Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diocese of Ibadan (Nigeria)'

Energy including electricity plays a significant role in the economic development of a country as it enhances the productivity of capital and labour. Many of the developing countries are plagued with energy problems: predominantly by their over dependence on low quality, traditional fuel and the over reliance on imported commercial fuel-oil. Some of the problems associated with energy forecasting in developing countries may include lack/insufficient data. This study was conducted in two phases and begun with the reviewing of literature on energy and the different determinants of energy in a developing nation. Access to electricity is particularly crucial to human development as electricity is, in practice, indispensable for certain basic activities, such as lighting, refrigeration and the running of household appliances, and cannot easily be replaced by other forms of energy. Yet, many developing countries are faced with the challenge of providing adequate and modern energy services to its communities, which in turn is expected to improve the standards of living through increased income and employment generation. The second phase of this research was developing and modelling demand for residential electricity using secondary data. This task was challenged by the inadequacies in the quality and availability of data on the one hand and the unrealistic assumptions of many existing models used to predict energy consumption in developing countries on the other. The contribution of this thesis here was also to consider a wider set of factors that are traditionally used in energy modelling. Many previous studies had been focusing on income as a determining factor affecting demand for energy (for example, the energy ladder theory). However, this study found that there are many other factors such as the informal economy (activities within the economy that is not declared or included in the gross domestic product of a nation), urbanisation and transformation from rural to urban areas that may have a significant impact on how energy in the residential sector is demanded. It was therefore important to exceed beyond unquestioned assumptions of the orthodox belief and to focus on the processes of urbanisation and change as realities facing many developing countries. In order to develop a deeper understanding and analysis of the residential energy sector, this research offered a thorough examination of the literature on modelling techniques, their underlying theories and assumptions and the choice of variables and measurements. This led to the selection and identification of the factors influencing energy demand and helped determine the modelling techniques finally used in the thesis. In order to achieve the aims of the study, a mixed method approach was adopted. The use of quantitative (secondary and primary) data as well as qualitative (case studies, face-to-face interviews and semi-structured questionnaires) helped the researcher to test a number of established hypotheses and offer a deeper understanding of the questions in hand. Through using various statistical techniques the study was able to examine the relationship between different selected variables which can help forecast the demand for residential energy. Furthermore, with the use of a structured questionnaire survey of the households, socio-economic data were collected from 501 households in Ibadan metropolis in Nigeria which provided the premise for understanding factors other than income that are responsible for determining the type and level of energy consumed in households. The analysis involved the use of ordinal regression as households neither use the same fuel in the same combination or at the same level. In sum the thesis made the following contributions: i) a better understanding of households energy consumption which have implications for a successful energy analysis for households in Nigeria as well as other developing countries; ii) a tested methodology for analysing the determinants of household energy. The results showed that household income and price of energy do not have a significant effect on the consumption of energy in the household. It was rather factors such as the location of the property, the ownership status of the property and the expenditure spent on energy that seemed to be more relevant in determining the consumption of energy in the households. The evidence from the study suggests that there is divergence in the energy need of households and hence the different determinants for various fuels. The concept of energy ladder as suggested by earlier researchers was not confirmed by the findings. Instead the study supported the work carried out by Heltberg (2003) and confirmed that income alone may not be sufficient to determine the consumption of energy by a household. It was rather factors such as the location of the property, the ownership status of the property and the expenditure spent on energy that seemed to be more relevant in determining the consumption of energy in the households. This research also highlighted the importance of the various socio-cultural factors that affects the consumption of energy within the household, and in the same vein, it showed that economic contribution is not the sole determinant in the choice of fuel energy.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture; and, (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 82).
The study of Ibadan, Nigeria was conducted to analyze how Colonization has altered, or not altered the structure of the traditional African city form of this Yoruba town. The study encompasses structural city form elements of Ibadan in terms of housing, open space and markets, public facilities, infrastructure, and natural resources. In order to assess the structure of a city, whether it be a western or non-western model, there has to be an investigation of how the people use and enjoy (recreation and social interchange) the city. These elements are a good identifiers as to the effectiveness of city planning methods, and best qualified through the analysis of urban plans. The study is intended to render a series of conceptual city planning development strategies that could be the foundation for further investigation regarding how this large African city could expand in the future, while retaining some of its traditional integrity. Such a study of traditional African city form conflicting with Colonial forces can have broader applications than in Africa alone, and can be utilized where any indigenous form (regardless of geographic location) is met with an introduced methodology. The information presented in this study does not reflect contemporary conditions in Ibadan due to limited access to data, and should be viewed as an analysis of the planimetric form based on urban design principles. Development concepts are reflective of conditions between 1972 and the early 1980's and could be reapplied using the same techniques outlined herein to reflect the contemporary state of the city.
by Stephan L. Murphy.
M.C.P.
M.S.

