluate the efficacy of deterrents, we exposed a population of southern white rhinos ( C. simum simum ) to acoustic- (honeybee, siren, turtle dove), olfactory- (chilli, sunflower), and drone-based stimuli on a game reserve in South Africa. We exposed rhinos to each stimulus up to four times. Stimuli were considered effective deterrents if they repeatedly elicited avoidance behaviour (locomotion away from the deterrent). Rhinos travelled significantly further in response to the siren than to the honeybee or turtle dove stimulus, and to low-altitude drone flights than to higher altitude flights. We found the drone to be superior at manipulating rhino movement than the siren owing to its longer transmission range and capability of pursuit. By contrast, the scent stimuli were ineffective at inciting avoidance behaviour. Our findings indicate that deterrents are a prospective low-cost and in situ method to manage rhino movement in game reserves.
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Carlin, Elisabetta, Gabriella Teren, and Andre Ganswindt. "Non-Invasive Assessment of Body Condition and Stress-Related Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Concentrations in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) Roaming in Fynbos Vegetation." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050814.
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Fynbos is a unique endemic vegetation type belonging to the Cape Floral Kingdom in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, representing the smallest of the six floral kingdoms in the world. Nowadays, only a few game reserves in this region support populations of African elephants (Loxodonta africana), and thus, little information exists regarding the suitability of the nutritionally poor Fynbos vegetation for these megaherbivores. Using already established non-invasive methods, the monitoring of individual body conditions and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations, as a measure of physiological stress, was performed to examine a herd of 13 elephants in a Western Cape Province Private Game Reserve, during two monitoring periods (April and June 2018), following a severe drought. The results indicate that overall median body condition scores (April and June: 3.0, range 2.0–3.0) and fGCM concentrations (April: 0.46 µg/g dry weight (DW), range 0.35–0.66 µg/g DW; June: 0.61 µg/g DW, range 0.22–1.06 µg/g DW) were comparable to those of other elephant populations previously studied utilizing the same techniques. These findings indicate that the individuals obtain sufficient nutrients from the surrounding Fynbos vegetation during the months monitored. However, a frequent assessment of body conditions and stress-associated fGCM concentrations in these animals would assist conservation management authorities and animal welfare practitioners in determining ways to manage this species in environments with comparably poorer nutritional vegetation.
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Bashant, Janelle, Michael Somers, Lourens Swanepoel, and Fredrik Dalerum. "Facilitation or Competition? Effects of Lions on Brown Hyaenas and Leopards." Diversity 12, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12090325.
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Intra-guild interactions related to facilitation and competition can be strong forces structuring ecological communities and have been suggested as particularly prominent for large carnivores. The African lion (Panthera leo) is generally thought to be a dominant predator where it occurs and can be expected to have broad effects on sympatric carnivore communities. We used data from two small game reserves in northern South Africa to relate the presence of African lions to abundance, habitat use, diet, and prey selection of two sympatric large carnivores, brown hyaenas (Parahyaena brunnea) and leopards (Panthera pardus). Our results offered some support for the facilitative effects of lions on brown hyaenas, and competitive effects on leopards. However, differences between populations living without and with lions were restricted to broad diet composition and appear not to have permeated into differences in either prey selection, abundance or habitat use. Therefore, we suggest that the potential effects of lions on the predator–prey interactions of sympatric predators may have been context dependent or absent, and subsequently argue that lions may not necessarily influence the predator–prey dynamics in the landscapes they live in beyond those caused by their own predatory behaviour.
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Swatuk, Larry A. "From “Project” to “Context”: Community Based Natural Resource Management in Botswana." Global Environmental Politics 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526380054794925.
