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Journal articles on the topic 'Dioxines – Bioaccumulation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Durie, Brian G. M., and Hardy Jones. "New Bioaccumulations of Toxins in Resident Coastal Dolphins Signal Dangers of Human Myeloma." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 5062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.5062.5062.

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Abstract Dolphins and humans are exposed to the same toxins in seafood. Over 2 billion people worldwide rely on seafood as their major source of protein and 60% of people live in coastal areas. Resident coastal dolphins are exposed to marine pollution in the same fashion as humans who frequently consume seafood, thus any indication of disease in dolphins has implications both for humans who eat regularly from the same areas and/or are otherwise exposed to the same toxins. Although ecotoxicologic studies of marine environments are very complex, (Irwin: Aquatic Mammals 31: 195–225, 2005), the bottlenose dolphin is a sentinel species for biomonitoring purposes. Tissue levels of many known carcinogens such as DDT, DDE, dioxins (e.g. PCDDs and 2,3,7,8 TCDD), BaP, PAHs, and more recently PFC and PBDEs (water repellants and fire retardants), reflect bioaccumulation in both dolphins and humans. Target sites where human and dolphin disease have been contrasted and compared are: North America (Alaska; Puget Sound; San Francisco Bay; Gulf Coast and Florida; St. Lawrence Seaway); Japan (Osaka Bay); Sweden; Coastal UK and Hong Kong (Pearl River estuary). For Alaska, Florida, Japan, Sweden and coastal UK, there are highly significant correlations between fish contamination/consumption and excess risk of human myeloma. In Alaska, Inuit men eat contaminated fish, have high organochloride (dioxins) levels in blood and tissues and an increased risk of myeloma. Likewise for Swedish fisherman comparing Baltic (more contamination) versus west coast levels of dioxins and myeloma. In Japan, a case control study provides a highly significant odds ratio of 5.89 for agriculture/fisheries as occupational factors. A separate study gives an annual age adjusted incidence of 7.03/100,000 for the Osaka Bay fishing region. Around Lake Okeechobee Florida an incidence rate of 6.52/100,000 correlates with both contamination and commercial fishing licenses. Although dolphins share most human mammalian genes, including CYP1A and CYP2B, they lack the ability to adequately catabolize type I and II dioxins, which therefore preferentially accumulate. Unfortunately, observed results of these bioaccumulations are suppressed immunity, infections and cancers particularly B-cell lymphomas and “myeloma-like” immunoblastic lymphomas (Bossart: J. Vet Diagn Invest 9: 454–458, 1997). This pattern of diseases in turn corresponds with the local and systemic effects exemplified in Balb/c mice during pristine-induced plasmacytogenesis and in humans exposed to toxins. Newly recognized persistent organic pollutants such as water repellants (PFCs) and flame-retardants (PBDEs) are a particular concern, both because of rapid recent bioaccumulation in dolphins with associated disease manifestations plus the potential for wide global dispersal and diverse routes of human exposure. Numerous consumer goods contain PBDEs, including electronics, carpets, furniture and textiles. Genetic studies help refine probability calculations to assess risk using the union rule for independent events. Studies are now underway to correlate recent bioaccumulations in dolphins and humans, genetic predisposition and myeloma onset. Probability calculations for risk of developing myeloma will support interventions to reduce both contamination of the marine environment and elimination of human toxin exposures.
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2

Denizeau, F., and A. C. Ricard. "Analyse du modèle CHIMIOTOX du point de vue de ses implications toxicologiques [Article bilingue]." Revue des sciences de l'eau 11, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 537–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705320ar.

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Le modèle CHIMIOTOX a été mis au point comme outil de gestion dans le but de réduire de façon importante la quantité de substances toxiques déversées dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent. Ce modèle effectue un calcul dont le résultat est une valeur numérique qui se veut représentative de la charge toxique présente dans un effluent industriel. Pour ce faire, le modèle attribue à chaque substance toxique une constante de toxicité, le facteur de pondération toxique (Ftox), dont la valeur est déterminée à partir des critères de qualité de l'eau du ministère de l'Environnement du Québec. Le Ftox sert à calculer l'unité CHIMIOTOX (UC) qui est le produit de Ftox par la charge journalière du polluant (kg/jour). La sommation des UC de toutes les substances ciblées donne l'indice CHIMIOTOX (IC) qui doit représenter le potentiel toxique de l'effluent. Dans la présente étude, le modèle CHIMIOTOX a été analysé du point de vue de ses implications au plan toxicologique. Les résultats de cette analyse montrent les faits saillants suivants. En premier lieu, le calcul du potentiel toxique théorique se fait selon l'équation d'une droite de pente Ftox. Ceci implique que le potentiel toxique calculé est directement proportionnel à la quantité de la substance, et cela, quel que soit le niveau supposé d'exposition. Cette démarche n'est pas compatible avec le concept fondamental de la dose-réponse, basé sur l'observation expérimentale. À cette étape du modèle, l'estimation du théorique risque de s'écarter considérablement de la réalité. En second lieu, l'UC est calculé en utilsant la charge journalière moyenne de l'effluent à partir de mesures effectuées sur trois jours. Le modèle fait abstraction des variations ponctuelles dans le temps, variations qui peuvent influencer de manière significative le profil d'exposition des organismes, et par conséquent, la toxicité. En troisième lieu, l'IC, qui est la sommation des UC, ne tient pas compte des interactions toxiques pouvant survenir dans le cas d'un mélange de substances, ni de la bioaccumulation dans la chaîne trophique. Une comparaison du CHIMIOTOX avec le modèle des TEF (Toxic Equivalency Factor) développé pour les dibenzo-p-dioxines et les dibenzofurannes polychlorés, a été effectuée afin de souligner la difficulté d'obtenir des valeurs théoriques prédictives de la toxicité de mélanges complexes, même lorsque ses composants possèdent un mécanisme d'action commun, ce qui n'est pas le cas pour la plupart des substances considérées par le CHIMIOTOX. Au total, le modèle CHIMIOTOX génère une incertitude qui s'accroît à chaque étape du calcul. Ceci l'empêche d'avoir une véritable valeur quantitative et limite considérablement son utilité dans l'évaluation du rique environnemental associé aux substances toxiques.
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3

