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Journal articles on the topic 'Dioxyde de chlore'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Elleouet, C., F. Quentel, and C. L. Madec. "Détermination en milieu naturel du dioxide de chlore, des ions chlorite et chlorate basée sur l'utilisation du carmin indigo: étude des interférences." Revue des sciences de l'eau 12, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705366ar.

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Différentes méthodes fondées sur l'exploitation d'un même réactif à savoir le carmin indigo ont été mises en œuvre pour réaliser le suivi du dioxyde de chlore et des sous-produits de dégradation que sont les ions chlorite et chlorate. L'étude de la stabilité du carmin indigo a permis de montrer que la détermination du dioxyde de chlore doit être effectuée dans les premières heures qui suivent l'ajout de carmin indigo, une légère diminution de l'absorbance étant observée au delà de vingt heures. L'absorbance du carmin indigo en présence d'ions chlorite et chlorate reste en revanche stable plusieurs jours. La recherche d'éventuelles interférences (substances humiques, ozone, hypochlorite) a également été effectuée. Les ions chlorite et chlorate réagissent avec les substances humiques en milieu acide selon une cinétique réactionnelle beaucoup plus lente que celle des ions chlorite et chlorate sur le carmin indigo. De ce fait, les pourcentages d'erreur sur les concentrations restent faibles. L'hypochlorite ou plus précisément l'acide hypochloreux réagit avec le carmin indigo ce qui conduit à des erreurs dans la détermination du dioxyde de chlore, des ions chlorite et chlorate. Dans le cas du dosage du dioxyde de chlore, les sources d'erreur peuvent être éliminées en ajoutant de l'ammoniaque avant l'introduction du carmin indigo dans l'échantillon. Après avoir été validés dans des milieux synthétiques, les protocoles ont été appliqués à un milieu naturel : l'eau de distribution de la ville de Brest. Une analyse statistique a été effectuée dans le but de comparer les résultats avec ceux déduits d'autres méthodes basées sur des principes différents.

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2

Dausseins, J., C. El-Mazry, J. Mallet, X. Colin, and O. Correc. "Méthode de vieillissement accéléré au dioxyde de chlore." Techniques Sciences Méthodes, no. 5 (2014): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/tsm/201405063.

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3

Schmitz, Guy, and Henri Rooze. "Cinétique et mécanisme des réactions bromate–chlorite et bromate – dioxyde de chlore." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-038.

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In an acidic solution, containing initially chlorous acid and bromate in excess, two consecutive reactions are observed, the oxidation of chlorous acid to chlorine dioxide followed by the oxidation of chlorine dioxide: BrO3− + 4ClO2 + 2H2O = 4ClO3− + 3H+ + HOBr. The kinetics of this reaction has been studied and a mechanism proposed. It agrees with the one accepted for the related reaction between bromate and Ce(III). Extended by reactions of chlorous acid, the mechanism reproduces the experimental curves of chlorine dioxide evolution in chlorous acid – bromate solutions. The values of the equilibrium and kinetic constantes are discussed.

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4

Gaudichet-Maurin, E., S. Oberti, J. Carmier, L. Girardot, B. Brule, T. Labour, and A. Bonnet. "Étude de la durabilité d’un tube plastique multicouche résistant au dioxyde de chlore." Techniques Sciences Méthodes, no. 7/8 (2010): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/tsm/201007066.

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5

Schmitz, Guy, and Henri Rooze. "Mécanisme des réactions du chlorite et du dioxyde de chlore. 3. La dismutation du chlorite." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-162.

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The disproportionation of chlorite was studied in 0.01 to 1 M perchloric acid solutions at 25 °C and an ionic strength of 1 M. The results suggest at least three reaction paths. The first is catalysed by Cl− ions, the second gives a second-order rate law, and the third is catalysed by iron. Its rate law is[Formula: see text]This can be interpreted by the reversible reaction [Formula: see text] followed by two rate-determining reactions Fe2+ + HClO2 → products, [Formula: see text] From this study and the former, made with added ortho-tolidine, we conclude that the second-order reaction proceeds by a radical chain mechanism.

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6

Schmitz, Guy, and Henri Rooze. "Mécanisme des réactions du chlorite et du dioxyde de chlore. 5. Cinétique de la réaction chlorite–bromure." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-086.

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In acidic solutions of chlorite and bromide two processes occur simultaneously, the disproportionation of chlorite and an autocatalytic reaction leading to a rapid production of ClO2. The unusual features of this reaction are described. In this complex system the rate of HClO2 + Br− + H+ → HClO + HBrO cannot be measured. It can be, however, with added ortho-tolidine to remove the HBrO and HClO. We obtained r = k[HClO2][Br−][H+] with k = 1.48 × 10−2 M−2 s−1 at 25 °C. Without added ortho-tolidine this reaction initiates the autocatalytic reaction for which we suggest a kinetic scheme.

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7

Abu-El-Halawa, Rajab, Mohanad Masad, Yaser Bathich, Mahmoud Al-Refai, Mohammad M. Ibrahim, Mustafa M. El-Abadelah, and Wolfgang Voelter. "Concise Synthesis and Displacement Reactions of Model 3-(Alkylthio)- 6-chloro- and 2,6-Dichlorothieno[2,3-e][1,4,2]dithiazine 1,1-Dioxides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 66, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2011-0712.

