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Ussai, S., F. D'Aloia, L. Lanzone, C. Frassati, and G. Bonelli. "Antibiotic Stewardship Policy in Biella General Hospital (Italy): A Five-Year Surveillance." Value in Health 20, no. 9 (October 2017): A933—A934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.2947.
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Basso, Elena, Gabriele Ardizio, and Eleonora Destefanis. "The Cluny Priory of Castelletto Cervo (Biella, Italy): Archaeometric study of mortars." Measurement 118 (March 2018): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.08.022.
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Gobbo, Raffaella. "Un esempio di interazione tra sistema formativo tecnico-professionale e territorio: il biellese tra UnitÀ ed etÀ giolittiana." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 123 (June 2009): 57–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2009-123004.
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- The author analyses interactions and mutual influences between technical-professional education and industrial development in and around Biella in the decades from the Unification of Italy and the age of Giolitti. The environment, the economy and the production system, as well as the actions of the leading social agents - enterpreneurs, local administrators, families, school system - are all taken into account. This enables the author to show how effective education, especially secondary education, can be in furthering industrialization and territorial development. Particular attention is paid to the reconstruction of the career prospects of students who attended the technical-vocational schools considered in the essay, with a view to assessing the degree of correspondence between educational achievements and the skills acquired and deployed at work.Keywords: Biella; XIX-XX centuries; educational system; industrial development; career prospectsParole chiave: Biellese, sec. XIX-XX, sistema produttivo, sistema formativo, istruzione tecnico-professionale, destinazioni lavorative
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) on Akebia quinata in Italy." Plant Disease 88, no. 6 (June 2004): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.6.682d.
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Akebia quinata Decne., an ornamental species belonging to the family Lardizabalaceae, is used as a climbing species in gardens to cover walls as well as supports and is very much appreciated because of its dark red flowers. During the summer of 2003, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed on established plantings in several gardens near Biella (northern Italy). The upper surfaces of leaves were covered with white mycelium, and the corresponding abaxial surface of infected leaves were chlorotic. Young, green stems also affected showed extended chlorosis. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Foot cell was cylindric and appressorium lobed. Conidia formed singly were hyaline, ellipsoid, and measured 26.4 to 45.6 × 10.6 to 15.6 μm (average 35.1 × 12.7 μm). Fibrosin bodies were not present. The pathogen was identified as Oidium sp. subgenus Pseudoidium (1) partially because cleistothecia were not observed. Conidial measurements are close to those reported for Microsphaera akebiae Sawada. Pathogenicity was confirmed by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy A. quinata plants. Three plants of A. quinata were used as replicates. Noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were maintained between 20 and 30°C in a garden located 5 km from where the disease was originally found. After 10 days, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of powdery mildew on A. quinata in Italy. The disease is currently restricted to the area of Biella. The presence of M. akebiae was recently reported in the Netherlands (2). Specimens of this disease are available at the DIVAPRA Collection at the University of Torino. References: (1) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia, 4:1, 2000. (2) M. Scholler and W. Gams. Nova Hedwigia, 67:101, 1998.
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De Luca, Domenico A., Manuela Lasagna, Alice Gisolo, Andrea Morelli di Popolo e Ticineto, Mauro Falco, and Cesare Cuzzi. "Potential recharge areas of deep aquifers: an application to the Vercelli–Biella Plain (NW Italy)." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 30, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-019-00782-z.
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Bertone, Fabio, Marta Cerutti, Elena Serusi, and Carmine Fernando Gervasio. "Rhinomyiasis: clinical and surgical management." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 12 (December 2020): e236421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-236421.
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Myiasis by Oestrus ovis, the zoonotic infestation with Diptera larvae, primarily diagnosed in goats and rams in tropical and Mediterranean countries, is an uncommon disease in humans; indeed, literature data are still lacking. Nevertheless, few cases of human myiasis have been reported, leading to benign or severe complications. Here, we report a rare case of human rhinomyiasis detected in Northern Italy. A 39-year-old Italian woman, returning from vacation in Corsica, showed several sinusal symptoms and progressive asthenia and was therefore admitted at the Otorhinolaryngology Unit of Biella Hospital, Italy. Endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity revealed some formations, morphologically identified as O. ovis larvae. The patient then underwent endoscopic sinus surgery, followed by complete resolution of symptoms. Clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up and therapeutic procedures have been compared with few other cases found in the literature.
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Remotti, D. "IDENTIFICATION AND MORPHO-BOTANIC CHARACTERIZATION OF OLD RHODODENDRON HYBRIDS OF BURCINA PARK (POLLONE-BIELLA) IN ITALY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 598 (January 2003): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.598.10.
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Vigliaturo, Ruggero, Sabrina M. Elkassas, Giancarlo Della Ventura, Günther J. Redhammer, Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda, Michael J. O'Shea, Goran Dražić, and Reto Gieré. "Multi-scale characterization of glaucophane from Chiavolino (Biella, Italy): implications for international regulations on elongate mineral particles." European Journal of Mineralogy 33, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 77–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-77-2021.
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Abstract. In this paper, we present the results of a multi-analytical characterization of a glaucophane sample collected in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy. Investigation methods included optical microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, µ-Raman spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, environmental scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning/transmission electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. In addition to the crystal–chemical characterization of the sample from the mesoscale to the near-atomic scale, we have also conducted an extended study on the morphology and dimensions of the mineral particles. The main finding is that studying the same particle population at different magnifications yields different results for mineral habit, dimensions, and dimensional distributions. As glaucophane may occur as an elongate mineral particle (e.g., asbestiform glaucophane occurrences in California and Nevada), the observed discrepancies therefore need to be considered when assessing potential breathability of such particles, with implications for future regulations on elongate mineral particles. While the sample preparation and particle counting methods are not directly investigated in this work, our findings suggest that different magnifications should be used when characterizing an elongate mineral particle population, irrespective of whether or not it contains asbestiform material. These results further reveal the need for developing improved regulation for elongate mineral particles. We thus propose a simple methodology to merge the datasets collected at different magnifications to provide a more complete description and a better risk evaluation of the studied particle population.
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Battisti, Andrea, and Giovanni Soldato. "Regular wintering of Jack Snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus) in NW Italian heathland habitat." Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 88, no. 1 (December 5, 2018): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rio.2018.334.
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The regularization of the wintering status of the Jack Snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus) in NW Italy has been confirmed for the first time within the heathland of the “Baraggia di Candelo Natural Reserve” (Piedmont, Biella). Regular monitoring from winter 2009/2010 to winter 2015/2016 allowed to describe the phenology and the abundance of the species in the area comparing it with that of an ally species, the Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago). A maximum count of 6 birds during winter and at least 13 individuals during the spring migration were recorded. The species was more abundant during the second 10-day period of November and the first 10-day period of March. Jack Snipe outnumber the Common Snipe throughout the period they were censused.
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Galli, Alessandra, Lauretta Massaza, Luca Chiappo, Adriana Paduos, and Giorgio Rosso. "Study of Sentinel Lymph Node in Breast Cancer: Our Experience in 46 Cases." Tumori Journal 86, no. 4 (July 2000): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160008600415.
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At the Surgery Department of Biella 46 patients were enrolled in a study on the sentinel lymph node (SN) in the period from 1 January 1999 to 30 September 1999. The aim of the study was to determine, on the basis of our own experience, the percentages of accuracy and concordance, and compare them with case series abroad and in Italy; in addition, we sought to establish a possible correlation between certain features of breast cancer and positivity of the axilla. The method utilized was lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe. Fifteen cases with positive axillary lymph nodes and 12 cases with positive sentinel lymph nodes were found; there were no false positive and three false negative results. No migration of the tracer was observed with lymphoscintigraphy in two cases. The percentage of concordance obtained was 93.2% in the complete series and 96.5% in the subseries that excluded the learning curve. Comparing the percentage of concordance of our case series with those abroad and in Italy, an average overlapping percentage was obtained. The percentage of accuracy obtained in our study was 95.7%, which is slightly higher than the average of percentages of the case series abroad and in Italy.
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MAFFI, LUCIANO, and MARCO ROCHINI. "Poor relief systems in rural Italy: the territory of the diocese of Tortona in the eighteenth century." Continuity and Change 31, no. 2 (July 12, 2016): 211–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416016000242.
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AbstractThis article studies the development of poor relief in the rural areas of the diocese of Tortona in the eighteenth century, through the analysis of the parish reports written for the pastoral visits of bishops Giulio Resta and Giuseppe Lodovico Andujar in 1741 and 1743. The reports record the most important assistance activities organised by different social actors: dowries for poor girls; bread, money and clothing to distribute to the poor; but also formal support in the form of hospitals providing shelter and care for pilgrims and the sick; the monti di pietà, which loaned money and the grain stores, which provided essential loans of grain. The diocese of Tortona in the eighteenth century represents a privileged point of view for understanding how the development of poor relief in the ancien régime was influenced by the political and institutional, geographical, landowning and socio-ecomomic context. Here, a complex institutional situation, combined with a diverse geographical and socio-economic context, gave rise to a variety of poor relief systems.
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Fornaris, A., M. Devecchi, and F. Larcher. "A NEW APPROACH FOR THE VALORISATION OF THE HISTORICAL GARDEN HERITAGE: THE CASE OF THE BIELLA PROVINCE IN ITALY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 999 (June 2013): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2013.999.21.
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Matić, Slavica, Giulia Tabone, Angelo Garibaldi, and Maria Lodovica Gullino. "Alternaria Leaf Spot Caused by Alternaria Species: An Emerging Problem on Ornamental Plants in Italy." Plant Disease 104, no. 8 (August 2020): 2275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-20-0399-re.
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Serious outbreaks of Alternaria leaf spot and plant decay have recently been recorded on several ornamental plants in the Biella Province (Northern Italy). Twenty-two fungal isolates were obtained from Alternaria infected plant tissues from 13 ornamental hosts. All the isolates were identified morphologically as small-spored Alternaria species. Multilocus sequence typing, carried out by means of ITS, rpb2, tef1, endoPG, Alt a 1, and OPA10-2, assigned 19 isolates as Alternaria alternata, two isolates as belonging to the Alternaria arborescens species complex, and one isolate as an unknown Alternaria sp. Haplotype analyses of ornamental and reference A. alternata isolates from 12 countries identified 14 OPA10-2 and 11 endoPG haplotypes showing a relatively high haplotype diversity. A lack of host specialization or geographic distribution was observed. The host range of the studied A. alternata isolates expanded in cross-pathogenicity assays, and more aggressiveness was frequently observed on the experimental plants than on the host plants from which the fungal isolates were originally isolated. High disease severity, population expansion, intraspecies diversity, and increased range of experimental hosts were seen in the emergence of Alternaria disease on ornamentals. More epidemiological and molecular studies should be performed to better understand these diseases, taking into consideration factors such as seed transmission and ongoing climate changes.
