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Revkova, E. "Diplomatic Etiquette in Professional Training of International Relations Students." Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 12, no. 2 (May 18, 2023): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9103-2023-12-2-51-57.
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Introduction. The relevance of the research lies in the consideration of issues of diplomatic etiquette in the process of training future specialists in international relations for professional communication. Diplomatic etiquette includes aspects of future professional activity that international relations students need to know.
The hypothesis of the study includes the assumption that the mastery of diplomatic etiquette contributes to the formation of professionalism of future specialists in international relations.
The purpose of the study is to analyze pedagogical technologies for the formation of skills of diplomatic etiquette application by future specialists in the field of international relations in the context of professional communication.
Methodology and research methods. The research applies such theoretical methods as analysis, systematization and generalization of scientific literature on the research problem. It presents an overview of the works of Russian and foreign scientists on diplomatic etiquette and professional training of international relations students. Empirical methods include pedagogical observation of students’ participation in professionally oriented events related to diplomatic etiquette. The online-survey involved 54 students of the educational program 41.03.05 “International Relations” of Ryazan State University named for S.A. Yesenin.
Results. The article presents the description of pedagogical technologies for improving the knowledge of international relations students about diplomatic etiquette. It shows the analysis of students’ opinions on the importance of knowledge of diplomatic etiquette for future professional activity. The scientific novelty includes the proposed pedagogical technologies for teaching diplomatic etiquette to international relations students about such sections of diplomatic etiquette as diplomatic correspondence, rules of conduct, politically correct vocabulary, cultural differences. The analysis of the results of the online-survey shows that students understand the importance of mastering diplomatic etiquette for their future professional activities.
Practical significance. The proposed pedagogical technologies on diplomatic etiquette can be further used to form the professional identity of international relations students.
Conclusion and directions for further research. In the future, it is advisable to develop pedagogical technologies aimed at the formation of value orientations of specialists in international relations in the conditions of cultural transformation of the world.
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Amirbekova, Aigul, Fariza Ismailova, Kalbike Yessenova, Gauhar Yersultanova, and Guldariga Kenzhebaeva. "2013 Favorite Subscription 2022 PhS Library Issue 5 (june) PhS Library Issue 4 (april) PhS Library Issue 3 (february) PhS Library Issue 2 (december) You are here Home » Archive » 2022 ISSUE No 6 (November) Добавить статью GENERAL AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS Category functions in the process of recategorization Ch.G. Gogichev Pages: 3..11 DOI: 10.20339/PhS.6-22.003 1 Правка The mechanisms of deviation from norms in computer-mediated communication I.G. Ovchinnikova, L.L. Cherepanova Pages: 12..20 DOI: 10.20339/PhS.6-22.012 1 Правка Influence of national characteristics on the formation of conceptual structure of diplomatic style." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 6 (November 2022): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.6-22.021.
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The purpose of the article is to form a conceptual structure of the diplomatic style. The diplomatic style is not diplomatic discourse. Both are two different categories. The parameters of diplomatic communication for modern society differ in style. Diplomacy is a diplomatic tactic not only in relations between states but also in the management of social groups and interpersonal relations. Successful diplomatic communication requires effective strategy and tactical skills. Because diplomatic communication is a socio-political relationship, it has a style. The article presents a conceptual structure typical of the diplomatic style. First, the stylistic structure of the diplomatic language was determined, gestures and facial expressions used in diplomatic relations were analyzed. Types of negotiations, the characteristics of a diplomat — the characteristics of a leader were identified. The etiquette of diplomatic speech was defined. The etiquette of diplomatic uniforms has been clarified. All this proved to be a conceptual structure of diplomatic style. Diplomacy of agreement and compromise is not only a peacemaker but also a commercial interest, an invitation to trade, publication, distribution.
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Khoreva, Larisa G. "Etiquette Speech Strategy in the Spanish Diplomatic Discourse." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-3-44-54.
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The article is devoted to the study of the ethical speech strategy in the Spanish diplomatic discourse. The article deals with the functioning of speech strategy in Spanish diplomatic documents. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of studying of the speech impact on the addressee of the communication. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical aspects. The article gives an overview of the concepts of «speech genre», «speech strategy», «ethical genres». The subject of study are the texts of diplomatic documents of the Spanish Ambassador to Russia, Duke de Liria during the reign of Emperor Peter II and Empress Anna Ioannovna. The Duke de Liria ethical speech strategy involves numerous areas of silence about the most important historical events of Russia during this period, which is evidence of the modality of persuasion of the addressee in the absence of active domestic political life in the country and the formation of public opinion in accordance with the goal, the conclusion of a treaty between Russia and the Holy Roman Empire. The author of the article shows that modern ethical speech strategies of the Spanish diplomatic discourse also exist mainly in the modality of persuasion, today they use a large arsenal of means to achieve this goal, which includes repetition, synonymous series and periphrastic constructions, outdated words and expressions, which gives the right to speak about a high degree of conservatism of ethical speech strategies in the Spanish political discourse. The author of the article concludes that etiquette speech strategies on the one hand reflect global trends, on the other hand, demonstrate a high commitment to national principles of diplomatic documents construction.
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Tomalin, Barry. "Diplomatic protocol: Etiquette, statecraft and trust. A review." Training Language and Culture 2, no. 1 (March 2018): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29366/2018tlc.2.1.8.
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Kheyrandish, M. S., N. Sh DJolandan, and A. Hosseini. "Etiquette and Tasks of Translators Working in the Political and Diplomatic Fields." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 11, no. 3 (August 20, 2021): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2021-11-3-71-75.
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The article is devoted to determining the correct behaviour, role and tasks of translators working in the political and diplomatic sphere The translator, according to scientists, plays an essential role in communication between people, the development of various scientifc felds from culture to diplomacy and communication This article focuses on the role of an interpreter in the political and diplomatic sphere A translator working in the diplomatic feld has several tasks, and following these tasks, he must comply with certain standards of conduct The article deals with the necessary moral and ethical standards of behaviour and the social and cultural task of the translator in this area This socio-cultural task is essential when communicating with local colleagues, the population, politicians and diplomats As for the social task, the translator contributes to the dissemination and development of social phenomena of one society in another and helps to bring together the views of different peoples by translating their literary and socio-cultural works and creating the necessary prerequisites for establishing political contacts The article focuses on the role of the translation profession in bilateral negotiations, interpretation, and the challenges that professional diplomatic translators face During their investigation, the authors used observation methods, generalisation, interpretation of results, and various articles written on this topic.
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Okladnaya, Marina, and Viktoriya Slivnaya. "Protocol of credentials in European countries: general and special." Law and innovative society, no. 2 (15) (January 4, 2020): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2020-2(15)-5.