The approach to water management worldwide is currently in transition, with a shift from centralised infrastructures to greater consideration of decentralised technologies, such as rainwater harvesting (RWH). Initiated by recognition of drivers, including water demand, increasing risk of ground-water pollution and flooding, the value of RWH is filtering across the academic-policy boundary. However, in Nigeria, implementation of sustainable water management (SWM), such as RWH systems, is inefficient social, environmental and technical barriers, concerns and knowledge gaps exist, which currently restrict its widespread utilisation. This inefficiency contributes to water scarcity, water-borne diseases, and loss of lives and property due to flooding. Meanwhile, several RWH technologies have been developed to improve SWM through both demand and storm-water management. Such technologies involve the use of storage tanks, surface water reservoirs and ground-water recharge pits as storage systems. A framework was developed to assess the significance and extent of water management problems, match the problems with existing RWH-based solutions and develop a robust ready-to-use multi-criteria analysis tool that can quantify the costs and benefits of implementing several RWH-based storage systems. The methodology adopted was the mixed method approach, involving a detailed literature review, followed by a questionnaire survey of 1067 household respondents, 135 Nigerian Architects and Civil Engineers and focus group discussion with Stakeholders. A total of 1042 sets of data were collected through a questionnaire survey and analysed using SPSS, Excel and selected statistical methods to derive weightings of the attributes for the tool. Following this, three case studies were selected to collect data for hydrological modelling using the RainCycle model. From the results it is found that the most important barrier constraining sustainable RWH regime in Ibadan was obsolete and insufficient operational equipment, followed by poor renumeration of water corporation staff and misuse of available funds. In addition, the measure of importance of storage capacity was established, with the highest score of 4.5 which reflects the general inadequacy of storage as a major barrier to the adoption of RWH as a sustainable water management method. Further, respondents’ major health hazards associated with drinking contaminated water was established. A larger proportion (61.2%) of respondents chose prevalence of typhoid fever; some have a prevalence of diarrhea (19.4%), while few of respondents’ water sources is free from water-borne diseases (2.3%). The tool developed is an integrated platform of related evaluation techniques, including Whole Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Multi-Attribute Utility Theory. The tool uses data including cost and quantities of materials for building a RWH storage system and quantifies the cost and benefits of alternative RWH-based systems that can improve project management. This tool is novel, given its integration of the analytical techniques mentioned above and application for selecting the most appropriate RWH-based SWM systems. The implementation of the tool is envisaged to provide an objective platform for the quantification of the costs and benefits of RWH-based systems prior to implementation.

This study examined the historical development of the University of Ibadan in Nigeria and its contributions to adult education both in Nigeria and in other African nations. This was aimed at providing up-to-date insight into the department's contributions to the development of adult education in Nigeria and in other African nations. Specifically, this study examined the department's founders and their goals, the department's management structure, its relationship with other adult education agencies in Nigeria and in Africa, its programs and services, and the participants in these. This study reveals that the department's founders were both British and Nigerian politicians, educators, and humanitarians. They were concerned with eradicating illiteracy, preparing adults for democratic roles, and improving the economic well-being of these adults. The department does not have a consistent pattern of management. The selection of its leadership is usually based on seniority and academic merits. The department initially relied on donations and on the revenues from the local, state, and federal governments of Nigeria to operate. It now relies on those from the profit from its services to the public and on those from Nigeria's state and federal governments. The department interacts with other departments of the university and with other adult education agencies in Nigeria to formulate, develop, direct, and provide adult education programs and services to all segments of the Nigerian population. Its contributions to other African nations are limited to the conferences and seminars it hosts, and in many cases, directs on their behalf.

The approach to water management worldwide is currently in transition, with a shift from centralised infrastructures to greater consideration of decentralised technologies, such as rainwater harvesting (R WH). Initiated by recognition of drivers, including water demand, increasing risk of ground-water pollution and flooding, the value of R WH is filtering across the academic-policy boundary. However, in Nigeria, implementation of sustainable water management (SWM), such as R WH systems, is inefficient social, environmental and technical barriers, concerns and knowledge gaps exist, which currently restrict its widespread utilisation. This inefficiency contributes to water scarcity, water-borne diseases, and loss of lives and property due to flooding. Meanwhile, several RWH technologies have been developed to improve SWM through both demand and storm-water management. Such technologies involve the use of storage tanks, surface water reservoirs and ground-water recharge pits as storage systems. A framework was developed to assess the significance and extent of water management problems, match the problems with existing RWH-based solutions and develop a robust ready-to-use multi-criteria analysis tool that can quantify the costs and benefits of implementing several RWH-based storage systems. The methodology adopted was the mixed method approach, involving a detailed literature review, followed by a questionnaire survey of 1067 household respondents, 135 Nigerian Architects and Civil Engineers and focus group discussion with Stakeholders. A total of 1042 sets of data were collected through a questionnaire survey and analysed using SPSS, Excel and selected statistical methods to derive weightings of the attributes for the tool. Following this, three case studies were selected to collect data for hydrological modelling using the RainCycle model. From the results it is found that the most important barrier constraining sustainable R WH regime in Ibadan was obsolete and insufficient operational equipment, followed by poor renumeration of water corporation staff and misuse of available funds. In addition, the measure of importance of storage capacity was established, with the highest score of 4.5 which reflects the general inadequacy of storage as a major barrier to the adoption of RWH as a sustainable water management method. Further, respondents' major health hazards associated with drinking contaminated water was established. A larger proportion (61.2%) of respondents chose prevalence of typhoid fever; some have a prevalence of diarrhea (19.4%), while few of respondents ' water sources is free from water-borne diseases (2 .3%). The tool developed is an integrated platform of related evaluation techniques, including Whole Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Multi-Attribute Utility Theory. The tool uses data including cost and quantities of materials for building a RWH storage system and quantifies the cost and benefits of alternative RWH-based systems that can improve project management. This tool is novel, given its integration of the analytical techniques mentioned above and application for selecting the most appropriate RWH-based SWM systems. The implementation of the tool is envisaged to provide an objective platform for the quantification of the costs and benefits of RWH-based systems prior to implementation.

