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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diphthong'
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1
Lau, Tse-kay Jessica. "Diphthong errors in Cantonese speaking children with speech disorder." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207950.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2001."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, 4th May 2001." Also available in print.
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Sorensen, David Olonzo. "Cross-Lingual Diphthong Perception: A Simultaneous EEG/fMRI Investigation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7602.
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Previous research indicates that humans develop a phonological library in infancy. As humans grow into adulthood, their phonological library becomes well established. Upon encountering phonemes from a new language, humans process these phonemes by comparison to their native phonological library. Event-related potentials (ERP), specifically the mismatch negativity, have been shown to indicate that this process of comparing non-native phonemes to our native phonological library is not improved through learning the new language as an adult. An alternative explanation may be that there is an underlying change in the neural generators as the non-native phonemes are learned, but that this change is not reflected in the ERP. The current study seeks to examine this hypothesis through the simultaneous collection of ERP and blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional MRI (fMRI) data. The findings of the ERP and fMRI data are inconclusive. The study also explores the processing of diphthongs, a category of phonemes rarely tested before, through both behavioral and neuroimaging methods. The study presents behavioral data demonstrating that non-native diphthongs are processed based upon the separate elements of the phonemes, rather than as complete units.
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Jang, Gwi-Ok. "The Relationship Between Acoustic and Kinematic Measures of Diphthong Production." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2290.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between acoustic and kinematic measures of diphthong production in 11 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 11 neurologically healthy control speakers. The participants produced four diphthongs: /ɔɪ/, /aʊ/, /aɪ/, /eɪ/. These sounds were spoken in a sentence context. Their speech audio signal was recorded with a microphone and their tongue movements were recorded with a magnetic tracking system. The first and second formants (F1 and F2) were computed with acoustic analysis software, and these signals were time-aligned with the vertical and anteroposterior magnet movement records. Pearson correlations between F1 and the magnet's vertical movement and between F2 and anteroposterior movement were computed for the individual diphthongs. The results of this study revealed an often non-linear relationship between the acoustic and kinematic measures. The degree to which the formant measures predicted the lingual movements varied across speakers and also during the on-glide, transition, and off-glide phases of the diphthongs. The findings of this study suggest that the relationship between formants and tongue movements is more complex than would be predicted from the theoretical origins of F1 and F2. Thus, researchers should be aware that acoustic parameters might not always accurately reflect the physical movements of articulators.
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Richins, Michelle Olson. "Articulatory Kinematic Compensation for a Bite Block During Diphthong Production." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7374.
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The current study examined the effects of bite blocks on articulatory kinematics when producing diphthongs /ɑɪ/ and /ɑʊ/ within a phrase. Participants consisted of 20 young adults (10 males, 10 females) with no speech, language or hearing disorders. Participants produced the diphthongs in the carrier phrase I<'>m an owl that hoots. A Northern Digital Instruments Wave electromagnetic articulograph measured the articulatory movements while the speaker produced the stimuli in two conditions (pre bite block insertion and post bite block insertion). Bilateral bite blocks were made using Express dental putty, which is a silicone impression material, in order to create a 10 mm inter-incisal gap. Marker distance, maximum speed, and jaw contribution to tongue movement for three sensors (tongue back, tongue mid, tongue front) were calculated for the diphthongs segmented from the carrier phrase. F1 and F2 transitions and rate were also calculated for each diphthong. Results revealed kinematic differences during diphthong production after the bite block was inserted. Tongue movements independent from the jaw increased after the bite block was inserted, especially during production of the diphthong /ɑʊ/. Bite block by gender interactions during production of the diphthong /ɑɪ/ revealed larger and faster initial movements for males. The results did not reveal any significant acoustic changes other than a longer transition duration. Kinematic adjustments were sufficient to maintain overall similar acoustic output before and after bite block insertion.
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Gully, Amelia J. "Diphthong synthesis using the three-dimensional dynamic digital waveguide mesh." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20043/.
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The human voice is a complex and nuanced instrument, and despite many years of research, no system is yet capable of producing natural-sounding synthetic speech. This affects intelligibility for some groups of listeners, in applications such as automated announcements and screen readers. Furthermore, those who require a computer to speak - due to surgery or a degenerative disease - are limited to unnatural-sounding voices that lack expressive control and may not match the user's gender, age or accent. It is evident that natural, personalised and controllable synthetic speech systems are required. A three-dimensional digital waveguide model of the vocal tract, based on magnetic resonance imaging data, is proposed here in order to address these issues. The model uses a heterogeneous digital waveguide mesh method to represent the vocal tract airway and surrounding tissues, facilitating dynamic movement and hence speech output. The accuracy of the method is validated by comparison with audio recordings of natural speech, and perceptual tests are performed which confirm that the proposed model sounds significantly more natural than simpler digital waveguide mesh vocal tract models. Control of such a model is also considered, and a proof-of-concept study is presented using a deep neural network to control the parameters of a two-dimensional vocal tract model, resulting in intelligible speech output and paving the way for extension of the control system to the proposed three-dimensional vocal tract model. Future improvements to the system are also discussed in detail. This project considers both the naturalness and control issues associated with synthetic speech and therefore represents a significant step towards improved synthetic speech for use across society.
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Wong, I. Man. "Vowel and diphthong, development in Cantonese-speaking children aged 10 to 27 months." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36208085.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2001."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, May 4, 2001." Also available in print.
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Yan, Kam-sum Tom. "Dyspraxia of speech in a British family an acoustic study of diphthong production /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholars Hub, 2003. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B38890999.
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Thesis (B.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2003."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 30, 2003." Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-31) Also available in print.
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McKell, Katherine Morris. "The Association Between Articulator Movement and Formant Trajectories in Diphthongs." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6007.
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The current study examined the association between formant trajectories and tongue and lip movements in the American English diphthongs /aɪ/, /aʊ/, and /ɔɪ/. Seventeen native speakers of American English had electromagnetic sensors placed on their tongues and lips to record movement data along with corresponding acoustic data during productions of the diphthongs in isolation. F1 and F2 trajectories were extracted from the middle 50% of the diphthongs and compared with time-aligned kinematic data from tongue and lip movements. The movement and formant tracks were converted to z-scores and plotted together on a common time scale. Absolute difference scores between kinematic variables and acoustic variables were summed along each track to reflect the association between the movement and acoustic records. Results show that tongue movement has the closest association with changes in F1 and F2 for the diphthong /aɪ/. Lip movement has the closest association with changes in F1 and F2 for the diphthong /aʊ/. Results for the diphthong /ɔɪ/ suggest tongue advancement has the closest association with changes in F2, while neither lip movement nor tongue movement have a clearly defined association with changes in F1. These results suggest that for diphthongs with the lip rounding feature, lip movement may have a greater influence on F1 and F2 than previously considered. Researchers who use formant data to make inferences about tongue movement and vowel space may benefit from considering the possible influence of lip movements on vocal tract resonance.
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Christensen, Janae Valyn. "The Association Between Articulator Movement and Formant Histories in Diphthongs Across Speaking Contexts." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6776.
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This study examined the effect of context on the association between formant trajectories and tongue and lip kinematics in the American English diphthongs /aɪ/ and /aʊ/. Seventeen native speakers of American English had electromagnetic sensors placed on their tongue and lips to record kinematic signals that were time-aligned with the corresponding acoustic recording. Speakers produced the diphthongs in isolation, in a single word rVl context, in a phrase hVd context, and in a sentence context. Kinematic data and the F1 and F2 trajectories were extracted from the middle 50% of each diphthong production. To allow direct comparison of signals with different units of measurement, all data were converted to z-scores. The z-score records were plotted together on common axes. For each tracked sensor from each diphthong production, an absolute difference between the kinematic and acoustic variables was calculated. Average z-score difference sums were calculated for each speaker's /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ production in each context, and this measure was called the Acoustic Kinematic Disparity Index (AKDI). A repeated measures ANOVA was used to test for main context effects on the AKDI, with concurrent contrasts to test for differences between the baseline (isolated diphthong) condition and the more complex phonetic contexts. The results revealed that context has a significant impact on acoustic and kinematic relationships. The sentence context resulted in the highest number of significantly different AKDI values when compared to the isolated condition, the single word rVl context resulted in the second highest number, and the phrase level hVd context resulted in the least differences. These findings suggest, therefore, that more complex phonetic contexts have a greater effect on the acoustic and kinematic relationship. These findings imply that caution is warranted in relying on acoustics to draw inferences about articulator movements in complex phonetic contexts. These results further indicate that the investigation of sounds produced in one context does not necessarily allow a straightforward generalization to other contexts.
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Freitas, Bruna Faria Campos de [UNESP]. "Estudo da monotongação de ditongos orais decrescentes na fala Uberabense." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153183.
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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo identificar quais os contextos linguísticos e extralinguísticos que propiciam a ocorrência da monotongação dos ditongos orais decrescentes na fala de moradores da cidade de Uberaba- MG. Entende-se por “monotongação” o processo de redução do ditongo, que perde sua semivogal e passa a uma vogal simples, como ocorre em “c[ay]xa” > “c[a]xa” (HORA; RIBEIRO, 2006). Sendo assim, sabendo que a língua portuguesa sofreu e sofre variações e mudanças à medida que é utilizada por seus falantes, faz-se necessário que se realizem pesquisas na área de Variação Linguística objetivando uma abordagem científica do tema. Para isso, organizamos um corpus de língua falada, representativo da comunidade urbana de Uberaba – MG, por meio de entrevistas, que foram embasadas no modelo laboviano. Foram entrevistados 24 informantes de escolarização e sexo diferentes. Após essa etapa, as entrevistas foram transcritas ortograficamente e, posteriormente, foram selecionadas as ocorrências de palavras com ditongo decrescente e com a monotongação do ditongo decrescente, estas, por sua vez, foram transcritas foneticamente também. As ocorrências foram quantitativamente analisadas, com a ajuda do programa estatístico GOLDVARB X, segundo fatores linguísticos e extralinguísticos, levando em consideração a variável dependente: monotongação ou não dos ditongos decrescentes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, na fala do uberabense, há a preferência pela forma monotongada dos ditongos /aj/, /ej/ e /ow/ e que tal preferência é condicionada, principalmente, por fatores linguísticos, tais como o contexto fonológico seguinte, a extensão da palavra e a tonicidade. Em relação aos fatores considerados extralinguísticos, como sexo, idade e escolaridade, no que diz respeito ao fenômeno da monotongação no português mineiro de Uberaba, eles pouco influem, ou até mesmo nada influem sobre sua realização.
This dissertation aims to identify the linguistic and extralinguistic contexts that allow the occurrence of the monotongation of the descending oral diphthongs in the speech of residents of the city of Uberaba - MG. Monotongation is the process of reducing the diphthong that loses its semivowel and changes into a simple vowel, as in "c[ay] xa" > "c [a] xa" (HORA; RIBEIRO, 2006). Thus, knowing that the Portuguese language has had variations and changes as it is used by its speakers, it is necessary to carry out a research in the area of Linguistic Variation with a scientific approach onto the theme of this work. Thereon, we organized a corpus of spoken language through interviews with the representative urban community of Uberaba - MG, which was based on the Labovian model. Twenty-four (24) informants of different schooling and sex were interviewed. After this step, the interviews were orthographically transcribed and, later, the occurrence of words with descending diphthongs and the monotongation of the descending diphthongs were selected, which, in turn, were also transcribed phonetically. The occurrences were quantitatively analyzed with the help of the GOLDVARB X statistical program according to linguistic and extralinguistic factors, taking into account the dependent variable: monotongation or not of the descending diphthongs. The results obtained showed that in the Uberabense speech there is a preference for the monotong form of the diphthongs /aj/, /ej/ and /ow/ and that such preference is mainly conditioned by linguistic factors such as the following phonological context, the extension of the word and the tone. In relation to factors considered extralinguistic, such as sex, age and schooling, with respect to the phenomenon of monotongation in the Portuguese of Uberaba, they have little or no influence on their achievement.
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Evangelista, Márcia de Ávila. "Processo epentético vocálico na aquisição do Espanhol L2 por falantes nativos do português." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2017. http://guaiaca.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/4027.