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Problem setting. The purpose of establishing diplomatic relations is to maintain constant relations between the countries at the highest diplomatic level. The main stages of establishing diplomatic relations are regulated by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of April 18, 1961. At the same time, this document in many respects refers to the national law of countries. The presentation of credentials is the final action, after which diplomatic relations are considered established, and the powers of state representatives take effect. However, international law does not specify the specific form and procedure for the presentation of credentials, as it is up to the States to decide. Therefore, each state has its own practice of the presentation of credentials, which depends on its form of government, national characteristics, historical past. Therefore, it is relevant today to compare the protocols of credentials in the practice of different countries to determine the positive and negative aspects. Target research. The aim of the work is to determine the main content of credentials in the process of establishing diplomatic relations, to study the practice of ceremonies of credentials on the example of Europe and Ukraine, to analyze existing problems in this area of international relations and solutions. Analysis of recent research and publication. This topic is the basis of research in many works of recognized authors. Examples are theoretical works Sagaidak O.P. «Diplomatic protocol and etiquette», Tkacha D.I. «Diplomatic protocol in the Republic of Hungary: general, special», Tymoshenko N.L. «Features of diplomatic, business protocol and etiquette of the Netherlands», and other Ukrainian scholars. Also well-known works of foreign authors are the works of Ikanovich S. and Picarsky J. «Diplomatic Protocol and Good Manners», John Wood and Jean Serre «Diplomatic Ceremony and Protocol», Bennett Carol «Business Etiquette and Protocol». Article’s main body. The establishment of diplomatic relations is aimed at the exchange of diplomatic missions between states. This process ends with the procedure of presenting credentials. Credentials are a document that officially certifies the status of a diplomatic representative of the accrediting state in the host state. This document is important in international law because it has a long history and represents the beginning of the official activities of the ambassador to the host country. Modern elements of the procedure of awarding credentials are common to many states. But each country today has its own characteristics of the ceremony of awarding credentials, which usually depends on its form of government. For example, monarchies (Netherlands, England) still have in their practice a lavish and pathetic conduct of diplomatic events. In contrast, іn today’s democracies (Hungary) the protocol of credentials is more modern and simplified due to the absence of outdated traditions and irrelevant measures. However, each country has both positive and negative aspects of the ceremony. Ukraine has little experience in diplomatic protocol since gaining independence in 1991. Today, national law effectively regulates the procedure for awarding credentials, but many provisions do not correspond to reality. Therefore, Ukraine must develop in this area of international relations on the basis of foreign experience. Conclusions and prospect of development. Thus, the presentation of credentials plays an important role in regulating diplomatic relations between countries. The basis for this ceremony is the characteristics of the state, which includes the political regime, form of government, historical past, modern development, features of the national mentality. In our opinion, the process of universalization of the diplomatic protocol is a variant of development of this field of international relations. The appropriate direction of such development may be the unification of norms relating to the ceremony of awarding credentials, as international law is being actively improved and updated, as exemplified by European integration. As modern Ukraine continues to actively establish diplomatic relations with other countries and exchange diplomatic missions, it is necessary to streamline legislation and develop it on the example of the positive experience of European countries.
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Xia, Huatian. "Historical Evolution of Gift Diplomacy from Ancient to Modern Times." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 4, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v4i2.791.
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Giving gifts is indispensable in diplomatic etiquette. The exchange of gifts can enhance friendship between the two countries or convey deep-seated intentions. With the development of society, diplomatic gifts are no longer antiques but more symbolic goods. Diplomatic gifts are defined from sociology, and the historical evolution of gift diplomacy is explored from the tributary system, the transformation of participants, and gift ontology. Through analysis, it is found that ancient gift diplomacy focuses on reflecting national strength and has hierarchical differences. The gift is given in the name of Nagong by the conquered. With the development of society and the weakening of hierarchy, modern diplomacy pursues equality. The country maintains friendly relations between countries through gift exchange. Diplomatic gifts usually have symbolic meaning, artistic value, and emotional value, and gift selection is increasingly flexible. Animals also become the common diplomatic gifts, such as China’s pandas, Japan’s dogs, and Russia’s cats.
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Niiranen, Anna. "Diplomatic Wives, Cultures of Dress and Brita Kekkonen." Ethnologia Fennica 48, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.23991/ef.v48i2.112655.
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In this article, I discuss the private dress collection of Brita Kekkonen (1927–2013), a diplomatic wife, who was a very well-known figure in Finland during the period of the Cold War. Brita Kekkonen was also a very talented dressmaker and a very fashionable figure in diplomatic circles. Some eighty outfits made by Brita Kekkonen have survived to this day, in addition to her voluminous pattern collection, containing more than 1,000 patterns from several decades. The aim of my new postdoctoral research project is to identify Brita Kekkonen’s dresses and examine their use, politico-cultural meanings and design in the context of the Cold War, diplomatic etiquette and Kekkonen’s own personal history.
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Frey, Linda, and Marsha Frey. "‘More Savage than White Bears’: The Diplomatic Etiquette of Revolutionary France." Court Historian 22, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14629712.2017.1306359.
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Bekulard, Beata. "Etiquette, diplomatic protocol and savoir-vivre as the code of conduct for police officers." Internal Security 12, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6701.
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Principles of good manners are associated with courtesy, politeness, tact, good behaviour standards, or savoir-vivre. They include a set of specific rules of conduct that are approved of by a given community. Because courtesy plays an important role in shaping interpersonal relations, the knowledge of etiquette by officers of the services subordinate to and supervised by the Minister of the Internal Affairs and Administration in Poland is the basis for functioning in day-to-day service. Unfortunately, the notions and principles of etiquette are often confused with the principles of an official ceremonial protocol in business pragmatics. This article features the basic principles which should be followed, and not only by every police officer. After all, ignorance of the rules of protocol may lead to our being ridiculed, along with the force which we represent, both in professional and private life.
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Matkovska, Yuliia. "Etiquette is Easy. Advice from His Excellency’s Wife." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XX (2019): 822–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2019-58.
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The article considers the Ukrainian-language version of the book about etiquette of Iryna Filippova, the wife of a diplomat, Ambassador Extraordinary And Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to France, the Netherlands, and Monaco. It was mentioned that the book was published with the participation of the Directorate-General for Rendering Services to Foreign Missions and the creative team of the Advertising and Publishing Department of the “Mediacenter” Directorate. It is noted that this is the third book by the author. Her previous editions of “Paris in Gift Wrappings” and “High-Heeled” were successful with readers. The definition of the term “etiquette” is given. Namely, it is indicated that these are rules and regulations that reflect the idea of decent behaviour of people in society. The ideological content of this publication can be understood from the title. It is noted that due to the unusual presentation and the “Lego” style inherent in the author of the book, the wife of a Ukrainian diplomat attracts the reader to actively listen to a pleasant story about unusual, or even comic, cases from the diplomatic social life, creating an atmosphere of private conversation over a Cup of coffee. The book covers outfits for official visits, and delicate tips for meetings and receptions, and recommendations for the consumption of extraordinary dishes, as well as interesting suggestions for choosing clothes and creating appropriate images. In addition, the writer in her publication made an excursion into the past to tell readers the historical facts of the establishment of certain etiquette norms, and also shared current ideas of the balance between ‘convenient’ and ‘representative’. It is noted that this is not a manual of etiquette or protocol instruction for beginners, but a harmonious combination of stories and memories of the author of the book. The leading idea is a sincere and tolerant attitude to those who are near. It is noted that the tips that can be found in the book will be useful in everyday life. Therefore, this publication is an indispensable adviser not only for representatives of diplomatic circles. Keywords: Iryna Filippova, etiquette, diplomat’s wife, writer, advice.
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Krichevsky, B. V. "Adoption of Diplomatic Etiquette by Russian Medieval Embassies in East Asia’s Countries." Университетский научный журнал, no. 40 (2018): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25807/pbh.22225064.2018.40.77.87.
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Ibraimova, Anar, and Rauan Dossymbekova. "The peculiarities of «welcoming the guests – 好客 » in Kazakh and Chinese linguoculture." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 61 (February 28, 2023): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.61.01.17.
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Deep ties between China and Kazakhstan date back to ancient times. Starting from the ancient period of the Huns, Yuxin and the era of the independent Kazakh Khanate, under Abylai Khan, relations between the Kazakhs and the Chinese took place within the framework of political and diplomatic relations. The researchers’ works are limited to considering the differences and peculiarities between the Kazakh and Chinese languages, omitting the cultural spectrum of bilateral exchanges. This article describes the linguistic and cultural features of the concept of «welcoming the guests - 好客 / hàokè» in the Kazakh and Chinese languages. The norms of language etiquette based on respect and honor are used in the expression of customs and traditions. In addition to mastering a foreign language, knowledge of intercultural communication has a special place in the communication with representatives of various countries. Any nation has its own history of development, mentality, way of life and customs. Proper application of the rules and laws of language etiquette leads to a favorable and optimal outcome of communication between the interlocutors. The etiquette of «welcoming the guests – 好客 / hàokè» in the Kazakh and Chinese languages refers to a set of etiquette based on ancient customs and traditions.
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Melo, Joao Vicente. "In Search of a Shared Language: The Goan Diplomatic Protocol." Journal of Early Modern History 20, no. 4 (July 5, 2016): 390–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342504.
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This paper analyzes the Ceremonial de que uzão os VReys [Vice-Reys] quando escrevem aos Reys da Azia. The Ceremonial was a manual of etiquette that aimed to help the Viceroy in his contacts with local rulers such as the Persian and Mughal emperors, the princedoms of Kanara, Sonda, Tannor, and the Sardessais of Sawantvandi. It will be argued that by selecting specific words to address local rulers, inspired by Indo-Persian ideas of kingship and diplomacy, the Portuguese authorities used some elements of the local political culture to facilitate the negotiations between Goa and the Indian courts and develop a comprehensible image of the Portuguese Crown to most South Asian rulers.