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Zito, Carla. "Parish Churches, Patrimony of the Community or of the Diocese?" Actas de Arquitectura Religiosa Contemporánea 6 (April 3, 2020): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/aarc.2019.6.0.6238.
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My intervention was born as a reflection on the Census of churches of Turin diocese, organized by the CEI (Italian Episcopal Conference). Through my studies, I’ve observed the case of Turin ecclesiastical heritage built in the second half of the 20th century. A great number of places of worship have changed their historical validity due to arbitrariness of choices and interventions.I’ve always supported the thesis that this religious buildings are an important patrimony for the urban history and expression of the pastoral liturgy of the diocese in Italy and that the community is fundamental to the birth and the management of a parish centre. Now I think that it is necessary to consolidate project strategies and fix best-practices to preserve the ecclesiastic heritage from everyone’s action.Generally speaking, what contemporary buildings can be part of the Church heritage? How far can priests and communities decide, independently, to intervene?
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Berger, A., I. Mercolli, N. Kapferer, and B. Fügenschuh. "Single and double exhumation of fault blocks in the internal Sesia-Lanzo Zone and the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (Biella, Italy)." International Journal of Earth Sciences 101, no. 7 (February 24, 2012): 1877–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0755-6.
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Minicozzi, Pamela, Adele Caldarella, Adriano Giacomin, Maurizio Ponz de Leon, Rosaria Cesaraccio, Fabio Falcini, Mario Fusco, et al. "Looking at Differences in Stage and Treatment of Colorectal Cancers across Italy: A EUROCARE-5 High Resolution Study." Tumori Journal 98, no. 6 (November 2012): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089161209800601.
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Aims and background The high incidence and the estimate of a five-year relative survival of 59% for colorectal cancer in Italy were the main reasons to investigate the management of Italian patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed in the early 2000s. Methods Samples of adult (≥15 years) patients diagnosed in 2003–2005 with a colorectal cancer were randomly selected in 8 Italian population-based cancer registries. The z test was used to evaluate differences in proportions of Dukes stage, patients with at least 12 examined lymph nodes, and of cases treated with curative surgery plus chemotherapy or plus radiotherapy and diagnosed with colon or rectal tumors, respectively. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios of receiving the selected treatment in each cancer registry, age group and stage category, by anatomical subsite. Results A total of 3,938 colorectal cancer patients were analyzed. About 40% of the cases were over 75 years of age at diagnosis and at Dukes A + B stages. Higher proportions of early stages were found in the northern cancer registries. High percentages of resection with a curative intent were observed in Reggio Emilia (northern Italy), in 15 to 74-year-old patients, and at Dukes B stage. At least 12 lymph nodes were more frequently examined in the north of the country. After adjusting for age and stage, no significant differences were seen in the odds ratios of receiving surgery plus chemotherapy between cancer registries, whereas surgery plus radiotherapy was more frequent in Napoli (southern Italy) and less frequent in Biella (northern Italy). Conclusions Some disparities in staging and treatment of colorectal cancer patients persist across Italy. National oncological plans still need to reduce inequalities in provision and access to proper care.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Septoria Leaf Spot on Cornus sericea in Italy." Plant Disease 87, no. 2 (February 2003): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.2.204b.
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Cornus sericea (synonym C. stolonifera), family Cornaceae, is becoming widely used in Italy as ground cover in parks and gardens. In spring 2001, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown disease were observed in several gardens located in northern Italy (Biella Province). Infected leaves displayed small, circular, angular, or irregular necrotic lesions measuring 1 to 3 mm in diameter. Lesions were olivaceous to dark brown with a distinct reddish-to-black margin and surrounded by a chlorotic halo. Lesions eventually coalesced. Under favorable conditions, infected leaves become heavily spotted, dulling their appearance; severe infections resulted in premature defoliation. Pycnidia occurred on diseased leaves, and a fungus identified as Septoria cornicola (1) was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Dark mycelium grew slowly on PDA and produced abundant pycnidia and conidia. Conidia were holoblastic, hyaline, 2 to 6 septate, 22 to 48 µm (average 35) × 2.2 to 3.6 µm (average 2.5). Pathogenicity tests were performed by inoculating leaves of healthy plants of C. sericea (cv. Flaviramea) with a conidial suspension (1 × 106 CFU/ml). Noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were covered for 72 h with plastic bags and maintained in a growth chamber at 20°C. The first lesions developed on leaves of inoculated plants after 15 days. From such lesions, S. cornicola was consistently reisolated. No symptoms occurred on control plants. The presence of S. cornicola on C. sericea cv. Flaviramea has been reported in the United States (2) and was observed in 1905 in northeastern Italy on Cornus sanguinea (1), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of septoria leaf spot on C. sericea in Italy. References: (1) D. F. Farr. Mycologia, 83:611, 1991. (2) D. Neely and D. S. Nolte. J. Arboric. 15:263, 1989.
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Garibaldi, A., G. Gilardi, D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Pycnostysanus azaleae on Rhododendron in Italy." Plant Disease 86, no. 5 (May 2002): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.5.560c.
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Rhododendron species cultivation has a long history in northern Italy, where a wide selection of cultivars and hybrids is grown. In spring 2001, a previously unknown bud blast was observed on several rhododendron cultivars growing in gardens and parks in the Province of Biella, Italy. Flower petioles and twigs, but not leaves, showed extensive necrosis, and flower production was reduced. The first symptoms on infected flower buds are brown necrotic areas near the base, which increase in size until the whole bud appears brown and water-soaked. Infected buds shrink, but do not rot or disintegrate, and remain on the bush. Coremia (2.0 mm high and 0.5 mm wide), which appeared as black specks on outer bud scales, produced large numbers of spherical spores apically that measured 3.6 to 5.5 μm in diameter. The fungus Pycnostysanus azaleae (1) was consistently isolated after disinfested infected buds (1 min in 5.15% commercial NaOCl solution) were cultured on potato dextrose agar amended with streptomycin sulfate at 100 mg/liter. Pathogenicity of three isolates of P. azaleae was confirmed by inoculating with a spore suspension 30 buds of 2 rhododendron plants (cv. Rosso scuro grande tardiva) grown in containers (14 cm diameter). Buds were punctured with a sterile needle before inoculation. Noninoculated plants served as controls. Wounded buds were covered with plastic bags to maintain high relative humidity, and all plants were maintained in growth chambers at 20°C for 9 days, and then transferred outdoors where temperatures were 20 to 25°C. Inoculated plants developed typical bud symptoms 20 days after inoculation, with 80% of inoculated buds showing symptoms. Control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen was consistently reisolated from artificially inoculated plants. In garden observations, different cultivars showed a wide range of susceptibility to the pathogen, mainly related to their flowering period. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of P. azaleae in Italy. Outbreaks of P. azaleae were previously reported in the United States (1), United Kingdom (2), and Germany (3). References: (1) W. H. Davis. Phytopathology 29:517, 1939. (2) P. J. Howell and R. K. S. Wood. Ann. Appl. Biol. 50:723, 1962. (3) W. Schmalscheidt. Immergrune Blater 26:35, 1985.
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Kajinić, Josip. "Komparativna analiza prostorne organizacije Katoličke Crkve na hrvatskoj obali Jadrana. Promjene nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata te perspektive buduće reorganizacije." Geoadria 21, no. 2 (July 18, 2016): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.14.
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This paper outlines the changes in the organisation of the Catholic Church in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia after World War II. A detailed analysis of the circumstances that lead to the establishment of the Rijeka Diocese, Archdiocese and Metropolitan Archdiocese, ecclesiastical union of the Istrian region in Croatia, the abolition of the Zadar Metropolitan Archdiocese, the raising of the Split-Makarska Diocese to an Archdiocese, and the establishment of the Split Metropolitan Archdiocese. The principles upon which the Church reorganisation in the spatial sense are considered, and presents new insights, particularly for the Croatian dimension. The second part of the paper gives a comparative analysis of the spatial organisation of the Catholic Church on the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea, with other countries. Examples were selected based on compatibility of different factors, with consideration to the historical context of events and their causes. To that aim, specific examples of the church administration in France and Italy are given. Using these examples and documents of church archives and official records and documents of the Catholic Church, this paper gives a final overview of the possibilities for the reorganisation of the church administration on the Croatian Adriatic coast.
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Kajinić, Josip. "Comparative analysis of the spatial organisation of the Catholic Church on the Croatian Adriatic coast. Changes after World War II and perspectives for its future reorganisation." Geoadria 21, no. 2 (January 2, 2017): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.15.
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This paper outlines the changes in the organisation of the Catholic Church in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia after World War II. A detailed analysis of the circumstances that lead to the establishment of the Rijeka Diocese, Archdiocese and Metropolitan Archdiocese, ecclesiastical union of the Istrian region in Croatia, the abolition of the Zadar Metropolitan Archdiocese, the raising of the Split-Makarska Diocese to an Archdiocese, and the establishment of the Split Metropolitan Archdiocese. The principles upon which the Church reorganisation in the spatial sense are considered, and presents new insights, particularly for the Croatian dimension. The second part of the paper gives a comparative analysis of the spatial organisation of the Catholic Church on the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea, with other countries. Examples were selected based on compatibility of different factors, with consideration to the historical context of events and their causes. To that aim, specific examples of the church administration in France and Italy are given. Using these examples and documents of church archives and official records and documents of the Catholic Church, this paper gives a final overview of the possibilities for the reorganisation of the church administration on the Croatian Adriatic coast.
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Garibaldi, A., G. Gilardi, D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew on Azalea Cv. Mollis (Rhododendron japonicum × R. molle) in Italy." Plant Disease 86, no. 3 (March 2002): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.3.329c.