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A series of 3-(alkylthio)-6-chlorothieno[2,3-e][1,4,2]dithiazine 1,1-dioxides (7a - e) were prepared via interaction of deprotonated 2,5-dichlorothiophene-3-sulfonamide with carbon disulfide under reflux, followed by alkylation with alkyl halides. Employment of dimethyl sulfate afforded the isomeric 2-methyl-3-thione derivative 8 together with the expected 3-(methylthio) derivative 7a in a molar ratio of 1 : 4. Treatment of 7a or 10 with ethylamine, aniline or p-chloroaniline produced the corresponding N-ethyl- (or N-phenyl)-6-chlorothieno[2,3-e][1,4,2]dithiazine-3-amine 1,1-dioxides 3a - c. Likewise, interaction of 7a with methylhydrazine (or phenylhydrazine) gave the respective 3-(1-methylhydrazinyl or 2-phenylhydrazinyl) 1,1-dioxides 9a, b. Desulfonation of 6-chloro-3-(methylthio)thieno[ 2,3-e][1,4,2]dithiazine 1,1-dioxide (7a) with sulfuryl chloride produced 3,6-dichlorothieno[2,3- e][1,4,2]dithiazine 1,1-dioxide (10). The latter compound was used as a substrate for the preparation of N-alkyl- (or aryl)-6-chlorothieno[2,3-e][1,4,2]dithiazin-3-amine 1,1-dioxides 3a - c representing a new approach for the synthesis of similar derivatives. Compounds 7a - e showed modest to low antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.

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8

Rubio-Casillas, Alberto, and Pablo Campra-Madrid. "Farmacocinética y farmacodinamia del dióxido de cloro." E-CUCBA 16, no. 8 (May 31, 2021): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/ecucba.vi16.194.

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Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is widely used as a drinking water disinfectant in many countries. Due to its antibiotic and antiviral capacity, it has aroused interest as a potential therapeutic agent with respect to the COVID-19 disease, AIDS and Influenza. As a result of this debate in scientific and governmental settings, it was deemed highly timely to provide an up-to-date assessment of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ClO2. The main findings indicate that, due to its high chemical reactivity, ClO2 is rapidly reduced in oral and gastric secretions, producing chlorite (ClO2⁻), which becomes the active agent responsible for its systemic actions. ClO2 also showed potential to act as an oxidant or antioxidant depending on the concentration. Of particular therapeutic interest are the findings that, at low concentrations, ClO2⁻ can protect erythrocytes from oxidative stress while inhibiting excessive production of hypochlorous acid (HClO) mediated by myeloperoxidase (MPO), thus reversing the inflammatory responses and macrophage activation. Finally, taurine-chloramine represents the most relevant functional product formed under the influence of ClO2⁻, said molecule activates the erythroid nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2), (this transcription factor regulates the inducible expression of numerous genes for detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes) , increases the expression of heme-oxygenase (HO-1), protects cells from death caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), improves the expression and activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and contributes to the resolution of the inflammatory process.

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9

Rubio-Casillas, Alberto, and Pablo Cambra-Madrid. "Farmacocinética y farmacodinamia del dióxido de cloro." E-CUCBA 8, no. 16 (May 31, 2021): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/ecucba.vi16.202.

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Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is widely used as a drinking water disinfectant in many countries. Due to its antibiotic and antiviral capacity, it has aroused interest as a potential therapeutic agent with respect to the COVID-19 disease, AIDS and Influenza. As a result of this debate in scientific and governmental settings, it was deemed highly timely to provide an up-to-date assessment of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ClO2. The main findings indicate that, due to its high chemical reactivity, ClO2 is rapidly reduced in oral and gastric secretions, producing chlorite (ClO2⁻), which becomes the active agent responsible for its systemic actions. ClO2 also showed potential to act as an oxidant or antioxidant depending on the concentration. Of particular therapeutic interest are the findings that, at low concentrations, ClO2⁻ can protect erythrocytes from oxidative stress while inhibiting excessive production of hypochlorous acid (HClO) mediated by myeloperoxidase (MPO), thus reversing the inflammatory responses and macrophage activation. Finally, taurine-chloramine represents the most relevant functional product formed under the influence of ClO2⁻, said molecule activates the erythroid nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2), (this transcription factor regulates the inducible expression of numerous genes for detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes) , increases the expression of heme-oxygenase (HO-1), protects cells from death caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), improves the expression and activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and contributes to the resolution of the inflammatory process.

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10

Di Santo, R., R. Costi, M. Artico, S. Massa, ME Marongiu, AG Loi, A. De Montis, and P. La Colla. "1,2,5-Benzothiadiazepine and Pyrrolo[2,1-d]-[1,2,5]Benzothiadiazepine Derivatives with Specific Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activity." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 9, no. 2 (April 1998): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632029800900204.

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We synthesized and tested as novel inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) bi- and tricyclic thiadiazine ring homologues of 7-chloro-2-ethyl-2 H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazin-3-(4 H)-one 1,1-dioxide, which is a compound endowed with anti-HIV-1 activity at low micromolar concentrations. Benzothiadiazepine derivatives were obtained by alkylation of 8-chloro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-1,2,5-benzothiadiazepin-4(5 H)-one 1,1-dioxide, which was obtained by intramolecular cyclization of 2-(2-amino-5-chloro-benzenesulphonamido) propanoic acid. Pyrrolobenzothiadiazepines were synthesized from N-substituted 5-chloro-2-(1 H-pyrrol-1-yl)benzenesulphonamides by treating with triphosgene. N6-substituted pyrrolo[2,1-d][1,2,5]benzothiadiazepin-7(6 H)-one 5,5-dioxides were active, thoughnot very potent. Both a chlorine atom and an unsaturated alkyl chain were found to be determinants of anti-HIV-1 activity. The highest potency was shown by a derivative with a TIBO-related 3,3-dimethylallyl chain. 2,3-Dihydro-1,2,5-benzothiadiazepin-4(5 H)-one 1,1-dioxides were scarcely active in HIV-1-infected MT-4 cell assays; however, the introduction of the dimethylallyl chain into 7-chloro-1,2,5-benzothiadiazepine moiety led to a bicyclic derivative which was more potent and less cytotoxic than the tricyclic pyrrole-containing counterpart.