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Yapparova, Venera Nagimovna, Juliya Viktorovna Ageeva, and Adamka Pavol. "Verbal Politeness as an Important Tool of Diplomacy." Journal of Politics and Law 12, no. 5 (August 31, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n5p57.
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This article examines the notion of diplomatic courtesy and analyzes the ways of its language expression in Russian diplomatic discourse on the example of the speeches delivered by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov.
Diplomatic courtesy is considered by the authors as an integral part of the diplomatic language, which, being a component of the official business style, is characterized by standardization, normalization, lack of emotionality and neutrality. At the same time, the diplomatic language allows the use of language means that are not regulated by the diplomatic protocol, which act as euphemisms and allow expressing opinions on acute political problems without violating the existing rules of diplomatic communication.
The success of diplomatic communication is achieved with the help of universal speech formulas that serve as a means of manifesting courtesy and correspond to the standards of diplomatic communication. Such speech formulas themselves do not have legal force, but they have great moral and political power, since they contribute to the regulation of the nature of relations between countries.
The article shows that diplomatic courtesy can be both positive and negative. The degree of courtesy in a diplomat's speech may depend on a wide range of various factors conditioned by the dependence of diplomatic etiquette on the specifics of interaction between communicants.
Based on the results of the conducted research, the authors came to the conclusion that during various meetings the Minister of Foreign Affairs uses the following verbal means - speech formulas of greeting, address, compliment, invitation, gratitude, condolence, farewell. The frequency of such speech formulas is explained by the need of abidance of an international protocol that prescribes to diplomatic staff a certain sequence of verbal and non-verbal actions.
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Holtseva, Mariia. "Expressive speech act of gratitude in a diplomatic discourse of the United Nation Security Council." Synopsis: Text Context Media 26, no. 4 (2020): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-259x.2020.4.8.
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The subject of the study is the structure and pragmatics of the speech acts (SA) of gratitude in the speeches of the country representatives at the UN Security Council meetings. The objective of the study is to identify the structural and pragmatic properties of the diplomatic discourse of the SA of gratitude, exemplified by modern speeches in English during the meetings of the UN Security Council in a chronological scope. During this investigation the method of comparison in various forms of gratitude by diplomats was used. Also, this method is used in the chronological sampling of the SA of gratitude. At the same time, the method of synthesis is used for the processing of the theoretical basis of the study. Results of the study. Protocol gratitude is somewhat different from everyday gratitude, at least in the aspect of the speaker status, where his/her position in society is of primary importance here. Usually diplomatic gratitude is restrained, without excessive emotions. Among key features of expressives, the act of committing an action is included. The analysis of the presented examples was carried out with the help of the SVOiOd model, which shows the object of an action, the actual subject of the action and the action itself, that appears in the form of a declared gratitude. Diversified by nature, expressive SAs are not subject for a clear classification, the difference between etiquette and expressive SAs does not seem readily apparent. A characteristic feature of diplomatic gratitude is its publicity, because it emphasizes the importance of some people over others. In order to maintain a positive atmosphere, gratitude can act as a formula for etiquette. This paper has only indirectly touched the issue of expressive speech acts of the diplomatic discourse, that is why there is a bulk of material to analyze in the nearest future. The scientific novelty of this study is that it is the first known study that touches on the structural and pragmatic properties of gratitude SA of modern English speeches in the communicative situation of the UN Security Council. New is the appeal to the structural and pragmatic specifics of such speeches. In order to establish changes in the structure and pragmatics of diplomatic discourse, chronological sampling is performed, covering speeches of the middle and end of the twentieth century. Application. The results of this inquiry are a contribution to the study of diplomatic discourse, and they will provide for a deeper understanding of the correlation between structure, pragmatic content, relevance of selected language units to ensure the success of diplomatic speech.
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يوسف إبراهيم, د. محمد. "المنظور الإسلامي للاتكيت." Omdurman Islamic University Journal 14, no. 1 (May 9, 2018): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/oiuj.v14i1.1613.
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Etiquette has become manifestation of modern civilization and has taken prominent place in the field of international relations especially on the level of diplomatic dealings , on the side of protocol and ceremony , it has become a measure of the extent to which any society is brought into consideration as it relates to daily behavior and practice , the purpose of this study is to identify the concept of etiquette and its importance in contemporary life , to clarify the aspects and origins of Islamic etiquette, and to explain the importance of its role in education and refinement , the descriptive approach was used to suit this type of study, which was divided into two sections, the first topics was entitled (the concept of etiquette and its importance in contemporary life and Islam),the second topic dealt with the most important aspects of etiquette in Islam, the study reached several results the most important that , the etiquette originally an authentic Islamic teacher who was the best creation and best mankind , his ethics were the ethics of Quran and this is shown through his biography and his prophetic (sunah) which established the best ethics in the history of mankind, Muslims morality and his moral character is considered as a gift from God , the divine source of revelation is therefore affixed values and ideals suitable for everyone regardless of sex, time and place , therefore the studies have made several recommendations, every Muslim must have the ethics of Islam and the manners of polite behavior where ever he may be , and not be areson of distort the image of Islam by in appropriate behavior outside his country or within or even his own home, considering that the practice of worship is rewarded on their performance , and he have to know the origins of the etiquette as modern necessity and Islamic worship, there fore care must be taken to be an essential part of our daily culture and our life processes and not separate from Muslims creation and educations.
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Kooria, Mahmood. "Regimes of Diplomacy and Law: Bengal-China Encounters in the Early Fifteenth Century." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 64, no. 3 (May 18, 2021): 217–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341536.
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Abstract This article examines the Bengal–China connections between the Ilyās Shāhī and Ming dynasties in the early fifteenth century across the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea. It traces how law played a central role in the cultural geography and diplomatic vocabulary between individuals and communities in foreign lands, with their shared understanding of two nodal points of law. Diplomatic missions explicate how customary, regional and transregional laws were entangled in inter-imperial etiquette. Then there were the religious orders of Islam that constituted an inner circle of imperial exchanges. Between the Ilyās Shāhī rule in Bengal and the Ming Empire in China, certain dimensions of Islamic law provided a common language for the circulation of people and ideas. Stretching between cities and across oceans the interpolity legal exchanges expose interesting aspects of the histories of China and Bengal.
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Ahmedova, Shafag F., and Nazim S. Ibadov. "DIPLOMATIC LANGUAGE EVOLUTION IN THE TEXTS OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS (based on Karabakh conflict settlement documents)." Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 1, no. 25 (May 30, 2023): 144–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2523-4463-2023-1-25-11.