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Rhododendron cultivation has a long history in northern Italy, where a wide selection of varieties and hybrids are grown. In summer 2001, a previously unknown powdery mildew was observed on azalea cv. Mollis (Rhododendron japonicum × R. molle) grown in several gardens in the province of Biella. Initial symptoms included chlorotic spots, followed by white fungal mycelia on both leaf surfaces. Eventually, infected leaves turned reddish and dropped prematurely. Fruit were also infected. On infected tissues, dark brown-to-black spherical cleistothecia developed, alone or in groups. The teleomorph was identified by light microscopy examination of cleistothecia. Cleistothecia measured 110 to 140 µm and were dark brown. They contained four to eight stalked or sessile asci that measured 35 to 45 µm × 40 to 55 µm, each containing six to eight ascospores. Ascospores were ellipsoid to ovoid and measured 12 to 18 µm × 20 to 25 µm. Cleistothecial characteristics were consistent with those described for Microsphaera azaleae but were different from those of the recently described species M. digitata reported in Belgium (1). The presence of conidia was rare in the specimens, so the anamorph could not be identified. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. azaleae in Italy, but three outbreaks of powdery mildew on rhododendron were first reported in the United Kingdom on plants grown in glasshouses in the mid-1950s, 1969 and 1973 (1). Outdoors, powdery mildew was first reported on rhododendron in Europe in 1981. M. azaleae has been identified as the causal agent of rhododendron powdery mildew in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Switzerland (1). In most cases the disease is readily controlled by regular application of fungicides commonly used against powdery mildews of other crops. Reference: (1) A. J. Inman et al. J. Phytopathol. 148:17, 2000.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "Verticillium Wilt Incited by Verticillium dahliae in Lupinus polyphyllus in Italy." Plant Disease 91, no. 4 (April 2007): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-4-0459a.
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Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., a perennial ornamental belonging to the Leguminosae family, is grown in gardens for flower beds and borders. During the summer of 2006, in several gardens located in the Biella Province (northern Italy), a new wilt of Lupine was observed in 20 to 30% of the plants. The vascular tissue in stems of affected plants appeared brown. These plants were stunted and developed yellow leaves with brown or black streaks in the vascular tissue. Verticillium dahliae was consistently isolated from symptomatic vascular tissue and leaves when cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) (3). Microscopic observations revealed hyaline hyphae, with many irregular, dark microsclerotia, ranging from 17 to 61 μm. Conidiophores showed two verticils of three elements. Conidia were hyaline, elliptical, single-celled, measuring 3.4 to 6.0 × 1.8 to 3.1 μm (average 4.5 × 2.4 μm). The ITS region (internal transcribed spacer) of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 (2) and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 521 bp obtained showed an E-value of 0.0 with V. dahliae. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. EF015891. Healthy 30-day-old plants (10 per treatment) of L. polyphyllus were inoculated by root dip with a conidial suspension (0.5 × 106 CFU/ml) of V. dahliae isolated from infected plants. Ten noninoculated plants served as control treatments. All plants were transplanted into pots filled with a mix of sphagnum peat/pomix/pine bark/clay (50:20:20:10) and grown outdoors at temperatures ranging from 15 to 25°C. First wilt symptoms and vascular discoloration in the roots, crown, and veins developed within 20 days on each inoculated plant and become evident after 50 days. V. dahliae was consistently reisolated from infected plants. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. dahliae on L. polyphyllus in Italy. A wilt caused by V. dahliae on L. polyphyllus was observed in the Netherlands in 1925 (4). References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997. (3) G. F. Pegg and B. L. Brady. Verticillium Wilts. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 2002. (4) J. H. H. Van der Meer. Meded. Landbouwhogesch. Wagening. 28, 1925.
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Deutscher, Thomas. "The Growth of the Secular Clergy and the Development of Educational Institutions in the Diocese of Novara (1563–1772)." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 40, no. 3 (July 1989): 381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900046534.
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The Counter-Reformation initiated a long period of growth in the numbers of the secular and religious clergy of Catholic Europe. Mario Rosa has observed that in Italy the clerical population reached its peak in the first half of the eighteenth century, when Montesquieu described the peninsula as a ‘monk's paradise’, and that it declined thereafter as reformist governments attempted to curb the religious orders and restrict new ordinations to the priesthood. According to Rosa, in the early eighteenth century the Italian Church had a ‘plethora’ of poorly trained priests who lived on the meagre sums provided by their patrimony and sought to improve their lot by obtaining benefices and endowments. In spite of the efforts of the hierarchy to improve clerical education, Rosa continues, Italian seminaries lacked adequate resources to train the great numbers of clerics.Rosa's observations about the expanding ecclesiastical population before the mid-eighteenth century are borne out by statistical evidence to be found in the archive of the northern diocese of Novara, where numbers of secular or diocesan priests tripled between the early seventeenth century and the middle of the eighteenth. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the composition of the Novarese priests and to test the applicability of Rosa's observations about the economic status and education of the Italian clergy to the diocese of Novara.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Oidium Subgenus Pseudoidium on Lonicera caprifolium in Italy." Plant Disease 88, no. 9 (September 2004): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.9.1045b.
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Honeysuckle (Lonicera caprifolium L., family Caprifoliaceae) is a climbing shrub used in gardens to cover walls and supports. During the summer of 2003, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed on this species in some gardens near Biella (northern Italy). The first symptoms included extensive chlorosis on leaves, followed by the appearance of white mycelium on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoidal, and measured 27.6 to 43.2 × 12.2 to 21.6 μm (average 35.7 × 17.6 μm). Foot cells were cylindric and appressoria lobed. Fibrosin bodies were not present. Cleistothecia were not observed during the growing season. The pathogen was identified as Oidium subgenus Pseudoidium (2). The inoculation procedure involved gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy L. caprifolium plants. Three plants of L. caprifolium were used as replicates. Noninoculated plants served as control. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were maintained in a garden at temperatures ranging from 15 to 25°C. After 10 days, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on L. caprifolium in Italy. The presence of powdery mildew on different species of Lonicera has been reported in several countries, particularly, Microsphaera miurae U. Braun on L. morowii A. Gray in Germany (1), M. lonicerae (DC.) Winter on L. peryclimenum L. in England (3), and M. lonicerae-ramosissimae on L. ramosissima Fr. & Sav. in Japan (4). The conidia of M. lonicerae are smaller than those of the Oidium sp. reported on L. caprifolium. Voucher specimens are available at DIVAPRA Collection at the University of Torino. References: (1) U. Braun. Mycotaxon 16:417, 1983. (2) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000. (3) J. Robbins. Cecidology 15:15, 2000. (4) S. Tanda. Mycoscience 41:155, 2000.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, D. Minerdi, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Phytophthora citrophthora on Penstemon barbatus in Italy." Plant Disease 90, no. 9 (September 2006): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1260a.
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Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth (synonym Chelone barbata), used in parks and gardens and sometimes grown in pots, is a plant belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. During the summers of 2004 and 2005, symptoms of a root rot were observed in some private gardens located in Biella Province (northern Italy). The first symptoms resulted in stunting, leaf discoloration followed by wilt, root and crown rot, and eventually, plant death. The diseased tissue was disinfested for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on a semiselective medium for Oomycetes (4). The microorganism consistently isolated from infected tissues, grown on V8 agar at 22°C, produced hyphae with a diameter ranging from 4.7 to 5.2 μm. Sporangia were papillate, hyaline, measuring 43.3 to 54.4 × 26.7 to 27.7 μm (average 47.8 × 27.4 μm). The papilla measured from 8.8 to 10.9 μm. These characteristics were indicative of a Phytophthora species. The ITS region (internal transcribed spacer) of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 (3) and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 800 bp obtained showed a 100% homology with Phytophthora citrophthora (R. & E. Sm.) Leonian. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. DQ384611. For pathogenicity tests, the inoculum of P. citrophthora was prepared by growing the pathogen on autoclaved wheat and hemp kernels (2:1) at 25°C for 20 days. Healthy plants of P. barbatus cv. Nano Rondo, 6 months old, were grown in 3-liter pots (one plant per pot) using a steam disinfested substrate (peat/pomix/pine bark/clay 5:2:2:1) in which 200 g of kernels per liter of substrate were mixed. Noninoculated plants served as control treatments. Three replicates were used. Plants were maintained at 15 to 20°C in a glasshouse. The first symptoms, similar to those observed in the gardens, developed 21 days after inoculation, and P. citrophthora was consistently reisolated from infected plants. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice with similar results. A nonspecified root and crown rot of Penstemon spp. has been reported in the United States. (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. citrophthora on P. barbatus in Italy as well as in Europe. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997 (2) F. E. Brooks and D. M. Ferrin. Plant Dis. 79:212, 1995. (3) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997. (4) H. Masago et al. Phytopathology 67:425, 1977.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera aphanis var. aphanis on Potentilla fruticosa in Italy." Plant Disease 89, no. 12 (December 2005): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1362c.
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Potentilla fruticosa L. (bush cinquefoil), belonging to the family Rosaceae, is an ornamental plant used in parks and gardens. During the spring and summer of 2005, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed in several private gardens located near Biella (northern Italy). The adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves as well as the stems were covered with white mycelium. Buds and flowers also were affected. As disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and dehisced. Conidia formed in chains and were hyaline, ovoid, and measured 24.0 to 36.0 × 15.8 to 24.0 μm (average 30.1 × 20.0 μm). Fibrosin bodies were present. Chasmothecia were numerous, sphaerical, amber colored, and diameters ranged from 84.0 to 98.4 μm (average 90.4 μm). Each chasmothecium contained one ascus with eight ascospores. Ascospores measured 26.5 to 27.2 × 13.2 to 15.6 μm (average 26.8 × 14.0 μm). On the basis of its morphology, the causal agent was determined to be Podosphaera aphanis (Wallr.) U. Braun & S. Takamatsu var. aphanis U. Braun (1). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculations by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy P. fruticosa plants. Three plants were inoculated. Three noninoculated plants served as a control. Plants were maintained at temperatures ranging from 12 to 23°C. Ten days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on P. fruticosa in Italy. Erysiphe polygoni D.C. and Sphaerotheca macularis (Wallr.:Fr.) Lind were observed in the United States on P. fruticosa (2), while in Japan, the presence of S. aphanis var aphanis was reported (3). Voucher specimens are available at the AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino. References: (1) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000 (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1989. (3) S. Tanda et al. J. Agric. Sci. 39:258, 1995.