Solomon, K. R. "Chlorine in the Bleaching of Pulp and Paper." Pure and Applied Chemistry 68, no. 9 (September 30, 1996): 1721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199668091721.

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The pulp and paper industry in Canada contributes significant effluent discharges to surface and marine waters. Chlorine and chlorine compounds are used in the bleaching of pulp. A large number of organochlorine chemicals of widely differing properties are, or have been, produced from this bleaching. These range from the highly hydrophobic, persistent and bioaccumulative toxic substances, such as 2,3,7,8-TCDD, to the higher molecular weight, non-hydrophobic material usually characterized by absorbable organic halogen. Chlorine dioxide and chlorine react with lignin by different chemical processes and produce different organochlorine products. Use of molecular chlorine as a bleaching agent results in the formation and release of chlorinated organic compounds, sometimes at concentrations that present an unacceptable risk to the receiving environment and the food chain. Alternatives to the use of molecular chlorine, such as chlorine dioxide, result in reductions in the quantities of organochlorines produced, and the degree of chlorine substitution in the organochlorines formed. This, in turn, leads to reduced persistence, reduced potential for bioaccumulation and food chain transfer, reduced toxicity and reductions in adverse ecological effects. However, sufficient evidence exists from responses observed at non-bleached mills to show that other (probably non-halogenated) compounds are released or formed during the production of pulp and cause responses such as induction of MFOs, changes in hormone levels, and reproductive effects.
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4

Meyer, A. M., N. Meijer, E. F. Hoek-van den Hil, and H. J. van der Fels-Klerx. "Chemical food safety hazards of insects reared for food and feed." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7, no. 5 (August 13, 2021): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0085.

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Insects are a promising future source of sustainable proteins within a circular economy. Proving the safety of insects for food and feed is necessary prior to supplying them to the market. This literature review provides a state-of-the-art overview of the chemical food safety hazards for insects reared for food and feed, focusing mainly on transfer of contaminants from the substrate. Contaminants covered are: heavy metals, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins, and plant toxins. The twelve insect species reported as having the largest potential as feed and food in the EU are included. Transfer and bioaccumulation of contaminants depend on the chemical, insect species, life stage, and source of contaminant (spiked vs natural), as well as the particular substrate and rearing conditions. The heavy metals lead, arsenic, mercury, and cadmium can accumulate, whereas mycotoxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) seem not to accumulate. Mycotoxins and veterinary drugs could be degraded by insects; their metabolic routes need to be further investigated. Data are generally limited, but in particular for PAHs, plant toxins, and dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. Further research on chemical safety of different edible insects is therefore warranted.
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5

Paasivirta, Jaakko. "Organochlorine Compounds in the Environment." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0052.

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Recent pollution by organochlorine compounds (OCs) has been found to cause ecological damage, initially by causing declining populations. Poisoning of animals having high OC levels was often found to be similar to poisoning of man and animals in dioxin accidents. Dioxin toxicity has been shown to occur from structural binding of the toxin to a cytosolic receptor, and this action has been extended to many planar and coplanar aromatic OCs which are released into the environment from pesticide uses, dumping of chlorophenol wastes, chlorobleaching of pulp, chlorodisinfection of water, and combustion of OCs or chloride-containing materials. More efficient combustion has been developed to restrict OC emissions. Recent analyses of wildlife samples have shown that certain planar or coplanar aromatic chlorohydrocarbons and ethers, instead of the notorious polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), could be the most important receptor-specific environmental toxins. Despite the fact that the pollution of the aquatic ecosystem by the forest industry in many areas is decreasing due to improved processes and treatment plants, organochlorine bleaching products still appear to have importance due to harmful discharges, especially since they still cause taste problems in seafood due to the bioaccumulation of chloroanisoles and chloroveratroles.
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6

Cornell, B. J., A. Singh, and I. Chu. "Liver Toxicity in Rats Fed A Mixture of Pcb Congeners and 2,3,7,8-Tcdd." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600007145.