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The purpose of this work is to study diplomatic Russian language evolution, based on the analysis of documents on settlement of the Karabakh conflict and relations between neighboring countries. The objective of the study is to analyze the process of formation of modern vocabulary, features of morphology and syntax in Russian diplomatic language used in negotiation processes and in the preparation of diplomatic documents in the countries of the region in the period from the 18th to the 21st centuries. Since the negotiation processes and documents related to them, based on relations between Russia and the countries of the region, will be considered, cultural-historical, comparative approaches, as well as methods of linguistic observation, contextual, transformational and quantitative analysis are involved in the study. The evolution of the Russian diplomatic language and style is conditioned by both extralinguistic (political situation, wars, changing social formations and the creation of a new state, economic relations, etc.) and linguistic (interaction with other languages, structural and semantic changes, changes in the stylistic affiliation of words) factors influencing the development of the Russian language as a whole. Nevertheless, a number of trends can be identified which characterize the development of the directly diplomatic language: its vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. Changes at these levels reflect the process of the diplomatic language formation as a sphere of official business style and, at the same time, its formation as a unique and self-sufficient diplomatic discourse. The development of the lexical level was largely associated with a change in the composition of the vocabulary used in diplomatic documents in a particular era. The analysis of diplomatic documents shows that in the 18th–19th centuries, the composition of the vocabulary, firstly, indicates that the official business style was at the initial stage of formation; secondly, it reflects the process of the formation of the Russian literary language, a departure from foreign borrowings that actively replenished the language in the era of Peter the Great. This is evidenced by the fact how often are used expressive and evaluative vocabulary, high bookish vocabulary, common and colloquial vocabulary, etiquette-complimentary vocabulary and low frequency of borrowing terms. The desire for maximum accuracy in the presentation of conditions in international treaties is evidenced by the rather high frequency of full and partial synonyms use. Diplomatic vocabulary of the twentieth century (Soviet period) is characterized by the absence of high book vocabulary, a significant increase of common vocabulary, borrowing terms and a decrease of expressive-evaluative, full and partial synonyms and etiquette-complimentary vocabulary. Neologisms, speech (including ideological) clichés come to replace the new formations associated with the construction of the socialist formation state – abbreviations in the texts of notes and internal documents, which indicates the formation of the lexical composition of the official-business style. The composition of the vocabulary of the modern period (the end of the 20th – the first third of the 21st centuries) is characterized by the almost absence in the analyzed documents of expressive-evaluative and etiquette-complimentary vocabulary (which are incorporated into the composition of cliché speech formulas) and is replenished with euphemisms and contextual synonyms. The frequency of use of certain types of vocabulary is changing – a significant increase in speech clichés, a slight increase in neologisms and a decrease in the level of borrowing terms and abbreviations use. Morphologically the analyzed documents texts cut seems to be the most expressive in terms of the impact intentionality degree on the opponent. An indicative trend is the weakening of the semantics of obligation and the strengthening of semantically neutral forms, expressed in the practical rejection of deontic modality use and the infinitive in the function of the imperative mood, as well as in the increasing activity of performative verbs use in the passive voice and verbal nouns. The use of performative verbs in the passive reflects the desire to level the specifics in indicating the persons or organizations in respect of which obligations are determined and allows to neutralize the general tone of the document. The intensive use of verbal names, which form a significant percentage of speech clichés (chancellery), indicates the closest convergence of the diplomatic style with the official business style in the 21st century. In the development of the syntax of diplomatic texts, there is a tendency to simplify constructions, replacing complex sentences with simple ones, including adverbial/participial phrases. The logical presentation, which concludes the subordination of some facts to others, is supported not by a polypredicative construction, but by the topic deployment of content in several monopredicative sentences. Such changes in syntax are due to the desire for brevity, conciseness and maximum accuracy of presentation in conditions of weak individualization of style.
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Svetlana, Luchitskaya. "The Diplomatic Mission of the Crusaders to Egypt in 1167: the Language of “Gestures”." ISTORIYA 14, no. 3 (125) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025085-2.
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The article analyzes a well-known episode in the history of diplomatic relations between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and Fatimid Egypt — the conclusion of a treaty on military assistance in 1167. The procedure of concluding the agreement itself vividly revealed the differences in Western and Eastern etiquette of diplomacy and provoked a cultural shock that was overcome with the help of symbolic gestures. A passage translated in the article from the chronicle of William of Tyre allows for a clear understanding of how the language of diplomacy functioned in Latin East in the mid-12th century.
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Samet Kheyrandish, Milad, Nahid Sheikhi Djolandan, and Amir Hosseini. "ANALYSIS OF THE NEED TO OBSERVE DIPLOMATIC ETIQUETTE AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE PROTOCOL." Политическая лингвистика, no. 2 (2021): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26170/1999-2629_2021_02_17.
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Asanova, Svetlana. "Diplomatic Etiquette of the Governors-General of Turkestan (According to the Diaries of Nikolai Ostroumov)." Kunstkamera 17, no. 3 (2022): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/2618-8619-2022-3(17)-6-19.
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Kuchyk, Halyna, and Oleksandr Kuchyk. "Political Communication in Multilateral Diplomacy: Linguistic Dimension." Studies in Media and Communication 10, no. 3 (December 17, 2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v10i3.5843.
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Conceptual approaches to the study of the text as phenomenon are highlighted; its place and role in the communicative activity of the individual, social groups, state, international actors are determined. The peculiarities of political communication in the political and diplomatic activities of states in the international arena are analyzed. The importance of linguistics in diplomatic relations cannot be underestimated. Diplomatic etiquette and norms of the negotiation process significantly affect both the success of the process in international relations and the positions of the parties and their willingness to cooperate. The relevance of this study lies in the attraction of sources of different origin for a comprehensive analysis and processing of this little-studied aspect of international relations. The aim of the article is to analyze the issue of political text in political linguistics and its place in political communication within political and diplomatic activities of multilateral cooperation. The methodological basis of the research is a multidisciplinary approach, which includes both general and specific scientific research methods. The methodology is based on a systematic approach, which is to study the political text as a single system of interconnected elements (linguistic, communicative, discourse), which are characterized by interconnectedness and interdependence. This allows us to consider the text as a set of speech and writing activities to create a text as an element of communicative activity and the result of political communication, which creates a text as a result of the political willing of the state in the international arena.
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Williams, Lynn. "Forms of address and epistolary etiquette in the diplomatic and courtly worlds of Philip IV of Spain." Bulletin of Spanish Studies 81, no. 1 (January 2004): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/145382032000184291.
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Zakharova, Oksana. "Diplomatic Ceremonial as the Basis of the Culture of International Relations." Studies in Media and Communication 10, no. 1 (February 4, 2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v10i1.5478.
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Currently, there is an increased interest in the ceremonial culture in general, and in etiquette as a component of the ceremonial, in particular. This phenomenon is largely explained by their special role in the processes of communication in society, as well as a new understanding of the processes of communication and behaviour themselves. A ceremonial is a kind of cultural message from one social group of people to another. The basic idea of behaviour, the inner meaning of secular ceremonial is laid down in church rituals, and external forms of behaviour can be borrowed from the traditions of everyday secular life. The relevance of the study is determined by insufficient knowledge of diplomatic ceremonies of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the fact that knowledge of the laws of their functioning expands the understanding of domestic politics and international relations of the era, the cultural component of the life of Soviet society. The socio-cultural aspect of the topic is also relevant in scientific terms. This research can contribute to the study of the history of the organisational culture of Soviet society. Taking into account the absence of a special study devoted to the problem in historiography, the purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive study of the communicative functions of diplomatic ceremonial in international communication based on the analysis and generalisation of new facts with the involvement of archival materials and other sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In this study, art is considered for the first time from the point of view of the communicative factor of diplomatic ceremonial. For the first time, such a term as "diplomatic counterculture" is introduced into circulation.
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LIU, BESS XINTONG. "‘The Timpani Beats Just Hit on My Heart!’ Music, Memory, and Diplomacy in the Philadelphia Orchestra's 1973 China Tour." Twentieth-Century Music 18, no. 3 (October 2021): 395–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572221000189.
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AbstractThis article examines the underexplored history of the 1973 Philadelphia Orchestra China tour and retheorizes twentieth-century musical diplomacy as a process of ritualization. As a case study, I consult bilingual archives and incorporate interviews with participants in this event, which brings together individual narratives and public opinions. By contextualizing this musical diplomacy in the Cold War détente and the Chinese Cultural Revolution, I argue for the complex set of relations mobilized by Western art music in 1973. This tour first created a sense of co-dependency between musicians and politicians. It also engaged Chinese audiences by revitalizing pre-Cultural Revolution sonic memories. Second, I argue that the significance of the 1973 Orchestra tour lies in the ritualization of Western art music as diplomatic etiquette, based on further contextualization of this event in the historical trajectory of Sino-US relations and within the entrenched Chinese ideology of liyue (ritual and music).
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Yefremova, Kateryna, and Maryna Lobko. "The art of diplomatic protocol as tool of business communication." Law and innovative society, no. 2 (15) (January 4, 2020): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2020-2(15)-6.