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Community based natural resource management (CBNRM) programs presently proliferate across the Global South. In Southern Africa, CBNRM overwhelmingly focuses on wildlife conservation in areas adjacent to national parks and game reserves. The objects of these development activities are remote communities that exhibit the highest levels of poverty in the region, the consequences of which are sometimes resource degradation. CBNRM seeks to empower and enrich the lives of these communities through the active co-management of their natural resource base. Almost without exception, however, CBNRM projects have had disappointing results. Common explanations lay blame at the feet of local people who are seen to lack capacity and will, among other things. This paper contests this explanation by subjecting the particular case of Botswana to a deeper, critical political ecology analysis. Drawing on insights from Homer-Dixon regarding resource capture and ecological marginalization, and from Acharya regarding the localization of global norms, the paper argues that CBNRM is better understood as a discursive site wherein diverse actors bring unequal power/knowledge to bear in the pursuit of particular interests. In Botswana this manifests at a local level as an on-going struggle over access to land and related resources. However, given that CBNRM is supported by a wide array of international actors, forming perhaps the thin edge of a wider wedge in support of democratization, good governance and biodiversity preservation, locally empowered actors are forced to adapt their interests to the strictures of emergent structures of global governance. The outcome is a complex interplay of activities whereby CBNRM is realized but not in a form anticipated by its primary supporters.
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Olivier, F., T. Spies, F. Martinez-Pastor, D. M. Barry, and P. Bartels. "211QUALITY CHANGES IN BLUE WILDEBEEST (CONNOCHAETES TAURINUS) EPIDIDYMAL SPERMATOZOA MAINTAINED AT 4°C." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv16n1ab211.
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Wildlife management in southern Africa often involves the harvesting of animals on ranches and reserves, providing unique opportunities to collect and assess the quality of epididymal spermatozoa for possible future conservation actions. The black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnu) is facing renewed threats to its survival, including the production of fertile hybrids from crossing with the more common blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). The close relationship between the two wildebeest species allows for the blue wildebeest to be used as a model to assess epididymal sperm quality over time while maintained at 4°C. Field conditions often preclude the immediate availability of liquid nitrogen, necessitating the development of alternative short-term storage methods. All chemicals were provided by Sigma (South Africa) unless otherwise stated. Testes were harvested from 6 blue wildebeest bulls at a local game farm, Savannah, and kept at 5°C during transportation to the lab. Epididymides were dissected out and spermatozoa were flushed out of the cauda epididymis using 1mL of Tris-citrate egg yolk extender (Fraction A, Biladyl, Minitub, Germany), followed by storage at 4°C and assessment at 12h intervals. At each interval, an aliquot was removed, washed with a modified buffered HEPES solution (20mM HEPES, 355mM sucrose, 10mM glucose, 2.5mM KOH;; 400mOsm/kg, pH 7; Sigma) and visually assessed with a phase contrast microscope (×200, at 37°C) to determine the percentage of motile (MS) and progressive motile (PS) spermatozoa. In addition, plasma membrane integrity (PMI) was assessed with eosin-nigrosin staining and active mitochondrial status (MIT) assessed with an epifluorescent microscope (×400) using the fluorescent probe JC-1 (Molecular Probes, The Netherlands;; 7.5μM; 30min at 37°C). Resilience to hypo-osmotic shock was also evaluated by incubating the sample in a modified hypo-osmotic medium (100mOsmkg−1; 15min RT), and staining with PI to assess plasma membrane integrity (HOSPMI). A summary of results is presented in the table 1. The MS, MIT and HOSPMI did not decrease significantly during the 48h storage period. The only parameters that showed a significant decrease were PS and PMI (P<0.01, Kruskall-Wallis test). However, PMI showed a slow but steady decrease (13%), whereas PS underwent a significant drop (52%). In conclusion, epididymal spermatozoa from the blue wildebeest, kept at 4°C for 48h, may still be useful for some assisted-reproduction techniques. The use of spermatozoa from a common but closely related wildebeest species allows for the development of assisted-reproduction techniques that may one day aid the conservation of threatened wildebeest species. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings and to test the effect of longer storage times on spermatozoa of this species as well as closely related endangered species. Table 1 Parameters measured during the 12-h time periods (mean±SD)
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Brad, A. M., T. Spies, F. Olivier, M. Lane, D. K. Gardner, P. Bartels, and R. L. Krisher. "203TIMING OF IN VITRO OOCYTE MATURATION IN SPRINGBOK (ANTIDORCAS MARSUPIALIS), BLACK WILDEBEEST (CONNECHAETES GNU), BLESBOK (DAMALISCUS DORCUS PHILLIPSI), AND REEDBUCK (REDUNCA ARUNDINUM)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv16n1ab203.