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Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar e analisar, à luz da Teoria da sílaba (Selkirk, 1982) e daTeoria autossegmental (Clements & Hume, 1995), o processo epentético na aquisição do espanhol como L2, por falantes nativos do Português Brasileiro. A inserção do glide palatal [j] promove a formação de um ditongo crescente em contexto no qual inexiste na língua alvo. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foram coletados dados de 34 graduandos do Curso de Letras Português e Espanhol da Universidade Federal de Pelotas do 1º, 3º e 7º semestre. Para a constituição do corpus, foi proposto um instrumento composto de leitura de palavras isoladas, leitura de frases e detextos autênticos, bem como entrevista sociolinguística. Após oitiva e codificação, os dados foram submetidos ao Programa Computacional GoldVarb 2001 (versão3.0b3); controlaram-se variáveis linguísticas e extralinguísticas. Os resultados apontaram que o contexto preferencial de inserção do glide palatal [j] é uma sílaba fechada, do padrão CVC, e que o contexto precedente e seguinte carregam, preferencialmente, uma vogal coronal média-alta; além disso, o nível principiante no estudo formal do espanhol-L2 é aquele que mais se sobressai no emprego do glide palatal.
This study has as main goal to investigate and analyze, under the Syllable Theory (Selkirk, 1982) and the Autosegmental Theory (Clements & Hume, 1995), the epenthetic process in the L2 Spanish Language Acquisition, by Brazilian Portuguese native speakers. The palatal glide insertion [j] promotes the formation of a rising diphthong in a contexto which there is not into the target language. In order to develop the research, it was collected data from 34 Letters Course students - Portuguese and Spanish; from first, third and seventh semester of Pelotas Federal University. For the corpus constitution, it was proposed an instrument composed by isolated words reading, sentences reading and authentic texts, as well as sociolinguistic interview. After the auditory and codificaton, the data were submitted to the GoldVarb 2001(3.0b3 version) Computational Program, it was controlled the linguistics and extralinguistics variables. The results showed that the preferred context of the palatal glide insertion [j] is a closed syllable, from CVC standard and that the previous and ahead contexto carry, preferably, médium-high vowel, besides that, the early level in the formal Spanish study as L2, is the one which stands out at the palatal glide usage.
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Ramalho, Ana Margarida Monteiro Cortes. "Aquisição do plural nos nomes terminados em ditongo nasal : estudo com crianças entre os 3 e os 7 anos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21163.
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O principal objectivo deste estudo é o de fornecer dados de referência sobre a aquisição do plural em nomes terminados em ditongo nasal, em PE. Para a recolha de dados, construiu-se uma prova de nomeação, que foi aplicada a 130 crianças portuguesas entre [3;00-7;01] anos. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que, inicialmente (3 e 4 anos), as crianças usam produções que reflectem o impacto da regra de formação do plural (acrescente-se [ʃ] à forma de singular) – efeito gramatical: recorrem preferencialmente ao formato [ɐʃ], independentemente do paradigma a que pertencem, tanto em palavras como em pseudopalavras. Posteriormente, começam a dar gradual atenção ao formato com maior produtividade no PE ([õʃ]), sendo [ɐʃ] usado como formato não marcado em contextos problemáticos até aos 5 anos e não se registando, nas faixas etárias mais baixas, um efeito de frequência. O formato [ɐʃ] revela-se o mais problemático e não se encontra estabilizado aos 6 anos. Apesar de a marcação do plural emergir cedo em PE, a estabilização do plural em nomes terminados em ditongo nasal ocorre tardiamente devido à complexidade morfofonológica que lhe está associada, não estando a estrutura ainda adquirida aos 6 anos. Os resultados disponibilizados na presente tese são de utilidade para terapeutas da fala, educadores de infância, professores de 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e linguistas, que os poderão usar como valores de referência para o estudo e para a estimulação do desenvolvimento linguístico associado a esta estrutura. -- ABSTRACT: The main goal of this study is to provide reference data on the acquisition of plural in nouns ending with nasal diphthongs in EP. For data collection, a naming test was built consisting of 36 stimuli – training items, target stimuli (words and nonwords) and distracters – that was applied to 130 Portuguese children between [3, 00-7; 01] years. The results revealed that young children (3 and 4 year olds) tend to use a grammatical strategy (adding [ʃ] to the singular form); they use the format [ɐʃ] to build the plural in words (for all paradigms) and nonwords. The [õʃ] shape, which is the most frequent paradigm in EP, appears later, at 5 years old, although, [ɐʃ] is still used as unmarked in problematic contexts up to that age. We can conclude then that the frequency effect is not relevant for the youngest children. The [ɐʃ] paradigm is the most problematic: it isn´t stabilized at six years. As a general conclusion, we assume that although the nasal diphthong [ɐw] ending in nouns seems to emerge early, it is stabilized lately – assumedly after 6 - due to the morphologic and phonologic complexity associated with it. The results presented in this investigation are useful for speech and language pathologists, education professionals and linguists, who can use them as reference values for the study and stimulation of linguistic development associated with this structure.
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Krause, Alice. "Optimal Diphthongs| An OT Analysis of the Acquisition of Spanish Diphthongs." Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3567812.
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This dissertation investigates the acquisition of Spanish diphthongs by adult native speakers of English. The following research questions will be addressed: 1) How do adult native speakers of English pronounce sequences of two vowels in their L2 Spanish at different levels of acquisition? 2) Can OT learnability models, specifically the GLA, account for the pronunciation of L2 diphthongs? If so, what constraints do learners use and how do these constraints interact? If not, what other model(s) might offer an improved analysis of L2 diphthongs? Participants completed two production tasks, a Nonsense Word task and a Question & Answer task. The participants were divided by level of acquisition – Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced – and there was a Native Speaker Control group. After the data was collected, F2 values and duration of vowel sequence were measured and used to categorize the pronunciations as monophthongs, diphthongs, or hiatus. It was found that the use of diphthongization increased with level of acquisition in the data for the Question & Answer task. Data from the Nonsense Word task did not reveal the same pattern; instead, the level of diphthongization was more or less equal across all levels of acquisition and with the Native Speaker Control group. The OT account was able to explain most of the data in this study. The GLA proved successful in demonstrating how constraints interact in the pronunciation of L2 diphthongs. However, there were L2 pronunciations for which OT could not account. It is suggested that linguistic models based on lexical frequency may offer insight into how to account for these pronunciations.
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Meireles, de Oliveira Silva Vanessa. "Analyse phonologique et métrique des glides et diphtongues en portugais brésilien." Thesis, Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA080013/document.
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Le but principal de cette analyse est de déterminer si les glides, et par conséquent, les diphtongues, ont ou non un caractère phonologique en portugais brésilien. Nous partirons des analyses qui ont déjà été réalisées dans différents cadres théoriques : Câmara Jr. (1970), dans un cadre structuraliste, Mateus (1982 [1975]) dans la théorie générative linéaire, Silva (1992), Bisol (1989, 1999) et Mateus & D’Andrade (2000) dans la théorie autosegmentale, et deux analyses plus récentes dans le cadre de la théorie de l’optimalité (Martins, 2011, Simioni, 2011), en relevant les avantages et les inconvénients de ces différentes approches, ainsi que les problèmes non encore résolus. Enfin, nous allons proposer, à notre tour, une analyse à la lumière d’un autre cadre théorique pour expliquer la variation entre hiatus et diphtongues, et en conséquence le statut phonologique du glide en portugais : la phonologie « CVCV » ou « strict CV » (Lowenstamm, 1996, Scheer, 2004). Un cadre phonologique sans constituants comme celui-ci permet d’éliminer un des grands problèmes présents dans les autres analyses : celui de savoir si le glide appartient à une attaque, à un noyau branchant ou à une coda. Ce cadre permet de rendre compte d’une façon plus appropriée des contradictions et des problèmes observés dans le traitement des glides et diphtongues en portugais, notamment leur contraintes phonotactiques et leur interaction avec l’accent de mot dans la langueThe main purpose of this analysis is to determine whether the glides, and therefore, the diphthongs, have or not phonological character in Brazilian Portuguese. We will start from the analyzes that have been conducted in different theoretical frameworks: Câmara Jr. (1970), in a structuralist framework, Mateus (1982 [1975]) in the linear generative theory, Silva (1992), Bisol (1989, 1999) and Mateus & D'Andrade (2000) in the autosegmental theory, and two recent analyzes in the context of the theory of optimality (Martins, 2011 Simioni, 2011), noting the advantages and disadvantages of these different approaches and the unsolved problems. Finally, we propose, in our turn, an analysis in the light of another theoretical framework to explain the variation between hiatus and diphthongs, and therefore the status of phonological glide in Portuguese: the phonology "CVCV" or "strict CV" (Lowenstamm, 1996, Scheer, 2004). A phonological framework without constituents as such eliminates one of the major problems found in other analyzes: to know whether the glide belongs to an onset, a complex nucleus or a coda. It allows us to account more appropriately for contradictions and problems observed in the treatment of glides and diphthongs in Portuguese, including their phonotactic constraints and their interaction with the stress word in the language
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Yuan, Anthony. "Acoustic study of the Cantonese diphthongs." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36209375.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 1996."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 29, 1996." Also available in print.
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Adamoli, Marco Antônio. "Um estudo sobre o estatuto fonológico dos ditongos variáveis [aj] e [ej] do PB a partir de dados orais e ortográficos produzidos por crianças de séries iniciais." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1666.
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Previous issue date: 2012-12-21In this dissertation, I have analyzed the oral and orthographic production of the variable diphthongs [aj] and [ej] in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) by a group of fifteen children who were developing their literacy processes in an Elementary School in Pelotas, RS. My main objective was to describe the oral and written production of such vowel sequences and, based on comparisons found in the collected material, to provide arguments not only for the discussion about the phonological representation of those sequences but also for the proposal of child representation restructuring based on how they learn to write. In order to achieve this objective, I presupposed that children‟s oral production and their early orthographic productions of the diphthongs under investigation, collected for two years in a row, could provide clues to comprehend these children‟s phonological knowledge of those vowel sequences. Data analysis showed that, regarding oral production, the first graders produced very low frequencies around 5% - of both diphthongs whereas second graders yielded 63% for [aj] and 44% for [ej]. Concerning orthographic productions, data analysis showed that, at the beginning of their literacy processes, children tend to have some difficulties regarding conventional writing in terms of spelling both vowel groups since they prefer forms without the semivowel. Besides, in subsequent stages, an important change was perceived in the children‟s orthographic development: around 80% for the production of the grapheme i‟, which seems to evidence that these orthographic structures have already been acquired by second graders. On the whole, the data, along with further arguments regarding the diphthongs in variation and oral acquisition, provided arguments to make me suggest that children spell such segments as if they had one vowel only in the subjacency, /a/ and /e/, in accordance with the input they got, rather than as a structure vowel + glide, which would be produced in the following stages, when they learn how to write. This interpretative proposal is supported by the fact that children are acquiring the phonology of their language in a successive process of (re)construction of their phonological representations while their orthographic systems are being built. Based on the data collected by this study and a set of data on the acquisition of such segments, I questioned whether palatal fricatives are complex segments in child phonology and proposed an interpretation for the utterance of the phonetic diphthongs [aj] and [ej] which says that the children under study interpreted the palatal fricative consonants, in their early phonological development, as simple segments and modified their interpretation due to the learning of the alphabet writing.