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11

Dotsenko, Victor V., Karina V. Khalatyan, Alena A. Russkih, and Aminat M. Semenova. "New Quinoxaline-1,4-Dioxides Derived from Beirut Reaction of Benzofuroxane with Active Methylene Nitriles." Chemistry Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-24-08391.

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Benzofuroxane reacts under Beirut reaction conditions with active methylene nitriles to give new 2-aminoquinoxaline-1,4-dioxides. The treatment of known 2-amino-3-cyanoquinoxaline-1,4-dioxide with chloroacetyl chloride afforded corresponding chloroacetamide which is useful for the preparation of various heterocycles bearing a quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide core system.

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12

Lee, Young Boon, and Wan Soon Kim. "Antimicrobial Effect of Chlorine Dioxide on Vase Life of Cut Rose 'Beast'." Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7235/hort.2014.13090.

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13

Svenson, Doug R., Hou-min Chang, Hasan Jameel, and John F. Kadla. "The role of non-phenolic lignin in chlorate-forming reactions during chlorine dioxide bleaching of softwood kraft pulp." Holzforschung 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.017.

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Abstract The affect of phenolic hydroxyl groups on the reaction efficiency during chlorine dioxide pre-bleaching of a softwood kraft pulp was investigated. The removal of phenolic hydroxyl groups via pulp methylation did not adversely affect the chlorine dioxide bleaching efficiency or the amount of chlorate formed during exposure to chlorine dioxide. Ion analysis of the reaction systems revealed that the formation of chloride and chlorite ions during the bleaching process were very similar between the kraft and methylated kraft pulps. These results indicate that the kinetic rates of lignin oxidation by chlorine dioxide and its reduction products, chlorite and hypochlorous acid, are much faster than the rate of inorganic reactions leading to chlorate formation.

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14

Jeon, Y. A., S. Lee, Y. Lee, H. S. Lee, J. S. Sung, and Y. G. Kim. "Disinfection of Fusarium-infected rice seeds by gaseous chlorine dioxide." Seed Science and Technology 42, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2014.42.3.02.

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15

Chruściel, Arkadiusz, Wiesław Hreczuch, Weronika Piontek, and Joanna Szumigaj-Tarnowska. "Chemical stability of chlorine dioxide in the presence of prochloraz manganese." Plant Protection Science 55, No. 3 (May 17, 2019): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/70/2018-pps.

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The chemical stability of chlorine dioxide (ClO<sub>2</sub>) in the presence of prochloraz manganese (prochloraz-Mn) as biologically active substances used in agrochemical treatments in the cultivation of mushrooms are presented. For model mixtures of the tested components, a relative decrease in ClO<sub>2</sub> content over time was measured in the proportions applied during the mushroom cultivation cycle. Within 20 min after preparing a mixture of 1 500 ppm prochloraz-Mn and 100 ppm ClO<sub>2</sub> in water, the relative decrease in the concentration of ClO<sub>2</sub> was 20%. The obtained results indicate a possibility of simultaneously introducing the working mixture of ClO<sub>2</sub> and prochloraz-Mn salt into the champignon peat casing, assuming its use directly after preparation.

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16

Xu, Cuisheng, Ningke Hao, Lei Zhan, Shiwei Wang, Shuangquan Yao, Shuangxi Nie, and Shuangfei Wang. "High Purity Chlorine Dioxide Generation Based on the Mixed Reductant: From the Laboratory to Industry." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2019.1885.

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Methanol was used as reducing agent in the chlorine dioxide generation technology, and sodium chlorate was reduced to form chlorine dioxide under acidic conditions. The side reaction during the preparation process would produce chlorine, which results in a high content of chlorine in the product and leads to an increase in the amount of AOX formation during pulp bleaching. In this work, the chlorine dioxide generation technology based on the mixed reductant was developed. On the basis system based on the methanol method, a high-purity chlorine dioxide for pulp bleaching was successfully produced using a vertical generator by adding a mixed reducing agent that contain hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride. This invention can not only solve the problems of low conversion rate of sodium chlorate and high content of chlorine in the traditional methanol reduction method, but also reduces the production cost. The chlorine content in the chlorine dioxide solution is reduced to less than 0.2 g/L.

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17

Park, Jong Jin, and Won Young Lee. "이산화염소수와 초음파 병행처리를 통한 신선편이 브로콜리의 Listeria monocytogenes 저감 효과." Korean Journal of Food Preservation 25, no. 7 (December 31, 2018): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2018.25.7.755.

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18

Cornforth, J., JE Hawes, and R. Mallaby. "A Stereospecific Synthesis of (±)-Abscisic Acid." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 1 (1992): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9920179.

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A convenient separation of (E)- and (Z)-3-methylpent-2-enedioic acids was devised, and it was shown that with acetyl chloride or thionyl chloride the (Z)-acid yields the cyclic anhydride while the (E)-acid forms 6-chloro-4-methylpyran-2-one. The chloropyranone by conventional chemistry gave 4-methyl-6-(2′-oxopropyl)pyran-2-one which condensed with 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one in the presence of pyrrolidine, yielding 4-methyl-6-(2′,6′,6′-trimethyl-4′-oxocyclohex-2′-enyl)pyran-2-one. Oxidation with selenium dioxide or t-butyl chromate then gave 6-(1′-hydroxy-2′,6′,6′-trimethyl-4′-oxotyclohex-2′-enyl)-4-methylpyran-2-one, which on reduction by lithium aluminium hydride and reoxidation afforded (±)-abscisic acid stereospecifically.