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With an increased need for genetic diversity within populations, assisted reproductive technology is becoming an important tool for banking semen and embryos, with the possibility of future AI or embryo transfer between distant populations. Previous research has demonstrated that the broad approach of applying bovine IVM/F/C protocols to African antelope is inefficient for embryo production. The purpose of this study was to determine the timing of oocyte maturation (to telophase or metaphase II) in vitro in springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis; n=84), black wildebeest (Connechaetes gnu; n=18), blesbok (Damaliscus dorcus phillipsi; n=9), and reedbuck (Redunca arundinum; n=1). Ovaries were collected within 4h of death from culled animals on game reserves in South Africa, placed into warm SOF-HEPES, sliced and cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) collected. Complexes were placed into GMat medium supplemented with 0.01UmL−1 each FSH and LH, 50ngmL−1 EGF, and 1.0% (v/v) PSA (100U penicillin mL−1, 100μg streptomycin mL−1, 0.25ng amphotercin mL−1). Oocytes were removed from medium after 16, 20, 24, 28 or 32h of maturation in 5% CO2 in air at 39°C. After removal, complexes were denuded with hyaluronidase, mounted on a slide and placed into 3:1 (ethanol:glacial acetic acid) fixative until time of analysis. Oocytes were stained with aceto-orcein, and nuclear maturation was evaluated with a phase contrast microscope. As shown in the Table 1, in springbok (n=311), the percentage of mature oocytes peaked at 28h of maturation and was not different (P<0.05) from oocytes matured for 32h. Fewer springbok oocytes were mature at 16, 20 and 24h. Black Wildebeest (n=88) oocytes were mature by 24h, with no additional increase in maturation at 28 or 32h. Blesbok oocytes (n=42) were not mature at 16 or 20h, and there was no difference (P>0.05) in the percentage of oocytes mature at 24 or 28h. Observational data in reedbuck (n=10) indicated that no oocytes were mature at 20 or 24h, but 25.0% were mature at 28h. The low occurrence of mature oocytes at 28h in blesbok and reedbuck suggests that additional time points should be examined later in maturation. This study demonstrates that oocytes of these species can be successfully matured in vitro, but the rate of maturation and thus the optimal time of insemination for IVF is species specific. Table 1 Timing of in vitro oocyte nuclear maturation to telophase or metaphase II in springbok, black wildebeest and blesbok
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Druce, D., Heleen Genis, J. Braak, Sophie Greatwood, Audrey Delsink, R. Kettles, L. Hunter, and R. Slotow. "Population demography and spatial ecology of a reintroduced lion population in the Greater Makalali Conservancy, South Africa." Koedoe 47, no. 1 (December 19, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v47i1.64.
Full text
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Druce, Heleen, K. Pretorius, D. Druce, and R. Slotow. "The effect of mature elephant bull introductions on ranging patterns of resident bulls: Phinda Private Game Reserve, South Africa." Koedoe 49, no. 2 (December 19, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v49i2.115.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing popularity of wildlife viewing has resulted in a rapid increase in small, enclosed reserves in South Africa. The African elephant is one of the many species that has been reintroduced into these reserves for eco-tourism. These elephant populations were established as young (smaller that 10 years old) orphans from prior Kruger National Park culling operations. Consequently, this abnormal sex and age structure of these introduced populations has influenced their behavioural and spatial ecology. In Pilanesberg National Park, this abnormal behaviour was corrected by introducing older bulls and culling certain problem elephants. In July 2003, three older bulls (29–41 years old) were introduced into Phinda Private Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in order to normalise the bull age structure. These introduced bulls were monitored intensively after release, as was the resident bull population, both before and after introduction of the older bulls. The introduced bulls settled into restricted ranges separate from the family groups. All the resident bulls decreased their home ranges at first, with most increasing their home ranges a year later. The resident bulls’ change in ranging patterns was due more to ecological factors than to the influence of the mature bull introduction. This study indicates that the introduction of older male elephants into small populations does not pose major risks or animal welfare concerns.
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Office, Editorial. "Abstracts of papers from the Rhinoceros Conservation Workshop, Skukuza, Kruger National Park,31 August – 4 September 1988." Koedoe 32, no. 2 (October 25, 1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v32i2.478.
