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1
DREPHAL, MAXIMILIAN. "Corps diplomatique:The body, British diplomacy, and independent Afghanistan, 1922–47." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 4 (July 2017): 956–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000111.
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AbstractThis article studies diplomatic history in its physical dimensions. Its point of departure is the interpretation of the term ‘corps diplomatique’ in a literal sense. The article introduces the concept of the diplomatic body as a diplomat's body and as a body with diplomatic functions and meanings. Based on material relating to the British Legation in Kabul from 1922 until 1947, the body's ubiquity in international relations is revealed through the themes of space, language, and medicine. The article first looks at the impact of Kabul's spatial conditions and the physical reactions it excited in British diplomats. It then considers the bodies of Afghanistan's ruling elite as objects of British attention, whose appearance was documented in diplomatic records. Descriptions of these bodies in diplomatic language expressed intimacy and consensus as well as estrangement in British–Afghan relations. In addition to the metaphorical use of the diplomatic body, the provision of healthcare through the Legation's medical unit addressed the needs of British and Afghan bodies alike. It was also employed to further diplomatic ends by extending colonial medicine to the Afghan population. The study of the Legation's physical practices ultimately reveals the diplomatic mission's colonial origins and character.
2
Ismailova, F. "TYPES AND STYLISH FEATURES OF DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 74, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-4.1728-7804.79.
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A diplomatic style primarily requires clarity and precision. For each topic, each word is selected, corresponding to the specifics of the diplomatic language. The article is devoted to the diplomatic language and diplomatic documents. Their classification and main features are considered. The article discusses the features of the vocabulary of the diplomatic office. It has been proved that the analysis of the lexical system of the language within the framework of thematic lexical groups of the diplomatic department makes the lexical material available for reading in various aspects. It is recommended to classify thematic lexical groups according to the criteria of a diplomatic document. Explanations are given to the concepts of types of diplomatic documents, individual notes, oral notes, partial notes, memorandums, declarations. The diplomatic language has its own vocabulary and lexical and semantic basis. The stylistic features of the diplomatic language were also taken into account, the status of which is the language of interethnic communication. The requirements for the registration of diplomatic documents have been determined.
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Bayram, A. Burcu, and Vivian P. Ta. "Diplomatic Chameleons: Language Style Matching and Agreement in International Diplomatic Negotiations." Negotiation and Conflict Management Research 12, no. 1 (November 11, 2018): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12142.
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Kryachkov, D. A. "School of Diplomatic English." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(38) (October 28, 2014): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-5-38-203-205.
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Chair of English Language № 1 considers itself the successor of the English Language Chair, established at the Faculty of International Relations at the Moscow State University during the World War II. After the Faculty was reformed into MGIMO the Department of English Language began to grow rapidly. Members of the chair develop textbooks and teaching materials designed to provide competence-based approach in the education in field of international affairs, the development of the professional proficiency in English, which are necessary for future participants of our foreign policy. To date, the chair staff consists of 60 professionals, including 26 PhDs. Teachers of the department also conduct research and take part in educational conferences both in Russia and abroad, including those devoted to the professional foreign language communication. Members of the chair also publish scientific articles in this field.
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Banta, Martha. "Diplomatic Relations." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 113, no. 5 (October 1998): 1071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812900155658.
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Moiseev, Maksim V. "Translators and interpreters from eastern languages in the Moscow state at the end of the XV-XVI centuries." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080015521-0.
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This article examines the process of formation of the translation service in the Moscow state during the late XV-XVI centuries. The repertoire of Eastern languages available to Moscow translation specialists is analyzed. The author came to the conclusion that among the eastern languages, the main language of negotiations and correspondence was the languages of the Turkic group, and the use of Farsi at this time is questionable. The original form of international communication in the Moscow state was oral, and written communication was considered less honorable and performed an official, auxiliary function. Gradually, at the turn of the XV-XVI, oral communication gave way to the exchange of embassy certificates. After the dispute between the rulers about the language of diplomatic correspondence in 1563, recorded in the Russian-Crimean diplomatic correspondence, the parties returned to the usual practice of exchanging messages and the Crimean Tatar language retained its role as the language of diplomatic communication. Three groups of specialists engaged in cross-language communication are identified. The most elite were the Bakshi translators, who specialized in translating and writing letters. The second group is the interpreters. They accompanied foreign embassies, ensured their communication with the host country, and performed diplomatic functions. The third group is the heads of the villages of the service Tatars, who performed, in addition to their direct duties, the functions of interpreters of oral speech. In the XVI century, tolmachestvo played the role of a launching pad for the children of bakshey and podyachy.
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Yang, Mingxing, and Da Yan. "The translation strategies for Chinese diplomatic neologisms from the perspective of “Political Equivalence”." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 62, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.62.4.07yan.