Nesta tese, analisamos as produções orais e ortográficas dos ditongos variáveis [aj] e [ej] do PB de um grupo composto por quinze crianças em fase de alfabetização, pertencentes a uma escola de ensino fundamental da cidade de Pelotas/RS. Tivemos como objetivo principal descrever a produção oral e escrita de tais sequências vocálicas e, a partir da comparação do material empírico obtido, fornecer argumentos à discussão sobre a representação fonológica de tais sequências vocálicas, bem como à proposta de reestruturação das representações infantis a partir da aprendizagem da escrita. A fim de atender a esse objetivo, partimos do pressuposto de que as produções orais infantis e as primeiras produções ortográficas dos ditongos em foco, coletados em um período de dois anos consecutivos, pudessem oferecer-nos indícios para a compreensão do conhecimento fonológico desse grupo de crianças sobre tais sequências vocálicas. O levantamento dos dados mostrou-nos que, quanto às produções orais, as crianças concluíram o primeiro ano produzindo frequências muito baixas desses dois ditongos, próximas a 5%, ao passo que, ao final do segundo ano de escolarização, os percentuais chegaram a 63%, para [aj], e 44%, para [ej]. Em relação às produções ortográficas, o levantamento dos dados revelou-nos que, no início da escolarização, as crianças tendem a apresentar dificuldades quanto à escrita convencional no que diz respeito à grafia desses dois grupos vocálicos, preferindo formas sem a semivogal, e que, em estágios subsequentes, uma mudança importante no desenvolvimento ortográfico das crianças é percebida, pois constatamos índices em torno de 80% de produção do grafema i‟, o que parece indicar que essas estruturas ortográficas são adquiridas pelas crianças já a partir do segundo ano. Em seu conjunto, os dados coletados, somados a outros argumentos adicionais também sobre os ditongos na variação e na aquisição oral, forneceram argumentos para sugerirmos que as crianças grafam tais segmentos considerando-os como portadores de uma vogal apenas na subjacência, /a/ e /e/, dadas as informações percebidas pelo input, e não como uma estrutura do tipo vogal + glide, a qual viria a surgir em estágios posteriores, por meio da aprendizagem da escrita. Essa proposta interpretativa tem como apoio o fato de a criança estar adquirindo a fonologia de sua língua, em um processo sucessivo de (re) construção de suas representações fonológicas, ao mesmo tempo em que o seu sistema ortográfico passa a ser construído. Com base nos dados deste estudo e em um conjunto de dados de aquisição sobre tais grupos vocálicos, questionamos a proposta de serem as fricativas palatais segmentos complexos na fonologia infantil e propusemos uma interpretação para o surgimento dos ditongos fonéticos [aj] e [ej] segundo a qual as crianças investigadas interpretam as consoantes fricativas palatais, em etapa do desenvolvimento fonológico inicial, como segmentos simples, tendo sua interpretação modificada em decorrência da aprendizagem da escrita alfabética.
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Kohtala-Ghane, Kirsi. "Suomen yleiskielen mukainen äänteiden hallinta ruotsinsuomalaisilla oppilailla : Pitkät ja lyhyet vokaalit ja konsonantit sekä diftongit." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Finska, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-158783.
Full textAbstract:
Den underliggande idén för denna studie är frågan om en ljudrelaterad grammatik kan undervisas via fonologiska övningar och diktamen för att förbättra den mekaniska skrivförmågan och om språkundervisningsmetoder för årskurs 1–2 kan också utnyttjas för äldre elever. Huvudsyftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur sverigefinska elever behärskar ljud av standardfinska med fokus på långa och korta vokaler och konsonanter samt diftonger. Dessutom är målet att testa en diktamensmetod som bedömer utgångsnivån av elevernas färdighetsnivå för att skriva korta och långa vokaler och konsonanter samt diftonger. Forskningsfrågorna är följande: 1) Vilka slags avvikelser jämfört med standardfinska finns i sverigefinska elevers skrivning av korta och långa vokaler och konsonanter samt diftonger? 2) Hur mycket avvikelser jämfört med standard finska finns i sverigefinska elevers skrivning av korta och långa vokaler och konsonanter samt diftonger? 3) Vilken typ av korrelation kan man hitta mellan avvikelser jämfört med standard finska och externa bakrundsvariabler. Denna studie av vilken teoretisk bakgrund läggs på fonologi, pedagogik och sociolingvistik har ett särskilt fokus på sverigefinsk kultur och flerspråkighet. Huvudmaterialet samlades in genom en diktamensövning med 22 skolelever i åldern 9–13 år och analyserades med hjälp av ordstrukturanalys. Utöver detta analyserades ett berättande textprov från tio elever. Bakgrundsinformation samlades in från föräldrar och jämfördes med resultaten av ordstrukturanalysen med hjälp av en implikationsskala. Studien visar att de viktigaste avvikelserna kring långa vokaler och konsonanter är de saknade bokstäverna, dvs enkelskrivning av ljuden. De mest utmanande långa vokalerna är oo, ee, yy och ää och de långa konsonanterna ss, rr och nn. Dessutom sker omkastning mellan bokstäver: för vokaler u > o, o > å och y > u och för konsonanter: m > n och kk > ck. De mest utmanande diftongerna är yi, ey, ie, uo, yö, öy, äy och iy och de lättaste att hantera är ai, oi, au, eu och öi. Dessutom blandas ibland o ihop u, u ihop y och ä ihop e. Det verkar som att bakgrundsvariablerna inte visar någon betydande korrelation med de språkliga färdigheterna vid hantering av vokaler, konsonanter och diftonger. Hur som helst säger en försiktig tolkning att det verkar ha en positiv effekt om man har lärt sig språket under de första tre åren och om man använder språket med släktingar.The underlying idea of this study is a question if phoneme related grammar can be taught via phonological exercises and dictations in order to improve mechanical writing skills and if language teaching methods for grade 1–2 can also be utilized for older students. The main objective of this study is to study the command of standard Finnish phonemes among Sweden Finn pupils, focusing on long and short vowels and consonants, and diphthongs. In addition, the target is to test a dictation method which assesses the starting level of pupils’ competence in writing short and long vowels and consonants, and diphthongs. The research questions are the following: 1) What kind of deviations compared to standard Finnish can be found in Sweden Finn pupils’ writing of short and long vowels and consonants and diphthongs? 2) How much of the deviations compared to standard Finnish can be found in Sweden Finn pupils’ writing of short and long vowels and consonants and diphthongs? 3) What kind of correlation can be found between these deviations, compared to standard Finnish and the background variables? The theoretical background of this study is based on phonology, educational science and sociolinguistic, and it has its special focus on Swedish-Finnish culture and multilingualism. The main data was collected with a dictation from 22 pupils aged 9–13 years old and analyzed by using word structure analysis. In addition to this the narratives of text samples by ten pupils were analyzed. Background information was collected from parents and compared with the results of the word structure analysis, by using an implication scale. The study shows that the main deviations regarding long vowels and consonants are missing letters, that is, the use of single letters where two are expected. The most challenging long vowels are oo, ee, yy and ää and the long consonants ss, rr and nn. In addition, a replacement between letters appears: with vowels u > o, o > å and y > u and with consonants: m > n and kk > ck.The most challenging diphthongs are yi, ey, ie, uo, yö, öy, äy and iy, and the easiest to manage are ai, oi, au, eu and öi. Besides this some disorders between o and u, u and y and ä and e appear. It seems that background variables do not show any significant dependencies on competences in managing vowels, consonants and diphthongs. However with a cautious interpretation, there seems to be a positive effect if the language have been learnt during the first three years and if the language is used with relatives.
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Raubenheimer, Heidi. "Acoustical features of diphthongs in Afrikaans / Heidi Raubenheimer." Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3785.
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Martirosian, Olga Meruzhanovna. "Adapting a pronunciation dictionary to Standard South African English for automatic speech recognition / Olga Meruzhanovna Martirosian." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4902.
Full textAbstract:
The pronunciation dictionary is a key resource required during the development of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. In this thesis, we adapt a British English pronunciation dictionary to Standard South African English (SSAE), as a case study in dialect adaptation. Our investigation leads us in three different
directions: dictionary verification, phoneme redundancy evaluation and phoneme adaptation.
A pronunciation dictionary should be verified for correctness before its implementation in experiments or applications. However, employing a human to verify a full pronunciation dictionary is an indulgent process which cannot always be accommodated. In our dictionary verification research we attempt to reduce the human
effort required in the verification of a pronunciation dictionary by implementing automatic and semi-automatic
techniques that find and isolate possible erroneous entries in the dictionary. We identify a number of new techniques that are very efficient in identifying errors, and apply them to a public domain British English
pronunciation dictionary.
Investigating phoneme redundancy involves looking into the possibility that not all phoneme distinctions are required in SSAE, and investigating different methods of analysing these distinctions. The methods that are
investigated include both data driven and knowledge based pronunciation suggestions for a pronunciation dictionary
used in an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. This investigation facilitates a deeper linguistic insight into the pronunciation of phonemes in SSAE.
Finally, we investigate phoneme adaptation by adapting the KIT phoneme between two dialects of English through the implementation of a set of adaptation rules. Adaptation rules are extracted from literature but also formulated through an investigation of the linguistic phenomena in the data. We achieve a 93% predictive
accuracy, which is significantly higher than the 71 % achievable through the implementation of previously identified rules. The adaptation of a British pronunciation dictionary to SSAE represents the final step of
developing a SSAE pronunciation dictionary, which is the aim of this thesis. In addition, an ASR system utilising the dictionary is developed, achieving an unconstrained phoneme accuracy of 79.7%.Thesis (M.Ing. (Computer Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Bekker, Ian. "The vowels of South African English / Ian Bekker." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2003.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis provides a comparative analysis of vowel quality in South African English (SAE)
using the following data: firstly, the existing impressionistic literature on SAE and other
relevant accents of English, the former of which is subject to a critical review; secondly,
acoustic data from a similar range of accents, including new SAE data, collected and instrumentally
analyzed specifically for the purposes of this research. These various data are
used to position, on both a descriptive and theoretical level, the SAE vowel system.
In addition, and in the service of providing a careful reconstruction of the linguistic history
of this variety, it offers a three-stage koin´eization model which helps, in many respects,
to illuminate the respective roles played by endogenous and exogenous factors in SAE’s
development.
More generally, the analysis is focussed on rendering explicit the extent to which the
synchronic status and diachronic development of SAE more generally, and SAE vowel quality
more particularly, provides support for a number of descriptive and theoretical frameworks,
including those provided in Labov (1994), Torgersen and Kerswill (2004), Trudgill
(2004) and Schneider (2003; 2007). With respect to these frameworks, and based on the results
of the analysis, it proposes an extension to Schneider’s (2007) Dynamic Model, shows
Trudgill’s (2004) model of new-dialect formation to be inadequate in accounting for some
of the SAE data, provides evidence that SAE is a possibly imminent but ‘conservative’
member of Torgersen and Kerswill’s (2004) SECS-Shift and uses SAE data to question the
applicability of the SECS-Shift to FOOT-Fronting.
Furthermore, this thesis provides evidence that SAE has undergone an indexicallydriven
arrestment of the Diphthong and Southern Shifts and a subsequent and related diffusion
of GenSAE values at the expense of BrSAE ones. Similarly, it shows that SAE’s possible participation in the SECS-Shift constitutes an effective chain-shift reversal ‘from
above’. It stresses that, in order to understand such phenomena, recourse needs to be made
to a theory of indexicality that takes into account the unique sociohistorical development of
SAE and its speakers.
Lastly, the adoption of the three-stage koin´eization model mentioned above highlights
the merits of considering both endogenous and exogenous factors in the historical reconstruction
of new-dialect formation and, for research into SAE in particular, strengthens the
case for further investigation into the possible effects of 19th-century Afrikaans/Dutch, Yiddish
and north-of-English dialects on the formation of modern SAE.Thesis (Ph.D. (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Tomiello, Marciana. "A variação do ditongo nasal tônico -ão como prática social no português de São Marcos/RS." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2005. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/179.
Full textAbstract:
O estudo da alternância -ão::-on do ditongo nasal tônico na fala em língua portuguesa de bilíngües português-italiano de uma comunidade rural do município de São Marcos-RS baseia-se na Teoria da Variação Lingüística (Labov, 1969, 1983, 2001) e na Variação como Prática Social (Eckert, 2000, 2005). As variáveis extralingüísticas Idade, Escolaridade e Gênero revelaram-se importantes na ocorrência de -on. Dentre as variáveis lingüísticas, destacaram-se Número de Sílabas do Vocábulo e Contexto Fonológico Precedente. A observação das práticas da família permitiu verificar que a mesma constitui um grupo coeso que trabalha a terra e pratica a fala bilíngüe. São os pais os membros da família dedicados às atividades rurais e aqueles que realizam mais o on, ao contrário dos filhos, que têm atividades urbanas, têm mais escolarização, convivem mais com o grupo monolíngüe-português e realizam mais -ão. Apesar de bilíngüe, a mãe produz menos -on do que o pai. Ambos trabalham a terra e possuem o mesmo grau de escolarização, mas cabe à mãe o contato diário mais intenso com os filhos, com quem pratica o português.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-13T18:45:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marciana Tomiello.pdf: 2417189 bytes, checksum: 273094e28668ccb9d1734fd94917bf5e (MD5)
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O estudo da alternância -ão::-on do ditongo nasal tônico na fala em língua portuguesa de bilíngües português-italiano de uma comunidade rural do município de São Marcos-RS baseia-se na Teoria da Variação Lingüística (Labov, 1969, 1983, 2001) e na Variação como Prática Social (Eckert, 2000, 2005). As variáveis extralingüísticas Idade, Escolaridade e Gênero revelaram-se importantes na ocorrência de -on. Dentre as variáveis lingüísticas, destacaram-se Número de Sílabas do Vocábulo e Contexto Fonológico Precedente. A observação das práticas da família permitiu verificar que a mesma constitui um grupo coeso que trabalha a terra e pratica a fala bilíngüe. São os pais os membros da família dedicados às atividades rurais e aqueles que realizam mais o on, ao contrário dos filhos, que têm atividades urbanas, têm mais escolarização, convivem mais com o grupo monolíngüe-português e realizam mais -ão. Apesar de bilíngüe, a mãe produz menos -on do que o pai. Ambos trabalham a terra e possuem o mesmo grau de escolarização, mas cabe à mãe o contato diário mais intenso com os filhos, com quem pratica o português.