Energy poverty is a global phenomenon, with varying intensity across countries. Electricity is unarguably an important source of energy essential in satisfying the demand for modern energy services for socio-economic well-being, households‘ productivity and economic development of a nation. Despite the abundance of energy resources in Nigeria, an estimated 113 million people, representing about 70 per cent of the population, lack access to electricity, while the remaining 30 per cent have only intermittent and unreliable access. The thesis identifies and examines the causes and consequences of energy poverty and the role of energy (specifically electricity) in poverty reduction and as an engine of households‘ economic growth and prosperity. The study provides a pragmatic methodology of Geographic Information System (GIS) as an interface between development studies and energy geography. The thesis contributes to energy geography and resource management based on the deprivation experienced by households attributable to the failure of the public energy service delivery system. The poor reliability of the grid-based system has created an ―energy services gap‖ that is met by alternative costly backup off grid-solution of self-generation of electricity. The use of generators in most households is now the mainstay of electricity provision and has become the electricity provider, while the electricity provider is now standby. Households are consequently climbing down the energy ladder because electricity that is at the top of the ladder is not always available. The socio-economic suppression, depression and deprivation along with the financial burden on households‘ income are the bane of energy poverty in the study area. The study establishes that access is not the problem in an urban area in Nigeria but the inadequacy and unreliability of electricity supply in substantial quantity and reliable quality. To promote living and economic growth, it is desirable that households have secure and affordable electricity.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The unacceptable high rate of maternal and neonatal deaths in Nigeria has been persistently unabated. Therefore, the present quality of maternal care evident by the magnitude of severe maternal/neonatal morbidity and mortality in this region makes designing of a model that will serve as a framework for provision of quality maternity care to women and their new-born a worthwhile study. The global report of deaths related to pregnancy and childbirth documented 600,000 maternal deaths annually. Developing countries, including Nigeria, have the highest burden of maternal and neonatal deaths resulting from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. There has been no improvement in Nigeria as far as maternal and neonatal deaths are concerned. In Nigeria, the maternal mortality ratio in 2008 was recorded as 545/100,000 live births, and 576/100,000 live births in 2013. Women and children from low socioeconomic background are the vulnerable groups. The peculiarity of their vulnerability predisposes them to finding quicker and cheaper avenues to seek health care. The Primary Health Care (PHC) maternity facilities are to serve this large population of women and their babies at grassroots level. Few studies have been done to measure quality of antenatal and delivery care separately at higher level of care with resultant subjective findings and conclusions. Each of these aspects of maternity is a part of the whole and not the whole. Currently, there is gross dearth of literature regarding quality of maternity services at the disposal of the vulnerable women, who are likely to utilize the PHC facilities. The measurement of the quality of the existing maternity services at primary level is imperative for designing a more effective model capable of improving quality of services at this level. This study sought to develop a quality service improvement model for primary level-based maternity following rigorous analysis of the quality of its structure, the process and the outcome as proposed by Donabedian. The specific objectives of the study were to describe the status of infrastructures, equipment, instruments, medications; investigate the degree to which the services rendered are timely, appropriate, satisfactory and consistent with current professional knowledge; investigate the degree to which services rendered in the facilities are satisfactory to the women and uphold their basic reproductive rights; measure clients’ return rates for maternity-related services in the facilities; and to develop a validated model to guide provision of quality maternity care in PHC facilities. Using a theory-generating approach, the study was conducted in two distinct phases. The first phase focused on analysis of the existing maternity services at PHC level, while the second phase concentrate on model development. The first phase, which is an embedded mixed-methods approach, utilized validated clients’ questionnaire, health workers’ questionnaire, observation checklist, focused group discussions, and in-depth interviews for data collection. A multistage sampling method was used for sample size selection. Five local government areas (LGAs) in Ibadan were selected purposively. Similarly, all the facilities that offer maternity care in each LGA were purposively selected. Postnatal women, health workers in each facility, medical officers of health (MOHs) and heads of facilities were the participants in the study. A total of 755 postnatal women who participated in the surveys were recruited from the sample frames (attendance registers) using systematic random sampling. A validated structured questionnaire was utilized to elicit information on their experiences with their chosen places of antenatal and childbirth care from pregnancy to puerperium. Similarly, the 130 health workers who participated in the surveys were recruited from the sample frames (duty rosters) using systematic random sampling. A validated structured questionnaire was utilized to elicit information on their competences, attitudes and the midwifery practice in their respective facilities. In addition to the quantitative surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted for some postnatal women and four MOHs/heads of group of facilities. The