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With rich connotations and marked features, the translation theory of “Political Equivalence” has great significance in directing the standards, procedures and specific methods for diplomatic language translation. As a special form of discourse, diplomatic language is closely related to foreign policies and state interests, and has strong political inclination, thus inevitably concerning political issues. This paper, under the theoretical guidance of “Political Equivalence”, advances the strategies for translating the Chinese diplomatic neologism Buzheteng used by Chinese President Hu Jintao at the conference celebrating the 30th anniversary of the reform and opening policy. Its purpose is to analyze the literal meaning, political context and connotations of the localism Buzheteng, and to conduct an analytical contrast of different translations. It also aims to provide a critical evaluation of the “Zero Translation” theory proposed by Zhu Chunshen and Zhang Junfeng from the City University of Hong Kong. The translation of Buzheteng illustrates that the “Political Equivalence” theory is one of the major criteria and principles gauging the translation of diplomatic languages.
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MARTYNIUK, Oksana. "Language features of the French diplomatic discourse." Humanities science current issues 2, no. 36 (2021): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2308-4863/36-2-21.
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Planchon, Anita, and Elizabeth Ellis. "A diplomatic advantage? The effects of bilingualism and formal language training on language aptitude amongst Australian diplomatic officers." Language Awareness 23, no. 3 (November 19, 2012): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2012.742907.
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Davletshina, N. V. "Stylistic Features of Diplomatic Texts in Czech." Philology at MGIMO 7, no. 1 (April 4, 2021): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2021-1-25-15-26.
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The current article is devoted to the analysis and description of the language of a modern diplomatic text, which represents a diplomatic substyle of a business style. In the Czech language, which possesses a wide stylistic differentiation, a diplomatic substyle remains insufficiently studied. A diplomatic substyle is an integral part of the language of diplomatic communication, in which the Heads of the State and the Government, the ministers of foreign affairs, and representative institutions are involved. This fact brings it closer to the language of political communication.For this reason, the author aims at characterizing the stylistic features of traditional text types in the diplomatic correspondence between the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation, and highlighting their similarities and differences in form as well as in content. By the example of original texts the structure of a diplomatic document is represented: a form of address, protocol forms of courtesy and compliments, its semantic core and the argumentation part as essential parts of a document.The fore cited analysis of the functional-communicative features of the diplomatic texts lexical composition shows the presence of professional names and terms, idioms and cliché, as well as new lexical units and terms that reflect socio-political changes in the Czech Republic and new geopolitical realities.
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Yapparova, Venera Nagimovna, Juliya Viktorovna Ageeva, and Adamka Pavol. "Verbal Politeness as an Important Tool of Diplomacy." Journal of Politics and Law 12, no. 5 (August 31, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n5p57.
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This article examines the notion of diplomatic courtesy and analyzes the ways of its language expression in Russian diplomatic discourse on the example of the speeches delivered by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov.
Diplomatic courtesy is considered by the authors as an integral part of the diplomatic language, which, being a component of the official business style, is characterized by standardization, normalization, lack of emotionality and neutrality. At the same time, the diplomatic language allows the use of language means that are not regulated by the diplomatic protocol, which act as euphemisms and allow expressing opinions on acute political problems without violating the existing rules of diplomatic communication.
The success of diplomatic communication is achieved with the help of universal speech formulas that serve as a means of manifesting courtesy and correspond to the standards of diplomatic communication. Such speech formulas themselves do not have legal force, but they have great moral and political power, since they contribute to the regulation of the nature of relations between countries.
The article shows that diplomatic courtesy can be both positive and negative. The degree of courtesy in a diplomat's speech may depend on a wide range of various factors conditioned by the dependence of diplomatic etiquette on the specifics of interaction between communicants.
Based on the results of the conducted research, the authors came to the conclusion that during various meetings the Minister of Foreign Affairs uses the following verbal means - speech formulas of greeting, address, compliment, invitation, gratitude, condolence, farewell. The frequency of such speech formulas is explained by the need of abidance of an international protocol that prescribes to diplomatic staff a certain sequence of verbal and non-verbal actions.
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Ashinova, Kunipa Ahatovna, and D. S. Sharginova. "CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF DIPLOMATIC TERMS." Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Philology series, no. 1.2021 (March 26, 2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/dmyu3440.