Full textAbstract:
The following abstracts is included:
1.) Finances: the vital factor in rhinoceros
conservation
2.) Towards a black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis
translocation strategy to meet the aims of the
conservation plan for the species in South Africa
and the TBVC states
3.) Status, history and performance of black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis populations in South
Africa, the TBVS states and Namibia
4.) Distribution and monitoring of black rhinoceros
Diceros bicornis populations in Zimbabwe
5.) Census and marking systems for black rhinoceros
Diceros bicornis with special reference to Zulu-
land game reserves
6.) The Auxiliary Game Guard System in northwestern
Namibia and its role in black rhinoceros
Diceros bicornis conservation
7.) Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis capture and
translocation techniques as used in Etosha
National Park
8.) The role of non-governmental organisations in
black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis conservation in
Africa
9.) Development of an intelligence/information
network to counter poaching and the illegal trade
in trophies
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Slotow, R., and G. Van Dyk. "Ranging of older male elephants introduced to an existing small population without older males: Pilanesberg National Park." Koedoe 47, no. 2 (December 19, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v47i2.82.
Full textAbstract:
The African elephant Loxodonta africana is one of the key components of African savanna. Not only do they play a crucial role in the ecosystem (Dublin et al. 1990; Van de Vijver et al. 1999), but they also provide one of the integral parts of sustainable conservation through ecotourism (e.g. Brown 1993) and consumptive utilisation (Taylor 1993). The ever-expanding transformation of savanna land-use through human settlement is resulting in the isolation of elephants into small populations. Furthermore, in South Africa, the reclamation of ranch land as game areas has resulted in the reintroduction of elephant to a large number of small, isolated, fenced reserves.
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Bryson, N. R., I. G. Horak, E. H. Venter, S. M. Mahan, B. Simbi, and T. F. Peter. "The prevalence of Cowdria ruminantium in free-living adult Amblyomma hebraeum collected at a communal grazing area and in 2 wildlife reserves in South Africa : short communication." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 73, no. 3 (July 6, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v73i3.575.
Full textAbstract:
In order to detect the prevalence of Cowdria ruminantium in the vector tick, Amblyomma hebraeum, free-living, unfed adult ticks were collected with the aid of pheromone/CO2 traps. Ticks were collected at the Rietgat communal grazing area, as well as in the southwestern Kruger National Park and in the Songimvelo Game Reserve, all located in heartwater-endemic areas of South Africa. The presence of C. ruminantium in these ticks was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Ticks from the Rietgat communal grazing area were assayed in 2 batches and 4.7% of the one and 11.3% of the other were positive for infection, while 5.7% of the ticks collected in the Kruger National Park and 25% in the Songimvelo Game Reserve were positive. These results support the contention that a vector-wildlife cycle of transmission of C. ruminantium, the cause of heartwater in domestic ruminants, can be maintained in the absence of the latter animals.
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La Grange, Louis J., Björn Reininghaus, and Samson Mukaratirwa. "First report of a mixed infection of Trichinella nelsoni and Trichinella T8 in a leopard (Panthera pardus) from the Greater Kruger National Park, South Africa." Onderstepoort J Vet Res 81, no. 1 (February 19, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v81i1.836.
Full textAbstract:
At least three Trichinella species, namely Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella britovi and Trichinella zimbabwensis, and one genotype (Trichinella T8), have been isolated from sylvatic carnivores on the African continent. With the exception of T. britovi, the other species are known to circulate in wildlife of the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, and KNP neighbouring game reserves (collectively known as the greater KNP area). Lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) appear to be the most important reservoirs of T. nelsoni and Trichinella T8 in the KNP and surrounding areas. Interspecies predation between lions and hyenas has been implicated as a primary mode of maintaining the life cycles of these two Trichinella species. This is the first report of a mixed natural infection of T. nelsoni and Trichinella T8 in a leopard (Panthera pardus) from South Africa. Trichinella muscle larvae were identified to species level by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Probable sources of infection, based on the known dietary preference and prey species’ range of leopards, are also discussed. The described occurrence of Trichinella species in a leopard from the greater KNP area raises the question of possible sources of infection for this predator species.