participants for the FGDs and the IDIs were conveniently and purposively selected, respectively. FGD guide and IDI guide were used to guide the interviewers. The study was approved by the Faculty Board Research and Ethics Committees, the Senate Research Committee of University of the Western Cape and Oyo State Research Ethical Review Committee in Nigeria. Informed consent was obtained from each study participant. Autonomy, anonymity, and confidentiality of information provided by the participants were ensured. Nobody was coerced to participate in the study. The data collected with the aid of observation checklist and questionnaire from the selected PHC, health workers and client (postnatal women) were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency/percentage distributions); while association between variables of interest and difference in mean values were done using chi-square and t-test statistics, respectively. The second phase of the study focused on model development, and was done in line with a theory- generating research process in the literature supported by McKenna & Slevin, (2008) and Chinn& Kramer (2014). The developed model was tested for its appropriateness, adequacy, accuracy and whether it represents reality, for it to be assumed effective in achieving the goal if applied in midwifery practice at primary level.Client-participants were between 15 and 44 years; their mean age ± standard deviation was 28 ±5.3. The health workers were between 20 and 58 years; mean age ± standard deviation being 41 ±10. Out of the 730 client-participants, 92.1 % were married. None of the women had access to preconception counselling in any health facility. A total of 92.6 % of the women received prenatal care under the existing traditional model of antenatal care (ANC), out of which 22.6 %registered for ANC in two different facilities for various reasons. Although there was gross shortage of manpower in all the facilities, the percentage of nurses/midwives was fewer than that of the community health extension workers (CHEWs) and health assistants (HAs), while only one medical doctor was employed to cover all the different types of facilities in each local government area . There was a questionable staff level of competence reported in the study. Evidence of training in life-saving skill (LSS), post-abortion care (PAC) and safe motherhood was rare among the health worker participants. Among health workers who had witnessed vaginal laceration and those who claimed to have performed episiotomy on women, 30.2% and 32.6 % would depend on other health workers for repair of the vaginal traumas, respectively. Partograph was not in use for management of progress of labour by any health worker in any of the facilities. Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis showed evidences of abuse of women’s rights to timely, quality and respectful maternity care and risky practices by the health workers. The conditions of the buildings used for PHC centres and the beds were not satisfactory. There was gross inadequacy of essential and basic items needed to provide standard and quality care across all the facilities, while significant proportion of the available equipment/instruments were obsolete, dirty, rusty and faulty. The infection prevention and control practices were sub- standard. Inadequate funding by respective local government authorities was implicated for the poor conditions of infrastructures, equipment/instruments, staff recruitments and consequent shortage of manpower. Low level of patients’ satisfaction, evidenced by verbal expression, percentage difference between antenatal registration and childbirth record, immunization clinic visits and childbirth record in each facility, was reported. Therefore, fixing the deplorable and/or non-commodious building infrastructures to meet the required standard, provision of facilities and items needed for quality care and infection prevention, recruitment of skilled qualified health professionals, establishing a new Primary Health Board in the state to provide efficient funding and effective monitoring systems were recommended, based on the findings of the study. Lastly, the implementation of the newly developed model is strongly recommended in order to improve women’s and new-born’s health.
Centre for Teaching and Learning Scholarship, School of Nursing, University of the Western Cape

Until now, little has been investigated empirically on the impact of bribery and corruption on livelihoods of the income groups, especially in Africa in general an Nigeria in particular. Most available literatures focused on corruption from the receiver's perspective, but this study explored the impact of bribery and corruption from the giver's (payer's) perspective, on the impact of corruption on livelihoods of the low, middle and high income households in education and health care provision in Apata, Ibadan, Nigeria. The researcher used both quantitative and qualitative methodologies which comprised of in-depth structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, participant observation, documentary sources and case studies, to examine and understand the impact of bribery and corruption on the income and expenditure, access to education and health care, and their quality, and how the income groups perceive bribery and corruption in education and health care provision. The major objective findings are that bribery and corruption impacted severely on the low income households' incomes, their access to quality schools and health care, the increase in the use of informal health care by the income groups especially the low income households, the use of social networks by the high income households and their perceptions based on their experiences that bribery and corruption are not only endemic in education and health care provision but are also prevalent in other sectors of the Nigeria economy, due to the governments inability to checkmate corruption. Bribery and corruption had adverse effect on low income households because it prevented them from having access to education and health care and also it impacted the provision and quality of education and health care accessed, through embezzlement, misappropriation of funds, dearth of facilities and infrastructure, and lack of both common and prescription drugs.