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The article provides a brief description of word formation and its features in the diplomatic language. The terminology is the main layer of the scientific vocabulary, it develops and matures in accordance with the level of development of science and technology. The changes in the development of society significantly affect their transformation and replenishment. The sphere of diplomacy directly depends on social factors in society, it has a sectoral nature. In this article we also described the social aspects and concepts of the language. The diplomatic terminology is a system of linguistic units that form a series of semantic groups and define the relationship between scientific concepts and extra linguistic situations. The article widely explores the main lexical and grammatical features of diplomatic terms. There are many international words in the language of diplomatic correspondence, and their features and structure have been discussed here. The article was prepared on the basis of written sources and literature.
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Medvedev, Yevgeniy Yu, and Lauzin Duborgel Ntsiwou Batiako. "Transformations of the Language of Diplomatic Correspondence between the Entente Countries and Germany before The First World War." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2020-11-2-384-397.
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The spheres of official communication, which include public administration, legal proceedings, legislation, etc., are regulated, in contrast to everyday communication. Activities in each of these spheres are subject to precisely defined, strictly established rules that regulate and legitimize it. The diplomatic language is characterized by a special degree of regulation. “The weight of a word” in international politics is extremely heavy, since the fate of entire states and peoples may depend on successful or unsuccessful communication between diplomats. The strict standardization of the diplomatic language should serve as a kind of deterrent against the growth of tension in international relations. The goal of this study is to identify the degree of susceptibility of the diplomatic correspondence language to transformations in the political crisis context (during wartime). The research material is based on the texts from the Orange book, a collection of diplomatic correspondence between warring countries before the outbreak of the First World War. The application of the contextual analysis method made it possible to determine the vector of changes in the diplomatic correspondence language caused by the political crisis: from restraint, emotionlessness, tact and politeness accepted in the diplomatic sphere to ultimatumness, categoricalness, manifestation of emotions and deviation from the principle of objective reflection of events.
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Fong, Yang Lai, and Teoh Yong Chia. "Framing Diplomatic Relations." China Report 53, no. 4 (October 13, 2017): 467–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445517727925.
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Malaysia and China have been enjoying cordial relations since 1974. In 2015, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang paid an official visit to Malaysia at the invitation of the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Abdul Razak. This study aims to examine the framing of Malaysia–China relations as well as Premier Li’s visit to Malaysia by the mainstream Malay, English and Chinese-language newspapers in Malaysia, as well as the mainstream press in China. The findings indicate that the newspapers reported the topic with differing intensity and prominence, while employing different news sources. Economics and trade was found to be the most salient frame in the coverage by both the Malaysian and Chinese newspapers. In addition, this study also found that both Malaysian and Chinese newspapers mostly used neutral valence in reporting about Malaysia–China diplomacy and Premier Li’s visit to Malaysia. The frame built by the newspapers can be attributed to the fact that they have the inclination to serve the political and economic vested interests of their own countries.
15
CHEN, Qian. "An Analysis of Diplomatic Language Features and Translation Skills." Journal of International Education and Development 5, no. 1 (2021): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47297/wspiedwsp2516-250007.20210501.
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Gudmundsdottir, Svala, Thorhallur Orn Gudlaugsson, and Gylfi Dalmann Adalsteinsson. "The diplomatic spouse." Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 7, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-09-2018-0043.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between adjustment, social support and satisfaction with life for expatriate spouses. The sample consists of European diplomatic spouses, residing all over the world.Design/methodology/approachThis is a quantitative study. The sample consists of European diplomatic spouses, residing all over the world. The sample consists of 268 participants: 231 females and 44 males.FindingsThe findings of this study reveal that there was a significant relationship between adjustment and emotional and instrumental support as well as satisfaction with life. Furthermore, a multiple regression was performed to predict the level of satisfaction with life. Both adjustment and emotional support were statistically significant and they explained nearly 50 percent of the variability in participant’s satisfaction with life.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of the paper include, for example, method bias, language and geographic location.Practical implicationsForeign Ministries within the European Union (EU) will be in a better position to improve their expatriate programs and policies. Furthermore, this study indicated that the well-being of diplomatic spouses can be enhanced by considering how social support is provided, the level of adjustment and satisfaction with life.Social implicationsThis study highlights the importance for diplomatic spouses to belonging to various groups, and group membership serves as a means to gain access to social networks. Therefore, being part of support groups of other expatriate spouses can aid cross-cultural adjustment.Originality/valueLittle is known about diplomatic spouses. This paper will be an important first step in examining the relationship between adjustment, social support and satisfaction with life for the spouses of diplomats working for the Foreign Ministries within the EU and European Economic Area.
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Edzard, Lutz. "Stylistic Elements in the Use of Arabic as Language in Diplomacy: Recent Developments in United Nations Context." Die Welt des Islams 36, no. 1 (1996): 25–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570060962597652.