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Coetzee, Hendri C., Werner Nell, Elize S. Van Eeden, and Engela P. De Crom. "Artisanal Fisheries in the Ndumo Area of the Lower Phongolo River Floodplain, South Africa." Koedoe 57, no. 1 (March 25, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v57i1.1248.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to investigate the status of artisanal fisheries in the lower Phongolo River floodplain in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A cross-sectional quantitative survey design was used that included the development of a questionnaire and a systematic survey among the five villages bordering the Ndumo Game Reserve. Data were collected over a 5-day period by a group of 16 fieldworkers and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 21. The results revealed that fish was the third most consumed protein in the area, that people consumed fish on average twice a week, that at least six fish species (and one recently introduced crayfish species) were consumed regularly, and that most fish were obtained from local vendors, who in turn bought it from local fishermen and -women. Fishing activities also appeared to occur predominantly along the river system and targeted mainly red-breasted tilapia (Tilapia rendalli) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and, to a slightly lesser extent, African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and brown squeaker (Synodontis zambezensis).Conservation implications: Given that Ndumo residents predominantly catch fish by means of non-commercial methods, that they do so for reasons of personal consumption and subsistence, and that they mostly target rivers and dams rather than the ecologically sensitive pans in the region, it would seem likely that fishing in the region might be sustainable for the moment. However, it is recommended that studies on the local fish populations and their reproductive rates be conducted so that the actual impact on local fish populations can be determined more accurately. This study serves to provide the necessary baseline data on fish utilisation in the region, which would enable the impact of artisanal fishing on fish reserves in the Ndumo region to be determined once population studies have been completed.
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Panagos, M. D., and B. K. Reilly. "Use of an area-based survey technique to detect vegetation changes in Sour Bushveld." Koedoe 49, no. 1 (December 19, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v49i1.105.
Full textAbstract:
Most strategies for monitoring vegetation change on reserves and game ranches are based on point methods. Area-based methods form the basis of initial floristic classifications from which vegetation maps are constructed. The question arises whether or not these area-based methods can be used for monitoring or not. This paper compares two area-based data sets from the same sites with an intervening period of five years. Data were collected on a Sour Bushveld game farm, in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The structure of the woody vegetation, particularly in two communities reflected a plant successional progression over time. All six re-surveyed sites reflected an increase in plant species richness and this increase was most substantial in one community where the total number of plant species increased from 17 in 1996 to 34 in 2001 at one sampling site and from 26 in 1996 to 45 in 2001 at the other. This study has shown that change in species composition can be detected using area-based sampling techniques but that absolute measures, such as density, should be employed rather than estimates, especially with regard to plant cover.
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Zitzer, Heike R., and Victoria L. Boult. "Vasectomies of male African elephants as a population management tool: A case study." Bothalia 48, no. 1 (September 19, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v48i2.2313.
Full textAbstract:
Elephant populations in South Africa are largely confined to fenced reserves and therefore require continued management to prevent high elephant densities that may cause habitat degradation. Growing human populations surrounding these reserves limit the possibility for wildlife range expansion, adding socio-economic considerations to the growing list of challenges reserve managers must contend with. Often, reserves have therefore opted to manage elephant population growth using various contraceptive methods to reduce birth rates, with lethal control acting as a last resort.Reserve owners at the Pongola Game Reserve South in northern KwaZulu-Natal opted to vasectomise the oldest male elephants to limit elephant population growth. Besides the reduction in birth rates, vasectomies were anticipated to have minimal impacts on behaviour. This study aimed to examine behavioural implications of treatment by monitoring musth, dominance and social behaviours of vasectomised males.Physical and behavioural observations of vasectomised males were recorded using instantaneous scan sampling and continuous focal samples of study individuals between 2011 and 2016. These data were also collected for non-treated adolescent males, with which to substantiate potential impacts of vasectomies.This case study has revealed that the behaviour of the vasectomised males was not influenced by vasectomies: musth was displayed as anticipated in the oldest males; a linear dominance hierarchy was maintained, headed by the oldest individual, and association patterns with female groups remained intact. Further, the younger non-treated males fell in line with the overall dominance hierarchy.This unique post-treatment study supports the use of vasectomies as a relatively cost-effective (one-off treatment), low-risk and successful tool for the management of elephant population growth, and an option which is preferable to both lethal control and hormonal contraceptives. Further research to establish the impacts of vasectomies on female behaviour and population dynamics is recommended.
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Boshoff, Carin I., Armanda D. S. Bastos, Mzwandi M. Dube, and Livio Heath. "First molecular assessment of the African swine fever virus status of Ornithodoros ticks from Swaziland." Onderstepoort J Vet Res 81, no. 1 (February 19, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v81i1.846.