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Polyhalogenated aromatic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) continue to be environmental contaminants because of their bioaccumulation in the food chain and high resistance to biodegradation. The current study was undertaken to determine if a mixture of PCB congeners (WHO-IPCS) were interactive with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in producing morphological changes in the rat liver. Both compounds are known to produce a broad range of biochemical and morphological alterations including enzyme induction.Groups (N=5) of female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered TCDD (0, 2.5, 25, 250, 1000 ng/kg bw/day) or PCB (0, 2, 20 μg/kg bw/day) alone, or in combination with each concentration of both compounds. Incorrect concentrations were published in a previous abstract. The test substance was mixed with corn oil and given by gavage at 2 ml/kg daily for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, the rats were killed and liver samples were prepared for transmission electron microscopy.
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7

Spagnuolo, Maria Stefania, Fiorella Sarubbi, Cristina Rossetti, Giuseppe Grazioli, Giulia Pia Di Meo, and Leopoldo Iannuzzi. "Effect of dioxin exposure on several indices of blood redox status in lactating buffalo cows." Journal of Dairy Research 78, no. 2 (March 4, 2011): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029911000021.

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Dioxins are lipophilic compounds with a small molecular weight and are highly persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. Dioxin detoxification is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In physiological conditions the body is protected against ROS and their toxic products by a wide range of antioxidant systems. We hypothesize that the imbalance between ROS production, associated with dioxin exposure, and the antioxidant defence capacity, may lead to oxidative stress, with consequent increased consumption of antioxidants and accumulation of toxic compounds in blood and tissues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to dioxins on the plasma redox status of lactating buffalo cows. To this aim, the major liposoluble (retinol and α-tocopherol) and water-soluble (ascorbate) antioxidants, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as well as specific protein oxidation markers (protein bound carbonyls and nitro-tyrosine) and lipid oxidation markers (hydroperoxides), were chosen as indices of blood redox status. The concentration of antioxidants, protein-bound carbonyls (PC), nitro-tyrosine (N-Tyr), and hydroperoxides (LPO), the SOD and GPx activity, and the TAC were measured in plasma samples obtained from buffalo cows exposed to environmental levels of dioxins higher (n=21, group A) or lower (n=29; group B) than those permitted. Plasma titres of antioxidants, as measured by HPLC, and the total antioxidant capacity, as measured by trolox equivalents capacity, were higher in group B than in A. Similarly, SOD and GPx activities were higher in group B than in A. Conversely, plasma levels of PC, N-Tyr and LPO, as measured by ELISA, were higher in group A than in B. Our results suggest that exposure to dioxins impairs the plasma antioxidant defence system of lactating buffalo cows, and that metabolic processes associated with dioxin detoxification might induce or enhance oxidation of protein and lipids. This adverse effect on blood redox status might have negative implications for animal health and reproduction, and might compromise animal welfare.
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8

Stephens, R. D., M. Harnly, D. G. Hayward, R. R. Chang, J. Flattery, M. X. Petreas, and L. Goldman. "Bioaccumulation of dioxins in food animals II: Controlled exposure studies." Chemosphere 20, no. 7-9 (January 1990): 1091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90226-j.

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9

Yu, Liu, Liu, Cao, Zhang, Tian, Wang, et al. "Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans, and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Umbilical Cord Serum from Pregnant Women Living Near a Chemical Plant in Tianjin, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122178.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) are bioaccumulative compounds that may affect fetal growth and infant development. The aim of this study was to determine whether the pregnant women living near a chemical plant in Tianjin had a risk of exposure to dioxins. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in 24 umbilical cord serum samples collected from pregnant women were measured using a high-resolution gas chromatograph with a high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC-HRMS) and an isotopic dilution method. The levels of ∑(PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs) were in the range 476–8307 pg·g−1 lipid, with a mean of 3037 pg·g−1. The mean World Health Organization toxicity equivalent (WHO-TEQ) for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs was 14.0 and 2.14 pg·g−1 lipid, respectively. The PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs contributed 86.7% and 13.3%, respectively, to the total TEQ. The octa-CDFs and penta-CBs were predominant for the PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, accounting for 57.6% and 74.3%, respectively. Several PCDD/F and dl-PCB congeners were highly correlated, such as PCB 105 and PCB 118 (r = 0.982, p < 0.001). Although the results hint at decreasing trends for PCDD/F and dl-PCBs by comparison with a similar study in Tianjin, a total TEQ of 41.7% of study participants had a body burden that exceeded the biomonitoring equivalents for dioxins. It was shown that pregnant women and infants had a health risk of exposure to dioxins.
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10

Tavakoly Sany, Seyedeh Belin, Leila Narimani, Faezeh Khalifeh Soltanian, Rosli Hashim, Majid Rezayi, David J. Karlen, and H. N. M. Ekramul Mahmud. "An overview of detection techniques for monitoring dioxin-like compounds: latest technique trends and their applications." RSC Advances 6, no. 60 (2016): 55415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra11442c.

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11

Savvateeva, Daria, Jorge Numata, Robert Pieper, Helmut Schafft, Monika Lahrssen-Wiederholt, and Sascha Bulik. "Physiologically based toxicokinetic models and in silico predicted partition coefficients to estimate tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin transfer from feed into growing pigs." Archives of Toxicology 94, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02617-0.