Background Nigeria, with a population growth rate (2000-2005) of 2.5% and with 5% of the total population aged 60 years and above, has the potential for a rapid growth rate of the older population in coming years.1 The implication of this in a country with large population as reported by the National Population Census 2006, limited number of health care professionals and care homes, is difficulty in meeting the various needs of the elderly, hence, the importance of identifying the palliative care needs of the elderly. Aim The study was set out to assess the palliative care needs of and provision of care to elderly patients seen in the selected clinics of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. Objectives 1. To describe characteristics of elderly patients seen in the selected clinics. 2. To explore the current use of the hospital palliative care team in the care of geriatric patient. 3. To explore the current use of the hospital palliative care team in the care of geriatric patient. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over a 3-month period using an interviewer administered questionnaire after full consent was given by participants. The questionnaire was a combination of the Africa Palliative Care Outcome Scale (APCA-POS), the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and Hope Spiritual Assessment Tool. Demographic information regarding gender, age, nationality, abode and referral to the Care Centre was obtained. Scaled questions from selected tools were ticked with respect to physical, psychosocial and spiritual needs and expectations of palliative care. The validated data collection tools (APCA-POS, ESAS, HOPE) were used in the questionnaire. Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant organizations. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS statistics 21. Results 424 participants completed the questionnaire and most patients (330; 77.8%) were recruited from the geriatric wards with a 2:1 female to male ratio. Most participants fell in the 60 -69 year-old age group. The most common symptom was pain in 240 patients with moderate pain in single or multiple areas. A high percentage (45.8%) were moderately worried about their disease condition and only 66 out of 422 freely discussed this feeling with their family members. Other symptoms observed were nausea, vomiting, constipation and loss of appetite. Conclusion The study showed the palliative care needs of the elderly and calls for collaboration between the palliative care team and the physicians in the geriatric unit for better management of the needs of the elderly.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Nursing)
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. The global disparities in cervical cancer incidence and mortality between wealthy and poor countries are likely related to lack of prevention and detection efforts. There is an exponential increase in cervical cancer deaths in Ibadan. Literature suggests that the increase of cervical cancer deaths is most likely a result of a lack of awareness and knowledge of cervical cancer, lack of outreach programmes and the unavailability of prevention services at community level. Community-based interventions have been identified as being most suitable for the promotion of cervical cancer prevention among women of low socio-economic status, a group that forms the greater part of Nigeria's population. The aim of this research study was to develop a community-based model for preventing cervical cancer in Yoruba women in Ibadan, Nigeria. A multi-method research approach, using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies was used. This study was conducted in 3 phases. Phase 1 was a descriptive survey during which data was collected using a multistage technique to select 480 community members to explore their knowledge, practice, beliefs and attitudes towards cervical cancer. Data collection was by means of a semistructured interviewer administered questionnaire (community members), yielding a response rate of 95% (n= 452). Phase 2 was an exploratory, descriptive design during which data was collected from twenty (20) health workers and four (4) policy makers to explore the barriers to cervical cancer prevention services and ways to promote cervical cancer prevention services using semi-structured interview (health workers), and key informant interviews (policy makers). Quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Chi-square and correlation to test the significance of association between variables.

The quantity of solid waste generated in Nigeria has increased at an alarming rate over the decades with lack of efficient and sustainable waste management in most cities of the country. This can be attributed to incessant increase in population, expansion of urban areas, industrialization and consumption rates. This study focuses on the ancient city of Ibadan and used Ibadan North Local Government as the case study. There are many environmental and sanitation problems in Ibadan due to improper waste management by the stakeholders involved. The result and analysis of the situation reveals that there are indications that most residents are ignorant of waste handling methods irrespective of their educational and economic status coupled with poor management of waste and lack of good environmental policy. The study analyzes options for adopting Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) which comprises of waste hierarchy. Activities of Oyo State Solid Waste Management Authority (OSSWMA), Ibadan North Local Government (IBNLG) and Private Refuse Contractors (PRCs) in terms of technical know-how, financial capacity and waste equipment are not adequate to meet the tasks. In order to overcome these challenges, this research work discusses if and how Integrated Solid Waste Management can be implemented.

Informal public transport (IPT) has emerged as an adaptive alternative to formal public transport in developing countries. The informal public transport service has both positive and negative impacts on the wellbeing of urban dwellers. As such, there are varying discourses on whether IPT should be considered an urban resource or a problem. The impact of urban growth in terms of population increase and urban spatial sprawl creates public transport challenges in developing countries. It is against this backdrop that this study explored the perceptions of informal public transport stakeholders on the quality of service (QoS) experienced in the City of Ibadan, Nigeria. A pragmatist philosophical approach is adopted in this study in order to explore the stakeholders' perceptions of the QoS of IPT in Ibadan. A convergent mixed methods research design was employed to explore the set objectives seeking to understand how the impact of urban growth in Ibadan has developed a demand for public transport, more so against the backdrop of the diminished public investment in transport services and infrastructure. The study seeks to identify and explore stakeholders' perceptions on the established IPT in Ibadan. The study developed a multi-criteria evaluation model to explore and analyse such perceptions on QoS on identified three Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Ibadan. The identified issues are discussed using culture sensitisation of governance in the context of Ibadan and reflecting such perceptions against the ideals for individuals and public. Findings from the study reveal mixed stakeholders' perceptions. The descriptive analysis and narratives of the stakeholders reveal that some of the criteria are positively perceived. The application of the Kruskal Wallis Analysis for variability across the three studied local authorities reveal that there is insignificant influence of the socioeconomic characteristics of the users on perceptions of IPT. However, an analysis of individual criteria established in the multi-criteria evaluation model reveals a low users' perceptions of the QoS provided by IPT users. The study concludes that the positive perceptions attributed by users of the IPT, despite its otherwise poor QoS, is explained by the fact that the use of IPT in Ibadan is not out of public choice but a necessity given that there is no other alternative mode of public transport. Consequently, the study concludes that perceptions of informal public transport relate to the impact on individuals and public wellbeing. This is alternative thought from discourses that perceive urban growth in terms of population growth and physical spatial sprawl to the shift towards explaining the impact of urban growth and need for transport in terms of public wellbeing. Following on to this, the study draws a recommendation for a transport policy and practice developed from the nexus of the regulatory state, the informal transport sector and the users of informal transport driven by the view that informal transport is a key contributor to public wellbeing in cities of the developing world. Thus, the IPT should be sensitised as a permanent and 'formal' element for the City of Ibadan and not perceived as illegal and targeted for withdrawal from the urban.