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Horbach, Aline Regina. "A variação do ditongo nasal ão nas comunidades bilíngues de Panambi e Flores da Cunha, no Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/77757.
Full textAbstract:
O trabalho tem como tema o estudo da variação do ditongo nasal ão em sílaba final de vocábulo (ex. pão ~ pon; tiravam ~ tiravon) por falantes bilíngues de português-alemão e português-italiano das comunidades de Panambi e Flores da Cunha, respectivamente. A decisão por investigar essas comunidades deve-se à constatação preliminar de que tal fenômeno é característico de comunidades bilíngues cujas línguas de origem não possuem ditongos nasais. A amostra constitui-se de 16 entrevistas do PROJETO VARSUL (Variação Linguística Urbana na Região Sul). Dados do PROJETO ALERS (Atlas Linguístico-Etnográfico da Região Sul do Brasil) de comunidades bilíngues de alemão e de italiano contribuíram para enriquecer a discussão. No presente estudo, a variável dependente, a alternância do ditongo nasal ão/am ~on em final de vocábulo, é examinada frente a possíveis condicionadores linguísticos e extralinguísticos, suas variáveis independentes. As variáveis linguísticas analisadas são Tonicidade do Alvo, Extensão do Vocábulo, Classe Gramatical, Número (Singular ou Plural) e Contexto Precedente. De forma geral, o fenômeno se aplica em sílabas finais tônicas de palavras no singular, fazendo uma leve distinção entre palavras longas e curtas. Além disso, como se trata de uma variação fonética de superfície, a classe gramatical não parece ser relevante nesse processo, ainda que deva incidir mais significativamente sobre alguns itens lexicais em específico. Quanto às variáveis extralinguísticas, foram analisados Localidade Bilíngue, Idade, Sexo e Escolaridade. De forma geral, o processo não faz distinção importante entre as duas localidades bilíngues analisadas, mas se aplica mais entre os menos escolarizados, por seu menor contato com a modalidade padrão da língua portuguesa. Além disso, o processo aplica-se mais entre homens com mais de 50 anos, em virtude de seu grau de bilinguismo e, possivelmente, por as mulheres dessas comunidades evitarem mais do que os homens variantes desprestigiadas. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa GOLDVARB X e discutidos na perspectiva da Teoria da Variação, proposta por Labov (1969, 1972).This dissertation deals with the variation of the nasal diphthong [ãw] in final syllable of word position (ex. pão ~ pon; tiravam ~ tiravon) by bilingual speakers of German and Italian communities from Panambi and Flores da Cunha, respectively. The decision to investigate these communities due to the preliminary conclusion, that this phenomenon is characteristic of bilingual communities whose languages of origin do not have nasal diphthongs. The sample is constituted of 16 interviews from VARSUL PROJECT (Urban Linguistic Variation in South Region). Data from ALERS PROJECT (Linguistic-Ethnographic Atlas of Southern Brazil) communities bilingual German and Italian contributed to enrich the discussion. In this study, the dependent variable, the alternation of the nasal diphthong ão/am ~ on at the end of word, is examined against possible linguistic and extra linguistic conditioners, their independent variables. The linguistic variables analyzed are Target Toning, Extension of the Word totally, Grammar Class, Number (singular or plural) and Previous Context. In general, the phenomenon applies in tonic final syllables of words in the singular, making a slight distinction between long and short words. Moreover, as it is a phonetic variation of surface, the grammar class is not relevant in this process, although it should focus more significantly on some lexical items in particular. Concerning to the extralinguistic variables, were analyzed bilingual Place, Age, Gender and Education. In general, the process does not distinguish between the two major bilingual cities analyzed, but applies more among the less educated, on the slightest contact with the standard form of the Portuguese language. Furthermore, the process applies more among men over 50 years, because of their degree of bilingualism and, possibly, by the fact the women these communities more than men discredited variants. The results were statistically analyzed by the GOLDVARB X and discussed from the perspective of the Theory of Change, proposed by Labov (1969, 1972).
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Arnela, Coll Marc. "Numerical production of vowels and diphthongs using finite element methods." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/286279.
Full textAbstract:
Recentment, les simulacions tridimensionals per ordinador han esdevingut bastant populars per modelar l’acústica del tracte vocal. Aquestes són capaces de superar algunes de les limitacions clàssiques de les tècniques unidimensionals i permeten incloure tots els detalls de la geometria del tracte vocal, millorant d’aquesta manera la qualitat dels sons generats. El mètode dels elements finits (FEM) és probablement l’aproximació més indicada per resoldre les equacions subjacents de la veu.
En la primera part de la tesi s’aborda el problema de generació de vocals. S’utilitza FEM per resoldre l’equació d’ones per a la pressió acústica, la qual es combina amb una capa perfectament adaptada (PML) per tal de considerar condicions de radiació en camp lliure. Això permet la simulació d’ones acústiques propagant-se a través del tracte vocal i emanant de l’obertura de la boca. L’aproximació FEM proposada es valida després mitjançant experiments realitzats en rèpliques simplificades del tracte vocal. A continuació s’adapta el mètode de la funció de transferència entre dos micròfons per tal de calcular impedàncies del tracte vocal. Aquest s’utilitza a posteriori per a analitzar els efectes de radiació en vocals que comporten simplificacions del cap humà. Finalment, es proposa realitzar simulacions en dues dimensions (2D) basades en un procés d’ajust que permet a tractes vocals 2D imitar en gran mesura l’acústica de tractes vocals 3D, aconseguint un molt bon balanç entre cost computacional i qualitat de la veu. En la segona part de la tesi es generen diftongs. Per a aquesta finalitat es desenvolupa un esquema estabilitzat d’elements finits que resol l’equació d’ones en forma mixta expressada en un marc Lagrangià-Eulerià Arbitrari (ALE). Es produeixen diftongs tant usant tractes vocals mòbils 3D com ara tractes vocals 2D.
L’enfocament proposat per a vocals i diftongs permet no només visualitzar ones propagant-se a través del tracte vocal sinó també escoltar-ne els corresponents sons generats.Recientemente, las simulaciones tridimensionales por ordenador han resultado bastante populares para modelar la acústica del tracto vocal. Éstas son capaces de superar algunas de las limitaciones clásicas de las técnicas unidimensionales y permiten incluir todos los detalles de la geometría del tracto vocal, mejorando de esta manera la calidad de los sonidos generados. El método de los elementos finitos (FEM) es probablemente la aproximación más indicada para resolver las ecuaciones subyacentes de la voz. En la primera parte de la tesis se aborda el problema de generación de vocales. Se utiliza FEM para resolver la ecuación de ondas para la presión acústica, la cual se combina con una capa perfectamente adaptada (PML) para considerar condiciones de radiación en campo libre. Esto permite la simulación de ondas acústicas propagándose a través del tracto vocal y emanando de la obertura de la boca. La aproximación FEM propuesta se valida después mediante experimentos realizados en réplicas simplificadas del tracto vocal. A continuación se adapta el método de la función de transferencia entre dos micrófonos para calcular impedancias del tracto vocal. Éste se utiliza a posteriori para analizar los efectos de radiación en vocales que conllevan simplificaciones de la cabeza humana. Finalmente, se propone realizar simulaciones en dos dimensiones (2D) basadas en un proceso de ajuste que permite a tractos vocales 2D imitar en gran medida la acústica de tractos vocales 3D, consiguiendo un muy buen balance entre coste computacional y calidad de la voz. En la segunda parte de la tesis se generan diptongos. Per a esta finalidad se desarrolla un esquema estabilizado de elementos finitos que resuelve la ecuación de ondas en forma mixta expresada en un marco Lagrangiano-Euleriano Arbitrario (ALE). Se produce diptongos tanto usando tractos vocales móviles 3D como tractos vocales 2D. El enfoque propuesto para vocales y diptongos permite no solo visualizar ondas propagándose a través del tracto vocal sino que también escuchar los correspondientes sonidos generados.
In recent times, three-dimensional computer simulations have become quite popular to model the acoustics of the vocal tract. They can overcome some of the classical limitations of one-dimensional techniques and include all intricate details of the vocal tract geometry, greatly improving the quality of the generated sounds. The finite element method (FEM) is probably the most appropriate approach for solving the underlying equations of voice. In the first part of this thesis the problem of vowel production is addressed. FEM is used to solve the wave equation for the acoustic pressure combined with a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) to account for free-field radiation conditions. This allows the simulation of acoustic waves propagating through the vocal tract and emanating from the mouth aperture. The proposed FEM approach is then validated against experiments performed with simplified vocal tract replicas. Following is an adaptation of a two-microphone transfer function method to compute vocal tract impedances, which becomes later used to analyze the radiation effects of human head simplifications on vowels. Finally, it is proposed to perform two-dimensional (2D) simulations based on a tuning process that allows 2D vocal tracts to mimic the acoustics of 3D vocal tracts, to a large extent. This results in a very good balance between computational cost and voice quality. In the second part of the thesis diphthong sounds are generated. A stabilized finite element scheme for the mixed wave equation in an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) framework is derived for that purpose. Diphthongs are produced using both, 3D moving vocal tracts as well as 2D tuned vocal tracts. The proposed approach for vowels and diphthongs allows not only to visualize waves propagating within the vocal tract but also to listen to the corresponding generated sounds.
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Petersen, Stacy Jennifer. "Accounting for Diphthongs| Duration as Contrast in Vowel Dispersion Theory." Thesis, Georgetown University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13422602.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation investigates the production and perception properties of diphthong vowels at different speech rates in order to advance the understanding of diphthong phonetics and to incorporate diphthongs into the phonological theory of vowel dispersion. Dispersion Theory (Flemming, 2004; Liljencrants & Lindblom, 1972; Lindblom, 1986) models vowel inventories in terms of contrast between all vocalic elements, yet currently only accounts for quality contrasts. Problematically, diphthongs have been excluded from previous acoustic and theoretical work due to their complex duality of being composed of two vowel targets while acting as one phonological unit. Two experiments are presented which test diphthong production and perception by altering speech rate and duration to determine fundamental properties of diphthongs cross-linguistically.
In an elicitation experiment that uses a novel methodology for speech rate modulation, it is shown that speakers maintain diphthong endpoint targets in Vietnamese, Faroese, and Cantonese. Both diphthong endpoints and monophthong targets show similar movement as a natural effect of reduction of the vowel space at faster speech rates, unifying monophthongs and diphthongs in terms of their phonetic properties. Contra the predictions of Gay (1968), it is shown that diphthong slope is variable across speech rates and slope variability is language-dependent.
The second section examines the effect of duration manipulation on diphthong perception with a vowel identification experiment. Results show that the effect of duration manipulation is dependent on phonological vowel length, but otherwise increasing duration improves perception through an increase in percent correct, lower confusability, and lower reaction times. Increasing duration also reduces confusability between diphthongs and monophthongs.
This study finds that duration is an important dimension of contrast both within diphthongs and the vowel inventory as a whole. The analysis shows that in order to adapt Dispersion Theory to account for diphthongs, the theory must include an additional contrast dimension of time. Based on the results of the experiments, three constraints are proposed to initiate the inclusion of diphthongs into Dispersion Theory: *DUR, MINDIST ONSET, and MINDIST OFFSET. Including duration in theoretical models of vowel dispersion is the first step in accounting for vocalic elements that are contrastive along multiple dimensions.
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Soares, Luana Yara da Silva. "A redução do ditongo nasal átono final na cidade de Uberlândia." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2015. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/15482.