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AbstractIn this paper, a number of stylistic features of contemporary diplomatic Arabic will be investigated. These are the interference of historical and contemporary Arab-Islamic thought and terminology with accepted stylistic standards in international documents as well as certain metaphorical, including euphemistical, elements of style that are germane to Arabic. Subject of the discussion will be bi- and multilateral treaties that are either concluded in Arabic or in which Arabic is one of the official languages. Furthermore, diplomatic correspondence that originates in Arabic will be considered. Certain linguistic features of Arabic as surfacing in the said documents, independently of any religious implications, will be closely followed, if relevant for the interpretation of the documents under discussion. One of the main foci of attention will be the vast diplomatic correspondence that has been surrounding the Iraq-Kuwait-crisis. Finally, the unique case of an Arabic diplomatic poem will be cited.
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Ashinova, K. "THE SEMANTIC ORGANIZATION OF DIPLOMATIC TERMS." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 72, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-7804.23.
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This article provides a brief description of semantic processes such as expansion, contraction or specialization of meanings. Nowadays there is no common understanding and continuity of main semantic categories known in the field of linguistics. It is known such categories as sign (symbol), concept, meaning, types of linguistic meanings, absolute and relative semantic content and others are included in that.The main thing in terminology process is word meaning, and it is determined by main featuresof term concept. As a result of semantic development of ancient words and changes in internal semantic structure the new nominative semewill be defined. Language is directly related to processes of differentiation and integration. These processes are characterized by semantic interpretation of language signs in understanding and communication. The diplomatic terms are formed according to general rules of word formation striving for individuality and stylistic neutrality. The meaning of complex term does not derive from individual meaning of its components. The component function is equal to function of phonemes in single-root terms particularly in distinctive form. The article was prepared on the basis of written sources and literature.
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Селезнева and Tatyana Selezneva. "WEB-diplomacy in the era of blogosphere: socio-linguistic approach to discourse." Modern Communication Studies 2, no. 4 (August 20, 2013): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/820.
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The article deals with the problem of the discourse of French diplomatic officials’ Internet blogs as a new type of diplomatic institutional discourse. Because of the fact that the language of diplomacy becomes more public, diplomats explore new modes of communication, in particular social networking websites and blogs.
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Melo, Joao Vicente. "In Search of a Shared Language: The Goan Diplomatic Protocol." Journal of Early Modern History 20, no. 4 (July 5, 2016): 390–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342504.
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This paper analyzes the Ceremonial de que uzão os VReys [Vice-Reys] quando escrevem aos Reys da Azia. The Ceremonial was a manual of etiquette that aimed to help the Viceroy in his contacts with local rulers such as the Persian and Mughal emperors, the princedoms of Kanara, Sonda, Tannor, and the Sardessais of Sawantvandi. It will be argued that by selecting specific words to address local rulers, inspired by Indo-Persian ideas of kingship and diplomacy, the Portuguese authorities used some elements of the local political culture to facilitate the negotiations between Goa and the Indian courts and develop a comprehensible image of the Portuguese Crown to most South Asian rulers.
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Судус, Юлія. "Мовленнєві тактики реалізації стратегії дискредитації в дискурсі дипломатів США." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2018.5.1.sud.
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Статтю присвячено дослідженню стратегії дискредитації, що є специфічною лінгвопрагматичною характеристикою сучасного англомовного дипломатичного дискурсу, а саме мовленнєвим тактикам, що сприяють її реалізації в дискурсі дипломатів США, зокрема в промовах чотирьох американських дипломатів – Саманти Пауер, Вікторії Нуланд, Джеффрі Пайєтта та Деніела Байєра – стосовно військового конфлікту на сході України, виголошених упродовж 2013–2015 рр. У чотирьох досліджуваних мовців, основними виявились дві тактики: тактика згадування в негативному світлі та звинувачення, які найповніше та найчастотніше реалізують стратегію дискредитації в мовленні дипломатів переважно через прямі асертивні мовленнєві акти, що безумовно свідчить про стверджувальний характер мовлення в текстах промов усіх чотирьох дипломатів. Відтак встановлено, що провідними мовленнєвими тактиками реалізації стратегії дискредитації в англомовному дипломатичному дискурсі є тактики згадування в негативному світлі та звинувачення. Ці мовленнєві тактики реалізуються в англомовному дипломатичному дискурсі прямими асертивними мовленнєвими актами, а також їм притаманні певні лінгвальні маркери.
Література
References
D’Acquisto, G. (2017). Linguistic Analysis of Diplomatic Discourse: UN Resolutions on the Question of Palestine. UK : Cambridge Scolars Publishing.
Donahue, R. (1997) Diplomatic Discourse: International Conflict at the United Nations. London : Greenwood Publishing Group.
Gumperz, J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: CUP.