This dissertation evaluates the activities of the Diocese of Lagos West, Anglican Communion, Church of Nigeria and its contribution to societal development. Over the years, the DLW has been involved with the society and has become a major diocese within the Anglican Communion, Church of Nigelia and in Lagos State, with a substantial numerical strength as well as a meaningful social, political, economic, and religious influence within the society. Since its establishment, the DLW has made great achievements in the areas of education, health care, social and political development. This study aims to show that the DLW in Lagos has been part of society building and it will explore the impacts of their activities in the society. This study demonstrates that the social and political involvement of the DLW in the society has a biblical and philosophical conviction. The research hypothesises that the closer the relationship of the church has with the state is crucial for the benefit of the people. The research employed an empirical qualitative approach to test the proposition by analysing the data from the research area. The findings of the research show that religion and politics can mix as they are both concerned with the same subject matter -the people, who belong to both camps. The findings also show the close relationship between the church and the state and the extent to which the church is involved with the state and politics. However, the ambivalent character of the church like every other faith was validated. State and church do both impact society, but the DLW's effective work in the society was quite distinct from the state or its politics. As such, the church is well positioned for societal transfonnation both politically and socially. This should serve as an example to other churches, allowing them to realise that their social and political actions are means of fulfilling their mission and clear the doubts on the legitimacy of the Church getting involved in the socio-political realm. Recommendations are made to ensure that the church maintains its boundaries despite its involvement -whilst sustaining its positive influence in the society on the one hand, and also challenging the unjust structures and unfavourable government's policies, on the other hand.

A research project submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of arts in psychology through the Faculty of humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Socio-cultural factors and contexts influence sexuality and associated practices across the life course. Few studies have questioned what constitutes sexuality, sexual pleasure, and notions of risky sexual practices, and how elderly people engage in help-seeking for sexual health promotion and problem-solving. In response to the dearth of such research in Africa, this thesis explores the cultural interpretations, values, beliefs, and embodied practices associated with sexuality and help-seeking behaviour among urban-dwelling elderly Yoruba people (60–80 years and above) in the city of Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. In addition, it investigates healthcare providers’ (biomedical and traditional) perceptions of sexuality and the prevention, treatment, and promotion of sexual health in old age. The thesis is rooted in Bourdieu’s social practice theory, Harré and Langenhove social positioning theory and an anthropological perspective on age-graded sexualities. From an interpretative constructivist framework, the thesis adopts an exploratory sequential mixed design. The design entails collecting and analysing qualitative and quantitative data in a single study. The choice of research design was informed by the perspective that diverse but relevant methodological positions opens the window into contextual understanding of sexuality in old age. The qualitative data consists of 12 vignettes based on focus group discussion (FGD) with three categories (60-69, 70-79 and 80 years and above) of 107 elderly men and women. From a thematic analysis, the FGD findings informed the conduct of 18 semi-structured interviews on equal proportion with elderly men and women (60+) and 11 semi-structured interviews with 2 healthcare providers (biomedicine and traditional medical systems). Subsequently, the thematic findings from the FGDs and interviews informed the development of a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered among 252 elderly Yoruba people (60+). The findings reveal a dominance normative beliefs and cultural expectations around bodily changes characterised the gendered differences in sexual experiences and expectations in old age. From the exemplary perspective, the ‘good old age’ connotes compliance with normative sexual orientations, beliefs, and practices. The qualitative and quantitative results affirmed the existence and engagement in penetrative and pleasurable sex at differentiated degrees for elderly men and women. The qualitative findings reveal a lack of consensus regarding the age elderly women or men should disengage from sexual activities. The survey shows that more women (75.8%) than men (54%) agreed that elderly people of their age should stop having sex. The qualitative findings also reveal that health challenges, psychosocial satisfactions in marriage, differences in sexual prowess, and financial independence affect engagement and desires in sexual activities. Two-thirds (60.3%) of the survey respondents also agreed that elderly men and women should engage in sexual activities if their health allows. The body as a ‘site of moral action’ places elderly women and men at differentiated positions within heterosexual