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Pruneri, Fabio. "‘The catechism will save society, without the catechism there is no salvation’: Secularization and Catholic Educational Practice in an Italian Diocese, 1905–14." Studies in Church History 55 (June 2019): 511–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2018.21.
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Compulsory public education in Italy came into being almost simultaneously with the process of national unification. From the outset, the liberal ruling class was faced with the old-established educational tradition of the church, and historians of education have explored the process of the secularization of education. This article sheds light on how decisions of the hierarchy and the pope, especially during the early twentieth century, were translated into practical pastoral action, noteworthy in some cases for a surprising modernity in the means used. The article focuses on the dioceses of northern Italy and in particular that of Bergamo, a populous agricultural centre then undergoing rapid industrialization. Using diocesan archive materials and the press of the period, it focuses on new forms of pastoral work, particularly those directed at teaching the catechism by means of societies for children and young people, catechism competitions and slide shows. The results obtained using this approach challenge the perception of Catholicism as intransigent on this issue.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, A. Poli, and M. L. Gullino. "Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces orontii on Creeping Bellflower (Campanula rapunculoides) in Italy." Plant Disease 96, no. 2 (February 2012): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-11-0750.
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Creeping (June) bellflower (Campanula rapunculoides) is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Campunalaceae family. It has showy flowers, which is very much appreciated for gardens and landscaping. During the summer of 2011, 6- to 9-month-old plants grown in a garden near Biella (northern Italy) showed signs and symptoms of an unknown powdery mildew. The adaxial leaf surfaces were covered with white mycelia and conidia, while the abaxial surfaces were less infected. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and wilted. Mycelia were also observed on stems, petioles, and flower calyxes of inflorescences. Seventy percent of plants were diseased. Conidia were hyaline, elliptical to ovoid (sometimes doliform), borne in short chains (up to three conidia per chain), and measured 27 to 42 (34) × 16 to 24 (19) μm. Conidiophores were erect with a cylindrical foot cell measuring 64 to 105 (80) × 11 to 12 (11) μm and followed by two shorter cells measuring 17 to 24 (20) × 11 to 15 (13) μm. Fibrosin bodies were absent. Chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS1F/ITS4 and sequenced (3) (GenBank Accession No. JN639855). The 405-bp amplicon had 98% homology with the sequence of Golovinomyces orontii GQ183948. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy C. rapunculoides plants. Three plants were inoculated while the same number of noninoculated plants served as a control. Plants were maintained outside at temperatures from 10 to 26°C. Fifteen days after inoculation, symptoms and signs of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. The conidial morphology of the powdery mildew fungus that developed on inoculated plants was identical to the conidial morphology observed in the original fungus. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. G. orontiii has been reported on C. rapunculoides in several eastern European countries as well as in Switzerland and Germany (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease in Italy. The economic importance of this disease is currently limited in Italy because of limited planting of this host. References: (1) A. Bolay. Cryptogam. Helv. 20:1, 2005. (2) U. Braun. The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 1995. (3) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, D. Minerdi, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe (Golovinomyces) orontii on Veronica spicata in Italy." Plant Disease 90, no. 6 (June 2006): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0831c.
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Veronica spicata (spike speedwell) is a perennial garden species belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. During the summer through fall of 2004 and 2005, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed in several gardens near Biella (northern Italy). Upper surfaces of leaves were covered with a white mycelium and conidia, and as the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Very rarely was the mycelium observed on the lower surface of leaves or on petioles and flowers. Foot cell was cylindric and measured 19.2 to 25.7 × 10.8 to 14.3 μm (average 21.9 × 12.0 μm). Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid, brought in short chains (three conidia per chain), and measured 22.2 to 40.8 × 13.6 to 21.6 μm (average 30.1 × 17.0 μm). Conidiophores measured 45.5 to 74.0 × 10.4 to 11.0 μm (average 59.4 × 10.6 μm). Fibrosin bodies were absent. Cleistothecia were never observed on the samples collected. The ITS region (internal transcribed spacer) of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 (3) and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 504 bp obtained showed an E-value of 0.0 with Erysiphe (Golovinomyces) orontii (2). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. DQ386696. Pathogenicity was confirmed by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of five healthy Veronica spicata plants. Five noninoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were maintained in a greenhouse where temperatures ranged between 15 and 28°C. After 15 days, typical powdery mildew symptoms developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of powdery mildew on V. spicata in Italy. Sphaerotheca fuliginea has been reported as the causal agent of powdery mildew on V. spicata (4). Specimens of this disease are available at DIVAPRA Collection, University of Torino. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) U. Braun. Nova Hedwigia 89:166, 1987. (3) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997. (4) B. Ing. Mycologist 4:125, 1990.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe aquilegiae var. aquilegiae on Aquilegia flabellata in Italy." Plant Disease 88, no. 6 (June 2004): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.6.681a.
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Aquilegia flabellata Sieb. and Zucc. (columbine) is a perennial garden species belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. During the summer of 2003, a severe outbreak of a previously unknown powdery mildew was observed in several gardens near Biella (northern Italy). Upper surfaces of leaves were covered with a white mycelium and conidia, and as the disease progressed infected leaves turned yellow and died. Foot cell was cylindric and appressorium lobed. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid, and measured 31.2 to 47.5 × 14.4 to 33 μm (average 38.6 × 21.6 μm). Fibrosin bodies were not present. Cleistothecia were globose, brown, had simple appendages, ranged from 82 to 127 (average 105) μm in diameter, and contained one to two asci. Ascocarp appendages measured five to eight times the ascocarp diameter. Asci were cylindrical (ovoidal) and measured 45.3 to 58.2 × 30.4 to 40.2 μm. Ascospores (three to four per ascus) were ellipsoid or cylindrical and measured 28.3 to 31.0 × 14.0 to 15.0 μ;m. On the basis of its morphology, the pathogen was identified as Erysiphe aquilegiae var. aquilegiae (1). Pathogenicity was confirmed by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of five, healthy A. flabellata plants. Five noninoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were maintained in a garden where temperatures ranged between 20 and 30°C. After 10 days, typical powdery mildew symptoms developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of powdery mildew on Aquilegia flabellata in Italy. E. communis (Wallr.) Link and E. polygoni DC. were reported on several species of Aquilegia in the United States (2), while E. aquilegiae var. aquilegiae was previously observed on A. flabellata in Japan and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (3). Specimens of this disease are available at the DIVAPRA Collection at the University of Torino. References: (1) U. Braun. Nova Hedwigia, 89:700, 1987. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1989. (3) K. Hirata. Host Range and Geographical Distribution of the Powdery Mildews. Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 1966.
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Hongtao, Zhao, and Emanuele Raini. "Matteo Nicolini-Zani, Monaci cristiani in terra cinese: storia della missione monastica in Cina, Magnano (Bi) [Biella, Italy], Edizioni Qiqajon, Comunità di Bose, 2014, pp. 609." Annales Missiologici Posnanienses, no. 19 (January 1, 2014): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/amp.2014.19.13.
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Garibaldi, A., G. Gilardi, G. Ortu, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Rust Caused by Pucciniastrum circaeae on Fuchsia × hybrida in Italy." Plant Disease 96, no. 4 (April 2012): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-11-0976-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Fuchsia is a genus of flowering plants that is native to South America and New Zealand and belongs to the family Onagraceae. In September 2011, 2-year-old potted plants of Fuchsia × hybrida, cv. Citation, in a garden located near Biella (northern Italy) showed signs and symptoms of a previously unknown disease. Typically, infected plants showed leaf chlorosis followed by the appearance of necrosis on the adaxial leaf surfaces, while the abaxial surfaces showed orange uredinia irregularly distributed. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and wilted. Affected plants showed a progressive phylloptosis and also flowering was negatively affected. Urediniospores were globose, yellow to orange, and measured 14.6 to 25.9 (average 19.6) μm. Teliospores were not observed. Morphological characteristics of the fungus corresponded to those of the genus Pucciniastrum. DNA extraction and PCR amplification were carried out with Terra PCR Direct Polymerase Mix (Clontech, Saint Germain-en-Laye, France) and primers ITS1/ITS4 (4). A 700-bp PCR product was sequenced and a BLASTn search (1) confirmed that the sequence corresponded with a 96% identity to Pucciniastrum circaeae. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned the GenBank Accession No. JQ029688. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying leaves of healthy 1-year-old potted Fuchsia × hybrida plants with an aqueous suspension of 1 × 103 urediniospores ml–1. The inoculum was obtained from infected leaves. Plants sprayed only with water served as controls. Three plants were used for each treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 4 days after inoculation and maintained outdoors at temperatures ranging between 18 and 25°C. Lesions developed on leaves 20 days after inoculation with the urediniospore suspension, showing the same symptoms as the original plants, whereas control plants remained healthy. The organism that was recovered from the lesions after inoculation was the same as the one obtained from the diseased plants. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice with similar results. The presence of P. fuchsiae, later identified as P. epilobii, was repeatedly reported in the United States (3). P. epilobii and P. circaeae have closely related hosts and morphologically similar urediniospores. These species were reported to form a single group in molecular phylogenetic trees (2). This is, to our knowledge, the first report of P. circaeae on Fuchsia × hybrida in Italy. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997 (2) Y. M. Liang et al. Mycoscience 47:137, 2006. (3) L. B. Loring and L. F. Roth. Plant Dis. Rep. 48:99, 1964. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera fusca on Coreopsis lanceolata in Italy." Plant Disease 91, no. 9 (September 2007): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-9-1203c.
Full textAbstract:
Coreopsis lanceolata L. (Asteraceae) is an ornamental species grown in parks and gardens and very much appreciated for its long-lasting flowering period. During the summer and fall of 2006, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed on plants in several gardens near Biella (northern Italy). Both surfaces of leaves of the affected plants were covered with dense white mycelia and conidia. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Mycelia and conidia also were observed on stems and flower calyxes. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid, borne in short chains (5 to 6 conidia per chain) and measured 33 × 20 (27 to 35 × 17 to 22) μm. Conidiophores, 68 × 11 (62 to 76 × 10 to 12) μm, showed the foot cell measuring 50 × 11 (38 to 58 × 10 to 12) μm, followed by one shorter cell measuring 18 × 12 (13 to 19 × 12 to 13) μm. Fibrosin bodies were present. Chasmothecia were spherical and amber with a diameter of 99 (93 to 105) μm. Each chasmothecium contained one ascus with eight ascospores. On the basis of its morphology, the causal agent was determined to be a Podosphaera sp. (1). The ITS region (internal transcribed spacer) of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 531 bp obtained showed an E-value of 0.0 with Podosphaera fusca (3). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. EF 442023. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculations by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy C. lanceolata plants. Three plants were inoculated. Three noninoculated plants served as the control. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at temperatures ranging from 20 to 28°C. Twelve days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on C. lanceolata in Italy. Species of Coreopsis were previously described as host to Erysiphe cichoracearum, Sphaerotheca macularis and Leveillula taurica and S. fusca (2,4). Voucher specimens are available at the AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) U. Braun. A Monograph of the Erysiphaceae (Powdery Mildews). Cramer, Berlin, GDR, 1987. (3) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000 (4) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society. St Paul, MN, 1989.