McClellan, M. Public Diplomacy in the Context of Traditional Diplomacy. Retrieved from: http://www.publicdiplomacy.org/45.htm
Newmann, I. (2002). Returning Practice to the Linguistic Turn: The Case of Diplomacy. Millenium: Journal of International Studies, 31(3), 627-651.
Pratkanis, A. (2009). Public Diplomacy in International Conflicts. A Social Influence Analysis. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. California, 2009.
Schuster, J. (2015). Diplomatic Discourse. Lulu.com.
Scotto di Carlo G. (2015). “Weasel words” in legal and diplomatic discourse : vague nouns and phrases in UN resolutions relating to the second Gulf war. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 28(3), 559-576.
Snow, N. (2009). Rethinking Public Diplomacy. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. London.
Беляков М. Характер эмотивности дипломатического дискурса. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Лингвистика, 2015. C. 124-131.
Вебер Е. Опыт лингвистического исследования когнитивного диссонанса в английском дипломатическом дискурсе : автореф. дис. на соиск. науч. ст. канд. фил. наук : 10.02.04 «Германские языки». И., 2004.
Голованова Д. Интердискурсивность дипломатического дискурса. Известия Волгоградского государственного педагогического университета. Сер. : Филологические науки, 2014, 7. C. 25-30.
Зонова Т. Современная модель дипломатии. Истоки становления и перспективы развития. М.: РОССПЭН, 2003.
Кащишин Н. Диференціація таксономічних одиниць англомовного дипломатичного дискурсу. Східноєвропейський журнал психолінгвістики, 2014, 1(2). C. 54-62.
Кожетева А. Лингвопрагматические характеристики дипломатического дискурса [Электронный ресурс] : дис. на соиск. науч. ст. канд. филол. наук: спец. 10.02.19 «Теория языка». Москва, 2012. – Режим доступа : http://www.dissercat.com/content/ lingvopragmaticheskie-kharakteristiki-diplomaticheskogo-diskursa
Мельник І. В. Типи комунікативних стратегій. Studia Linguistica, 2011, №5. C. 377-380.
Судус Ю. Лінгвопрагматичні засоби реалізації стратегії дискредитації в американському дипломатичному мовленні (на матеріалі промов Дж. Р. Пайєтта). Вісник Львівського у-ту. Серія: Іноземні мови. Львів, 2016, №23. С. 47-56.
Судус Ю. Мовленнєві засоби реалізації стратегії дискредитації в англомовному дипломатичному дискурсі. Актуальні питання іноземної філології. Луцьк: Східноєвроп. нац. ун-т ім. Лесі Українки, 2016, №5. С. 152-160.
Судус Ю. Прагматичні засоби реалізації стратегії дискредитації в американському дипломатичному мовленні (на матеріалі промов Д. Б. Байєра). Науковий часопис НПУ імені М. П. Драгоманова. Київ, 2015, №13. С. 108-115.
Судус Ю. “Weasel words” як один з прийомів реалізації стратегії дискредитації в англомовному дипломатичному дискурсі (на матеріалі промов С. Пауер, В. Нуланд,Д. Байєра, Дж. Пайєтта). Вісник Запорізького національного університету. Серія: філологія. – Запоріжжя, 2016, №1. С. 237-244.
Терентий Л. Дипломатический дискурс как особая форма политической коммуникации. Вопросы когнитивной лингвистики. 2010, №1. С. 47-56.
References (translated and transliterated)
D’Acquisto, G. (2017). Linguistic Analysis of Diplomatic Discourse: UN Resolutions on the Question of Palestine. UK : Cambridge Scolars Publishing.
Donahue, R. (1997) Diplomatic Discourse : International Conflict at the United Nations. London : Greenwood Publishing Group.
Gumperz, J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge : CUP.
McClellan, M. Public Diplomacy in the Context of Traditional Diplomacy. Retrieved from http://www.publicdiplomacy.org/45.htm
Newmann, I. (2002). Returning Practice to the Linguistic Turn : The Case of Diplomacy. Millenium : Journal of International Studies, 31(3), 627-651.
Pratkanis, A. (2009). Public Diplomacy in International Conflicts. A Social Influence Analysis. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. California, 2009.
Schuster, J. (2015). Diplomatic Discourse. Lulu.com.
Scotto di Carlo G. (2015). “Weasel words” in legal and diplomatic discourse : vague nouns and phrases in UN resolutions relating to the second Gulf war. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 28(3), 559-576.
Snow, N. (2009). Rethinking Public Diplomacy. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. London.
Beliakov, M. (2015). Harakter emotivnosti diplomaticheskogo diskursa [The character of the diplomatic discourse's emotiveness]. Vestnik Rossiyskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov. Seriia: Lingvistika, 124-131.