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Problem setting. At the present stage of development of international relations, more and more diplomatic negotiations are taking place and a large number of international agreements are being concluded, so for the successful and effective functioning of the state foreign policy mechanism many tools are needed, each of which sets the mechanism in motion. However, the issues of gift literacy and their conceptualization of the role as a tool of diplomatic protocol in the implementation of international contacts of bilateral and multilateral nature remain unexplored. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The following scientists were engaged in research of the specified question: Ukrainian scientists – O. Sagaidak, G. Rudenko, Polish – L. Ikanovich, J. Picarsky, T. Orlovsky, English – John Wood, Jean Serre and others. The target of research is to study the essence of diplomatic protocol and etiquette on the example of gift literacy as a special tool for establishing relations in international cooperation, as well as outlining the realities of regulating this procedure and determining the practical side of the gift process in the context of diplomatic relations. Article’s main body. In the article investigated the essence and genesis of the practice of applying the diplomatic protocol in multilateral diplomacy for political purposes. It is argued that some protocol aspects of a multilateral meeting may be subject to political manipulation, and their behavioral influence on decision-makers is used. The importance of using gifts at the present stage of diplomacy development as one of the political tools that is subordinated to foreign policy goals is determined. The gifts received during the working trips of the presidents of the countries reflect the current state of development of the states, cover meetings and communication with the population, outline the professional and political interests and priorities of the states. The exchange of memorable gifts and souvenirs is carried out in the protocol order or by agreement of the parties in a solemn atmosphere as a separate protocol event within the framework of the state visit of the head of a foreign state. Examining the gifts, you can determine the geography of official visits of high-ranking officials, the current state of development of states, assess the outcome of meetings and communication with the population, learn about professional and political interests and priorities of states. In the protocol practice of most countries, strict cost limits have been introduced for gifts given or received by senior officials. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Gift literacy is one of the modern tools of diplomatic protocol, and the rules for choosing diplomatic gifts are a science, the basic principles of which have changed and improved over the centuries and to this day. Gifts from foreign heads of state, representatives of international organizations and business circles represent the donor country, reflecting customs, culture, government.
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Miššíková, Gabriela. "Politeness strategies in academic digital discourse." Discourse and Interaction 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2012-1-49.
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The paper explores the discourse strategies used in academic discourse in the informal setting of a personal web page. The aim is to study a digital variation of academic discourse that blends features of spoken and written academic discourse. It typically provides spontaneous responses using direct ways of expressing ideas. Unlike scholarly discussions at conferences, academic etiquette and diplomatic language are not always maintained and personal attacks and emotive statements occur; participants tend to express their preferences, professional standpoints, ideas and personal attitudes frankly and openly. Expressing criticism and disagreement, the participants may or may not use politeness strategies to mitigate face-threatening responses. Mapping the variety of these strategies, I work with those parts of academic web pages that are devoted to vivid and uncensored discussions of the subject matter. The analysis is theoretically rooted in the conception of interpersonal rhetoric as defined by Leech (1983). The research draws from a corpus of articles and related responses randomly chosen from personal and institutional academic web pages.
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Petrova, Maria. "Mission of Baron Joseph Maria von Neuhaus in Russia in 1742—1746 and the Organisational Problems of Diplomatic Service in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century." ISTORIYA 14, no. 9 (131) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840028005-4.
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The article, based on unpublished materials from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, reconstructs the details of the stay in St. Petersburg and Moscow of Minister Plenipotentiary of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII Baron Joseph Maria von Neuhaus, who came to prevent Empress Elizabeth Petrovna from entering the War of the Austrian Succession on the side of Austria. Neuhaus’ mission was accompanied by a number of difficulties, the main one was to obtain permission from the Russian court to present his credentials. The absence of Elizabeth Petrovna’s imperial title in the letter of credence deprived Neuhaus of the opportunity to be accredited at the Russian court for a year and four months, and consequently of his public status, that made any negotiations impossible. The article also analyses the organizational and financial problems of diplomatic and courier service in wartime, and the peculiarities of etiquette formulas in official correspondence between Russia and the Holy Roman Empire.
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Xiong, Wenjia. "The Poetry and Prose Diplomacy Between Ming Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty from the Perspective of Shiwen-Chouchang." Yixin Publisher 2, no. 2 (February 29, 2024): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.59825/jcs.2024.2.2.61.
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This article takes the perspective of “Shiwen-Chouchang”, and interprets the poetry and prose diplomacy between the Ming Dynasty and the Joseon Dynasty, as recorded in the “Annals of the Joseon Dynasty” and “Huanghua Collection”, during their diplomatic missions. The envoys sent by the two countries in both directions not only have to fulfill their regular mission as envoys, but also shoulder various tasks in politics, economy, and culture. During the mission, through exchanges and exchanges in the fields of literature, language, writing, calligraphy, painting, books and classics, Confucianism, etc., the envoys demonstrated their talents and also demonstrated the country’s cultural and moral etiquette. The poetry and prose diplomacy proposed through “Shiwen-Chouchang” not only compensates for political exchanges between the two sides, better solves political conflicts, strengthens friendly relations, fundamentally guarantees the healthy development of the two countries, but also deepens cultural exchanges between the two countries, making contributions to the dissemination of their cultures.
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Kondratiev, S. V. "Entry of the Russian Embassy to Isfahan and Diplomatic Receptions in the Safavid State (according to the Memoirs of John Bell)." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-12-252-261.
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The article is devoted to the ceremonial ritual diplomatic practices adopted at the Persian Safavid court during the reign of Shah Sultan Hussein (1694-1722), described by the Scottish physician John Bell, who was a member of the Russian embassy of Artemy Volynsky in Isfahan (1717). It is noted that John Bell, with varying degrees of detail, captured the order of entry of foreign diplomatic missions to Isfahan, the movement along the streets of the capital and the consistent structure of the entry of the Russian embassy. The fact that there was an elaborate ceremony and etiquette for receiving foreign embassies in Safavid Persia is shown in the article. The author believes that the capital of Isfahan itself, its suburbs, the main Shah’s residence Talar-i Tawila, and the Shah’s country residences acted as the ceremonial space. It has been proven that the Safavid ceremony involved a magnificent meeting of the embassy at the entrance to the capital, her escort to the place of accommodation, a solemn entry into the capital, a reception with the Shah with the presentation of credentials and a meal. A comparative analysis of the receptions of the shah and high-ranking officials, differing in their degree of representativeness, led to the conclusion that the shah’s receptions were exclusively ceremonial, while important political issues could be discussed at receptions of high-ranking officials. It is noted that the receptions of senior officials could surpass the receptions of the shah with pomp.
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Yarmarkina, Galina M. "Религиозная лексика в письмах хана Аюки и их русских переводах." Oriental studies 16, no. 4 (September 12, 2023): 948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2023-68-4-948-956.
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Introduction. Religious vocabulary is a means to express a special view of the world, a special value system. Goals. The work aims to identify some specific patterns in the functioning of religionyms in seventeenth-eighteenth century Kalmyk official letters and their Russian translations. Materials and methods. The article examines a total of seventy nine letters by the Kalmyk Khan Ayuka for the years 1685 to 1715 — and their parallel Russian translations. The original texts are housed by the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and the National Archive of Kalmykia. Results. The analysis of religious vocabulary reveals certain differences in linguistic worldviews articulated by representatives of different religions. The texts contain religionyms associated with Buddhism (in Kalmyk letters), Orthodox Christianity (in Russian translations), and Islam (single mentions in Kalmyk letters and their Russian translations). In most cases, religionyms act as an important tool of diplomatic etiquette. Our comparison of the original texts and their translations made it possible to identify some semantic extensions pertaining to Kalmyk religion-related toponyms — names of places of pilgrimage, while there are almost no traces of Buddhist terms in Russian translations, which may be explained by differing religious ideas and concepts.
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Levchenko, I., and U. Kukharuk. "SYMBOLS OF THE ORDER OF THE GARTER AS A MEANS OF REPRESENTATION OF THE JAMES VI & I AUTHORITY (based on the illustrative sources of the National Portrait Gallery)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 140 (2019): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.140.8.
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The electronic resource of the National Portrait Gallery has 199 images of James VI & I. We turn to the king’s lifetime portraits. Numerous James’s I images that contain the attributes of the knight’s ethos (lattice, horse, sword, honors of the Order of the Garter) make it possible to form the idea of the knight’s ideal transformation, to trace the influence of ethos on the royal etiquette and the diplomatic ceremony during the reign of James VI (1566-1620) & I (1603-1625). In addition to the popularization and maintenance of knight ideals, the Order of the Garter played an important role in shaping the notions of the "English nation". Reconstruction of the image on the basis of imaginative sources makes it possible to find out how the contemporaries perceived to the king. The morality and behavior of the king as the "father" of all the British (paterfamilias) was an exemplum, authority and set the frame for the whole society, because the royal court and the family were perceived as a model. Also the gender was important in the representing of the knight’s image. A conclusion is made about the sacredness of the symbolism of the Order as a means of dialogue between a person of a monarch and his subjects (people).