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AbstractTetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a ubiquitous, toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative organic pollutant. TCDD can potentially enter the food chain through contaminated food of animal origin as a consequence of feed contamination. Prediction of the TCDD transfer from feed into animal products is thus important for human health risk assessment. Here, we develop several physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models of TCDD transfer from contaminated feed into growing pigs (Sus scrofa) exposed to doses ranging from 24.52 to 3269.25 ng of TCDD. We test the consequences of explicit dose-dependent absorption (DDA) versus the indirect effects of a self-induced liver metabolism (SIM). The DDA and SIM models showed similar fit to experimental data, although currently it is not possible to unequivocally make statement on a mechanistic preference. The performance of both toxicokinetic models was successfully evaluated using the 1999 Belgian case of contaminated fats for feeding. In combination with toxicokinetic models of other dioxin congeners, they can be used to formulate maximum allowance levels of dioxins in feedstuffs for pigs. Additionally, the implementation of in silico-predicted partition coefficients was explored as a useful alternative to predict TCDD tissue distribution in low-dose scenarios without recurring to animal experiments.
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El-Shazly, MM, El Elzayat, WA Omar, IIA El-Sebeay, YA Edmardash, MM Soliman, KM Abdel Rahman, and MS Ibrahim. "Water cytotoxicity and dioxins bioaccumulation in an Egyptian delta wetland ecosystem." African Journal of Aquatic Science 41, no. 3 (August 16, 2016): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2016.1188263.

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13

Zhang, Qiong, Liuyan Yang, and Wen-Xiong Wang. "Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of dioxins in marine copepods and fish." Environmental Pollution 159, no. 12 (December 2011): 3390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.031.

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14

Opperhuizen, Antoon, and Dick T. H. M. Sum. "BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS IN FISH." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9, no. 2 (1990): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1552-8618(1990)9[175:babopd]2.0.co;2.

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15

Frank, A. P. C. Gobas, and S. Marca Schrap. "Bioaccumulation of some polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and octachlorodibenzofuran in the guppy ()." Chemosphere 20, no. 5 (January 1990): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90107-5.

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Opperhuizen, Antoon, and Dick T. H. M. Sijm. "Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in fish." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9, no. 2 (February 1990): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090207.

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López-Serrano Oliver, Ana, Riansares Muñoz-Olivas, Jon Sanz Landaluze, Sandra Rainieri, and Carmen Cámara. "Bioaccumulation of ionic titanium and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in zebrafish eleutheroembryos." Nanotoxicology 9, no. 7 (September 4, 2015): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2014.980758.

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18

Solomon, Keith R. "Endocrine-Modulating Substances in the Environment: The Wildlife Connection." International Journal of Toxicology 17, no. 2 (February 1998): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158198226684.

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Historical observations, first publicized in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, demonstrated biological effects of persistent, bioaccumulative pollutants on wildlife. These effects included disruption of reproduction and, in some situations, responses mediated through the endocrine system. The substances that caused these effects were mainly highly chlorinated halocarbon compounds, such as DDT (and metabolites), other organochlorine pesticides, polychlori-nated biphenyls, poly chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and poly chlorinated dibenzofurans. In contrast, responses of fish to industrial discharges and pulp mill effluents have implicated more water-soluble compounds. Characterizations of wildlife exposures require consideration of temporal and spatial factors that they exacerbate or ameliorate responses. Likewise, effects of endocrine-modulating substances m ay appear at subsequent stages of development, not at the time of exposure. Consistent with the declines in environmental concentrations of persistent, bioaccumulative substances, populations of several wild bird species, including bald eagles, cormorants, herring gulls, and Caspian terns, have increased, recovering from declines noted in previously polluted areas during the 1960s and 1970s.
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Gallocchio, Federica, Giancarlo Biancotto, Alessandra Moressa, Francesco Pascoli, Tobia Pretto, Anna Toffan, Giuseppe Arcangeli, Francesco Montesi, Ruud Peters, and Antonia Ricci. "Bioaccumulation and in vivo formation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in edible mussels." Food Chemistry 323 (September 2020): 126841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126841.

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20

Muir, Derek C. G., Wayne L. Fairchild, and D. Michael Whittle. "Predicting Bioaccumulation of Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans in Fish Near Canadian Bleached Kraft Mills." Water Quality Research Journal 27, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 487–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1992.033.

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Abstract The use of bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), biota/sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and a simplified kinetics-based food chain model, for the prediction of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,ß-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) levels in biota near chlorine bleached kraft pulp mills was investigated. Data from recent (1988-90) Canadian fish, sediment and effluent monitoring studies were utilized. BAFs for TCDD in suckers (Catostomus sp.) and whitefish ranged 1.8 × 106 to 4.2 × 106 and those for TCDF from 1.0 × 106 to 3.0 × 106. These “field-derived” BAFs , which were calculated from levels in whole fish or muscle and estimated river water concentrations, exceeded laboratory-derived steady-state bioconcentration factors by 10 to 100-fold. BSAF’s for TCDD and TCDF in suckers from 17 riverine sites averaged 0.47 and 1.44, respectively. Weak but statistically significant correlations were found between log10 TCDD and TCDF concentrations in suckers and whitefish lipid and log sediment organic carbon. A wide range of BSAFs were found for crayfish, mussels and benthic insect larvae exposed to particle-bound TCDF in an experimental lake mesocosm indicating that use of BSAF as a predictive tool requires site specific information such as food chain length and habitat type. A food chain model, based on the work of Thomann and Connolly, predicted TCDD and TCDF concentrations in whitefish and suckers at most locations, despite many simplifying assumptions. The greatest simplification was the use of a mean annual flow and simple dilution of mill effluent to estimate dissolved and particle-associated TCDD/TCDF concentrations. Use of bed sediment concentrations to predict concentrations in upper trophic levels did not improve model predictions. With emissions of TCDD and TCDF declining, further application of food chain models will require detailed knowledge of the fate of contaminants in bed and suspended sediments and river hydrodynamics.
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Morrison, Heather A., D. Michael Whittle, Chris D. Metcalfe, and Arthur J. Niimi. "Application of a food web bioaccumulation model for the prediction of polychlorinated biphenyl, dioxin, and furan congener concentrations in Lake Ontario aquatic biota." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 1389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-066.