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Garibaldi, A., G. Gilardi, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera xanthii on Calendula officinalis in Italy." Plant Disease 92, no. 1 (January 2008): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-1-0174c.
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Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) (pot marigold or English marigold) is an ornamental species grown in gardens and as potted plants for the production of cut flower. It was also used in ancient Greek, Roman, Arabic, and Indian cultures as a medicinal herb as well as a dye for fabrics, foods, and cosmetics. During the summer of 2007, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed on plants in several gardens near Biella (northern Italy). Both surfaces of leaves of infected plants were covered with dense, white mycelia and conidia. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Mycelia and conidia also were observed on stems and flower calyxes. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid, born in short chains (four to six conidia per chain), and measured 27.0 to 32.1 (31.4) × 12.9 to 18.4 (18.2) μm. Conidiophores measured 49 to 77.3 (67.2) × 8 to 13.3 (10.8) μm and showed a foot cell measuring 44 to 59 (51.9) × 9.3 to 12.6 (11.3) μm followed by one shorter cell measuring 15.6 to 18.9 (17.6) × 10.4 to 13.6 (12.2) μm. Fibrosin bodies were present. Chasmothecia were spherical, amber colored, with a diameter of 89 to 100 (94.5) μm. Each chasmothecium contained one ascus with eight ascospores. On the basis of its morphology, the causal agent was determined to be a Podosphaera sp. (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 588 bp showed a 100% homology with the sequence of Podosphaera xanthii (2). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. EU100973. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculations by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy C. officinalis plants. Five plants were inoculated. Five noninoculated plants served as control. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at temperatures ranging from 20 to 26°C. Eleven days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on C. officinalis in Italy. C. officinalis was previously described as a host to Sphaerotheca fuliginea (synonym S. fusca) in Great Britain (4) as well as in Romania (3). Voucher specimens are available at the AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000. (3) E. Eliade. Rev. Appl. Mycol. 39:710, 1960. (4) F. J. Moore. Rev. Appl. Mycol. 32:380, 1953.
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Garibaldi, A., G. Gilardi, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Phoma multirostrata on Fuchsia × hybrida in Italy." Plant Disease 94, no. 3 (March 2010): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-3-0382a.
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Fuchsia × hybrida (Onagraceae) is widely used in gardens and very much appreciated as a potted plant. During the summer of 2008, a severe foliar disease was observed on 1- to 2-year-old plants in several gardens located near Biella (northern Italy). Small necrotic spots were observed on the upper and lower sides of infected leaves. Spots enlarged to form round areas of 2 to 12 mm in diameter and were well defined by a brown-purple margin at temperatures between 15 and 25°C. Severely infected leaves wilted and abscised as disease progressed. The disease occurred on 100% of the plants and at least 30% of the leaf surface was affected. Stems and flowers were not affected by the disease. A fungus was consistently isolated from infected leaves on potato dextrose agar amended with 25 mg/liter of streptomycin. The fungus was grown on leaf extract agar, including 30 g of autoclaved fuchsia leaves per liter, and maintained at 22°C (12-h light, 12-h dark). After 30 days, black pycnidia 150 to 450 μm in diameter developed, releasing abundant hyaline, elliptical, nonseptate conidia measuring 5.6 to 14.3 (10.3) × 1.9 to 5.6 (3.5) μm. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as a Phoma sp. (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of the isolate coded FuHy1 was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 (3) and sequenced. BLAST analysis (1) of the 488-bp segment obtained showed an E-value of 0.0 with Phoma multirostrata. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. GU220539. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying leaves of healthy 6-month-old potted Fuchsia × hybrida plants with a spore and mycelial suspension (1 × 106 spores or mycelial fragments per milliliter). Noninoculated plants sprayed with water served as controls. Five plants were used for each treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 5 days after inoculation and kept under greenhouse conditions at 20 to 24°C. Symptoms previously described developed on leaves 12 days after inoculation, whereas control plants remained healthy. The fungus was consistently reisolated from the lesions of the inoculated plants. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of P. multirostrata on fuchsia in Italy as well as worldwide. The importance of the disease is still limited in Italy. References: (1) S. F. Altschud et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) G. H. Boerema and G. J. Bollen. Persoonia 8:111, 1975. (3) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, D. Minerdi, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces orontii (Erysiphe orontii) on Lamium galeobdolon in Italy." Plant Disease 91, no. 5 (May 2007): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-5-0635b.
Full textAbstract:
Lamium galeobdolon L. (Labiatae) is a common ornamental species that grows in shade areas and often used as a ground cover in gardens. During the summer of 2006, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed on all Lamium spp. plants in some gardens near Biella (northern Italy). Both surfaces of the leaves of affected plants were covered with dense, white mycelia and conidia. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Mycelia and conidia also were observed on stems and flowers. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid, borne in short chains (with a maximum of five conidia per chain), and measured 29 to 37 × 16 to 20 μm (average 33 × 18 μm). Conidiophores, 91 to 104 μm (average 96 μm) long, showed the foot cell measuring 28 to 49 × 9 to 11 μm (average 38 × 10 μm), followed by three shorter cells measuring 14 to 26 × 9 to 15 μm (average 21 × 11 μm). Fibrosin bodies were absent. Chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 (4) and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 436 bp obtained showed an E-value of 0.0 with Golovinomyces orontii (Erysiphe orontii.) (3). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. EF 121871. Inoculations were made by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of five healthy L. galeobdolon plants. Five noninoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were maintained in a greenhouse at temperatures between 15 and 28°C. After 10 days, typical powdery mildew colonies developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of powdery mildew on L. galeobdolon caused by G. orontii in Italy. Blumer (2) was able to reproduce powdery mildew symptoms on L. galeobdolon using populations from cucumber, while Braun (3) reported L. galeobdolon as a possible host of E. orontii. Herbarium specimens of this disease are available at AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino, Italy. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) S. Blumer. Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 62:384, 1952. (3) U. Braun. A Monograph of the Erysiphaceae (Powdery Mildews). Cramer, Berlin, GDR, 1987. (4) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti1, M. Scortichini, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Bacterial Leaf Spot Caused by Pseudomonas cichorii on Phlox paniculata in Italy." Plant Disease 89, no. 8 (August 2005): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0912c.
Full textAbstract:
Phlox paniculata L. (fall phlox) is a perennial garden species belonging to the Polemoniaceae family. During the spring of 2003 and 2004, leaf spot symptoms were observed on fall phlox plants in some private gardens in the Biella area (northern Italy). Lesions were first observed on leaves at the collar level and later on the entire plant. Lesions started as water-soaked areas, which in few days developed on the upper side of the leaves into irregular, shrunken, reddish brown spots from 1 to 2 mm in diameter. Lesions on the lower surface sometimes had a translucent halo. In many cases, the leaves were completely withered. Disease was particularly severe during the spring and fall and its incidence ranged from 10 to 25%. No fungal structures were observed within the lesions. Small fragments of tissue from affected leaves were macerated in nutrient yeast dextrose broth (NYDA), and dilutions of the resulting suspension were streaked onto NYDA and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Isolations were made from at least 25 leaves. Plates were maintained at 22 ± 1°C for 48 h. No fungi were isolated from the spots on NYDA or PDA. Colonies typical of Pseudomonas species were consistently isolated on NYDA. Isolates were negative for levan, potato soft-rot (pectolytic activity), and arginine dehydrolase while positive for oxidase and hypersensitivity on tobacco leaves. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell protein analysis (1) indicated that the bacterium isolated was similar to Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp NCPPB 943 and 3283 strains. On King's medium B, (2) a typical fluorescent pigment was produced. The pathogen was identified as Pseudomonas cichoriii. Pathogenicity of 10 colonies was tested by growing inoculum in nutrient-broth shake cultures for 48 h, suspending bacterial cultures in water, diluting to 106 CFU/ml, and spraying 10 1-year-old healthy plants of P. paniculata. Ten control plants were sprayed with sterile nutrient broth. Inoculated and control plants were kept covered with plastic bags for 72 h. After 8 days in a growth chamber at 20 ± 1°C, leaf spots identical to those observed in the field developed on leaves of inoculated plants. Control plants remained symptomless. The pathogenicity test was repeated once. Bacteria were reisolated from the spots and identified as P. cichoriii. To our knowledge, this is the first record of bacterial leaf spot of Phlox paniculata in Italy as well as in the world. References: (1) D. H. Bergey et al. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1994. (2) E. O. King et al. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 44:301, 1954.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces orontii (Erysiphe orontii) on Petunia × hybrida in Italy." Plant Disease 91, no. 5 (May 2007): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-5-0632b.