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19

Rodriguez, Rocio Aranda, Boniface Koudjonou, Brian Jay, Guy L. LeBel, and Frank M. Benoit. "Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in Drinking Water from Eight Systems Using Chlorine Dioxide." Water Quality Research Journal 43, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2008.003.

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Abstract A study was initiated to determine the presence of organic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water treated with chlorine dioxide (ClO2). One potential advantage for the use of ClO2 as a disinfectant is the reduced formation of organic DBPs. Generally, water treated with ClO2 produces chlorite and chlorate ions, but there is limited information regarding the presence of halogenated organic DBPs. Eight systems that use chlorine dioxide as part of the water disinfection process were investigated. All systems in this study applied chlorine as a primary or secondary disinfectant in addition to ClO2. To evaluate seasonal and spatial variations, water samples were collected during cold water (February to March 2003) and warm water (July to August 2003) months at five sites for each system: raw water (R, before treatment), treated water (T, after treatment but before distribution), and three points along the same distribution line (D1, D2, D3). Sampling and analysis were conducted according to established protocols. A suite of 27 organic DBPs including haloacetic acids (HAA), trihalomethanes (THM), haloacetonitriles (HAN), haloketones, haloacetaldehydes (HA), chloropicrin, and cyanogen chloride were examined. In addition, the concentration of oxyhalides (chlorite and chlorate ions) and auxiliary parameters were also determined. Chlorite was found in treated (T) and distributed (Dx) waters. The chlorite ion levels decreased along the distribution system (T > D1 > D2 > D3). At T sites, the levels ranged from 10 to 870 µg/L (winter), and from 300 to 1,600 µg/L (summer). Chlorite was not found in treated or distributed water in the one system that used ozone. Chlorate ion levels ranged from 20 to 310 µg/L (winter), and 80 to 318 µg/L (summer). Chlorate levels remained relatively constant throughout the distribution system. THM and eight HAA (HAA8) accounted for approximately 85% of the total DBPs (wt/wt) analyzed, followed by total HA (up to 7%) and HAN (3%). THM in distributed water were found at concentrations between 1.8 and 30.6 µg/L (winter), and 3.3 and 93.6 µg/L (summer). For HAA8, the levels ranged from 13 to 52 µg/L (winter), and 16 to 111 µg/L (summer). Chloral hydrate ranged from 0.2 to 5.2 µg/L (winter), and 0.4 to 12.2 µg/L (summer). The temporal and spatial variations observed in previous studies were confirmed in the current study as well.

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20

Goeta, A. E., C. E. Boschetti, O. Mascaretti, and G. Punte. "6α-Chloro-3α-hydroxymethyl-2,2-dimethylpenam 1,1-Dioxide." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 54, no. 2 (February 15, 1998): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270197013103.

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21

Volkovich, Vladimir A., Denis E. Aleksandrov, Trevor R. Griffiths, Boris D. Vasin, Timur K. Khabibullin, and Dmitri S. Maltsev. "On the formation of uranium(V) species in alkali chloride melts." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 8 (June 4, 2010): 1701–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-09-30.

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Uranyl(V) species are normally unstable in solutions but are here shown to be stable in high-temperature chloride melts. Reactions leading to the formation of UO2Cl43– ions were studied, including thermal decomposition and chemical reduction of uranyl(VI) chloro-species in various alkali chloride melts (LiCl, 3LiCl–2KCl, NaCl–KCl, and NaCl–2CsCl) at 550–850 °C. Decomposition of UO2Cl42– species under reduced pressure, with inert gas bubbling through the melt or using zirconium getter in the atmosphere results in the formation of UO2Cl43– and UO2. Elemental tellurium, palladium, silver, molybdenum, niobium, zirconium, and hydrogen, as well as niobium and zirconium ions were tested as the reducing agents. The outcome of the reaction depends on the reductant used and its electrochemical properties: uranyl(VI) species can be reduced to uranyl(V) and uranium(IV) ions, and to uranium dioxide.

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22

Barnett, Sarah A., Juliette Pradon, Thomas C. Lewis, and Derek A. Tocher. "1-Chloro-3,4-dinitrobenzene–1,4-dioxane (1/1)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 62, no. 4 (March 31, 2006): o1662—o1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536806011226.

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The solvate structure of 1-chloro-3,4-dinitrobenzene with 1,4-dioxane, C6H3ClN2O4·C4H8N2, is reported. Alternating molecules of 3,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene and 1,4-dioxane are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds into a continuous two-dimensional sheet.

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23

Devi, K. Shashikala, M. Ramaiah, D. L. Roopa, and V. P. Vaidya. "Synthesis and Investigation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of 3-Nitro-N- (3-chloro-2-oxo-substituted-phenyl-azetidin-1-yl)naphtho [2,1-b]furan-2-carboxamides." E-Journal of Chemistry 7, s1 (2010): S358—S362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/863547.

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Ethyl-3-nitronaphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carboxylate(2)has been synthesized from ethyl naphtha [2,1-b]furan-2-carboxylate(1). This nitro product on reaction with hydrazine hydrate formed 3-nitronaphtho [2,1-b] furan-2-carbohydrazide(3). Various Schiff bases 3-nitro-N1(aryl-methylene)-substituted-naphtho [2,1-b]furan-2-carbohydrazides4(a-g)were obtained by treating hydrazide(3)with different aldehydes. These Schiff bases on reaction with chloro acetyl chloride in presence of triethylamine in dioxane yielded 3-nitro-N-(3-chloro-2-oxo-substituted-phenyl-azetidine-1-yl) naphtha [2,1-b]furan-2-carboxamides5(a-g). All the newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by spectral and analytical studies. The Schiff bases,4a-gand azetidione derivatives,5a-ghave been studied for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

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24

Kishimoto, N., and E. Sugimura. "Feasibility of an electrochemically assisted Fenton method using Fe2 +/HOCl system as an advanced oxidation process." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 10 (November 1, 2010): 2321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.203.