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This work has investigated the variation of the final unstressed nasal diphthong from the
speech of people who live in Uberlândia MG. The main focus of this research has set itself
between the full realization of the diphthong (viagem [viaʒẽj̃]
) and the reduced realization
(viagi[viaʒi]). Using the statistic program GoldVarb X helpthe data measurement was made.
After the description and the data analysis, observing frequency and relative importance, as
generated by this program, a phonological analysis of the results was undertaken. The
importance of this research is in the fact of its contribution to linguistic studies, when
describing a variable phenomenonrank in the Brazilian Portuguese, with a specific region
data, TriânguloMineiro, where Uberlândia is situated the city where the data has been
collected. Finally, as theoretical support, we have been based on Battisti (1997; 2002), Bisol
(1989; 1999), Câmara Jr. ([1970] 2008), Bopp da Silva (2005), Labov ([1972] 2008) and
Selkirk (1982). The program GoldVarb X has selected the school level, vowel type,
grammatical type and age groupas the processsuppliers of the final unstressed nasal diphthong
reduction. The theoretical model of Selkirk (1982) was crucial for the understanding of
descriptive and representational constitution of the after reduction syllable structure of the
diphthong.Neste trabalho, investigou-se a variação do ditongo nasal átono final com base nos dados de fala de indivíduos residentes na cidade de Uberlândia-MG. O foco central da pesquisa fixouse entre a realização plena do ditongo (viagem [viaʒẽj̃] ) e a realização reduzida (viagi[viaʒi]). A quantificação dos dados foi realizada com o auxílio do programa estatístico GoldVarb X. Após descrição e análise dos dados, observando-se frequência e peso relativo, conforme gerado pelo programa foi empreendida uma análise fonológica dos resultados. A relevância desta pesquisa está no fato de ela contribuir com os estudos linguísticos, ao descrever um fenômeno variável patente no português brasileiro, com dados de uma região específica, qual seja o Triângulo Mineiro, na qual se situa Uberlândia cidade onde foram coletados os dados. Por fim, como suporte teórico, respaldamo-nos em Battisti (1997; 2002), Bisol (1989; 1999), Câmara Jr. ([1970] 2008), Bopp da Silva (2005), Labov ([1972] 2008) e Selkirk (1982). O programa GoldVarb X selecionou como favorecedores do processo de redução do ditongo nasal átono final, o grau de escolaridade,tipo de vogal, classe gramatical e faixa etária. O modelo teórico de Selkirk (1982) foi fundamental para compreendermos a constituição descritiva e representacional da estrutura silábica pós-redução do ditongo.
Mestre em Estudos Linguísticos
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Kirkland, John Robert. "The recognition of New Zealand English closing diphthongs using time-delay neural networks." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7563.
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As a step towards the development of a modular time-delay neural network (TDNN)
for recognizing phonemes realized with a New Zealand English accent, this thesis focuses on the development of an expert module for closing diphthong recognition. The performances of traditional and squad-based expert modules are compared speaker-dependently for two New Zealand English speakers (one male and one female). Examples of each kind of expert module are formed from one of three types of TDNN, referred to as basic-token TDNN, extended-token TDNN and sequence-token TDNN.
Of the traditional expert modules tested, those comprising extended-token TDNNs are found to afford the best performance compromises and are, therefore, preferable if a traditional expert module is to be used. Comparing the traditional and squad-based expert modules tested, the latter afford significantly better recognition and/or false-positive error performances than the former, irrespective of the type of TDNN used. Consequently, it is concluded that squad-based expert modules are preferable to their traditional counterparts for closing diphthong recognition. Of the squad-based expert modules tested, those comprising sequence-token TDNNs are found to afford consistently better false-positive error performances than those comprising basic- or extended-token TDNNs, while similar recognition performances are afforded by all. Consequently, squad-based expert modules comprising sequence-token TDNNs are recommended as the preferred method of recognizing closing diphthongs realized with a New Zealand accent.
This thesis also presents results demonstrating that squad-based expert modules comprising sequence-token TDNN s may be trained to accommodate multiple speakers and in a manner capable of handling both uncorrupted and highly corrupted speech utterances.
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Kang, Hyeon-Seok. "Phonological variation in glides and diphthongs of Seoul Korean: Its synchrony and diachrony /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487943341527486.
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Hollis, Kristi L. "The effect of fatigue on acoustic measures of diphthongs in individuals with multiple sclerosis /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2973.pdf.
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Hollis, Kristi Lee. "The Effect of Fatigue on Acoustic Measures of Diphthongs in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1742.
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Although recent literature suggests that fatigue influences the communication of people with multiple sclerosis (MS), its relationship to acoustic measures of speech, specifically formant transitions during diphthongs, has not been explored. In the present study, 11 participants diagnosed with MS, two of whom were perceptually dysarthric, and 12 control subjects were recorded as they performed selected speech tasks in both the morning and the afternoon. Before each recording session, participants rated their fatigue level. The participants with MS gave significantly higher ratings of fatigue than the control group. The speakers with MS had longer diphthong durations in a non-fatigued state, but not in a fatigued state, which was indicative of the variability in this group of speakers. Fatigue was not shown to affect any other acoustic variables. This finding may be attributable to the mildness of the speech impairment of this sample of speakers with MS.
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Azeredo, Velho Priscila Silvano. "Coerência dialetal na comunidade bilíngue de Flores da Cunha : alternância do ditongo nasal e variação da vibrante." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/180941.
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Esta tese objetiva analisar processos de variação linguística em tempo real (LABOV, 1994) no português brasileiro de contato com variedades dialetais italianas, para verificar se existe coerência dialetal (GUY e HINSKENS, 2016) na comunidade de Flores da Cunha (RS). Para tanto, fizemos análise quantitativa conforme metodologia de análise de regra variável (LABOV, 1972), para cotejar o padrão de variação de -ão::-on em tempo real com o de outro processo na mesma comunidade. A pesquisa foi embasada em dados de fala provenientes de dois acervos distintos, o do projeto VARSUL (1990) e do Projeto BDSer (2008/2009). Na „troca‟ de -ão por –on, houve um decréscimo na frequência total de aplicação da regra variável: 30,7% nos dados do VARSUL e 21,6% nos do BDSer, indício de regressão de regra. Para verificar a existência de coerência dialetal, compararam-se os resultados da análise de ão::on com os do estudo de Azeredo (2012), sobre o uso variável de tepe em lugar de vibrante no português de contato com variedades dialetais italianas e observamos que as variantes atribuídas ao contato são, ambas, favorecidas pelos homens de mais idade e com nível mais baixo de escolaridade. Essa correlação entre as variáveis analisadas aponta para a existência de coerência dialetal na comunidade de fala em estudo.This thesis aims at analyzing linguistic variation processes in real time (LABOV, 1994) in Brazilian Portuguese in contact with Italian dialectal varieties, to verify if there is lethal coherence (GUY and HINSKENS, 2016) in the community of Flores da Cunha (RS). We performed a quantitative analysis according to the methodology of variable rule analysis (LABOV, 1972), to compare the variation pattern of -ão::-on in real time with that of another process in the same community. Our research was based on speech data from two different collections, the VARSUL project (1990) and the BDSer Project (2008/2009). The analysis showed a decrease in the total frequency of use of -on in contexts where -ão is expected: 30.7% in the speech of VARSUL informants and 21.6% in the speech of BDSer informants, a sign of rule regression. We compared the results of the analysis of -ão::-on with the results of Azeredo (2012) about the use of tap where a trill is expected. We observed that older men with low level of schooling favor the variants under analysis. The correlation between the analyzed variables points to the existence of lethal coherence in the speech community under study.
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Ng, Shiu May Doris. "The system of diphthongs in the interlanguage phonology of young educated Hong Kong speakers of English." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2000. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/345.
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Dupuy, Brooke. "La Diphtongaison dans le Français de Waterville, Maine: Une Étude Sociolinguistique des Voyelles Orales." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/DupuyBP2007.pdf.
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Perry, Keri Lynn. "The Effects of Nebulized Saline Treatments on Diphthongal Vowel Production on Female Subjects with Sjögren's Syndrome." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5760.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze and quantify the effects of a nebulized saline treatment on speech production in eight females with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (SS). The duration, formant frequency onset and offset, and slope were measured to determine the quality of participants' production of diphthongal American English vowels. Acoustic data were examined before treatment began, immediately following treatment, and during a one-week follow-up to determine the effects of a laryngeal hydration program that used nebulized saline to increase hydration of structures in the vocal tract. The vowels produced during the initial baseline condition were acoustically relatively similar to the productions of typical speakers not diagnosed with SS. Although some differences in mean vowel duration and formant frequency values were found in the recorded vowel productions, results indicated that the participants' vowel productions remained relatively stable across the different phases of treatment. The absence of large treatment effects, in terms of vowel acoustics, may be due to the possibility that although the dryness associated with SS is an irratant for speakers, it may not affect their ability to produce diphthongal vowels in a significant manner.
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Santos, Andréa Sena dos. "A aquisição de ditongos no português brasileiro." Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras e Lingüística da UFBA, 2006. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/11403.
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Baseada na Teoria da Fonologia Natural (STAMPE, 1973) e nas propostas de Ingram (1976), Grunwell (1981/1982) e Teixeira (1985/1988b), este estudo tem como objetivo mapear o processo de Simplificação de Ditongos na aquisição do Português Brasileiro, traçando, assim, o seu percurso maturacional. Para isto, observou-se, durante 02 anos, a fala de 02 crianças soteropolitanas, pertencentes à classe sócio-escolar A que é formada por crianças cujos pais possuem (ou pelo menos um deles) o terceiro grau. Essas crianças tinham completado 01 ano de idade na época do início da coleta de dados que foi longitudinal. Após a coleta, os dados foram tratados, tabulados e analisados, obtendo-se como resultados: 1) a elisão parcial foi a estratégia mais recorrente; 2) a idade maturacional das crianças em relação aos ditongos varia de acordo com o tipo de ditongo; 3) os ditongos decrescentes são adquiridos mais cedo que os ditongos crescentes; 4) não há diferença aquisicional entre ditongos orais e nasais. Esses resultados corroboram os achados de Teixeira (1988b/1991), Lamprecht (1990) e Santos (2001) e contribuem para o avanço do Perfil do Desenvolvimento Fonológico em Português (PDFP).
Salvador
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Hernandez, Edith. "Resolucion de hiatos en verbos –ear: un estudio sociofonetico en una ciudad mexicana." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1262231085.
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Cowley, Camille Margaret. "The Effects of Distracting Background Audio on Speech Production." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8522.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined changes in speech production when distracting background audio is present. Forty typically speaking adults completed a repetitive sentence reading task in the presence of 5 different audio conditions (pink noise, movie dialogue, heated debate, classical music, and contemporary music) and a silent condition. Acoustic parameters measured during the study included vowel space area (VSA), vowel articulation index (VAI), formant transition extent, formant transition rate, and diphthong duration for /ɑɪ/ and /ɑʊ/. It was hypothesized that there would be significant increases in vowel space area and vowel articulation index as well as an increase in formant transition measures in the presence of background noise. There were statistically significant decreases in vowel space are and vowel articulation index in the presence of all noise conditions compared to the silent baseline condition. Results also demonstrated a significant decrease in F2 transition extent for both /ɑɪ/, and /ɑʊ/ diphthongs in all noise conditions except the pink noise condition when compared to the silent condition. These findings were contrary to what was originally hypothesized. It is possible that VAI and VSA decreased in the presence of background noise due to an increase in speaking rate. Formant transition measurements were consistent with the VAI and VSA results. More research is needed to accurately determine the acoustic changes a speaker makes in response to distracting background audio.
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Augustin, Juliane Irina Antje. "Eine phonetisch-phonologische Fehleranalyse von Monophthongen und Diphthongen zur Differenzierung der Sprechapraxie von der aphasisch-phonologischen Störung." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21293.
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Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die zugrunde liegende Frage, ob die Sprechapraxie und die aphasisch-phonologische Störung anhand phonetischer Entstellungen und phonematischer Paraphasien bei Diphthongen und Monophthongen voneinander unterschieden werden können. Ergänzend werden messphonetische Daten wie Vokal- und Wortdauern, der erste und zweite Vokalformant und die Voice Onset Time bei stimmlosen Plosiven im Silbenanlaut vergleichend herangezogen.