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A previously developed benthic/pelagic food web bioaccumulation model was parameterized to predict concentrations of nine nonmetabolized polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in invertebrates and fish from Lake Ontario. Predicted concentrations were compared with field-measured concentrations to verify the predictability of the model. Overall, 86% of model predictions were within a factor of 2 and 100% of predictions were within a factor of 10 of field-measured concentrations. The parameterized model was used to estimate chemical metabolic rates for 15 PCB, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furan (PCDF) congeners that are potentially metabolized. Estimated chemical metabolic rates ranged from 7.5 × 10-3 to 1.0 × 10-7·day-1 and were in general agreement with qualitative studies describing rates of metabolism of these chemicals by aquatic biota. The calibrated model was used to predict concentrations of all 24 PCB, PCDD, and PCDF congeners in invertebrates and fish commonly found in Lake Ontario but for which no field-measured data exist. These concentrations were expressed as the logarithm of the bioaccumulation factor (log BAF). The log BAF's in benthic invertebrates and salmonids ranged from 4.2 to 10.2 and from 5.1 to 11.6, respectively, and were consistent with field-measured BAF's.
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Tran, Damien, Jean-Charles Massabuau, and Jacqueline Garnier-Laplace. "EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON URANIUM BIOACCUMULATION IN THE FRESHWATER CLAM CORBICULA FLUMINEA." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, no. 3 (2004): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/03-75.

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23

Zhang, Xuezhi, Hongwen Sun, Zhiyan Zhang, Qian Niu, Yongsheng Chen, and John C. Crittenden. "Enhanced bioaccumulation of cadmium in carp in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles." Chemosphere 67, no. 1 (February 2007): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.003.

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Tan, Cheng, and Wen-Xiong Wang. "Modification of metal bioaccumulation and toxicity in Daphnia magna by titanium dioxide nanoparticles." Environmental Pollution 186 (March 2014): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.11.015.

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Pickard, Scott W., and Joan U. Clarke. "Benthic Bioaccumulation and Bioavailability of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Dibenzofurans from Surficial Lake Ontario Sediments." Journal of Great Lakes Research 34, no. 3 (September 2008): 418–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[418:bbabop]2.0.co;2.

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Kumar, Bhupander, Satish Kumar Singh, Meenu Mishra, Sanjay Kumar, and Chandra Shekhar Sharma. "Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in water samples from the Yamuna River." Journal of Xenobiotics 2, no. 1 (July 31, 2012): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2012.e6.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) are toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative long-range atmospheric transport pollutants. These are transported worldwide affecting remote regions far from their original sources, and can transfer into food webs with a wide range of acute and chronic health effects. India ratified the Stockholm Convention with the intention of reducing and eliminating persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and encouraged the support of research on POPs. Despite the ban and restriction on the use of these chemicals in India, their contamination of air, water, sediment, biota and humans has been reported. In this study, surface water samples were collected during January 2012 from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India, and analyzed for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentrations of &Sigma;PCBs and &Sigma;OCPs ranged between 2-779 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> and from less than 0.1 to 618 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> (mean 99&plusmn;38 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> and 221&plusmn;50 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup>, respectively). The PCB homolog was dominated by 3-4 chlorinated biphenyls. In calculating the toxicity equivalent of dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs)using World Health Organization toxic equivalency factors, dl-PCBs accounted for 10% of a total of 27 PCBs. The concentration of &Sigma;HCH ranged between less than 0.1 and 285 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> (mean 151&plusmn;32 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup>). However, &Sigma;DDTs concentrations varied between less than 0.1 and 354 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup> (mean 83&plusmn;26 ng L<sup>&ndash;1</sup>). The concentrations were lower than the US guideline values; however, levels of lindane exceeded those recommended in guidelines. Further in-depth study is proposed to determine the bioaccumulation of these pollutants through aquatic biota to assess the risk of contaminants to human health.
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STEPHENS, R., M. PETREAS, and D. HAYWARD. "Biotransfer and bioaccumulation of dioxins and furans from soil: chickens as a model for foraging animals." Science of The Total Environment 175, no. 3 (December 15, 1995): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04925-8.

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Marisa, Ilaria, Valerio Matozzo, Alessandro Martucci, Erica Franceschinis, Nicola Brianese, and Maria Gabriella Marin. "Bioaccumulation and effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and bulk in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum." Marine Environmental Research 136 (May 2018): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.02.012.

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Ng, Ding-Quan, Yao Chu, Shih-Wei Tan, Shan-Li Wang, Yi-Pin Lin, Chia-Hung Chu, Yun-Liang Soo, Yen-Fang Song, and Pei-Jen Chen. "In vivo evidence of intestinal lead dissolution from lead dioxide (PbO2) nanoparticles and resulting bioaccumulation and toxicity in medaka fish." Environmental Science: Nano 6, no. 2 (2019): 580–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8en00893k.

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Loonen, Hélène, Derek C. G. Muir, John R. Parsons, and Harry A. J. Govers. "BIOACCUMULATION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS IN SEDIMENT BY OLIGOCHAETES: INFLUENCE OF EXPOSURE PATHWAY AND CONTACT TIME." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, no. 7 (1997): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1518:bopdpd>2.3.co;2.