Full textAbstract:
Petunia × hybrida (Solanaceae) includes several hybrids that are grown as ornamental plants and are very much appreciated for their long-lasting flowering period. Among those, the variety pendula is often selected because of its hanging growth habit that is favorable for balcony decoration. During the summer of 2005, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed on all petunia plants in several gardens near Biella and Torino (northern Italy). Both surfaces of the leaves of affected plants were covered with white, dense mycelia and conidia. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Mycelia also were observed on stems and flowers. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid, borne in short chains (with a maximum of four conidia per chain), and measured 27 to 36 × 17 to 21 μm (average 31 × 19 μm). Conidiophores, 130 to 154 μm (average 140 μm) long, showed the foot cell (measuring 42 to 65 × 10 to 12 μm, average 52 × 11 μm) followed by three shorter cells measuring 27 to 30 × 13 to 17 μm (average 29 to 14 μm). Fibrosin bodies were absent. Chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 (3) and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 588 bp obtained showed an E-value of 0.0 with Golovinomyces orontii (Erysiphe orontii) (2). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. DQ 987491. Inoculations were made by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of five healthy Petunia × hybrida var. pendula plants, belonging to cv. Surfinia. Five noninoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were maintained in a greenhouse at temperatures between 14 and 30°C. After 10 days, typical powdery mildew symptoms developed on inoculated plants. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of powdery mildew on P. × hybrida caused by G. orontii in Italy. A powdery mildew of P. × hybrida reported in 1966 in Romania has been attributed to E. cichoracearum (4), while Braun (2) reported P. × hybrida as a possible host of E. orontii. Specimens of this disease are available at AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino, Italy. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) U. Braun. A Monograph of the Erysiphaceae (Powdery Mildews). Cramer, Berlin, GDR, 1987. (3) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997. (4) E. Eliade. Reprium nov. Spec. Regni veg.73:43, 1966.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, M. T. Amatulli, and M. L. Gullino. "Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum on Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria) in Italy." Plant Disease 95, no. 2 (February 2011): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-10-0716.
Full textAbstract:
Moth mullein (Verbascum blattaria) is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. It has alternate, simple leaves on stiffly, erect, green stems. Flowers are yellow or white, borne in summer through fall, and is increasingly used in gardens in low-maintenance borders. During the fall of 2009, 4-month-old plants grown in a greenhouse near Torino (northern Italy) showed signs and symptoms of an unknown powdery mildew. The adaxial leaf surfaces were covered with white mycelia and conidia, while the abaxial surfaces were less infected. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and wilted. Mycelia were also observed on stems, petioles, and flower calyxes of inflorescences. Powdery mildew was observed on moth mullein naturally diffused in Italian flora and on V. blattaria var albiflorum cv. White Blush. The same symptoms and signs were observed in summer 2010 on V. blattaria plants grown in a garden near Biella. Conidia were hyaline, elliptical, borne in short chains (as many as five conidia per chain), and measured 35 × 22 (29 to 42 × 19 to 24) μm. Conidiophores were erect with a cylindrical foot cell measuring 147 × 11 (93 to 177 × 10 to 12) μm, followed by one to two shorter cells measuring 23 × 11 (15 to 33 × 10 to 12) μm. Fibrosin bodies were absent. Chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced (1) (GenBank Accession No. HQ316555). The 542-bp amplicon had 99% homology with the sequence of Golovinomyces cichoracearum (GenBank Accession No. EU819552. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy V. blattaria plants. Five plants were inoculated, while the same number of noninoculated plants served as a control. Plants were maintained at temperatures from 19 to 25°C. Fifteen days after inoculation, symptoms and signs of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. The conidial morphology of the powdery mildew fungus that developed on inoculated plants was identical to the conidial morphology observed in the original fungus. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. G. cichoracearum, formerly Erysiphe verbasci (synonym E. cichoracearum), has been reported on V. blattaria in Hungary, Romania, and the former USSR (2,3). In conclusion, to our knowledge, it is the first report of G. cichoracearum affecting moth mullein in northern Italy. The economic importance of this disease is at present limited in Italy because of limited planting of this host. However, the ecological characteristics and flowering of V. blattaria make it interesting for low-maintenance gardens. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) K. Amano. Host Range and Geographical Distribution of the Powdery Mildew Fungi. Japan Scientific Societies Press. Tokyo, 1986. (3) U. Braun. The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 1995.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by a Phoma sp. on Clematis × jackmanii in Italy." Plant Disease 91, no. 10 (October 2007): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-10-1363c.
Full textAbstract:
The genus Clematis, belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, is widely used in gardens and is very much appreciated for its climbing attitude as well as rich flower production. In the fall of 2006, in a private garden located near Biella (northern Italy), a severe foliar disease was observed on 2-year-old plants of Clematis × jackmanii. Small necrotic spots were observed on the upper and lower sides of infected leaves. At temperatures of 15 to 25°C, spots enlarged to form round areas that were 2 to 7 cm in diameter and well defined by a brown margin. Severely infected leaves wilted without abscising. The disease occurred on 100% of the plants of the C. × jackmanii hybrid in one garden. Stems and flowers were not affected by the disease. From infected leaves, a fungus was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 25 mg/liter of streptomycin. The fungus was grown on PDA and maintained at 22°C (12-h light, 12-h dark). After 10 days, black pycnidia 132 to 340 μm in diameter developed, releasing abundant hyaline, elliptical, nonseptate, conidia measuring 5.1 to 8.3 (6.8) × 1.6 to 3.4 (2.7) μm. On the basis of its morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as a Phoma sp. (2). The internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 (1,3), sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EF566917), and identified as a Phoma sp. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying leaves of healthy 1-year-old potted C. × jackmanii (cvs. Superba, Mrs N. Thomson, and Vagebond) plants with a spore and mycelial suspension (4 × 105 spores or mycelial fragments per ml). Noninoculated plants served as controls. Five plants per cultivar were used for each treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 3 days after inoculation and kept in a growth chamber at 18 to 20°C. Symptoms previously described developed on leaves of all tested cultivars 10 days after inoculation, while control plants remained healthy. On the infected leaves, pycnidia and conidia with the same dimensions and characteristics as previously described were observed. The fungus was consistently reisolated from the lesions of the inoculated plants. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. The presence of Ascochyta clematidina, then renamed as Phoma clematidina, on Clematis species has been reported in the United States (4) and subsequently in the Netherlands, Britain, and New Zealand. References: (1) S. F. Altschud et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) G. H. Boerema and G. J. Bollen. Persoonia 8:111, 1975. (3) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997. (4) W. O. Gloyer. J. Agric. Res. 4:331, 1915.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Botrytis Blight Caused by Botrytis cinerea on Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) in Italy." Plant Disease 93, no. 5 (May 2009): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-5-0549c.
Full textAbstract:
Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L., Cornaceae), is a small deciduous tree whose showy inflorescences, clusters of bright red fruits and red and purple leaves in autumn, make it a much appreciated ornamental. In June of 2008, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown blight were observed in several private gardens near Biella (northern Italy) after a rainy spring with temperatures that ranged from 7 to 25°C. Dogwoods in the gardens were 10 to 15 years old, and the disease was observed on 20 to 30% of 30 trees. First symptoms consisted of blighted leaves and then shoot dieback. As the disease progressed, entire leaves became necrotic and were covered by an abundant, soft, gray, sporulating mycelium. Tissue fragments of 1 mm2 were excised from the margins of the lesions, immersed in a solution containing 1% sodium hypochlorite, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and incubated under constant fluorescent light at 22 ± 1°C for 10 days. Conidiophores were slender and branched with enlarged apical cells bearing smooth, ash-colored conidia 6 to 10 × 6 to 8 (average 9 × 7) μm on short sterigmata. A few, black, irregularly shaped sclerotia (3 to 5 × 1 to 2 mm) were produced on PDA plates incubated for 20 days at 8 ± 1°C. These morphological characteristics identified the fungus as Botrytis cinerea (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLAST analysis (1) of the 491-bp segment showed a 100% homology with the sequence of Botryotinia fuckeliana (perfect stage of B. cinerea). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. FJ 572049. Pathogenicity tests were performed twice by placing mycelium fragments (1 cm2) of PDA cultures on 30 leaves of 6 healthy 3-year-old potted C. florida plants. Six plants inoculated with PDA alone served as controls. Plants were maintained outdoors at temperatures ranging between 15 and 22°C, spraying leaves with water three times a day. The first foliar lesions similar to those observed in the gardens developed 10 days after inoculation on 23 inoculated leaves, whereas control plants remained healthy. B. cinerea was consistently reisolated from these lesions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of B. cinerea on C. florida in Italy. The disease has been reported in the United States (4) as well as in Japan (3). At this time, the economic importance of Botrytis blight to flowering dogwoods in Italy is undetermined. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) H. L. Barnett and B. B. Hunter. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, MN, 1972. (3) T. Kobayashi. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 50:528, 1984. (4) C. Westcott. Plants Gard. 7:136, 1951.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, A. Poli, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Leaf Spot of Saponaria officinalis Caused by Alternaria nobilis in Italy." Plant Disease 97, no. 3 (March 2013): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-12-0839-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Saponaria officinalis (Vize) Simmons (common name bouncingbet) is a low maintenance perennial plant belonging to the Caryophyllaceae family, typically grown in parks and gardens. During the summers of 2011 and 2012, extensive necrosis were observed on leaves of plants grown in private gardens, near Biella (northern Italy). The disease affected 90% of 1- to 2-year-old plants. The first symptoms were usually pale brown lesions 1 to 5 mm in diameter and sometimes coalesced. Lesions were circular to irregular with a dark purple halo, with infected leaves eventually turning chlorotic. The conidia observed on infected leaves were olivaceous brown and obclavate, with a beak. Conidia showed 8 to 15 (average 12) transverse and 4 to 14 (average 11) longitudinal septa, with slight constrictions connected with septa, and were 78.3 to 177.7 (average 135.5) × 19.0 to 34.3 (average 26.5) μm. The beak was 20.0 to 62.2 (average 33.7) μm in length, with 0 to 6 (average 3) transverse septa and no longitudinal septa. The fungus was consistently isolated from infected leaves on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The isolate, grown for 14 days at 20 to 24°C with 10 h of darkness and 14 h of light on sterilized host leaves plated on PDA, produced conidiophores single, unbranched, flexuous, septate with conidia in short chains, similar to those observed on the leaves and previously described. On the basis of its morphological characteristics, the pathogen was identified as Alternaria sp. (3). DNA was extracted using Nucleospin Plant Kit (Macherey Nagel) and PCR carried out using ITS 1/ITS 4 primer (4). A 542-bp PCR product was sequenced and a BLASTn search confirmed that the sequence corresponded to A. dianthi (AY154702), recently renamed A. nobilis (2). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned the GenBank Accession No. JX647848. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying leaves of healthy 3-month-old plants of S. officinalis with an aqueous 2 × 105 spore/ml suspension. The inoculum was obtained from cultures of the fungus grown on PDA amended with host leaves for 14 days, in light-dark, at 22 ± 1°C. Plants sprayed only with water served as controls. Four pots (1 plant/pot) were used for each treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 4 days after inoculation and maintained in a glasshouse at 21 ± 1 °C. Lesions developed on leaves 9 days after inoculation with the spore suspension, whereas control plants remained healthy. A. nobilis was consistently reisolated from these lesions. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. The presence of A. dianthi was reported on S. officinalis in Denmark (1) and Turkey. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of A. nobilis on S. officinalis in Italy. The presence and importance of this disease is, at present, limited. References: (1) P. Neergaard. Danish species of Alternaria and Stemphylium. Oxford University Press, 1945. (2) E. G. Simmons. Mycotaxon 82:7, 2002. (3) E. G. Simmons. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. CBS Biodiversity Series 6, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2007. (4) T. J. White et al. In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
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Garibaldi, A., G. Gilardi, C. Moretti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Pseudomonas cichorii on Coreopsis lanceolata in Italy." Plant Disease 93, no. 9 (September 2009): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-9-0967a.