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Zagorodnikova, T. N. "Servant of Tsar and Motherland. Basil Oskarovitch von Klemm (1861–1938) in Bukhara Emirate." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 1 (11) (2020): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-115-125.
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From the very beginning of his adulthood Basil Oskarovitch von Klemm dreamed of the diplomatic career in the Orient. So he graduated from Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages and after that from Training Department for Oriental Languages affiliated to the Asiatic Department of Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In summer of 1885 he began working in that Department and after a year was send to Bukhara Emirate to work as an interpreter in Russian Imperial Political Agency. The article concentrates on the beginning of Basil Oskarovitch von Klemm’s service in Central Asia, when he studied the traditional life of the Emirate and of the Emir’s court, the details and peculiarities of Oriental diplomacy, as well as etiquette, being the dragoman of the Agency in Bukhara Emirate. He acted instead of the Political Agent, when the latter was absent. The Attachment to the article contains the Report of B. O. von Klemm, where he analyzes the highly charged political situation in Bukhara and gives his recommendations on the ways to stabilize it and to deal with the ruler of the Emirate in order to appease him. The document shows the difference between the views of Russian Empire towards her vassal state and the views of Great Britain towards India.
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Lamsal, Hiranya Lal. "Effectiveness Of Military Diplomacy Towards Nationalism, National Security and Unity." Unity Journal 3, no. 01 (March 6, 2022): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v3i01.43317.
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Military diplomacy in every country strengthens unity, nationalism and national security. It acts as a specific domain of diplomacy that emphasizes primarily on the pursuit of foreign policy interest of the state in the field of security and defence policy, whose actions are associated on the use of negotiations and other diplomatic instruments. Nepal, being a sovereign kingdom, the nation needs a stout military foundation. In this regard, in the field of nationalism, national unity and security, Nepal Army drives its loyalty, obedience, sacrifice and etiquette to maintain common and control in the nation. Considering this fact, this study examines military diplomacy directed to national interest through the perceptions of general people of Rupandehi district, Lumbini Province of Nepal. This study aims at exploring effectiveness of military diplomacy for the well being of the nation and their role to maintain patriotic feeling through national security and unity, and harmonious civil-military relations. To carry out this research, a set of questionnaires was prepared through Google Docs and circulated to general people through emails and messenger. Altogether, 116 participants were taken as population in this study. The snowball sampling technique was used with an online survey tool to collect data. The collected data was analyzed in terms of simple statistical method of percentages. This study found that the effectiveness of military diplomacy for an important security and foreign policy. The result displayed that military diplomacy provides opportunities, security and strength which boosts the national power. It enumerates the activity of military force of the ministry of defense of the nation which conducts a diplomatic scenario to the enforcement of its foreign policy that is of a non-combat nature. It also signifies that military diplomacy marches towards nationalism, which gravitates to build up the interest of obtaining and maintaining the state’s sovereignty. Therefore, it is an essential tool for foreign policy at strategic level that adds to raise the degree of nationalism, national security and unity in the state.
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Galina, Talina. "Imperial National Conscience as International Recognition." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 1 (February 1, 2022): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2022-0-1-45-55.
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In the second half of the 17th century and under the conditions of the Westphalian system based on the principles of national state sovereignty, the relations between the empires existing since Middle Ages and Russia, that came to the imperial development scenario only in the New times, entered a new stage. The most morbid reaction to Russian imperial ambitions was demonstrated by the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. The most important task of Moscow tsars and their diplomats became the task to obtain the Roman Empire’s recognition of the equal status of its rulers and that of the Russian sovereigns. The present article describes how Moscow solved that problem. Special attention is paid to the issue of the Russian tsars titles; to the nuances of diplomatic etiquette related to the work of Russian embassies in the Holy Empire, as well as the reception of the imperial authorized representatives in Russia. In Russian domestic practice the titling of Russian tsars as emperors started with the Latin translation in the official documents addressed to the tsars of the Full Royal title. The specific problem in the relations of the two states remained their affiliation with different confessions. The article describes the attempts of the Holy Roman Empire to recognize the higher international status of Russian tsars in exchange for the permission to hold Catholic services in Russian territory without difficulty.
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Blahopoluchna, A. H., I. M. Kyryliuk, I. M. Povorozniuk, N. O. Liakhovska, and O. V. Lytvyn. "CULTURE OF PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY: ITS SIGNIFICANCE AND INFLUENCE." Economies' Horizons, no. 2(20) (June 30, 2022): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2616-5236.2(20).2022.261844.
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The main feature of the work of hospitality workers is constant communication with people of different ages, social statuses, and sometimes nationalities. The culture of professional communication of service workers consists, first of all, in respectful attitude to the client, and also in ability to interact with the person irrespective of a situation. The professional ethics of the hospitality industry is based on professional knowledge, skills, moral norms and principles, as well as basic aspects of professional, social (including moral, pedagogical, political, diplomatic, internal, emotional) culture and professional etiquette.
When visiting the guests of the institution, it is very important to match the manners, appearance, language, gestures and clothes. If employees violate their professional ethics, violate morality, forget about their professional standards, it leads to a negative image of the hotel and restaurant business.
The ability to ethically, competently and meaningfully express an opinion, provide information to the client is a necessary and extremely important component of the communicative competence of employees in the hospitality industry. This component is the foundation of business processes of the industry, which is aimed at promoting and selling tourism products, hotel and restaurant services, sightseeing, spa and specialized services. In view of this, the skills of professional communication are of great importance in both international and international dialogue.
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Shevchuk, N. V. "Rethinking Approaches to Negotiation Training in Russia and other Countries." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 17, no. 4 (January 1, 2024): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2023-04-163-176.
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The article is devoted to the problems of negotiation training and research of modern negotiation practices in Russia and abroad in the context of expanding traditional diplomatic tools through the active involvement of non-state actors in world political processes, as well as the use of “expert diplomacy” resources in international negotiations.Aim . To identify current trends in the teaching of negotiations in Russia and the world, to show the features of modern negotiation practices in the context of new geopolitical realities.Tasks. To analyze the role of negotiations in modern social, political and international processes. To review the latest research in the field of negotiations in the context of Western and non-Western scientific schools on negotiations.Methods. The methods of empirical analysis, consistency, scientific discussion, informational and historical approaches are applied.Results . The key features of modern scientific schools on negotiations are revealed. The specificity of non-Western research on negotiations is shown. The importance of taking into account national, religious, and cultural peculiarities of business communication in building successful negotiation processes is evaluated.Conclusions . Along with the universalization of negotiation practice and the formation of a unified negotiation culture, there is a pronounced trend towards combining negotiation skills based on classical strategies in the educational process, as well as mastering the knowledge and skills of intercultural communication, business etiquette and communication with representatives of various countries of the world.
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唐, 叶丹. "Study of “DiplomaticProtocol” during the Spring and Autumn Period—Based on Records of Diplomatic Protocol in TsoChuan, The Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial and the Book of Rites." Advances in Social Sciences 09, no. 05 (2020): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ass.2020.95102.
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Gburzyńska, Natalia. "Diplomatic Protocol, Etiquette and Savoir-Vivre... Book Review: Maria Pierzchała, Dyplomacja od podstaw w opowieściach ekspertów. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek 2016 (pp. 205). ISBN 978-83-8019-308-6. Price: 27.00 PLN." Polish Political Science Yearbook 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2017128.
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Arumita, Pawa. "Analysis of Cross-Cultural Communication Using the DEMATEL Method." 1 5, no. 1 (October 14, 2023): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/cllrm/5/1/3.