Full textAbstract:
African swine fever (ASF) is an economically significant haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs. It is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)arbovirus. Argasid ticks of the genus Ornithodoros, which are widely distributed throughout southern Africa, play a primary role in virus maintenance and spread within the endemic sylvatic cycle. The ASF status of Swaziland is unknown, but this land-locked country is surrounded by ASF-positive countries, has a burgeoning pig industry and sylvatic cycle hosts present within its borders. In this first assessment of ASF status, warthog burrows in seven nature reserves and game management areas in Swaziland were investigated for tick and virus presence. Tick infestation rates of between 33.3% – 88.8% were recovered for the four Ornithodoros-infested reserves. A total of 562 ticks were screened for virus genome presence using a duplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) that targets the C-terminal end of the p72 gene of the ASFV and confirms DNA integrity through amplification of the 16S rRNA tick host gene. All samples were negative for virus genome presence and positive for the tick genome target. Nucleotide sequencing of the latter confirmed that Ornithodoros ticks from Swaziland are identical to those from the Kruger National Park in South Africa across the gene region characterised. Whilst this first evaluation of ASF presence in Swaziland indicates that the virus does not appear to be present in the key virus vector, the presence of sylvatic cycle hosts, together with the country’s proximity to ASF-affected countries calls for expanded investigations and regular monitoring of the ASF status of Swaziland.
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Spenceley, Anna, Andrew Rylance, and Sadiki L. Laiser. "Protected area entrance fees in Tanzania: The search for competitiveness and value for money." Koedoe 59, no. 1 (March 30, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v59i1.1442.
Full textAbstract:
User fees charged by Tanzania’s Game Reserves (GR) and Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) have not changed since 2008. Although previous research has been done on visitors’ willingness-to-pay to enter national parks in Tanzania, none has been conducted on GRs and WMAs. This article assesses the entrance fees in GRs and WMAs, by comparing them with equivalent fees charged in Tanzania (at national parks and the Ngorongoro Crater) and also with regional protected areas in Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Based on 28 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholder institutions working on tourism and conservation and more than 50 online survey responses from Tanzanian tourism operators, the research reviews local opinion and issues relating to adjusting current entrance fees. The article considers that while one objective for generating revenue from entrance fees is for conservation management, it is difficult to establish appropriate fees where there are gaps in knowledge about existing levels of visitation, tourism revenue and associated management costs.Conservation implications: This article has implications for protected area management practices, as it provides information on processes by which managers can review and revise entrance fee values.
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Turner, M. L. "The micromorphology of the blesbuck louse Damalinia (Damalinia) crenelata as observed under the scanning electron microscope." Koedoe 46, no. 1 (December 17, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v46i1.45.
Full textAbstract:
The blesbuck is an important game animal on many game farms and reserves in South Africa. Damalinia crenelata, a biting louse, host-specific to the blesbuck, feed upon epidermal debris of this antelope, leading to severe skin irritation and dermatitis. Symptomatic scratching by the host aggravates these conditions. High infestations may lead to decreased population numbers. Live lice were collected from a blesbuck in the Rietvlei Nature Reserve and prepared for selectron microscopic investigation. Micrographs were recorded. The SEM investigation revealed several micromorphological features not previously described in D. crenelata. Besides the obvious anatomical differences in the reproductive organs of the male and female, several other differences were noted. The antennal flagellae showed morphological differences as well as certain features on the ventral surfaces of the head. Dorsally the forehead was markedly emarginated and showed an acute invagination (clypeo labral suture) in the pulvinal area. The ventral surface of the head clearly demonstrated the structures of the preantennal regions such as ventral carina, pulvinus, labrum, mandibles and clypeus. The epipharynx appeared as an underlying extension of the labrum. The rims of the clypeus were more raised and thickened in the female than in that of the male. The mandibles were not notched and were noted to be angular in shape. The three segments of each of the antennae of the male were thicker and more robust than than those of the female. This could suggest sexual dimorphism in this species. The sensilla basoconica comprised 10 pegs. Pit organs were seen within the pore organs. The prothorax and mesothorax were clearly distinguished. The abdominal segments showed six pairs of spiracles. The male andfemale terminalia were confirmed to be strongly sexually dimorphic. The three pairs oflegs each terminated in a single, long and slender, claw.