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The feasibility of an electrochemically assisted Fenton treatment using a Fenton-type reaction of ferrous iron (Fe2 + ) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is discussed in this research. The reactor used was composed of an undivided single cell with a ruthenium dioxide-coated titanium anode and a stainless steel cathode, in which Fe2 + and HOCl were catalytically regenerated from ferric iron at the cathode and chloride ion at the anode, respectively. Although the reactor functioned well, the degradation rate of 1,4-dioxane as a hydroxyl radical probe decreased at the current density more than 6.92 mA cm−2. The decrease in degradation rate was inferred to be caused by the vain consumption of hydroxyl radicals by excess HOCl and the deposition of ferric hydroxide on the cathode at relatively high current density. The current efficiency of 1,4-dioxane removal remained more than 90% at the current density less than 6.92 mA cm−2 and the iron concentration not less than 1.0 mmol L−1. Consequently, this technique is thought to be applicable to the treatment of wastewater containing high concentration of chloride ion such as landfill leachate, scrubber wastewater from incineration plants, etc.

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25

Calvert, JL, MP Hartshorn, WT Robinson, and GJ Wright. "Nitration of 4-Chloro-2,3,6-trimethylphenol, 3-Chloro-2,4,6-trimethylphenol and 2,3,4,6-Tetramethylphenol; 15N-Labeling Studies in the Reaction of 2,3,4,6-Tetramethyl-4-nitrocyclohexa-2,5-dienone With Nitrogen Dioxide." Australian Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 11 (1993): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9931629.

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The effects of C3 and C4 substituents (Cl, Me) on the reactions of 2,6-dimethylphenols (10)-(12) with nitrogen dioxide in benzene have been examined. In the course of this work X-ray crystal analyses are reported for 14 compounds (13)-(16), (19), (21), (32), (34), (36) and (38)-(42). A 15N-labelling study of the reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetramethyl-4-nitrocyclohexa-2,5-dienone (37) with nitrogen dioxide in benzene is reported.

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26

Hu, Bin Sheng, Xiao Guang Liu, Yong Liang Gui, and Kai Lv. "Thermodynamic Calculation of Hydrogen Chloride Generation in Blast Furnace Smelting Process." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 1300–1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.1300.

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The generating pathways of hydrogen chloride in blast furnace smelting process may have two pathways: 1.sodium chloride and water react with phosphorus pentaoxide forming hydrogen chloride gas.2. Sodium chloride and water react with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide forming hydrogen chloride gas. Based on Thermodynamic calculation of hydrogen chloride generation in blast furnace smelting process, hydrogen chloride gas is generated in the upper part of blast furnace shaft ,the generating temperature main range from 300°C too 800°C.

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27

Dědek, Václav, and Ivan Veselý. "Cleavage of 3,3,4-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyloxetane by mineral acids." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, no. 9 (1985): 1948–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19851948.

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Cleavage of 3,3,4-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyloxetane (I) in an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrogen chloride, or hydrogen bromide gave a mixture of 2,2-difluoro-3-methyl-3-butenal (II) and 5,5-difluoro-2-(1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-4-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane (VIa); in the cleavage effected by hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid the mixture also contained 3-chloro- or 3-bromo-2,2-difluoro-3-methyl-1,1-butanediol (Vb or Vc). In alcoholic solutions of the mineral acids the cleavage afforded the corresponding acetals of butenal II and 2,2-difluoro-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanal (IIIa). The action of sulphuric acid in the presence of acetyl chloride or acetanhydride led to 1-chloro-2,2-difluoro-3-methyl-3-butenyl acetate (IVd) or 2,2-difluoro-3-methyl-3-butenylidene diacetate (IVe), as the main product. Butenal II was a sole product of the cleavage of oxetane I by polyphosphoric acid at 150-160 °C in the gaseous phase. At temperatures above 180 °C there were also formed (in addition to butenal II) 1,1,5,5-tetrafluoro-2,6-dimethyl-1,6-heptadiene-4-ol (IX) and its formate (X).

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28

Devyatkin, S. V. "Electrochemistry of silicon in chloro-fluoride and carbonate melts." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 39, no. 1-2 (2003): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0302303d.

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The electrochemical behavior of K2SiF6 in chloro-fluoride melts and that of SiO2 in carbonate melts has been studied. Silicon, titanium silicides, boron silicide and ternary compounds Ti-Si-B have been deposited from chloro-fluoride melts. Only SiC was deposited from carbonate-silica melts under carbon dioxide atmosphere (that is, excessive pressure of CO2).

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29

Mei, Shuo, Jinchao Li, Changfa Xiao, and Xin He. "Studies on poly (vinyl chloride)/silica dioxide composite hollow fiber membrane." Thermal Science 20, no. 3 (2016): 957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1603957m.

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Poly (vinyl chloride)/silica dioxide composite hollow fiber membranes were prepared by using the method of immersion-precipitation process. The influences of stretching ratio on the formation of the interfacial microporous of poly (vinyl chloride)/silica dioxide composite hollow fiber membranes were specifically investigated by scanning electron microscope, dynamic mechanical analysis, and finite element method. Results show that with the stretching ratio increasing, numerous IFM appear on the surface of membranes. Finite element method actually reflects the dynamic change of microporous structure of poly (vinyl chloride)/silica dioxide composite hollow fiber membranes.