normativity. From a disadvantaged stance, sexual intercourse with a menstruating woman can result in a folk sexual dysfunction known as idakole (poor erection and quick ejaculation) for men. Furthermore, sex with menstruating or menopausal women could cause loss of spiritual powers for men. These views resonate with some taboos on sex and efficacy of some traditional medicine. As a form of contestation, bodily changes during menopause represent a period of abstaining, suppressing or disengaging from obligatory sexual duties. It also affords women the avenue to avoid the experience of oyun iju (a socially constructed folk pregnancy). As a counter reaction, menopause also provides valid positions 3 for some sexually active elderly men to seek new intimate relations with younger women. By expounding on the privileged position of men, the findings portray a normative view that elongates men’s sexual retirement until death. Without doubting the possibilities of losing sexual prowess with age, the use of traditional aphrodisiacs was perceived to improve sexual performance and pleasures. Such measures are scarce for women, except those that could aid male’s sexual pleasures when used by women like ado dun (pleasurable and irresistible vagina sex). In this light, the thesis argues that the differentiated gendered framing of bodily changes and sexuality take the body as a moral and health site to arrive at an interpretation of old age that could influence ageing experience as ‘good’ or ‘miserable’. The findings also show that the premium on penetrative sex and pleasures create differentiated opportunities for elderly men to contract sexual infections. The possibilities of contracting sexual infections among sexually active elderly people was not doubted. Gonorrhoea, syphilis and magun (a folk sexual infection) emerged as common examples of sexual infections among old and young in the study settings. Gonorrhoea and syphilis can be treated via biomedicine and traditional medicine. Magun and HIV are untreated sexual infections but are preventable through sexual abstinence and use of traditional medical measures. Traditional preventive measures such as onde (amulet), ajesara (incisions and digestible concoctions) perform dual functions: prevent disease and guarantee pleasurable sex. Both qualitative and quantitative results reveal that condom use can prevent sexually transmitted infections. However, condom use was also conceived to reduce sexual pleasures for men and women. In this direction, the survey results affirm that condom use can reduce sexual pleasures for elderly men (77.8%) and women (22.2%), respectively. More than average (55.7%) of the female and about one-third (44.3%) of the male respondents also perceive the condom as more useful for younger people. 4 With the possibilities of contracting sexual infections, the qualitative findings affirm that aetiological explanations around a sexual health problem can act as a constraint and also facilitate medical help-seeking. Also, shameful feelings, stigma, and unstable or poor financial conditions inhibit responsive help-seeking. More than one-third (49.6%) of the survey respondents perceived doctors’ indifference as a constraint. This was followed by shame (22.6%), neglect from other family members (10.7%) and neglect of children (10.3%). Contraction of sexual infection in old age can also lead to withdrawal of quality support from significant others. The thesis argues that the social framework of the exemplary elder influence post-reproductive sexual health outcomes within the study context. Healthcare providers from the two medical systems acknowledged the need for post-reproductive sexual health care services. Such services were, however, perceived along the gender divide as more elderly males than females expressed and sought help from both systems. The provisions of post-reproductive sexual health services within the biomedical system attracted some pluses. A few of the female participants acknowledge the efforts of biomedical trained physicians and nurses in creating awareness on how to overcome menopausal challenges. The findings highlight that socio-cultural understandings of the intersections among ageing, sexuality, and gender influence framing of sexual health needs and unequal sexual health outcomes in old age. The possibility of such influences lie in cultural conceptions of the ideal body and the appropriate timing of sexual activities. Such normative views therefore influence how elderly people make sense of bodily changes, their sexuality, help-seeking, and response to sexual health needs from health care providers. Healthcare professionals from both medical systems are also prone to the influence of normative social frameworks in responding to post-reproductive sexual health needs. With the need to achieve a healthy ageing population and the 5 existing gaps in post-reproductive sexual health services, this thesis argues that normative beliefs, values and practices around sexuality influence sexual experiences, practices, dispositions to sexual infections, availability and access to post-reproductive sexual healthcare services within the study settings. Public enlightenment around sexual rights across the life course are needed to complement a review of existing sexual healthcare services in Nigeria. It will also improve the therapeutic relations between professional healthcare providers and their elderly clients. These initiatives can position professional healthcare providers for responsive diagnosis, prevention and management of post-reproductive sexual health needs and a possible realisation of healthy ageing population in Nigeria.