Dazu werden drei Gruppen à vier Probanden untersucht: Gruppe SAX (mit Sprechapraxie), Gruppe APH (mit aphasisch-phonologischer Störung) und Gruppe NOM (sprachgesunde Kontrollgruppe).
Es wird ein Nachsprechtest von 104 deutschen, meist monomorphematischen, einsilbigen Nomina, 52 einfache (CVC) und 52 komplexe (CCVC und CVCC) Silben, durchgeführt. Jeder Vokal wird durch acht meist unterschiedliche Wörter überprüft. Die Reaktionen werden mit dem phonetischen Analyseprogramm „Praat“ (Version 5.2.22, Boersma & Weenink, 1992–2011) segmentiert sowie ohren- und messphonetisch analysiert. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgt mit R (R Foundation) und R Studio (Version 0.98.1103, 2009–2014).
Die Ergebnisse liefern Hinweise auf störungsspezifische Fehler bzw. Pathomechanismen der Sprechapraxie. Die Gruppe SAX produziert signifikant mehr phonetische Entstellungen bei Monophthongen und Diphthongen sowie signifikant längere Wortdauern als die Gruppe APH. In der Gruppe SAX sind einige Vokale nur teilweise entstellt, wie z. B. initial atypisch behauchte oder gerundete Vokale. Auch zeigen sich die Formantwerte in der Gruppe SAX variabler als in der Gruppe APH und der Gruppe NOM.
Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf ein angenommenes Timing-Defizit bei der Planung und Kontrolle sprechmotorischer Bewegungen der Sprechapraxie.This study analyses the underlying question if it is possible to distinguish apraxia of speech (SAX) and phonemic aphasia (APH) by phonetic distortions and phonological paraphasia of monophthongs and diphthongs. Phonetic measurements like the duration of vowels and words, the Voice Onset Time of voiceless plosives in the onset of syllables and the first and second formant will be analyzed as well. Three groups of four subjects are studied: Group SAX (no/mild aphasia), group APH (without apraxia of speech), group NOM (without any speech disorder). A repetition task comprising 104 German mostly monomorphemic, monosyllabic nouns, 52 simple (CVC) and 52 complex (CCVC and CVCC) syllables, is performed. Each of the vowels is tested in eight mostly different words. The reactions will be segmented, phonetically measured, and analyzed by ear with the help of the program “Praat” (Version 5.2.22, Boersma & Weenink, 1992–2011). The statistical analysis is conducted with R (The R Foundation), within the “R-Studio” software suite (Version 0.98.1103, 2009–2014). The results show some indications of failures and pathological mechanisms of apraxia of speech. Group SAX produces significantly more phonetic distorted monophthongs and diphthongs and significantly longer word durations than group APH. Some vowels are just partly distorted, for example, in form of atypical initial aspirated or rounded monophthongs. Also the formants show greater variability in group SAX than in groups APH and NOM. The results suggest a timing deficit during planning and control of speech movements in apraxia of speech.
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Amaral, Veronica Santos do. "Ditongos Fonéticos: a interferência da língua falada na escrita de alunos da zona urbana e da zona rural de São José do Norte." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2171.
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Previous issue date: 2013-05-21The present work investigates of writing acquisition of the falling oral diphthongs [aj], [ej] and [ow] in the town of São José do Norte/RS, as well as the relationship set between the spoken language and the written language in this process. The subjects are in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th grade classes from two public schools, one in the urban area of town and one in the countryside. Three instruments were elaborated for data collection, one for oral collection and two for written collection. The oral collection instrument consists of 62 pictures which were presented to each subject through a computer. Concerning the written data collection, one instrument was elaborated for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade students and another for the 6th grade students. For the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades, the instrument had the image of the pictures shown to them in the computer previously, so that they would write words about these pictures. For the 6th grade students, the instrument presented statements with blanks to be properly completed. The words in the written collection were, therefore, the same in the oral data collection. Linguistic variables were investigated such as following phonological context, morphologic category and stress, as well as extralinguistic variables such as grade, sex, school zone in order to investigate their influence in the process of graphic acquisition of the respective diphthongs. The data description was carried out by using percentages referring to the production and the deletion of glides in these diphthongs. We added, in the data analysis, statistical results, through the application of the SPSS v. 17.0 program, in order to extend the research results to an ampler sample. The results confirm the proposal of Bisol (1989) about the existence of only one vowel element in the mental representation of learners, due to the significant number of reduction found in writing produced in the initial school years. The gradual appropriation of diphthongs in writing, as well as the emergence, in oral language, of the sequences [aj], [ej] and [ow] in subjects from the 3rd and 6th grades, corroborate the possibility that these diphthongs emerge in the mental representation from the contact of the subjects with the writing. They also point out to an interference of the spoken language in the written one and an influence of writing on oral language.
O presente trabalho investiga o processo de aquisição da escrita dos ditongos orais decrescentes [aj], [ej] e [ow] na cidade de São José do Norte/RS, assim como a relação que se estabelece entre língua falada e língua escrita nesse processo.Os sujeitos pertencem às turmas da 1ª, 2ª, 3ª e 6ª série de duas escolas públicas, uma da zona urbana e outra da zona rural. Foram elaborados três instrumentos de coleta de dados, sendo um para a coleta oral e dois para a coleta escrita. O instrumento da coleta oral contém 62 figuras que foram apresentadas a cada sujeito por meio de um computador. Quanto à coleta escrita, um instrumento foi elaborado para os alunos da 1ª, 2ª e 3a séries e o outro para os alunos da 6ª série. Aos alunos da 1ª, 2ª e 3a séries, o instrumento continha as imagens das figuras mostradas a eles no computador anteriormente, para que escrevessem palavras sobre essas figuras.Para os alunos da 6ª série, o instrumento apresentava frases com espaços em branco, para que fosse completado o sentido de cada uma.As palavras da coleta escrita foram, portanto, as mesmas trabalhadas na oralidade. Foram investigadas variáveis linguísticas, como contexto fonológico seguinte, categoria morfológica e tonicidade, assim como variáveis extralinguísticas, como série, sexo e zona da escola a fim de investigar a influência destas no processo de aquisição gráfica dos respectivos ditongos. A descrição dos dados foi realizada por meio de percentuais referentes à produção e à supressão das semivogais desses ditongos. Acrescentamos, na análise dos dados, resultados estatísticos, por meio da aplicação do programa SPSS v.17.0, a fim de estender os resultados da pesquisa a uma amostra mais ampla.Os resultados confirmam a proposta de Bisol (1989) acerca da existência de apenas um elemento vocálico na representação mental dos aprendizes, tendo em vista o expressivo número de reduções na escrita realizadas nas séries iniciais. A gradual apropriação dos ditongos na escrita, bem como a emergência, na oralidade, de sequências [aj], [ej] e [ow] em sujeitos das turmas de 3ª e 6ª séries, corroboram a possibilidade de esses ditongos emergirem na representação mental a partir do contato dos sujeitos com a escrita. Apontam, ainda, para uma interferência da língua falada na escrita, assim como, uma influência da escrita na oralidade.
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Augustin, Juliane Irina Antja [Verfasser], Christine [Gutachter] Mooshammer, and Mariam [Gutachter] Hartinger. "Eine phonetisch-phonologische Fehleranalyse von Monophthongen und Diphthongen zur Differenzierung der Sprechapraxie von der aphasisch-phonologischen Störung / Juliane Irina Antja Augustin ; Gutachter: Christine Mooshammer, Mariam Hartinger." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/120994667X/34.
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Silveira, Alfredo Christofoletti. "Ditongos no Português de São Tomé e Príncipe." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-30072013-105553/.
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O objeto deste trabalho é investigar a realização dos ditongos orais no português vernacular de São Tomé e Príncipe (pvs). Esta variedade de português está em contato com outras línguas faladas no país e difere do sistema linguístico da variedade considerada padrão, o português europeu (pe) (FIGUEIREDO, 2010; GONÇALVES, 2010; CHRISTOFOLETTI, 2011; SANTOS & CHRISTOFOLETTI, 2011). A hipótese para as peculiaridades do comportamento do sistema fonético-fonológico do pvs é o aprendizado do português como L2 (por gerações passadas recentes) (HAGEMEIJER, 2009; GONÇALVES, 2010), e a influência do contato com as línguas crioulas faladas no país, como o santome (FERRAZ, 1979), o principense (MAURER, 2009), o angolar (MAURER, 1995) e o kabuverdianu, visto que as comunidades são, em geral, bilíngues ou convivem em espaços multilíngues. As mudanças linguísticas intergeracionais e o contato também justificariam o comportamento na realização dos ditongos que possuem variações em sua realização no pvs. O corpus deste trabalho é formado por gravações de fala espontânea de 18 informantes, coletados na capital de stp por meio da sociolinguística variacionista (LABOV, 1991 [1972]). A justificativa para o estudo das realizações dos ditongos, constatada a singularidade de suas realizações, é observar o comportamento de uma variante de português em um ambiente multilíngue; aumentar o nosso conhecimento sobre essa variante; confrontar um sistema em diglossia; possibilitar outros estudos sobre o pvs e comparações com outras variantes de português nos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa. Em relação às variáveis sociais, há uma relação da aplicação do processo de monotongação com a quantidade de anos de escolaridade, sendo que as pessoas mais escolarizadas tendem evitar mais a monotongação do que as pessoas menos escolarizadas. Ademais, foi constatada a singularidade do sistema fonético-fonológico dessa variedade africana de português, pois, diferente da norma europeia (MATEUS & DANDRADE, 2000; MATEUS, 2002), considerada de prestígio no país, o pvs realiza a monotongação dos ditongos [eI ], como em dinheiro [di\"ñeKU], primeiro [pri\"meKU] e feijoada [feZu\"ad5], sugerindo uma aproximação ao comportamento do português brasileiro (pb) (cf. BISOL 1991, 1994; ARAÚJO 1999; LOPES 2002 e outros), todavia, a monotongação ocorre ainda em contextos nos quais tanto nas variantes do pb, como nas do pe, ela é bloqueada. Assim, ocorre a monotongação mesmo quando a consoante seguinte é uma oclusiva alveolar surda [t], como em feitiço [fe\"tisU], leitão [le\"tãU ] e direito [di\"KetU], fato não documentado no pb ou no pe. Com relação ao ditongo [oU ] no pvs, a monotongação é categórica, assim como nos estudos apresentados sobre variação nos ditongos de outras variedades de português. No que diz respeito ao ditongo [oI ], observamos que a variação na aplicação da monotongação ocorre apenas quando seguido pela consoante [S], responsável pelo espraiamento do nó vocálico criando o glide [I ] via processo fonético. O ditongo [aI ], por sua vez, sofreu variação no processo de monotongação fundamentalmente diante de consoante palatal, nos demais contextos sua ocorrência foi pouco produtiva. Do mesmo modo, o ditongo [eU ] teve baixo índice de ocorrência de monotongação, sendo mantido em quase todos os contextos. Os demais ditongos, [EI ], [EU ], [uI ] e [iU ], tiveram raras ocorrências, e foi impossível observar variações em suas realizações.The purpose of this work is to investigate the realization of oral diphthongs in vernacular portuguese of Sao Tome and Principe (pvs). This variety of portuguese is in contact with other languages spoken in the country and differs from the linguistic system of the considered standard variety, the european portuguese (pe) (FIGUEIREDO, 2010; GONÇALVES, 2010; CHRISTOFOLETTI, 2011; SANTOS & CHRISTOFOLETTI, 2011). The hypothesis for the behavior of the phonetic-phonological system of pvs is the learning of portuguese as L2 (from recent past generations) (HAGEMEIJER, 2009; GONÇALVES, 2010), and the influence of contact with the creole languages spoken in the country, as the santome (FERRAZ, 1979), the principense (MAURER, 2009), angolar (MAURER, 1995) and kabuverdianu, since the communities are usually bilingual or living in multilingual environment. The intergenerational linguistic changes and the linguistic contact also justify the behavior in the realization of diphthongs that have variations in their realization in pvs. The corpus of this study consists of recordings of spontaneous speech of 18 informants, collected in the capital of stp through the assumptions of sociolinguistic theory and method (LABOV, 1991 [1972]). The reason to study the achievements of diphthongs, noted the uniqueness of its accomplishments, is to observe the behavior of a variant from portuguese in a multilingual environment; increase our knowledge of this variant; confront a system in diglossia; enable further studies on the pvs and compare it with other variants in the African countries witch have portuguese as official language. Regarding social variables, there is a link to the application of the process of monophthongization with the number of years of schooling, once that people with more time of school education tend to avoid monophthongization than people with less time of school education. Moreover, it was found the uniqueness of the phonetic-phonological system of pvs, because, unlike the pe (MATEUS & DANDRADE, 2000; MATEUS, 2002), considered prestigious in the country, pvs performs the monophthongization of diphthongs [eI ], as seeing in dinheiro [di\"ñeKU], primeiro [pri\"meKU] and feijoada [feZu\"ad5], it suggests an approach to behavior of Brazilian portuguese (pb) (cf. BISOL 1991, 1994; ARAÚJO 1999; LOPES 2002 e outros), however, monophthongization still occurs in contexts in both the variants whrer it is blocked as pb, as in the pe. So monophthongization occurs even when the following consonant is an voiceless alveolar occlusive [t], as in feitiço [fe\"tisU], leitão [le\"tãU ] e direito [di\"KetU], nons-documented fact in pb or pe. Regarding the diphthong [oU ] in pvs the monophthongization is categorical, as shown in studies on diphthongs variation in other varieties of portuguese. With respect to the diphthong [oI ] we observed that the variation in the application of monophthongization occurs only when it followed by the consonant [S], responsible for spreading the vocalic feature creating the glide [I ] through phonetic process. The diphthong [aI ] suffered variation in the monophthongization process, mainly before palatal consonant, in other contexts its occurrence was not very productive. Similarly, the diphthong [eU ] had a low rate of occurrence of monophthongization, and was kept in almost all contexts. The other diphthongs, [EI ], [EU ], [uI ] and [iU ], had rare occurrences, and it was impossible to observe variations in their realizations.