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Wu, W. Z., K. W. Schramm, and A. Kettrup. "Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the foodweb of Ya-Er Lake area, China." Water Research 35, no. 5 (April 2001): 1141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00376-6.

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Loonen, Hélène, Derek C. G. Muir, John R. Parsons, and Harry A. J. Govers. "Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in sediment by oligochaetes: Influence of exposure pathway and contact time." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, no. 7 (July 1997): 1518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160728.

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BRAMBILLA, GIANFRANCO, STEFANIA PAOLA DE FILIPPIS, ANNA LAURA IAMICELI, NICOLA IACOVELLA, VITTORIO ABATE, VINCENZO ARONICA, VINCENZO DI MARCO, and ALESSANDRO DI DOMENICO. "Bioaccumulation of Dioxin-like Substances and Selected Brominated Flame Retardant Congeners in the Fat and Livers of Black Pigs Farmed within the Nebrodi Regional Park of Sicily." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-176.

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An observational study was designed to assess the bioaccumulation of polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDF), dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (DL-PCB), and 13 selected polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) in autochthonous pigs reared in the Nebrodi Park of Sicily (Italy). Perirenal fat and liver samples were drawn from animals representative of three different outdoor farming systems and from wild pigs and then analyzed for the chemicals mentioned previously. The highest concentrations of PCDD+PCDF and DL-PCB were detected in the fat (0.45 and 0.35 pg World Health Organization toxicity equivalents [WHO-TE] per g of fat base [FB], respectively) and livers (12.7 and 3.28 pg WHO-TE per g FB) of the wild group, whereas the free-ranging group showed the lowest levels (0.05 and 0.03 pg WHO-TE per g FB in fat and 0.78 and 0.27 pg WHO-TE per g FB in livers). The sum of PBDE congeners was highest in wild pigs (0.52 ng/g FB in fat and 5.64 ng/g FB in livers) and lowest in the farmed group (0.14 ng/g FB in fat and 0.28 ng/g FB in livers). The contamination levels in fat and livers of outdoor pigs had mean concentration values lower than those levels reported for intensively indoor-farmed animals. In wild pigs, bioaccumulation was associated with their free grazing in areas characterized by bush fires. The results of this study aid to emphasize the quality of the environment as a factor to guarantee food safety in typical processed pig meat products, specifically from outdoor and extensive Nebrodi farming systems.
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Ates, Mehmet, Veysel Demir, Ragip Adiguzel, and Zikri Arslan. "Bioaccumulation, Subacute Toxicity, and Tissue Distribution of Engineered Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Goldfish (Carassius auratus)." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/460518.

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The increased use of nanosized materials is likely to result in the release of these particles into the environment. It is, however, unclear if these materials are harmful to aquatic animals. In this study, the sublethal effects of exposure of low and high concentrations of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) on goldfish (Carassius auratus) were investigated. Accumulation of TiO2NPs increased from 42.71 to 110.68 ppb in the intestine and from 4.10 to 9.86 ppb in the gills of the goldfish with increasing exposure dose from 10 to 100 mg/L TiO2NPs. No significant accumulation in the muscle and brain of the fish was detected. Malondialdehyde as a biomarker of lipid oxidation was detected in the liver of the goldfish. Moreover, TiO2NPs exposure inhibited growth of the goldfish. Although there was an increase (8.1%) in the body weights of the goldfish for the control group, in the low and high exposure groups 1.8% increase and 19.7% decrease were measured, respectively. The results of this study contribute to the current understanding of the potential ecotoxicological effects of nanoparticles and highlight the importance of characterization of NPs in understanding their behavior, uptake, and effects in aquatic systems and in fish.
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Zhang, Wei, Jinghua Long, Jianmin Geng, Jie Li, and Zhongyi Wei. "Impact of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Cd Phytotoxicity and Bioaccumulation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (April 25, 2020): 2979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17092979.

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The impact of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) on the migration and toxicity of coexisting pollutants is still unclear, especially in soil media. This study aims to evaluate the impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on the phytotoxicity of cadmium (Cd) to Oryza sativa L., and the migration of cadmium (Cd) in the soil-rice system. Three different Cd stress groups (C1 group: 1.0 mg kg−1, C2 group: 2.5 mg kg−1 and C3 group: 5.0 mg kg−1) were set in the pot experiment, and the target concentration of TiO2 NPs in each group were 0 mg kg−1 (T0), 50 mg kg−1 (T1), 100 mg kg−1 (T2) and 500 mg kg−1 (T3). Plant height and biomass decreased with the increasing of Cd content in paddy soil. TiO2 NPs could lower the phytotoxicity of Cd in terms of the changes in the morphological and biochemical characteristics, especially in the tillering and booting stage. In the tillering stage, TiO2 NPs addition caused a significant increase in plant height, biomass and the total chlorophyll content in the leaves of Oryza saliva L. In the booting stage, TiO2 NPs addition caused a 15% to 32% and 24% to 48% reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) content for the C2 and C3 group, respectively, compared to that of the respective control treatment (T0). TiO2-NPs addition reduced the activity of peroxidase (POD) in the leaves in the booting and heading stage, and the activity of catalase (CAT) in the tillering stage. In the C1 and C2 group, the grain Cd content in the 100 and 500 mg kg−1 TiO2 NPs treatments reached 0.47–0.84 mg kg−1, obviously higher than that of the treatment without TiO2 NPs (0.27–0.32 mg kg−1), suggesting that TiO2-NPs could promote Cd migration in the soil-rice system.
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Hu, Xialin, Qiqing Chen, Lei Jiang, Zhenyang Yu, Danlie Jiang, and Daqiang Yin. "Combined effects of titanium dioxide and humic acid on the bioaccumulation of cadmium in Zebrafish." Environmental Pollution 159, no. 5 (May 2011): 1151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.011.