Veber, Ie. (2004). Opyt lingvisticheskogo issledovaniya kognitivnogo dissonansa v anglijskom diplomaticheskom diskurse. [Experience of linguistic research of cognitive dissonance in English diplomatic discourse]. Extended Summary of Ph.D. dissertation. Irkutsk: Irkutsk State Linguistic University.
Golovanova, D. (2014). Interdiskursivnost diplomaticheskogo diskursa [Interdiskursivity of diplomatic discourse]. Izvestiya Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Pedagogicheskogo Universiteta. Ser.: Filologicheskie Nauki, 7, 25-30.
Zonova, T. (2003). Sovremennaya model diplomatii. Istoki stanovleniya i perspektivy razvitiya [Modern model of diplomacy. The origins and prospects of development]. Moscow: ROSSPEN.
Kashchyshyn, N. (2014). Dyferentsiatsiia taksonomichnykh odynyts anhlomovnoho dyplomatychnoho dyskursu [Differentiation of taxonomic units of English-speaking diplomatic discourse], East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 1(2), 54-62.
Kozheteva, A. Lingvopragmaticheskie harakteristiki diplomaticheskogo diskursa [Linguistic and pragmatic peculiarities of diplomatic discourse]. Retrieved from: http://www.dissercat.com/ content/lingvopragmaticheskie-kharakteristiki-diplomaticheskogo-diskursa
Melnyk, I. (2011). Typy komunikatyvnykh stratehii [Types of communicative strategies]. Studia Linguistica, 5, 377-380.
Sudus, Yu. (2016). Linhvoprahmatychni zasoby realizatsii stratehii dyskredytatsii v amerykanskomu dyplomatychnomu movlenni (na materiali promov Dzh. R. Paiietta) [Linguopragmatic means of implementing of discrediting strategy in American diplomatic speech (based on the statements by G. Pyatt)]. Visnyk Lvivskoho Universytetu. Seriia: Inozemni Movy, 23, 47-56.
Sudus, Yu (2016). Movlennievi zasoby realizatsii stratehii dyskredytatsii v anhlomovnomu dyplomatychnomu dyskursi [Language means of discrediting strategy implementation in English diplomatic discourse]. Aktualni Pytannia Inozemnoi Filolohii, 5, 152-160.
Sudus, Yu (2015). Prahmatychni zasoby realizatsii stratehii dyskredytatsii v amerykanskomu dyplomatychnomu movlenni (na materiali promov D. B. Baiiera) [Pragmatic means of discrediting strategy implementation in the American diplomatic speech (based on the statements by D. Baer)]. Naukovyi chasopys NPU imeni M. P. Drahomanova, 13, 108-115.
Sudus, Yu (2016). “Weasel words” yak odyn z pryiomiv realizatsii stratehii dyskredytatsii v anhlomovnomu dyplomatychnomu dyskursi (na materiali promov S. Pauer, V. Nuland, D. Baiiera, Dzh. Paiietta) ["Weasel words" as one of the methods of discrediting strategy implementation in the English-speaking diplomatic discourse (based on statements by S. Power, V. Nuland, D. Baer,G. Pyatt]. Visnyk Zaporizkoho Natsionalnoho Universytetu. Seriia: Filolohiia, 1, 237-244.
Terentii, L. (2010). Diplomaticheskij diskurs kak osobaya forma politicheskoj kommunikacii [Diplomatic discourse as a special form of political communication]. Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, 1, 47-56.
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Pokharel, Surendra. "Diplomatic Language: An Analysis of Salutations from Speeches used in International Diplomacy." Journal of International Affairs 3, no. 1 (May 24, 2020): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joia.v3i1.29094.
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This paper analyzes the core aspects of diplomatic salutations through the discussion of speeches used at international summits. Speeches by heads of states were chosen from two Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Summits (1989, 2005), South Summit of Group 77 and China (2005), Islamic-American Summit (2017) and Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS) Summit (2018). Examining the context of salutations from the summits mentioned above, this paper aims to provide some insight into the international diplomatic protocol of salutations as applied at international gatherings. Research findings suggest that most leaders use salutations in a way that reflects their position within the political and cultural systems of their respective countries.
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Fu, Rongbo, and Jing Chen. "Negotiating interpersonal relations in Chinese-English diplomatic interpreting." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 21, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 12–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.00018.fu.