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Tornquist, Gabriela. "Ditongos no Português e no Espanhol: análise sincrônica e diacrônica." Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2013. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/286.
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GABRIELA dissertacao REVISADA FINAL.pdf: 962796 bytes, checksum: e0190a983df66b5ff21e810b793fabc2 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2013-03-27This study aims at investigating the behavior of diphthongs in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and in Spanish from the Prata River region, under the synchronic and diachronic approaches. To develop the diachronic research, it was used bibliographic material, in which was taken the corpus consisted of data related to the historical path of diphthongs from Latin to BP and Spanish from the Prata River region. To discuss the functioning of diphthongs in the current dimension of the two languages, it was constituted two corpora taken from television programs (two from Brazil and two from Uruguay, being one from newscast and the other from an interview program for each country). The data relating to synchronous functioning have been heard, phonetically transcribed, and eventually analyzed. The results indicate the specificity of each language systems related to the behavior of vowel sequences, with prevalence of decreasing diphthongs in BP and rising diphthongs in Spanish from the Prata River region, which can be explained by the diachrony. It was also identified, as a characteristic of the BP system, the variation between the vowel sequence [ej] and the vowel [e] before rhotic consonant. The research was supported by the Stochastic Optimality Theory (Boersma & Hayes, 2001)
O presente estudo visa à investigação do comportamento dos ditongos no Português Brasileiro (PB) e no Espanhol do Prata (EP), sob os enfoques sincrônico e diacrônico. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa de base diacrônica, utilizou-se material bibliográfico, do qual se retirou o corpus constituído pelos dados relativos ao percurso histórico dos ditongos desde o Latim até o EP e o PB. Para a discussão do funcionamento dos ditongos na dimensão atual das duas línguas, foram constituídos dois corpora retirados de programas televisivos (dois do Brasil e dois do Uruguai, sendo um telejornal e um programa de entrevistas de cada país). Os dados referentes ao funcionamento sincrônico foram ouvidos e transcritos foneticamente e, por fim, analisados. Os resultados apontaram a especificidade de cada um dos sistemas linguísticos relativamente ao comportamento de sequências vocálicas, com a prevalência de ditongos decrescentes no PB e de ditongos crescentes no EP, o que pode ser explicado pela diacronia; também foi identificada, como particularidade do sistema do PB, a variação entre a sequência vocálica [ej] e a vogal [e] diante de consoante rótica. A pesquisa teve como suporte a Teoria da Otimidade Estocástica (Boersma & Hayes, 2001)
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Amand, Maelle. "A sociophonetic analysis of Tyneside English in the DECTE corpus : the case of FACE, GOAT, PRICE and MOUTH." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7040.
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Cette thèse propose une analyse sociophonétique synchronique et diachronique de l’anglais de Tyneside à partir de deux sous-corpus du Corpus Diachronique de l’Anglais de Tyneside (DECTE) datant des années 1970 et de 1990 (Corrigan, Buchstaller, Mearns, & Moisl, 2012). Elle comporte deux grands volets : (1) une analyse de la variation inter et intra-locuteurs par le biais de transcriptions phonétiques des variantes linguistiques de FACE, GOAT, PRICE et MOUTH (Wells 1982) à l’aide d’une analyse factorielle multiple (AFM, Escofier 2008, Husson et al. 2011) (2) une étude acoustique des trajectoires formantiques de ces quatre ensembles lexicaux à l’aide de modèles mixtes additifs généralisés afin de vérifier la pertinence du codage (GAMMs, Wood 2015). Pour ce premier volet, nous proposons un profilage sociolinguistique de 44 locuteurs de Gateshead et de Newcastle, à partir de données phonétiques transcrites dans les années 1970 lors de l’Enquête Linguistique de Tyneside (TLS, Strang 1968). Bien que notre analyse porte sur la totalité des transcriptions du système phonétique des locuteurs, l’accent est davantage porté sur FACE, GOAT, PRICE and MOUTH. Selon l’AFM suivi d’une classification, FACE est l’ensemble lexical le plus déterminant dans la catégorisation sociolinguistique des locuteurs. La symétrie entre FACE et GOAT (Watt 1999), PRICE et MOUTH est plus nette chez les femmes : celles de la classe moyenne privilégient une diphtongue fermantes dans entre FACE et GOAT et une attaque de diphthongue ouverte pour PRICE et MOUTH, tandis que les femmes issues de classes plus populaires optent pour la monophtongue pan-régionale pour FACE et GOAT, avec une attaque davantage fermée et antérieure chez PRICE et MOUTH. La monophtongue centrale de GOAT la variante privilégiée par des hommes à l’accent local moins marqué, ce qui entre en cohérence avec les résultats de Watt (1998) dans le sous-corpus des années 1990 du DECTE.Le second volet analyse les trajectoires formantiques de FACE, GOAT et PRICE. Le but premier de cette analyse est de vérifier la correspondance des transcriptions avec le contour formantique. Les résultats confirment la pertinence du codage au niveau des liste de mots (TLS & PVC). Les différences entre les deux variantes principales de PRICE ([aɪ] vs. [eɪ]) se révèlent être foncièrement différentes tant sur le plan de l’attaque, de la trajectoire et de la cibleThe present thesis offers both apparent-time and real-time analyses of two sub-corpora of the Diachronic Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English (DECTE) : one from the 1970s and another one compiled in the 1990s (Corrigan et al., 2012). It comprises two main parts: (1) an analysis of inter and intra-speaker variation in the lexical sets FACE, GOAT, PRICE and MOUTH (Wells 1982) based on a multiple factor analysis (MFA, Escofier 2008, Husson et al. 2011) (2) a dynamic acoustic analysis of formant trajectories of these vowels using Generalised additive mixed models (GAMMs, Wood 2015) followed by a static analysis of onsets in PRICE. The first part establishes the sociolinguistic profiles of 44 speakers from Gateshead and Newcastle based on the original phonetic transcriptions of the Tyneside Linguistic Survey (TLS, Strang 1968). Although the profiling analysis are based on the entire phonetic system transcribed by the original TLS team, the main focus is on FACE, GOAT, PRICE and MOUTH only. Results indicate that FACE the main determinant of TE speech. The symmetry between FACE et GOAT as found by Watt 1999, was also observed in PRICE et MOUTH among women. While middle-class women clearly favour a closing diphthong in FACE et GOAT and have a low onset in PRICE and MOUTH, working-class women tend to have higher frequency scores of pan-northern monophthongs in the first pair of lexical sets. They also exhibit more frequent raised onsets in in PRICE and MOUTH. In addition, the central monophthong GOAT is more often used by men with a less traditional accent in the 1970s corpus, which is in line with Watt’s findings for the 1990s corpus (Watt 1998).The second part analyses formant trajectories in FACE, GOAT and PRICE. The main aim was to compare the original phonetic transcriptions with the corresponding formant trajectories. Results confirm the pertinence of the transcriptions in the wordlist section of the corpora (TLS & PVC). Differences between the two main variants of PRICE ([aɪ] vs. [eɪ]) appeared to be strikingly different be in terms of both onsets / offset heights and trajectory shape
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Onosson, David Sky. "Canadian raising in Manitoba: acoustic effects of articulatory phasing and lexical frequency." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4260.
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This thesis examines the occurrence of Canadian Raising in Manitoba, using acoustic-spectral analysis. Factors such as lexical frequency and morphological complexity are examined to determine their role in Canadian Raising production within the sample population.
One of the key findings is that what are usually analyzed as “raised” phones in pre-voiceless context are considerably shorter than non-raised (pre-voiced) phones, but do not exhibit substantial differences in terms of vowel quality. A method of multiple-timepoint spectral analysis used to achieve this finding is described in detail.
Examination of raising-like diphthongs before /ɹ/ indicates that vowel duration differences exist in different contexts. There is some indication that morphological complexity is related to variants of “raised” phones, such that complex morphology is correlated with longer duration.
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"Formant dynamics of diphthongs in the speech of bilingual identical twins." 2012. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5549110.
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本文通過研究同卵雙胞胎之間的共振峰曲線異同，旨在發掘「個體選擇」對各人共振峰曲線的影響，並檢驗共振峰的動態特徵是否能夠用來鑑定同卵雙胞胎的聲音。本文的實驗對象為四男四女，共八對同卵雙胞胎，皆為普通話－上海話雙語使用者。其中有一男一女兩對雙胞胎自小分開撫養，在不同的語言環境中長大。在第一個實驗(第二章)中，我們採集了普通話與上海話中的複合元音/ua/，並分析了其共振峰。結果顯示，雖然同卵雙胞胎擁有相同的生理構造及類似的語言環境，他們的共振峰曲線卻存在著差異。利用共振峰曲線，分析判別法可以正確鑑別同卵雙胞胎的聲音，盡管在「跨錄音時段」的分析中，正確判別率會有所下降。我們比較了受試者的強勢語言與弱勢語言之後，發現同卵雙胞胎在他們的強勢語言中擁有更高的相似程度。而通過比較一起長大與分開撫養的雙胞胎，我們發現一起長大的雙胞胎未必比分開撫養的雙胞胎更相似。我們認為，對於同卵雙胞胎來說，兩人聲音的相似程度可能受到是否願意擁有雙胞胎兄弟姐妹這一心理因素所影響。
在第二個實驗(第三章)中，我們分析了上海話中韻母/ue?/的共振峰曲線。該元音在新派上海話中正在產生音變，而這一變化造成了很大的「個體內差異」，可能影響到聲音鑑別。 然而，分析判別法的結果顯示，/ue?/的共振峰曲線也能夠很好地鑑別同卵雙胞胎的聲音。但不同於前一個實驗，我們發現在發韻母/ue?/的時候，同卵雙胞胎之間可能比無關聯的話說人之間差異更大。
This thesis investigated the formant dynamics in the speech of Shanghainese-Mandarin bilingual identical twins. The aim of this study is to find out the role “individual choices play in shaping the formant trajectories and whether the between-speaker differences in the formant trajectories are able to discriminate identical twins. The subjects were four pairs of male and four pairs of female Shanghainese-Mandarin bilingual identical twins, among which one pair of male and one pair of female twins were separated since birth, and grew up in different language environments.
In Chapter 2, the Mandarin and Shanghainese /ua/ in the read speech collected from two recording sessions were examined. The formant trajectories were extracted. Both visual inspections and statistical analyses were conducted. The results showed that despite the same organic structures and similar language environments, differences could be found between identical twins in the formant dynamics. Discriminant Analysis suggested that such differences were large enough to discriminate them, though the classification rates dropped when cross-sessional analysis was conducted. A comparison between the subjects’ dominant and non-dominant language showed that the twins were more similar in their dominant language. The data also suggested that the separated twins were not necessarily more different than those non-separated twins. Their willingness to be twins could affect the similarity of their voices.