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Fagervold, Sonja K., Yunzhou Chai, John W. Davis, Michael Wilken, Gerard Cornelissen, and Upal Ghosh. "Bioaccumulation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Dibenzofurans inE. fetidafrom Floodplain Soils and the Effect of Activated Carbon Amendment." Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 14 (July 15, 2010): 5546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9027138.

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38

DelValls, Ángel, Lorena da Silva Souza, Alessandra Aloise de Seabra, Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira, Estefanía Bonnail, and Inmaculada Riba. "Integrative assessment of sediment quality in acidification scenarios associated with carbon capture and storage operations." Environmental Reviews 27, no. 3 (September 2019): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0084.

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Efforts to stem global change include the application of new technological developments that aim to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) through the carbon capture and storage (CCS) of this greenhouse gas in stable geological structures. In this paper, we assess the potential risks related to the application of CCS technology and the acidification of aquatic ecosystems through CO2 enrichment. We use the multiple lines of evidence approach (LOEs) to characterize the effects of the acidification with contamination in aquatic sediments. We highlight and discuss the effects of acidification on the LOEs including contamination and mobility of contaminants in sediments, toxicity, macrobenthic community structure, in situ effects, and bioaccumulation–biomagnification processes. We further assess the results of acidification on the toxicity of organic contaminants such as antibiotics or illicit drugs like the freebase form of cocaine (crack). The main goal of using the LOE approach is to distinguish between adverse effects that are associated with contaminants and those related to acidification by enrichment of CO2 as a result of CCS technology. Previous assessments were not designed or conducted to incorporate an integrative point of view, nor did they employ a weight of evidence approach (WOE) in risk characterization and management of CCS operations and other situations related to acidification by enrichment of CO2 in the aquatic ecosystem. Based on the findings of this review, the WOE can identify the effects of the acidification on the different LOEs used for sediment quality: contaminant mobility, the adverse effects in organism under laboratory and field conditions, and the bioaccumulation–biomagnification of contaminants. The main strength in using the WOE is the ability of this method to discriminate between LOE responses associated with contamination by different organic and inorganic substances from those related to CO2 acidification itself. The WOE will significantly improve the risk assessment in areas affected by potential leakages of CO2 during CCS operations.
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Al-Abdan, Monera A., May N. Bin-Jumah, and Saud Alarifi. "Exploration of Cadmium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Bioaccumulation, Oxidative Stress, and Carcinogenic Potential in Oreochromis mossambicus L." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (July 26, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5407159.

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The field of nanotechnology is rapidly expanding with the advancement of novel nanopesticide and nanofertilizers that have the potential for revolutionizing applications in the agricultural industry. Here, we have done chronic toxicity of cadmium dioxide nanoparticles (CdONPs) on fish Oreochromis mossambicus (O. mossambicus) using oxidative stress and genotoxic biomarkers. In this current study, the value of LC50-96 hr of CdONPs has observed 40 μg/ml for O. mossambicus. The three sublethal concentrations, e.g., 4, 10, and 20 μg/ml were selected based on the LC50 value. The fishes were treated to the above concentration of CdONPs for 21 days and were harvested at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days for evaluation of clastogenicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity of NPs. Generally, significant effects (p<0.01) were observed as a dose and duration of exposure. It was observed that lipid peroxidation (LPO) was increased and glutathione was decreased in both tissues. Micronuclei (MNi) were produced significantly in peripheral blood on 21 days at maximum concentration. A similar trend was seen in the damage of DNA with the same manner in terms of the percentage of tail DNA in the lymphocyte, gills, and kidney cells. This study explored the application oxidative stress, comet assay, and micronucleus assay for in situ aquatic laboratory studies using fish O. mossambicus for screening the ecomutagenic and genotoxic potential of environmental pollutants.
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Tian, Shengyan, Yaodan Zhang, Chunzheng Song, Xiaoshan Zhu, and Baoshan Xing. "Titanium dioxide nanoparticles as carrier facilitate bioaccumulation of phenanthrene in marine bivalve, ark shell (Scapharca subcrenata)." Environmental Pollution 192 (September 2014): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.010.

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41

Tuncsoy, Benay, and Yagmur Mese. "Influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on bioaccumulation, antioxidant defense and immune system of Galleria mellonella L." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 28 (March 16, 2021): 38007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13409-4.

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42

Noszczyńska, Magdalena, Karolina Łakomy, Krzysztof Nowacki, and Zofia Piotrowska-Seget. "A High Manganese-Tolerant Pseudomonas sp. Strain Isolated from Metallurgical Waste Heap Can Be a Tool for Enhancing Manganese Removal from Contaminated Soil." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 5717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165717.