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Abstract This paper investigates the negotiation of interpersonal relations by interpreters in Chinese government press conferences – a major instrument for the promotion of public diplomacy in China. Drawing on the theory of linguistic modality in systemic functional grammar (SFG) and the concept of explicitation (Englund Dimitrova 1993), we present a corpus-based discourse analysis of interpreters’ explicitation of modality and connect it to their participation in negotiating interpersonal relations in such a setting. Quantitative results indicate a noticeable trend of explicit use of modal expressions in target speeches in both interpreting modes, i.e., consecutive and simultaneous. Data from qualitative analysis illustrate the various explicitations that manifest interpersonal relations on different levels between interactants on the scene. We conclude by underlining the role of government press conference interpreters as active co-participants in public diplomatic settings, discussing the contributions of this work to empirical research on interpreters’ agency and its limitations, and suggesting new directions towards which further research might be carried out.
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Abduzhemilev, Refat R. "Crimean Tatar-Danish diplomacy in the documents of the Crimean Khanate." Crimean Historical Review, no. 1 (2020): 180–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/kio.2020.1.180-210.
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The rubric presents original in language and style yarlyks and letters of the Crimean Khanate’s ruling elite, with the translation into Russian, reflecting the Crimean Tatar-Danish contacts in the 17th century (Latinographic transliteration and translation by R. R. Abduzhemilev). Materials were collected from the stocks of the Reichsarchives (Imperial Archives) in Copenhagen (Denmark) and they were published by Josef Matuz in a book “Krimtatarische Urkunden im Reichsarchiv zu Kopenhagen: Mit historisch-diplomatischen und sprachlichen Untersuchungen”. Freiburg: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1976. 348 + 34 s. [“Crimean Tatar Documents in the Reichsarchives in Copenhagen: with Historical- Diplomatic and Linguistic Researches”. Freiburg: Klaus Schwartz Verlag, 1976. 348+34 p.]. The book’s contents cover the following issues: A. Crimean Khanate of the mid 17the century. B. Diplomatic relations between the Crimean Khanate and Denmark in the second half of the 17 the century. C. Crimean diplomatic customs in dealings with Denmark. D. Attempting diplomacy of relevant Crimean documents. E. On the language of documents: preliminary notes, phonetics, morphology, syntax comments, vocabulary comments, conclusions. F. Documents: preservation of documents, publication of the original Crimean Tatar letters from the Copenhagen Reichsarchives, preliminary notes, documents 1–27. G. Records of the non-Turkish materials. H. Sources and bibliography. I. Index: personalities and dynasties, place names, peoples, languages and geographical terms, words and objects, linguistics, authors and works. J. Tables.
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Abduzhemilev, Refat R. "Tatar-Danish diplomacy in the documents of the Crimean Khanate. Part 2." Crimean Historical Review, no. 2 (2020): 185–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/kio.2020.2.185-213.
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The rubric presents original in language and style yarlyks and letters of the Crimean Khanate’s ruling elite, with the translation into Russian, reflecting the Crimean Tatar-Danish contacts in the 17th century (Latinographic transliteration and translation by R. R. Abduzhemilev). Materials were collected from the stocks of the Reichsarchives (Imperial Archives) in Copenhagen (Denmark) and they were published by Josef Matuz in a book “Krimtatarische Urkunden im Reichsarchiv zu Kopenhagen: Mit historisch-diplomatischen und sprachlichen Untersuchungen”. Freiburg: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1976. 348 +34 s. [“Crimean Tatar Documents in the Reichsarchives in Copenhagen: with Historical– Diplomatic and Linguistic Researches”. Freiburg: Klaus Schwartz Verlag, 1976. 348+34 p.]. The book’s contents cover the following issues: A. Crimean Khanate of the mid 17the century. B. Diplomatic relations between the Crimean Khanate and Denmark in the second half of the 17the century. C. Crimean diplomatic customs in dealings with Denmark. D. Attempting diplomacy of relevant Crimean documents. E. On the language of documents: preliminary notes, phonetics, morphology, syntax comments, vocabulary comments, conclusions. F. Documents: preservation of documents, publication of the original Crimean Tatar letters from the Copenhagen Reichsarchives, preliminary notes, documents 1–27. G. Records of the non-Turkish materials. H. Sources and bibliography. I. Index: personalities and dynasties, place names, peoples, languages and geographical terms, words and objects, linguistics, authors and works. J. Tables.
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Garbul, Liudmila Pavlovna. "Additions to the list of polonisms in the 17th century Russian Chancellery Language." Slavistica Vilnensis 64, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2019.64(2).22.
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The article examines the history of the four words found in the Muscovite diplomatic correspondence: mevati ‘to have’, menovati ‘to call, to name’, metsja ‘to feel yourself; to live’, meškaniec ‘inhabitant’. The author aims at proving that these words are lexical borrowings from Polish language. The study is based on a careful comparison of data of various types of dictionaries of the Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian and Polish languages, which made it possible to prove the insincerity of these tokens in the Russian language and to establish the source of borrowing, as well as to identify the intermediary role written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Polish-Russian language contacts. The materials in this publication can be used to supplement and clarify the information of the etymological and historical dictionaries of the Slavic languages.