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30

Linhart, Igor, and Václav Dědek. "Reaction of 3-chlorononafluoro-1,5-hexadiene with sodium cyanide." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, no. 8 (1985): 1737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19851737.

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3-Chlorononafluoro-1,5-hexadiene (I) is isomerized into 6-chlorononafluoro-1,4-hexadiene (II) by action of basic catalysts as sodium cyanide in anhydrous dimethylformamide, lithium chloride in dimethylformamide, and triethylamine in dioxane or dimethylformamide. Sodium cyanide also catalyzes addition of methanol to the chlorodiene I. The reaction course is more complex than in the alkoxide-catalyzed addition of primary alkohols to I. 6-Methoxynonafluoro-1,4-hexadiene (III), methyl perfluoro-3,6-heptadienoate (VII), and 3,6-dimethoxy-1,1,2,3,4,4,5,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene (VIII) have been isolated besides the known products 1,6-dimethoxy-1,1,2,3,4,5,6,6-octafluoro-2,4-hexadiene (IV) and 1,6-dimethoxy-1,1,2,3,4,4,5,6,6-nonafluoro-2-hexene (V). The hexene VIII reacts with sodium methoxide in methanol to give the diether V and with lithium chloride in dimethylformamide it gives 1-chloro-6-methoxy-1,1,2,3,4,4,5,6,6-nonafluoro-2-hexene (IX). Stereospecificity and mechanism of the reaction are discussed.

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31

Brigas, Amadeu F., Custódia S. C. Fonseca, and Robert A. W. Johnstone. "Preparation of 3-Chloro-1,2-Benzisothiazole 1,1-Dioxide (Pseudo-Saccharyl Chloride)." Journal of Chemical Research 2002, no. 6 (June 2002): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823402103172077.

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Reasons are given for the formation of two different products from the chlorination of saccharin with phosphorus pentachloride: initially 2-chlorosulfonylcyanobenzene is formed which, under appropriate conditions, cyclises to give 3-chloro-1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxide, an important derivatising agent for alcohols.

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32

Khaskin, G. I., A. B. Rozhenko, E. G. Khil'chevskaya, and T. é. Bezmenova‡. "Condensed thiolane 1,1-dioxide systems. 3. Two modes of cyclization of N-substituted trans-3-chloro-4-thioureidothiolane 1,1-dioxides." Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 24, no. 10 (October 1988): 1180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00475699.

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33

GOETA, A. E., C. E. BOSCHETTI, O. MASCARETTI, and G. PUNTE. "ChemInform Abstract: 6α-Chloro-3α-hydroxymethyl-2,2-dimethylpenam 1,1-Dioxide." ChemInform 29, no. 25 (June 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199825039.

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34

Goncharuk, V. V., I. V. Dubrovin, L. V. Dubrovina, D. D. Kucheruk, O. V. Naboka, and V. M. Ogenko. "Synthesis of Carbon-Silica Nanomaterials by Carbonization of Cellulose Acetate and Polyisocyanate Copolymer." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 17, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.17.2.241-246.

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Cellulose acetate and polyisocyanate copolymer synthesized by mechanical mixing of cellulose acetate, polyisocyanate and fumed silicon dioxide in the presence of nickel chloride was carbonized in silicon dioxide template. Copolymer and silicon dioxide template were formed simultaneously. Composite structure and composition was studied with SEM and EDS. SEM showed that porous carbonaceous nanomaterial was synthesized. Formed carbon is represented by coating on silicon dioxide, layered ribbon-like and fibrous structures in template pores with size from several nm (thickness) to several microns (length). Metallic nickel crystals up to 200 nm in size were fabricated in composite pores from Nickel chloride by reduction of Ni2 with products of pyrolysis of organic compounds.

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35

Dupont, L., P. de Tullio, S. Khelili, F. Somers, J. Delarge, and B. Pirotte. "7-Chloro-(R)-3-[1-(cyclohexyl)ethylamino]-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide and 7-chloro-(S)-3-[1-(cyclohexyl)ethylamino]-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 55, no. 11 (November 15, 1999): 1945–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270199010069.

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36

Goncharuk, V. V., I. V. Dubrovin, L. V. Dubrovina, D. D. Kucheruk, O. V. Naboka, and V. M. Ogenko. "Carbon-Silica Composites with Cellulose Acetate, Polyisocyanate and Copper Chloride." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 17, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.17.3.407-411.

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Cellulose acetate and polyisocyanate copolymer synthesized by simultaneous mixing of cellulose acetate and polyisocyanate with acetone solution of Copper chloride and fumed silicon dioxide was carbonized in a silicon dioxide template. The composite structure and composition was studied with SEM, EDS and XRD. It was shown that the porous carbonaceous nanomaterial was synthesized where formed carbon was represented by coating on silicon dioxide and consisted of graphite, graphene and amorphous nonstructured carbon. Crystals of metallic copper with the size up to few µm were formed from Copper chloride after reduction of Cu2+ with products of organic compounds pyrolisis.

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37

Dmowski, Wojciech, Vladimir A. Manko, and Ireneusz Nowak. "3-Chloro-4-fluorothiophene-1,1-dioxide. A new synthetically useful fluorodiene." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 88, no. 2 (March 1998): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1139(98)00109-2.

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38

Dupont, Léon, Fabian Somers, Stéphane Boverie, Bernard Pirotte, Bernard Tinant, and Pascal De Tullio. "7-Chloro-2-methyl-3-methylamino-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 57, no. 7 (June 29, 2001): o652—o654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536801010248.

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39

Rivero, B. E., M. A. Bianchet, and R. D. Bravo. "Structure of 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-1H-2,3-benzothiazine 2,2-dioxide." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 49, no. 3 (March 15, 1993): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270192007042.