Chapter 3 analysed the formant dynamics of the /u/ rhyme in Shanghainese in the speech of the twins. This rhyme is undergoing change in the Shanghainese spoken by the young generation. Discriminant Analysis showed that although the varied pronunciations caused large within-speaker differences, the speaker-specific features in the formant dynamics still yielded high correct classification rates. However, due to the large scope of variations, identical twins were found to be not necessarily more similar than unrelated speakers.
Finally, in Chapter 4, the implications of the results on the understanding of speech perception are discussed and the contributions to forensic speaker identification are outlined.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Zuo, Donghui.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-95).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese.
List of Tables --- p.vii
List of Figures --- p.viii
Acknowledgements --- p.ix
Chapter 1Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Speaker identification and speaker-specificity --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Between-speaker differences --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Sources of between-speaker differences --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Types of between-speaker differences --- p.6
Chapter 1.3 --- Within-speaker differences --- p.8
Chapter 1.4 --- Identical twins as ideal subjects --- p.9
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Physiological similarities between identical twins --- p.10
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Previous studies on the speech patterns of identical twins --- p.11
Chapter 1.5 --- Formant dynamics as ideal parameters in speaker identification --- p.18
Chapter 1.5.1 --- The discriminatory power of formant dynamics --- p.19
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Previous studies on individual differences in formant dynamics --- p.21
Chapter 1.5.3 --- Differences between this study and previous studies on formant dynamics --- p.24
Chapter 1.6 --- Bilingualism in speaker identification --- p.24
Chapter 1.7 --- Summary of Chapter One --- p.26
Chapter 1.8 --- Implications of this study --- p.26
Chapter 1.9 --- Research questions --- p.27
Chapter 1.10 --- Organisation of this thesis --- p.27
Chapter 2Chapter 2 --- Formant Dynamics of /ua/ in Mandarin and Shanghainese --- p.29
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.29
Chapter 2.2 --- Method --- p.29
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Subjects --- p.29
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Questionnaire --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Materials --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Procedures --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Measurements --- p.35
Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.35
Chapter 2.3.1 --- FT1 --- p.36
Chapter 2.3.2 --- FT2 --- p.37
Chapter 2.3.3 --- FT3 --- p.38
Chapter 2.3.4 --- FT4 --- p.39
Chapter 2.3.5 --- MT1 --- p.41
Chapter 2.3.6 --- MT2 --- p.42
Chapter 2.3.7 --- MT3 --- p.43
Chapter 2.3.8 --- MT4 --- p.43
Chapter 2.4 --- Discriminant Analysis --- p.45
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Collapsed-session analysis --- p.46
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Cross-session analysis --- p.52
Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.54
Chapter 3Chapter 3 --- Formant Dynamics of /ue?/ in Shanghainese --- p.56
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.56
Chapter 3.2 --- Method --- p.58
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Subjects --- p.58
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Materials --- p.58
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Procedures --- p.61
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Auditory transcription --- p.61
Chapter 3.2.5 --- Acoustic measurement --- p.61
Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.61
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Auditory transcriptions --- p.62
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Formant trajectories --- p.64
Chapter 3.4 --- Discriminant Analysis --- p.68
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Overall correct classification rates --- p.68
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Similarities between identical twins --- p.71
Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.73
Chapter 4Chapter 4 --- Conclusion --- p.74
Chapter 4.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.74
Chapter 4.2 --- Implications --- p.76
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Speech production --- p.76
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Forensic speaker identification --- p.80
Chapter 4.3 --- Limitations --- p.81
Chapter 4.4 --- Future research --- p.82
Chapter 4.5 --- Final conclusions --- p.83
Appendix A --- p.85
Appendix B --- p.87
Appendix C --- p.89
References --- p.90
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Prinsloo, Claude Pierre. "A Comparative acoustic analysis of the long vowels and diphthongs of Afrikaans and South African English." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22950.
Full textAbstract:
Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this documentDissertation (MEng (Computer Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
unrestricted
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Brink, Janus Daniel. "An acoustic comparison of the vowels and diphthongs of first-language and African- mother-tongue South African English." Diss., 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29155.
Full textAbstract:
Speaker accent influences the accuracy of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Knowledge of accent based acoustic variations can therefore be used in the develop¬ment of more robust systems. This project investigates the differences between first language (L1) and second language (L2) English in South Africa with respect to vowels and diphthongs. The study is specifically aimed at L2 English speakers with a native African mother tongue, for instance speakers of isi-Zulu, isi-Xhosa, Tswana or South Sotho. The vowel systems of English and African languages, as described in the linguistic literature, are compared to predict the expected deviations of L2 South African English from L1. A number of vowels and diphthongs from L1 and L2 speakers are acoustically compared and the results are correlated with the linguistic predictions. The comparison is firstly made in formant space using the first three formants found using the Split Levinson algorithm. The L1 vowel centroids and diphthong trajectories in this three-dimensional space are then compared to their L2 counterparts using analysis of variance. The second analysis method is based on simple hidden Markov models (HMMs) using Mel-scaled cepstral features. Each HMM models a vowel or diphthong from one of the two speaker groups and analysis of variance is again used to compare the L1 and L2 HMMs. Significant differences are found in the vowel and diphthong qualities of the two language groups which supports the linguistically predicted effects such as vowel substitution, peripheralisation and changes in diphthong strength. The long-term goal of this project is to enable the adaptation of existing L1 English recognition systems to perform equally well on South African L2 English.Dissertation (MEng (Computer Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2005.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
unrestricted
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Gusinde, Jurgita. "Akzentuierung des Litauischen bei litauisch - deutsch aufwachsenden Kindern in Deutschland." Doctoral thesis, 2008. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2008080112.
Full textAbstract:
In dieser empirischen Untersuchung geht es um Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund aus der Osnabrücker Umgebung, die regelmäßig im privaten Bereich Litauisch hören und sprechen. Die Matrixsprache bei allen Kindern ist Deutsch. Es handelt sich um gemischte Familien, bei denen die Muttersprache des Vaters Deutsch und die Muttersprache der Mütter Litauisch ist. Bei den sieben litauisch-deutsch sprechenden Kindern sind die litauischen Sprachstrukturen so ausgebaut, dass die prosodischen Elemente gut zu analysieren sind. Die Arbeit behandelt einen engen prosodischen Bereich: sie beschränkt sich auf die Tonverläufe im Litauischen im Kindesalter. Die Sprachaufnahmen wurden im Zeitraum von ca. zwei Jahren erhoben und anhand von Praat, dem linguistischen Programm, das die Sonagramme der Wörter mit den prominenten Silben mit schweren Reimen erstellt. Der theoretische Teil der Arbeit bestätigt die Komplexität des Begriffs Akzent, auch wird die litauische Phonologie im Vergleich zum Deutschen reflektiert. Die Auswertung der empirischen Daten der Kontrollgruppe in Litauen und der untersuchten Gruppe in Deutschland stellt eine Transparenz der Akzente, bzw. der Tonverläufe des Litauischen dar. Die Akzente werden "sichtbar" anhand von erstellten graphischen Baumstrukturen. Die Arbeit bestätigt, dass die Tonverläufe nur eine nachrangige Funktionalität im Litauischen haben. Die Kinder in der Diaspora, unter eingeschränkten Bedingungen, lernen die litauische Sprache auch mit ihren flüchtigen Strukturen wie der Wortprosodie. Die bilingualen Kinder sind in der Lage, die wortprosodisch kontrastierenden Wortformen im Litauischen zu differenzieren, obwohl ihre dominante Sprache Deutsch dies nicht kennt. Die Sprachuntersuchungen zeigen, dass die Kinder im Spracherwerb nicht strategisch vorgehen: sie können gewissermaßen nicht anderes, als eine Sprache ggf. vollständig zu erlernen.
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Onosson, D. Sky. "An acoustic study of Canadian raising in three dialects of North American English." Thesis, 2018. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9274.
Full textAbstract:
“Canadian Raising” (CR) is a phonological process typical of Canadian English, defined as the production of /aj, aw/ with raised nuclei before voiceless codas, e.g. in about. This dissertation investigates the relationship between CR and another process which abbreviates vowels in the same phonological context in most English dialects: pre-voiceless vowel abbreviation (PVVA). This study sampled three North American dialects: Canada, and the American West and North. Comparisons of vowel duration and formant trajectories revealed common patterns and specific differences between these dialects related to both CR and PVVA. Comparisons of vowel formant trajectories were conducted using statistical techniques for comparing curvilinear datasets, employed in novel methodology which utilizes multiple models of time-scaling. Results indicate that the allophonic production of /aw/ differs in Canadian English in relation to the other dialects, while /aj/ follows a common pattern in all three. I argue that PVVA is achieved through the gestural reorganization of vowels preceding voiceless coda, with the dynamic nature of diphthongs making possible several patterns of abbreviation, two of which are attested in these data: truncation of the onset i.e. the diphthongal nucleus, and compression of the overall trajectory; truncation of the offset is also attested for some monophthongs. Differences in selection of which of these abbrevatory patterns applies to /aw/ in Canadian English versus other dialects accounts for the observed differences in phonetic output. These results indicate that it is worth reconsidering several aspects of the current conception of CR, as follows. First, diphthong-raising processes can be directly linked to the more common process of vowel abbreviation, with consideration of how diphthongal gestures are organized, and reorganized in relation to post-vocalic voicing gestures. Second, that /aw/-raising appears to be distinctly Canadian. And third, that /aj/-raising is not specifically Canadian, suggesting that the two terms be described and named distinctly. This dissertation contributes to the literature on sociophonetics in two major ways: by indicating how CR is directly connected to PVVA in contemporary speech, beyond their surmised historical connections; and, by developing novel methodology for the analysis of dynamic formant trajectories, involving comparison of different time-scaling methods.Graduate
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Macedo, António Francisco Lopes de. "Estudo da perceção (problemática) de vogais e ditongos orais de alunos de PLNM, falantes de Inglês L1." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/38400.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de mestrado em Português Língua Não Materna (PLNM) - Português Língua Estrangeira (PLE) / Português Língua Segunda (PL2)Este trabalho propõe-se investigar a perceção das vogais e dos ditongos orais do Português Europeu (PE) por aprendentes de Português Língua Não Materna (PLNM) cuja língua materna é o inglês canadiano. O presente estudo procura identificar as vogais e os ditongos do PE de perceção mais problemática para este grupo de aprendentes. Para tal, realizaram-se dois testes de identificação das vogais e dos ditongos do PE, aplicados a um grupo de 20 participantes adultos, alunos universitários com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 22 anos, com um nível inicial de proficiência do PE. Os resultados mostram que as vogais com grau de abertura semifechado [e], [ɐ] e [o] são as que oferecem maiores dificuldades de perceção. Relativamente aos ditongos, os resultados revelam uma clara perceção dos ditongos cuja articulação tem o seu início na zona de articulação central [a] e [ɐ] e dificuldade de perceção quando o ditongo inicia numa zona de articulação posterior semifechada. Para além disso, os dados mostram que os ditongos que iniciam o seu movimento numa zona de articulação anterior próxima do grau médio de abertura são discriminados apesar de não serem previstos no inglês americano (ingA). Verificou-se, também, uma assinalável influência da “alteração canadiana” das vogais nos resultados.
This work aims to investigate the perception of the oral vowels and diphthongs of European Portuguese (EP) by learners of Portuguese as a Foreign Language (PFL), whose native language is Canadian English. The present study seeks to identify the vowels and diphthongs of EP which cause greater problematic perception to this group of learners, and which articulation of vocalic or diphthongal sounds poses the largest obstacles to perception. Thus, two identification tests for vowels and diphthongs of EP were performed by a group of 20 adult participants, university students between the ages of 18 and 22, with a beginner level of proficiency of EP. The results show that the vowels with a close-mid height position [e], [ɐ] and [o] are the ones that cause more perception problems. In relation to the diphthongs, the results show a clear perception of the diphthongs whose articulation begins in the central backness area, [a] e [ɐ], and perception difficulty when the diphthong starts in a close-mid back position. Furthermore, the data show that the diphthongs that start its articulation in the front near the mid position can be discriminated, in spite of not being a part of American English (AmE). It is also noteworthy that the “Canadian vowel shift” had a great influence on the results.