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Cross-Cultural Communication encompasses a diverse range of interactions within cultural contexts, involving the exchange of ideas and emotions. This exchange can occur through both verbal and non-verbal means, encompassing various cultural norms, values, and customs. Effective communication is integral in numerous contexts such as business, education, healthcare, and social organizations, and is particularly crucial in our interconnected world, where individuals with diverse backgrounds frequently engage. In this globalized landscape, cross-cultural communication stands as an indispensable tool for successful interaction and mutual understanding. Awareness of Cultural Differences: Understanding that different cultures have distinct communication styles, norms, and etiquette is fundamental. This awareness helps in avoiding misunderstandings and misinterpretations. Language Proficiency: Language is a primary tool of communication. While English is often used as a global lingua franca, it's important to recognize that not everyone may be equally proficient. Accommodating different levels of language proficiency is crucial. Motions, posture, reactions to situations, even eye contact are all examples of communication that is not verbal. convey a significant portion of a message. These can vary widely across cultures and can sometimes lead to misinterpretations. Listening Skills: Actively listening and paying attention to verbal cues, tone, and non-verbal cues is crucial. It helps in understanding not only the words being spoken but also the underlying feelings and intentions. Respect and Open-Mindedness: Respecting and valuing different cultural perspectives is key to successful cross-cultural communication. Being open-minded and curious about other cultures fosters positive interactions. Avoiding Stereotypes and Assumptions: Making assumptions based on stereotypes can lead to misunderstandings. It's important to approach each individual as just that—an individual with unique experiences and perspectives. Cross-cultural communication research holds a profound significance in our increasingly interconnected world. It serves as a crucial foundation for fostering understanding, tolerance, and cooperation between people from diverse cultural backgrounds. In a globalized society where individuals and groups regularly interact, the research equips us with essential insights into the nuances of communication across cultures, helping to mitigate misunderstandings and conflicts. Beyond interpersonal interactions, it plays a pivotal role in promoting successful international business relationships, enhancing diplomatic ties, and ensuring the efficacy of educational exchange programs. Moreover, it contributes to the creation of inclusive environments, where diversity is celebrated, and individuals from various backgrounds can thrive. In healthcare, cross-cultural communication research is vital for delivering equitable and effective services, and it also aids in the resolution of conflicts by considering cultural perspectives. This research, spanning multiple academic disciplines, has far-reaching implications for enhancing the quality of our personal, professional, and societal interactions. Cultural Sensitivity Training, Awareness of Cultural Differences, Language Proficiency, Non-Verbal Communication and Listening Skills. the Rank using the DEMATEL for Cross-Cultural Communication. Cultural Sensitivity Training is got the first rank whereas is the Awareness of Cultural Differences is having the Lowest rank.
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Sánchez González, Dolores del Mar. "PROTOCOLO Y DERECHO: JURIDICIDAD DEL PROTOCOLO PROTOCOL AND LAW: THE LEGALITY OF THE PROTOCOL." REVISTA ESTUDIOS INSTITUCIONALES 5, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/eeii.vol.5.n.8.2018.22186.
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Entre las ciencias jurídicas, el protocolo se concibe como buenas maneras, educación, código de conducta, ética, o como la ropa o los zapatos que uno debe ponerse para acudir a un acto que exige una determinada etiqueta. Como algo frívolo, sin importancia, que no atañe al común de la sociedad, propio de las clases elevadas y de los gobernantes y de la diplomacia. Por supuesto, cuando dices que eres protocolista, que eres especialista en protocolo y que te dedicas a investigar el protocolo, te preguntan "pero ¿eso es derecho?". En definitiva el protocolo es una disciplina despreciada por los juristas que la han ido dejando de lado, salvó en un sector: el diplomático. Los diplomáticos son los únicos conscientes de lo importante que es el ceremonial y el protocolo en las relaciones internacionales, y por ello los cursos de la Escuela Diplomática son referente ineludible a la hora de estudiar protocolo. Este estudio reivindica el protocolo desde su carácter de disciplina jurídica.______________________Among the legal sciences, protocol is considered to be good manners, courtesy, code of conduct, ethics, or the clothes and shoes one should wear to an event where dress code is required; something superficial, unimportant, not related to society at large, characteristic of the upper classes, rulers and diplomacy. Of course, when you say you are a protocol expert and that you do research in protocol, you will be asked “Is that law?” Ultimately, protocol is a discipline despised by jurists, who have gradually set it aside, with the exception of the diplomatic community. Diplomats are well aware of the importance of ceremonial and protocol in the international relations, and thus the Diplomatic School courses are essential when studying protocol. This study claims the protocol as a legal discipline.
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Walsh, Carl. "Techniques for Egyptian Eyes: Diplomacy and the Transmission of Cosmetic Practices between Egypt and Kerma." Journal of Egyptian History 13, no. 1-2 (February 16, 2021): 295–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340064.
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Abstract This article examines the context and distribution of Egyptian eye cosmetic equipment, kohl pots and sticks, found at Classic Kerma (c. 1650–1550 BCE) sites in Upper Nubia in modern-day Sudan. It is argued that these cosmetic assemblages, which included the body techniques, etiquettes, and embodied experiences involved in its application, display, and removal, were forms of courtly habitus adopted from Egypt. Diplomacy is suggested to be the primary process through which these objects and practices were transmitted, as diplomatic visits facilitated the performance of court habitus in intercultural encounters. Kerman agency in consuming and adapting these forms of habitus were negotiated through personal relationships and interactions with Egyptian diplomats that worked to create shared forms of interregional court identities.
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Gobo, Karla. "Da exclusão à inclusão consentida: negros e mulheres na diplomacia brasileira." Política & Sociedade 17, no. 38 (June 8, 2018): 440–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7984.2018v17n38p440.
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Inteligência, sofisticação, gosto apurado, domínio de várias línguas, conhecimentos estabelecidos de arte, cultura e o uso das regras de etiquetas. Esses aspectos, de forma naturalizada, compõem o habitus diplomático. A diplomacia brasileira por muito tempo se manteve fiel às normas e ao espaço que a consagravam e distinguiam do restante da sociedade brasileira, por isso até à redemocratização o Itamaraty era o espelho de sua elite, isso inclui a maioria expressiva de homens brancos. Somente a partir da segunda metade dos anos 1990 se adotam medidas mais efetivas com a preocupação de diversificar os quadros da carreira. Considerando a construção histórica do campo, do habitus diplomático e as medidas adotadas nas últimas décadas, pretende-se investigar as formas de exclusão e inclusão das minorias, sobretudo mulheres e negros. A investigação sobre esse espaço social é fundamental na medida em que a produção acerca desse campo e de seus agentes é bastante escassa. Para a análise foram empregados métodos quantitativos e qualitativos: survey, entrevistas, livros de memórias, biografias, consulta a banco de dados com a origem geográfica e formação escolar, anuários e editais de concurso.
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Rabasco Ferreira, Rafael. "Protocolo y ceremonial en la presentación de cartas credenciales, en el ámbito de las relaciones diplomáticas / Protocol and ceremonial in the presentation of credentials, in the field of diplomatic relations." REVISTA ESTUDIOS INSTITUCIONALES 4, no. 6 (June 7, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/eeii.vol.4.n.6.2017.18765.
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La ceremonia de presentación de cartas credenciales constituye un claro ejemplo del amplio canal de investigación que ofrecen las relaciones diplomáticas entre estados, para la investigación del ceremonial y protocolo. Nos acercamos al estudio de este ceremonial en España, que llega hasta nuestros días de forma inusual y anacrónica. Para ello buscaremos sus orígenes, evolución y tratamiento desde el análisis de las etiquetas palaciegas, del desarrollo de la monarquía española, y de la regulación jurídica-normativa en el marco de las relaciones internacionales. En nuestro análisis, se aprecia una ramificación de materias que aparecen interconectadas como la historia, el derecho, la política, instituciones, etc. Por tanto, surge el planteamiento de crear una red interdisciplinar que nos permita minimizar esfuerzos en la consecución de los objetivos propuestos; y al mismo tiempo, nos ayude a alcanzar una visión general, comparativa y pormenorizada, acerca de las ceremonias de presentación de cartas credenciales en la escena internacional. ________________________The credentialing ceremony is a clear example of the broad research pipeline offered by diplomatic relations between states for the investigation of ceremonies and protocols. We approach the study of this ceremonial in Spain, which reaches our days in an unusual and anachronistic way. To do this, we will look for its origins, evolution and treatment from the analysis of palatial labels, the development of the Spanish monarchy and the legal and normative regulation within the framework of international relations. In our analysis, we can see a branching of interconnected topics such as history, law, politics, institutions, etc. Therefore, the idea arises of creating an interdisciplinary network that allows us to minimize efforts in the achievement of the proposed objectives; and at the same time, help us achieve a general, comparative and detailed view of the accreditation ceremony on the international scene.