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40

Legonkova, O. A., A. I. Korotaeva, O. V. Paklina, S. A. Ukhin, P. V. Sarygin, and I. O. Tinkova. "Effect of Cerium Compounds on Post-Burn Scar Studied in vivo by Transmission Electron Microscopy." Biotekhnologiya 36, no. 4 (2020): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2020-36-4-99-105.

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The effect of nanosized cerium dioxide and a solution of cerium (III) chloride on the state of a post-burn scar was studied in an in vivo experiment via transmission electron microscopy. The intracellular accumulation of cerium compounds with their agglomeration with cytoplasmic and/ or lysosomal localization was observed after 4 injections of nanodispersed cerium dioxide or cerium (III) chloride solution at concentrations of 0.5% and 0.05% in the formed scar area. The application of the cerium preparations both in nanodisperse form (sol) and in solution did not cause inflammatory reactions or cell destruction and had a positive effect on a regenerative process; it contributed to the full-fledged tissue regeneration in a shorter time and changed the scar characteristics for the better. sol, nanodispersed cerium dioxide, cerium (III) chloride solution, electron microscopy, post-burn scar, functional activity of cells

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41

TUFTS, B. L., and R. G. BOUTILIER. "The Absence of Rapid Chloride/Bicarbonate Exchange in Lamprey Erythrocytes: Implications for CO2 Transport and Ion Distributions Between Plasma and Erythrocytes in the Blood of Petromyzon Marinus." Journal of Experimental Biology 144, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.144.1.565.

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Carbon dioxide transport and ion distributions were examined in the blood of the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Over the PCOCO2 range studied, the erythrocytes had the highest total CO2 content, followed by whole blood and true plasma. The nonbicarbonate buffer values were −37.0mequiv l−1 pH unit−1 for erythrocytes, −3.3 mequiv 1−1 pH unit−1 for whole blood and −0.1 mequiv 1−1 pH unit−1 for true plasma. These results are in sharp contrast to the models of carbon dioxide transport in the blood of other vertebrates and are consistent with the view that chloride/bicarbonate exchange is virtually absent in agnathan erythrocytes. Protons are passively distributed in Petromyzon blood. However, the distribution ratio for chloride between plasma and erythrocytes was strikingly different fromthe distribution ratio for protons. In the absence of rapid chloride/bicarbonate exchange, the erythrocyte volume is relatively constant over the physiological pH range. A model is presented to explain carbon dioxide transport in lamprey blood which does not involve a rapid chloride/bicarbonate exchange mechanism on the erythrocyte membrane.

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42

Shetty, Dr Neetha J., Dr David K. Dr. David .K, Dr Kamala D. N. Dr. Kamala D. N, and Dr Ramya Shenoy. "Comparative study of a stabilized 0.1 %chlorine dioxide with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse in inhibiting the formation of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC)." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 12 (October 1, 2011): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/dec2013/129.

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43

Ng, R. H., M. Altaffer, R. Ito, and B. E. Statland. "The Technicon RA-1000 evaluated for measuring sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.3.435.

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Abstract We evaluated the Technicon RA-1000 "random-access" analyzer for the measurements of sodium, potassium, and carbon dioxide by an indirect potentiometric method (ion-selective electrode) and for chloride by a colorimetric method (mercuric thiocyanate). For various concentrations of control materials the total precision (CV) ranged from 0.9 to 1.2% for sodium, 1.1 to 1.3% for potassium, 1.0 to 1.2% for chloride, and 2.8 to 3.8% for carbon dioxide. The system demonstrated acceptable performance in linearity and carryover. Patients' results from the RA-1000 correlated well with those from the Beckman ASTRA-8. In a study on potential interferences, we found that high concentrations of salicylate and bromide significantly affected measurements of carbon dioxide and chloride, respectively. The RA-1000 requires only 30 microL of sample for all four tests and it offers a high throughout (30 specimens analyzed for the four tests in 25 min). This precise, easy-to-use, random-access analyzer requires minimal maintenance.

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44

Mohammed, Alaa, Emad Yousif, and Gamal A. El-Hiti. "Synthesis and Use of Valsartan Metal Complexes as Media for Carbon Dioxide Storage." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051183.

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To address global warming through carbon dioxide storage, three valsartan metal complexes were synthesized in excellent yields (87–92%) through a reaction of the appropriate metal chloride (tin chloride, nickel chloride hexahydrate, or magnesium chloride hexahydrate) and excess valsartan (two mole equivalents) in boiling methanol for 3 h. The structures of the metal complexes were established based on the data obtained from ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, as well as from elemental analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectra, and magnetic susceptibility. The agglomeration and shape of the particles were determined using field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The surface area (16.63–22.75 m2/g) of the metal complexes was measured using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, whereas the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method was used to determine the particle pore size (0.011–0.108 cm3/g), total average pore volume (6.50–12.46 nm), and pore diameter (6.50–12.47 nm), for the metal complexes. The carbon dioxide uptake of the synthesized complexes, at 323 K and 4 MPa (40 bar), ranged from 24.11 to 34.51 cm2/g, and the nickel complex was found to be the most effective sorbent for carbon dioxide storage.

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45

Koşar, Başak, Ersen Göktürk, Aydın Demircan, and Orhan Büyükgüngör. "5-Chloro-10-oxa-3-thiatricyclo[5.2.1.01,5]dec-8-ene 3,3-dioxide." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 62, no. 9 (August 31, 2006): o4192—o4193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160053680603073x.