Full textAbstract:
Coreopsis lanceolata L. (Compositae), an ornamental species grown in parks and gardens, is very much appreciated for its long-lasting flowering period. In August of 2008, pot-grown plants with necrotic leaf lesions were observed in a commercial nursery located near Biella (northern Italy). Lesions were present, especially along the margin of basal leaves, and sometimes had a chlorotic halo. On infected leaves, dark brown necrosis developed. Leaf stalks were sometimes affected. In many cases, the leaves, especially those at collar level, were withered. Of 1,500 plants, 15% were infected by the disease. Microscopic examination did not reveal any fungal structures within the lesions. Small fragments of tissue from 30 affected leaves were macerated for 15 min in casein hydrolysate and 0.1-ml aliquots of the resulting suspension were spread onto Luria Bertani agar (LB) and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were maintained at 22 ± 1°C for 48 h. No fungi were isolated from the leaf spots on LB or PDA. Colonies similar to those of Pseudomonas spp. were consistently isolated on LB. Colonies were fluorescent on King's medium B, levan negative, oxidase positive, potato soft rot negative, arginine dihydrolase negative, and tobacco hypersensitivity positive (LOPAT test). The bacterial colonies were identified as Pseudomonas cichorii (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using primers 27F and 1492R and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. FJ534557). BLAST analysis (1) of the 998-bp segment showed a 98% homology with the sequence of P. cichorii. The pathogenicity of one isolate was tested twice by growing the bacterium in nutrient broth shake cultures for 48 h at 20 ± 1°C. The suspension was centrifuged, the cell pellet resuspended in sterile water to a concentration of 107 CFU/ml, and 30 4-month-old healthy coreopsis plants were sprayed with the inoculum. The same number of plants was sprayed with sterile nutrient broth as a control. After inoculation, plants were covered with plastic bags for 48 h and placed in a growth chamber at 20 ± 1°C. Five days after inoculation, lesions similar to those seen in the field were observed on all plants inoculated with the bacterium, but not on the controls. Ten days later, 40% of the leaves were withered. Isolations were made from the lesion margins on LB and the resulting bacterial colonies were again identified as P. cichorii. The pathogen caused the same symptoms also on plants of Dendranthema frutescens (cv. Camilla), Chrysanthemum morifolium (cvs. Eleonora and Captiva), and an Osteospermum sp. (cv. Wild side) when artificially inoculated with the pathogen with the same methodology. The same bacterial leaf spot caused by P. cichorii was observed in 2005 in other nurseries in the same area on Phlox paniculata (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial leaf spot caused by P. cichorii on C. lanceolata in Italy. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) H. Bergey et al. Bergey's Manual on Determinative Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1994. (3) A. Garibaldi et al. Plant Dis. 89:912, 2005.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, M. Scortichini, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Bacterial Leaf Spot Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. viburnii on Viburnum sargentii in Italy." Plant Disease 89, no. 7 (July 2005): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0777a.
Full textAbstract:
During the spring of 2003, plants of Viburnum sargentii, a species mostly used in gardens as low-maintenance hedges, showing symptoms unlike those of known diseases were observed in some private gardens in the Biella area (northern Italy). Lesions on leaves were the only symptoms seen. Lesions started as water-soaked, circular areas that in 4 days developed into irregular, shrunken, brown spots from 2 to 4 mm in diameter. The core of older lesions appeared somewhat transparent. Leaves dried up completely 3 weeks after symptoms were first seen. No fungal structures were observed in lesions. Microscopic examination of affected leaf tissues revealed abundant bacterial ooze from the cut margin of lesions. Small fragments of tissue from affected leaves were macerated in nutrient yeast dextrose broth (NYDA) and dilutions of the resulting suspension were streaked onto NYDA and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Isolations were made from at least 25 leaves. Plates were maintained at 22 ± 1°C for 48 h. Slightly yellow colonies typical of Pseudomonas species were consistently isolated on NYDA. No fungi were isolated from the spots on NYDA or PDA. Levan production, oxidase production, pectinolytic activity, arginin dihydrase production, and tobacco hypersensitivity (LOPAT) were tested. Strains were positive for levan and negative for oxidase, arginine dihydrolase, and nitrate reductase. Strains did not rot potato slices but induced a hypersensitive reaction on tobacco leaves. Protein analysis (1) indicated that the bacterium isolated was similar to Pseudomonas syringae pv. viburnii NCPPB 1921. The pathogen was identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. viburnii (2,3). Pathogenicity of 10 colonies was tested by growing inoculum in nutrient broth shake cultures for 48 h, suspending bacterial cultures in water, diluting to 106 CFU/ml, and spraying five 1-year-old healthy plants of Viburnum sargentii. Five control plants were sprayed with sterile nutrient broth. Inoculated and control plants were kept covered with plastic bags for 72 h. After 7 days in a growth chamber at 20 ± 1°C, leaf spots identical to those observed in the field developed on leaves of inoculated plants. Control plants remained symptomless. The pathogenicity test was repeated once. Strains were isolated from the spots and identified as P. syringae pv. viburnii. To our knowledge, this is the first record of bacterial leaf spot of Viburnum sargentii in Europe. A bacterial spot on Viburnum opulus, V. tomentosum, and V. dentatum was reported in the United States (4). References: (1) D. H. Bergey et al. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1994. (2) J. W. Pscheidt et al. Diseases of Woody Ornamentals and Trees in Nurseries. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001. (3) N. W. Schaad. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1998 (4) H. H. Thornberry and H. W. Anderson. Phytopathology 21:907, 1931.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Botrytis Blight Caused by Botrytis cinerea on Platycodon grandiflorum in Italy." Plant Disease 93, no. 9 (September 2009): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-9-0969b.
Full textAbstract:
Platycodon grandiflorum (balloon flower), a perennial plant belonging to the Campanulaceae family, is widely grown as a bedding plant in temperate gardens. This species is characterized by the ability to bloom profusely throughout the summer into early fall and for its white to blue and pink flowers. In September 2008, symptoms of a previously unknown blight were observed in six gardens located in the Biella Province of northern Italy. When the disease developed, temperatures ranged between 15 and 22°C with frequent rains (149.8 mm of rainfall registered in September 2008 by the meteorological station of Oropa, located in the same area in which the disease appeared). Initially, leaves and petioles appeared chlorotic. Subsequently, lesions developed on the stems and flowers were sometimes affected. In each garden examined, approximately 50% of the plants were affected by the disease. A soft, gray mycelium was observed on symptomatic tissues, especially the stems. Severely infected leaves and stems eventually became completely rotted and later desiccated. Diseased tissue was excised from affected leaves, immersed in a solution containing 1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 s, and then cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. A fungus developed that produced abundant mycelium on PDA medium when incubated under constant fluorescent light at 22 ± 1°C. Numerous sclerotia were produced on PDA plates incubated for 20 days at 8 ± 1°C. Sclerotia were dark, irregular, and measured 1 to 3.5 × 0.9 to 2.5 (average 2.1 × 1.5) mm. Conidia were smooth, ash colored, unicellular, ovoid, and measured 11 to 19 × 7 to 13 (average 15 × 11) μm. These morphological features were typical of those described for Botrytis cinerea (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLAST analysis (1) of the 539-bp segment showed 100% similarity with the sequence of Botryotinia fuckeliana (perfect stage of B. cinerea). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned the GenBank Accession No. GQ149480. Pathogenicity tests were performed by placing 1-cm2 fragments removed from PDA cultures of B. cinerea isolated from balloon flower on leaves of healthy potted P. grandiflorum plants (4-month-old). Five fragments were placed on each plant. Plants inoculated with PDA alone served as controls. Ten plants per treatment were used. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 5 days after inoculation and maintained in a greenhouse at temperatures between 18 and 23°C. The first foliar lesions developed on leaves 3 days after inoculation, and after 5 days, 80% of the leaves were severely infected. As the infection progressed after the inoculation, the stems also became infected. Control plants remained healthy. B. cinerea was consistently reisolated from leaf and stem lesions. The pathogenicity test was completed twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of B. cinerea on P. grandiflorum in Italy, as well as in Europe. Blight on balloon flower attributed to Botrytis spp. was previously reported in the United States (3). References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, 1971. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989.
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Turconi, Laura, Fabio Luino, Mattia Gussoni, Francesco Faccini, Marco Giardino, and Marco Casazza. "Intrinsic Environmental Vulnerability as Shallow Landslide Susceptibility in Environmental Impact Assessment." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 6285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226285.
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This work investigated the susceptibility factors that trigger shallow landslides. In particular, the objective of the research was the implementation of a method to determine the relevant factors that can trigger shallow landslide events. However, with respect to the existing methods, the integration with historical datasets and the inclusion of spatial factors displaying dynamics in the same characteristic timescales were specific features of the developed tool. The study area included the watersheds of the Sessera and Strona rivers in the alpine area of the Province of Biella (Piedmont, NW Italy). The method was developed and tested from two sub-datasets derived from an integrated dataset that referred to an intense event, involving the same area, that occurred in 1968 (2–3 November). This allowed the implementation of an integrated representation of landslides’ predisposing factors and the identification and classification in different groups of the areas susceptible to geo-hydrological instability processes. The previously existing databases were verified and integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) environment, giving a potentially sharable source of information for planning purposes. The obtained maps represent a metric of one of the possible intrinsic environmental vulnerability factors for the area under study. Consequently, this method can represent a future instrument for determining the intrinsic environmental vulnerability dependent on landslides within an environmental impact assessment (EIA), as required by the most recent European regulation on EIA. Moreover, the shared information can be used to implement informed policy and planning processes, based on a bottom-up approach. In particular, the availability online of landslide susceptibility maps could support the generation of augmented information—useful for both local administrators and planners as well as for stakeholders willing to implement specific projects or infrastructure in vulnerable areas, such as mountains.