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Panizo Alonso, Julio Manuel. "La importancia del ceremonial en la diplomacia durante el reinado de Felipe V | The importance of the ceremonial in diplomacy during the reign of Felipe V." REVISTA ESTUDIOS INSTITUCIONALES 4, no. 7 (December 21, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/eeii.vol.4.n.7.2017.20631.
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La relación de las diferentes monarquías con las casas reales de su entorno siempre ha sido un elemento fundamental para el ejercicio de la política exterior, afectando en muchos casos por los vínculos familiares a las relaciones familiares. La presencia de representantes de los demás monarcas en las diferentes cortes desde finales del siglo XV es habitual y el trato que se daba a esos representantes era una forma más de gestionar esa diplomacia de la época.La disparidad de criterios y costumbres en ese trato con los embajadores hace que en muchas de las cortes se dicten libros de etiquetas en donde se especifica de forma detallada las costumbres a seguir en este trato, así como en la participación de las diferentes ceremonias de la Corte. La llegada de Felipe V al trono, introdujo nuevas costumbres en la monarquía española como fruto de su origen francés y que al igual que afectaron a la actividad de la corte también se visualizaron en esas costumbres con los representantes de otras monarquías.__________________The relationship of the different monarchies with the royal houses of their environment has always been a fundamental element for the exercise of foreign policy, affecting in many cases by family ties to family relationships. The presence of representatives of the other monarchs in the different courts since the end of the 15th century is common and the treatment given to these representatives was one more way of managing that diplomacy of the time.The disparity of criteria and customs in this deal with the ambassador’s makes that in many of the courts labels are dictated where the customs to be followed in this deal are specified in detail, as well as in the participation of the different ceremonies of the Cut. The arrival of Felipe V to the throne, introduced new customs in the Spanish monarchy like fruit of its French origin and that like they affected to the activity of the court also they were visualized in those customs with the representatives of other monarchies.
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Synek, Michal. "Perfect etiquette." Medicine Anthropology Theory 5, no. 1 (April 27, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.17157/mat.5.1.500.
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As a starting point for this article, the concept of diplomatic ethnography inspired by the work of Bruno Latour is presented as an ideal: a model for ‘good anthropology’, which truthfully follows members’ actions and the associations they form with others, simultaneously respecting their values. The workability of this ideal is then ethnographically tested in a research setting where direct communication with actors about the results of the researcher’s work is inescapable, while arriving at a common description of networks and values is difficult, as one group of actors routinely disqualifies members of another group by including them in the strongly naturalised category of ‘people with mental impairment’. How to understand and interpret the life of Pete, a resident of a ‘home for persons with health impairment’, who strives to rein in his hearty appetite while those taking care of him describe him as a ‘wicked child’ whose actions reflect only his syndrome? On the basis of my negotiations about his case, I come to the conclusion that the project of diplomatic ethnography is viable, if the obduracy of the ordering arrangements is duly taken into account and values are honoured, and, while arguing with members is inevitable under given circumstances, it is potentially productive for envisioning change in existing modes of ordering.
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Lysiuk, Tetiana, Oksana Tereshchuk, and Olga Demchuk. "BUSINESSLIKE AND DIPLOMATIC PROTOCOL IN HOTEL AND RESTAURANT AND TOURISM BUSINESS IN MANAGEMENT PRACTICE." Black Sea Economic Studies, no. 66 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32843/bses.66-10.
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The article considers the characteristics and role of business and diplomatic protocol in the hotel and restaurant and tourism business in management practice. The basic principles of optimization of the processes of formation and application of business etiquette in the management of hotel-restaurant and tourist enterprises are also given. Due to the development of the hotel and restaurant and tourism business, knowledge of etiquette is becoming more relevant today, because mutual understanding between employees can provide positive developments in the hospitality industry, thereby promoting diplomatic relations between employees of tourism enterprises with customers and business partners, regardless of their national, ethnic and other characteristics. At the same time, the problem of improving the professionalism of specialists in the field of tourism plays a key role in the competitiveness of tourism enterprises. Therefore, the specialist should easily establish business contacts, be able to organize the etiquette of the tourism business and maintain ethical subordination in the team. It was found that business and diplomatic protocol are generally accepted rules of social behavior in professional communication in a particular organization, and therefore the rules of business etiquette are very important for the professional activities of employees of hotel and restaurant and tourism business. After all, the correct presentation of the culture of communication makes a further impression of the subjects of the tourist enterprise. It should also be noted that knowledge of etiquette eliminates rigidity, allows not to offend a business partner with inappropriate words or actions, and at the same time not to lose the dignity and prestige of the company, and therefore acquired communication skills will help establish effective relationships in business practice and prevent conflicts. The usual rules of the protocol are the basis of diplomatic practice of any tourist enterprise, although each of them has certain features due to the specifics of generally accepted norms. Deviation from the diplomatic protocol or violation of its norms is unacceptable, because it can cause damage and cause undesirable consequences in the hotel and restaurant and tourism business.
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Dolesko, Svitlana. "Ukrainian Folk Traditions of Hospitality in the Context of Modern Diplomatic Etiquette." NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MANAGERIAL STAFF OF CULTURE AND ARTS HERALD, no. 1 (April 16, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.32461/2226-3209.1.2024.302068.
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The purpose of the study is to establish the significance of hospitality traditions for modern diplomatic etiquette of Ukraine. The article discusses the modern use of hospitality traditions inherent in the Ukrainian folk culture in the practice of domestic diplomatic etiquette. Therefore, the focus of the article is a substantive analysis of the role of particular traditions, namely using the tradition of welcoming foreign delegations with bread and salt on an embroidered towel, singing welcoming songs, giving gifts to guests, which convey the traditions of material and immaterial culture of the Ukrainian people. The methodology of the study is determined by its tasks and is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, using the methods of comparison and generalisation, analytical, and systematic methods. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by its topic and consists in distinguishing among the large-scale layer of archaic traditions of the Ukrainian people those that highlight the hospitality aspect of the Ukrainian people at the beginning of the 21st century, and studying their place in the domestic diplomacy of the modern period. Conclusions. The analysis of scholarly works showed that domestic scholars pay due attention to the study of folk traditions (L. Artiukh, T. Veselovska, N. Voitovych, O. Hrymak et al.) and diplomatic etiquette (I. Kozynets, V. Klymenko, O. Podvorna, O. Sahaidak, A. Chaban, Yu. Chuhaienko et al.), however, the role of Ukrainian national hospitality traditions in the 21st century has actually not been highlighted in the domestic scientific discourse. The customs analysed in the article (welcoming guests with bread and salt on an embroidered towel; treating guests to traditional dishes; welcoming guests with songs; giving guests valuable gifts) testified to the existence of the Ukrainian national traditions at the diplomatic level, which allows declaring the uniqueness of the Ukrainian culture in the world. It has been proven that popular Ukrainian hospitality plays an important role in diplomatic activities even at the beginning of the 21st century, which is regulated by the rules of diplomatic etiquette.
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Mancas, Maria. "Pleading to Know the Protocol and the Etiquette as Tools for Valorizing the Culture of Europeanization of Higher Education." Economica, no. 2(116) (August 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/econ.2021.116.122.
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Protocol, ceremonial and etiquette are important tools for capitalizing on the cultures of Europeanization of higher education / business / diplomatic environment. Thus, in this article, we aimed to draw the attention of stakeholders to the importance and impact of protocol and etiquette in the process of Europeanization of higher education. The general objective is to plead for the knowledge and correct application of the protocol rules and etiquette rules in the process of capitalizing on the culture of Europeanization of higher education. Even the partnership protocols between higher education institutions, the national and international business environment, the diplomatic environment are tools for building strategic educational bridges. At the same time, stakeholders involved in the process of capitalizing on the culture of Europeanization of higher education must be aware that these educational bridges will be successfully built only in terms of pillars Integrity, Manners, Personality, Appearance (in front of partners), Consideration, Tact, etc.