GR2017

Urban solid waste management (USWM) problems facing cities in the developed and developing world are well documented; however, progress in tackling them is very slow in the latter. There are still many communities, neighbourhoods, and local markets where garbage is not collected for a considerable length of time. Many of the affected houses are situated in poor neighbourhoods on the edges and core areas of cities. In order to secure the future of urban environments in the developing world from continuous or perpetual decay, it is important to study the role of social capital in urban solid waste management. Toward this end, a case study research was carried out in Ibadan, Nigeria. For the purpose of the study, social capital was defined as the attributes of social organization, such as trust, cultural norms and social networks by which communities facilitate action. Emerging research suggests that social capital might have an important role to play in effective community-based urban solid waste management initiatives. Empirical evidence suggests that communities with a high level of social capital are in better shape to organize a community-based urban solid waste management project, if the other factors remain supportive. This dissertation seeks to place the concept of social capital in the practice of urban solid waste management, especially at the community level as well as on a wider philosophical and policy levels. The intention here is to advance the understanding of social capital both in relation to its nature as a quality of community life and in terms of its significance as an instrument in the hands of the agents of change. Therefore, this research examines the degree to which social capital and community-based organizations are important in the overall functioning of urban solid waste management at the community level in Ibadan, Nigeria. The main objective of the research was to explore the role of social capital in community-based urban solid waste management and to understand why people participate in voluntary associations for the provision of common goods in Ibadan, Nigeria. This objective is pursued in three specific dimensions: (i) to understand and document the feature of the current solid waste management system in Ibadan; (ii) to explore the extent to which social capital affects community-based urban solid waste management success; (iii) to identify other elements that could facilitate successful urban solid waste management at the community and institutional levels. This study adopts both quantitative and qualitative approaches using multiple data gathering techniques (e.g.) semi-structured face-to-face interviews, direct field observation, focus group, and information sections; conversations with community leaders, key informants, government officials and waste generators to gather different but relevant information and data. The secondary data includes data on waste management from Oyo State Solid Waste Management Authority (OSSWMA) and valuation data from the office of Sustainable Ibadan Project (SIP). The quantitative section of the research encompasses 66 core questions on Social Capital via Integrated Questionnaire. The structured questionnaire measures various elements of social capital using four proxies. The data set covered 7 communities and 385 households and the basic unit of analysis was the neighbourhood. Major findings from the study include: (i) No evidence suggesting that homogeneity is a virtue for collective action in urban solid waste management at the community level nor is there evidence suggesting that homogeneity increases civic engagement in the communities studied. (ii) Empirical evidence suggests that to a great extent, social capital can influence the success of community-based urban solid waste management initiatives. However, social networks among private and professional associations, the density and diversity of social network differ within and between communities. (iii) Empirical field observation results show that social capital had positive influence on the success of community-based urban solid waste management in Bodija, Ayeye, and communities. (iv)The study results indicate that the residents of Agbowo, NTC Road, Foko, and Sasa communities failed to establish community-based USWM initiatives for a range of reasons. Some of the reasons include the paucity of face-to-face interactions among households; resident’s cultural and behavioural differences, lack of charismatic leadership and lack of cooperation among community members. (v) The study results and direct field observations also suggest that there is high-level of social capital among individuals involved in urban solid waste management at the community level in the city of Ibadan. (vi) Field information/observations from Ayeye, Bodija, and Alesinloye communities reveal that social networks and interpersonal relationships were constructed along the line of local identity among the residents. (vii) Empirical findings suggest that the presence of a network of ties based on acquaintances, business partnerships, religious groups, and people from the same region, living in the same community, serve as a foundation for building social relations. The study concluded that Putnam’s generalization and conceptualization of social capital is not completely or equally applicable to different social and political environments. Therefore, it needs to be contextualized according to local problems in order to obtain the gains. The research also reveals that social capital alone is not enough to form community-based urban solid waste management projects in Ibadan, Nigeria. It works well with other elements such as collaborative, incremental planning and community capacity building.

This study examined the issues of the interpretation, transmission and appropriation of the doctrine of justification by faith alone within the context of the Lutheran Church in Nigeria, Gongola Diocese. Using contextualization as my main tool in this exploration, I argue that intercultural communication holds the key to unlocking how effectively and appropriately these three engagements with theology are executed within the context of this study. The Lutheran church and indeed most Protestant denominations assert that justification by faith alone is the cardinal doctrine of Christianity. Scholars are however concerned that there is great level of ignorance among members and misappropriation of justification by faith alone in the lives of members of these denominations. Many reasons were advanced as being responsible for this, some of which include: its absence from the preaching agenda of Protestant pulpits, and inadequate teaching from the church, its clergy and theological educators. Other reasons are its failure to be shown to be clearly applicable to lived experiences of the people in their contemporary challenges. The message of justification by faith alone has not been adequately translated into people's social, and religious-cultural world views. The LCCN as an institution subscribes to Luther's teachings as expressed in his writings and taught by the Lutheran Church globally. However, the LCCN is faced with the problem of how to transmit the meaning of justification by faith alone to its members. This study therefore sought to investigate the underlying factors for this development. The question that the study wished to answer was: How does the interpretation of justification by faith alone by the Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria (as an institution) enhance its understanding and appropriation by members and serves as a guide in this study? In attempting to answer this question three theories were used as framework with which to test the church's interpretation of this doctrine. These theories are: 1) gospel and culture in dialogue; 2) translatability, and 3) contextual theological education programmes for the training of both clergy and laity. This is an empirical qualitative study and was structured into eight chapters. Participants in this study were categorized into five groups: church leaders, seminary lecturers, clergy, seminary students, and lay members. Through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with participants, relevant data was generated and analysed manually. The study found that the LCCN's interpretation of justification by faith alone is detached from the religious and cultural world view of its members; this has in turn created a conflict in how it is understood and appropriated in their lived experiences. The message of justification by faith (the gospel) has not been allowed to engage in dialogue with the culture of the people, rather culture is perceived as evil or something to be avoided. Thus, I argue that this failure on the part of the missionaries and the indigenous leadership of the LCCN to employ intercultural communication in transmitting the message of justification by faith alone is the major cause of the problem. Most of the participants including the leaders of the church acknowledged that the church, the seminary and the clergy have not been faithful in transmitting the appropriate message of justification by faith alone. The conclusion of this study therefore, is that the LCCN's interpretation of justification by faith alone does not enhance its understanding and appropriation by members. This thesis proposes that the Lunguda practice of ntsandah provides an entry point for a proper informed interpretation of justification by faith alone. For this to be possible, the gospel and culture must engage in dialogue through viable a contextual theological education programme for the training of both clergy and the laity.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.