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46

KAUR, SIMRAN, DAVID J. SMITH, and MARK T. MORGAN. "Chloroxyanion Residue Quantification in Cantaloupes Treated with Chlorine Dioxide Gas." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 1708–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-576.

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Previous studies show that treatment of cantaloupes with chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at 5 mg/liter for 10 min results in a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in initial microflora, an increase in shelf life without any alteration in color, and a 4.6- and 4.3-log reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes, respectively. However, this treatment could result in the presence of chloroxyanion residues, such as chloride (Cl−), chlorite (ClO2−), chlorate (ClO3−), and perchlorate (ClO4−), which, apart from chloride, are a toxicity concern. Radiolabeled chlorine dioxide (36ClO2) gas was used to describe the identity and distribution of chloroxyanion residues in or on cantaloupe subsequent to fumigation with ClO2 gas at a mean concentration of 5.1 ± 0.7 mg/liter for 10 min. Each treated cantaloupe was separated into rind, flesh, and mixed (rind and flesh) sections, which were blended and centrifuged to give the corresponding sera fractions. Radioactivity detected, ratio of radioactivity to mass of chlorite in initial ClO2 gas generation reaction, and distribution of chloroxyanions in serum samples were used to calculate residue concentrations in flesh, rind, and mixed samples. Anions detected on the cantaloupe were Cl− (~90%) and ClO3− (~10%), located primarily in the rind (19.3 ± 8.0 μg of Cl−/g of rind and 4.8 ± 2.3 μg of ClO3−/g of rind, n = 6). Cantaloupe flesh (~200 g) directly exposed to 36ClO2 gas treatment showed the presence of only Cl− residues (8.1 ± 1.0 μg of Cl−/g of flesh, n = 3). Results indicate chloroxyanion residues Cl− and ClO3− are only present on the rind of whole cantaloupes treated with ClO2 gas. However during cutting, residues may be transferred to the fruit flesh. Because Cl− is not toxic, only ClO3− would be a toxicity concern, but the levels transferred from rind to flesh are very low. In the case of fruit flesh directly exposed to ClO2 gas, only nontoxic Cl− was detected. This indicates that ClO2 gas that comes into contact with edible flesh would not pose a health concern.

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47

Hartshorn, MP, AD Roddick, PJ Steel, and GJ Wright. "The Chlorination of 2-t-Butyl-4-chloro-6-methylphenol. Some Reactions of Chlorine and Nitrogen Dioxide With 6-Chlorocyclohexa-2,4-dienones Derived From 2-t-Butyl-4-chloro-6-methylphenol." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 4 (1992): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9920721.

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Chlorinations of 2-t-butyl-4-chloro-6-methylphenol(10) and of the mixture of 4,6-dichlorocyclo-hexa-2,ddienones (11) and (12) give the tetrachloro ketones (13)-(15). Reaction of the dichlorocyclohexa-2,4-dienone mixture with nitrogen dioxide gives predominantly dichloro dinitro ketones (17) which rearrange on chromatography to yield the hydroxy dienone (21). X-Ray crystal structures are reported for compounds (13)-(15), (20) and (21).

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48

Dent, BR, and GJ Gainsford. "The Reaction of Thiophene 1,1-Dioxide With Haloform-Sodium Hydroxide Under Phase-Transfer Catalysis." Australian Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 8 (1989): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9891307.

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3,4-Dibromotetrahydrothiophen 1,1-dioxide (2) reacts in the reagent system chloroformaqueous sodium hydroxide-benzyltriethylammonium chloride to give 3-dichloromethylene-2,3-dihydrothiophen 1,1-dioxide (6a), for which low-temperature X-ray structural data are presented. Bromoform may be substituted for chloroform to give the corresponding dibromomethylene compound (6b) in good yield.

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49

Jurisson, S. S., W. Hirth, K. E. Linder, R. J. Di Rocco, R. K. Narra, D. P. Nowotnik, and A. D. Nunn. "Chloro → hydroxy substitution on technetium BATO [TcCl(dioxime)3BR] complexes." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part B. Nuclear Medicine and Biology 18, no. 7 (January 1991): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2897(91)90012-a.

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50

Sorlini, Sabrina, Michela Biasibetti, Francesca Gialdini, and Maria Cristina Collivignarelli. "How can drinking water treatments influence chlorine dioxide consumption and by-product formation in final disinfection?" Water Supply 16, no. 2 (September 21, 2015): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.142.

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In this study water samples of different origins (subalpine lake, artificial lake and river) were treated by pre-oxidation, coagulation/flocculation, adsorption on granular activated carbon and disinfection. Different laboratory-scale tests were carried out to evaluate the treatment impact on ClO2 consumption in disinfection and on the formation of disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes, adsorbable organic halogen, chlorite and chlorate). The results showed that coagulation/flocculation and activated carbon adsorption have the most significant impact on reducing disinfectant consumption. Pre-oxidation of artificial lake water with KMnO4 and NaClO determines the highest ClO2 consumption. Regardless of the water source, the amount of chlorite produced after disinfection with ClO2 is 40–60% lower using NaClO as the pre-oxidant rather than KMnO4 or ClO2. Otherwise, NaClO leads to a high formation of adsorbable organic halogens and trihalomethanes in artificial lake water (up to 60 μg/L and 20 μg/L respectively), while in the case of ClO2 oxidation, trihalomethane formation is 98% less compared to NaClO. Further, adding ferrous ion in coagulation/flocculation improves the removal of chlorite produced during pre-oxidation, with a 90% removal, mainly due to the reduction of chlorite to chloride. Finally, activated carbon adsorption after pre-oxidation and coagulation/flocculation removes adsorbable organic halogens and trihalomethanes respectively by 50–60% and 30–98%, and completes the chlorite and chlorate removal.

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