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Bieganowski, Lech, and Andrzej Grzybowski. "Thomas of Wroclaw (1297–1378) – Medieval bishop and scholar of English origin." Journal of Medical Biography 25, no. 4 (August 26, 2016): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772016662390.
Full textAbstract:
Peter of Tilleberi (Tilbury), later known as bishop Thomas of Wroclaw, after completing his studies (in Bologna or in Montpellier) worked as a physician in northern Italy and probably in Spain. Later through Germany and Bohemia, he came to Wroclaw in 1336 where he joined the Order of St. Dominic. In 1352, Thomas was made an auxiliary bishop of the diocese of Wroclaw. After the episcopal consecration, Thomas stopped living in the abbey, but all the time he was well known both as a priest and physician. He is known as an author of several treatises on medical sciences. His most important work entitled Michi competit (i.e. It suits me) is composed of four parts: Regimen sanitatis (i.e. Hygiene), Aggregatum (i.e. Aggregation), Antidotarium (i.e. Medicine directory) and Practica medicinalis (i.e. Medical practices). Moreover, he is the author of other treatises including, for example, De phlebotomia et de iudiciis cruoris (i.e. On phlebotomy and blood content) and De urinis (i.e. On urine). Some Polish scientists claim that bishop Thomas of Wroclaw with his knowledge and industriousness functioned as a university faculty of medicine even though the University of Cracow had not been established yet.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, A. Poli, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Leaf Spot of Garden Lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) Caused by Pleiochaeta setosa in Italy." Plant Disease 96, no. 6 (June 2012): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-12-0156-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., common name garden lupin, is used in commercial, private, and public landscapes and sold as a cut flower. During summer 2011, extensive brown necrotic areas were observed on young and old leaves of plants grown in a private garden near Biella (northern Italy). The disease affected about 50 of 80 2-year-old plants. Early symptoms included circular to irregular-shaped brown lesions of alternating pale and dark brown concentric bands. Lesions coalesced and often were surrounded by chlorotic halos at an advanced development stage. Lesion expansion was not limited by leaf veins. When lesions covered much of the leaf area, the leaf curled and remained attached. However, expansion of stem lesions often resulted in plant death. A fungus was consistently isolated from 15 infected leaves on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Cultures were grown at 21 to 25°C under 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness. Mature colonies were dark olive-green and produced orangeochre pigments in the medium. Ten isolates were obtained and three strains were used in the morphological study. The mycelium had olivaceous, septate hyphae that produced abundant dark, intercalary chlamydospores. The conidia were cylindrical to elliptical, slightly curved, with a truncated base, five to seven transverse septa and three hyaline appendages. Apical and basal cells were subhyaline, whereas the intermediate cells were olivebrown. The conidia measured 76 to 94 × 14 to 19 (average 85 × 16) μm. Appendages were up to 84 μm long. On the basis of its morphological characteristics the pathogen was identified as Pleiochaeta setosa Kirchn. DNA was extracted using Terra PCR Direct Polymerase Mix (Clontech). The internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS 1 and 4 (4) and sequenced. BLAST analysis (1) of the 570 bp fragment showed a 100% homology with a P. setosa isolate submitted to GenBank (accession no. EU167563). The nucleotide sequence was submitted to GenBank (JQ358708). Pathogenicity was verified on healthy 5-month-old garden lupin plants by placing 8-mm mycelial disks from 15-day-old cultures on 10 unwounded leaves per plant with five plants per treatment. Ten leaves of five plants were inoculated with PDA disks to serve as a negative control. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 4 days after inoculation and maintained in a growth chamber at 20 ± 1°C. Lesions developed on 80% of leaves 3 days after inoculation, whereas control plants remained healthy. P. setosa was consistently isolated from these lesions. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. The presence of P. setosa on L. polyphyllus was reported in Australia, United States (2), and Poland (3). This is, to our knowledge, the first report of P. setosa in Italy. The impact of this disease is currently limited. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389, 1997. (2) A. M. French. California Plant Disease Host Index. Calif. Dept. Food Agric. Sacramento, 1989. (3) W. Mulenko et al. A Preliminary Checklist of Mycromycetes in Poland Polish Academy of Sciences, 1982. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, M. T. Amatulli, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Leaf Spot of Fan Columbine (Aquilegia flabellata) Caused by Phoma aquilegiicola in Italy." Plant Disease 95, no. 7 (July 2011): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-10-0391.
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Aquilegia flabellata (Ranunculaceae), fan columbine, is a perennial herbaceous plant with brilliant blue-purple flowers with white petal tips that is largely present in gardens. It can also be grown for cut flower production. In September of 2008 and 2009, in a private garden located near Biella (northern Italy), a leaf blight was observed. Leaves of infected plants showed extensive, irregular, brown, necrotic lesions, which were slightly sunken with a well-defined border and surrounded by a violet-brown halo. A hole frequently appeared in the center of dried tissues. Lesions, initially measuring 0.5 mm, later expanded up to 15 mm in diameter and eventually coalesced to cover the entire leaf, which curled without falling. At a later stage, stems were also affected, causing death of the apical part of the plant. The disease affected 90% of the plants in the garden. Dark brown, subglobose pycnidia, 116 to 145 μm, containing light gray, ellipsoid, nonseptate conidia measuring 9.0 to 16.2 × 2.6 to 4.2 (average 12.7 × 3.4) μm were observed on symptomatic tissue. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the fungus was related to the genus Phoma (2). Diseased tissue was excised from the margin of lesions, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and then cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 23 ± 1°C under alternating daylight and darkness (12-h light and 12-h dark). Fungal colonies produced a pale olive green, lightly floccose mycelium, generating clusters of dark olive green swollen cells. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLAST analysis (1) of the 504-bp segment showed 100% homology with a sequence of Phoma aquilegiicola (GenBank Accession No. GU237735). The nucleotide sequence of our isolate was assigned GenBank Accession No. HM222537. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying a mycelium suspension of a homogenate of mycelium (1 × 105 mycelial fragments per ml) obtained from 15-day-old PDA cultures of the fungus on leaves of six healthy 6-month-old potted A. flabellata plants. Six plants inoculated with a homogenate of PDA served as controls. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse in a high humidity chamber for 7 days after inoculation at 23 ± 1°C and under high relative humidity conditions (70 to 90%). The first foliar lesions developed on leaves 4 days after inoculation. After 15 days, 80% of the leaves were severely infected. Control plants remained healthy. The organism reisolated on PDA from leaf lesions was identical in morphology to the isolate used for inoculation. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of P. aquilegiicola on A. flabellata in Italy. Ascochyta aquilegiae (synonym P. aquilegiicola) has been reported on A. vulgaris in Germany (4) and Aquilegia spp. in the United States (3). Currently, the economic importance of this disease is limited, but may become a more significant problem if the use of A. flabellata in gardens increases. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) G. H. Boerema et al. Phoma Identification Manual. Differentiation of Specific and Infra-Specific Taxa in Culture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 2004. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989. (4) R. Laubert. Gartenwelt 34:621, 1930.
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Garibaldi, A., D. Bertetti, A. Poli, and M. L. Gullino. "A Leaf Spot Caused by Phoma novae-verbascicola on Black Mullein (Verbascum nigrum L.) in Italy." Plant Disease 97, no. 12 (December 2013): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0557-pdn.
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Verbascum nigrum L., common name black mullein, family Scrophulariaceae, is a rustic perennial plant belonging to the native flora in Italy. The plant, which produces bright yellow flowers densely grouped on the tall stem, is used in low-maintenance gardens. During fall 2012, plants grown in mixed planting borders in a garden located in Biella Province (northern Italy) showed extensive foliar disease. Approximately 100 plants were affected by the disease. Early symptoms were small, light brown, necrotic spots on leaves, later reaching 10 mm diameter, with an irregular shape, showing a chlorotic halo. Necrotic areas often coalesced surrounded by yellowing. In some cases, the internal part of the necrotic areas dried with the appearance of holes. The disease progressed from the base to the apex of plants. In some cases, most of leaves turned completely necrotic and plants were severely damaged. Symptomatic tissues were immersed in a solution containing 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 to 3 s and rinsed with sterile distilled water. Small fragments were excised from the margin of lesions and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Petri dishes were incubated at temperatures ranging between 20 and 25°C under alternating daylight and darkness (12 h light, 12 h dark). A single fungus was consistently isolated and subcultured on malt extract agar (MEA). On MEA, colonies were felty, white cream, and produced dark globose or subglobose pycnidia measuring 68 to 185 × 62 to 177 (average 122 × 113) μm, containing hyaline (light grey in mass), ellipsoid, non-septate conidia measuring 3.1 to 5.7 × 1.5 to 2.7 (average 4.0 × 2.0) μm after 15 days. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and D1/D2 regions of rDNA were amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4 and NL1/NL4, respectively, and then sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. KC411473 and KF041823). BLAST analysis of both fragments showed 99% homology with the sequences GU237753 and JQ768403 of Phoma novae-verbascicola Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley (Basionym: Phyllosticta verbascicola Ellis & Kellerm.). Morphological characteristics of the fungus also were consistent with the descriptions of P. poolensis var. verbascicola (Ellis & Kellerm.) Aa & Boerema (2) (Syn.: P. novae-verbascicola). Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying a conidial suspension (4 × 104 CFU/ml) obtained from 15-day-old PDA cultures of the fungus onto leaves of three healthy 3-month-old V. nigrum. Three plants inoculated with sterile water served as controls. Plants were maintained in a growth chamber for 5 days at 25 ± 1°C under 70 to 90% relative humidity. The first foliar lesions developed on leaves 2 days after inoculation and after 5 days, 80% of leaves were severely infected. Control plants remained healthy. The organism reisolated on PDA from leaf lesions was identical in morphology to the isolate used for inoculation. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. Phoma spp. has been reported on Verbascum spp. P. novae-verbascicola has been very recently described (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of P. novae-verbascicola on V. nigrum in Italy. At present, the economic importance of this disease is limited, but may become a more significant problem if the cultivation of this species increases. References: (1) M. M. Aveskamp et al. Studies in Mycology, 65: 1, 2010. (2) J. de Gruyter et al. Persoonia 15 (3): 369, 1993.