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Manganese (Mn) is widely used in industry. However, its extensive applications have generated a great amount of manganese waste, which has become an ecological problem and has led to a decrease in natural resources. The use of microorganisms capable of accumulating Mn ions from contaminated ecosystems offers a potential alternative for the removal and recovery of this metal. The main aim of this work was an investigation of removal potential of Mn from soil by isolated bacterial. For this purpose, eleven bacterial strains were isolated from the soil from metallurgical waste heap in Upper Silesia, Poland. Strain named 2De with the highest Mn removal potential was selected and characterized taking into account its ability for Mn sorption and bioaccumulation from soil and medium containing manganese dioxide. Moreover, the protein profile of 2De strain before and after exposition to Mn was analyzed using SDS/PAGE technique. The 2De strain was identified as a Pseudomonas sp. The results revealed that this strain has an ability to grow at high Mn concentration and possesses an enhanced ability to remove it from the solution enriched with the soil or manganese dioxide via a biosorption mechanism. Moreover, changes in cellular protein expression of the isolated strain were observed. This study demonstrated that autochthonous 2De strain can be an effective tool to remove and recover Mn from contaminated soil.
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Van Thuong, Nguyen, Nguyen Xuan Hung, Nguyen Thi Mo, Nguyen Manh Thang, Pham Quang Huy, Hoang Van Binh, Vu Duc Nam, Nguyen Van Thuy, Le Ke Son, and Nguyen Hung Minh. "Transport and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans at the Bien Hoa Agent Orange hotspot in Vietnam." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 19 (December 17, 2014): 14431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3946-9.

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Johnson, A., and M. Jürgens. "Endocrine active industrial chemicals: Release and occurrence in the environment." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (January 1, 2003): 1895–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375111895.

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Of the xenobiotic endocrine active substances (EASs), tributyltin (TBT) has had the clearest link to an impact on aquatic ecology. Its release from marine antifouling paints had a drastic impact on dogwhelk populations in polluted harbors due to a masculization effect. 4-tert-nonylphenol is seen as the most significant of the industrial xenobiotic estrogen mimics, being implicated as the dominant endocrine disruptor in certain industrialized river reaches. Apart from hot spots associated with particular industries, the estrogenic alkylphenols, phthalates, and bisphenol A are present in effluent and receiving water at concentrations below that which would give cause for concern. Other more bioaccumulative compounds such as polybrominated flame retardants, dioxins, furans may possess some endocrine active properties. The possibility of additivity effects may yet mean that low concentrations of xenobiotic EASs will need careful consideration. It is noted that considerable quantities of many of these compounds are often found in sewage sludge and sediments.
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Abd El-Atti, Mahmoud, Mahmoud M. A. Desouky, Amaal Mohamadien, and Radwa M. Said. "Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii: Bioaccumulation, oxidative stress and histopathological biomarkers." Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 45, no. 1 (March 2019): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.01.001.

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46

Eftekhari, Sahar, Omid Aminian, André Esser, Thomas Schettgen, Andrea Kaifie, Michael Felten, Thomas Kraus, and Zeinab Moinfar. "PCB plasma level in different occupational groups in Iran." Toxicology and Industrial Health 37, no. 8 (June 15, 2021): 458–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07482337211024818.

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Despite the ban of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) some decades ago, concerns regarding their adverse health effects are continuing, because the workers employed for installation and repair of electrical equipment may be still exposed to PCBs. This study aimed to assess serum PCBs levels in workers in different industries. To do this, we determined the serum concentrations of 9 non-dioxin-like PCBs and 12 dioxin-like PCBs in 147 workers from seven occupational groups and 35 housewives. An electrical distribution company, paint manufacturer, and pesticide manufacturer were categorized as high probability exposure jobs, whereas turning and casting operations, polymer plastic manufacturing, professional driving, and office work were categorized as low probability exposure jobs. In addition, the average of PCB 138, 153, and 180 and PCB sums were observed to be significantly higher in paint manufacture workers compared to the another groups. In addition, the average PCB 118 level was higher in electrical distribution workers and housewives. Following the adjustment for age, blood lipid, residency place, and seafood in the regression model, the association of PCB 118 in electrical distribution workers and PCB 153 in paint manufacture workers remained significant. The results of this study served as further support for the hypothesis for an occupational basis for bioaccumulation of some PCB types. However, the plasma levels of almost all PCB congeners in Iran were found to be lower than many other countries.
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Fang, Liping, Minghui Zheng, Ke Xiao, and Yongbin Yang. "Tissue-Dependent Distribution and Bioaccumulation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Vegetation Samples Collected from Dongting Lake, China." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry preprint, no. 2007 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/07-105.

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Fang, Liping, Minghui Zheng, Ke Xiao, and Yongbin Yang. "TISSUE-DEPENDENT DISTRIBUTION AND BIOACCUMULATION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS IN VEGETATION SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM DONGTING LAKE, CHINA." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27, no. 1 (2008): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/07-105.1.

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Tian, Shengyan, Yaodan Zhang, Chunzheng Song, Xiaoshan Zhu, and Baoshan Xing. "Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the marine bivalve (Scapharca subcrenata): Influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles." Marine Pollution Bulletin 90, no. 1-2 (January 2015): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.031.

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Huwe, Janice K., and David J. Smith. "Laboratory and On-Farm Studies on the Bioaccumulation and Elimination of Dioxins from a Contaminated Mineral Supplement Fed To Dairy Cows." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, no. 6 (March 2005): 2362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0480997.

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