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Van Dam, Frederik. "An Outpost of Modernism: The Diplomatic Design of Cosmopolis." Victoriographies 8, no. 2 (July 2018): 170–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2018.0304.
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Although certain works published in the fin-de-siècle journal Cosmopolis: An International Review (1896–8) would have a lasting impact on twentieth-century literature, the principles behind its design have escaped critical attention. This article posits that Cosmopolis anticipated a form of modernism that Walter Benjamin would later conceptualise in his ‘Critique of Violence’ (1921) and ‘The Task of the Translator’ (1923). The interplay between Benjamin's two essays suggests that translation allows one to reach a nonviolent resolution of conflict through language: a translation's mediation between an original work and pure language presents a nonviolent form of coexistence. The editors and writers of Cosmopolis had already put this idea into practice: a significant number of contributors wrote in a language that was not their own, while those who did write in their own language addressed a non-native audience. The geopolitical implications of this multilingual approach come to the fore most emphatically in a case of pseudo-translation that deals with the case of Alsace-Lorraine. More subtly, the periodical creates echoes and reverberations between articles on international politics and works of literature. Through these translational practices, Cosmopolis was designed to foster a ‘diplomatic’ form of cosmopolitanism, a fact highlighted by the diplomatic credentials of a number of contributors, including the main editor, and thematised in short stories by Joseph Conrad and Henry James.
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CLEMENTS, REBEKAH. "BRUSH TALK AS THE ‘LINGUA FRANCA’ OF DIPLOMACY IN JAPANESE–KOREAN ENCOUNTERS, c. 1600–1868." Historical Journal 62, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x18000249.
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AbstractThe study of early modern diplomatic history has in recent decades expanded beyond a bureaucratic, state-centric focus to consider the processes and personal interactions by which international relations were maintained. Scholars have begun to consider, among other factors, the role of diplomatic gifts, diplomatic hospitality, and diplomatic culture. This article contributes to this discussion from an East Asian perspective by considering the role of ‘brush talk’ – written exchanges of classical, literary Chinese – during diplomatic missions from the Korean Chosŏn court to the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan during the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. Drawing upon official records, personal diaries, and illustrations, I argue that brush talk was not an official part of diplomatic ceremony and that brushed encounters with Korean officials even extended to people of the townsman classes. Brush talk was as much about ritual display, calligraphic art, and drawing upon a shared storehouse of civilized learning as it was about communicating factual content through language. These visual, performative aspects of brush talk in East Asian diplomacy take it beyond the realm of how alingua francais usually conceived, adding to the growing body of scholarship on how this concept applies to non-Western histories.
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GHEORGHIU, CATALINA ILIESCU. "A TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS PROPOSAL FOR RESEARCH IN DIPLOMATIC INTERPRETING." Across Languages and Cultures 21, no. 1 (June 2020): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/084.2020.00002.
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AbstractThis paper focuses on Diplomatic Interpreting (DI), a speciality often included either in the conference or dialogue interpreting branch, depending on geographic and modal variables. Historically, diplomatic interpreters resorted to bilateral interpreting or mediation, but in the modern day, they oscillate between short and full consecutive, and on occasion simultaneous (presidential press conferences). This diffuse affiliation and the relatively small job market niche – hence its absence from degree syllabi – might be two of the motives why DI has not captured more attention from scholars. One interesting avenue for researchers might be the identification and classification of those aspects DI has in common with other types of interpreting, and what makes it different. In my discussion, I recapitulate DI specificities, encompassing requirements, expectations and devices, among which optimisation (as a strategy to overcome barriers and ensure full communication) is pivotal. As an illustration, I analyse an example of optimisation in the case of Romanian PM Viorica Dăncilă’s political blunder on her first visit to Montenegro. Finally, I advocate the recognition of the specificity of DI and I call for focussed research in this area.
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Namsaraeva, Sayana. "Border Language." Inner Asia 16, no. 1 (August 19, 2014): 116–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340006.
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The conceptual framework of this paper is to view Mongolia as a ‘contact zone’ which geographically bridged the gap between two rapidly growing Eurasian empires—Russia and China. It allows a rethinking of the historical and social circumstances that led to the formation of Chinese Pidgin Russian (cpr)1 by highlighting the lexical and grammatical influence of the Mongolian language on contact languages in the China–Russia border area. In particular, it discusses Mongolian language in various encounters in Russian–Chinese interactions, such as the use of Mongolian as mediation language during the initial stage of Qing–Russian diplomatic relations and aslingua francain caravan trade and border relations between Russia and China, as well as its influence on the formation of Transbaikal dialect (orZabaikal’skoe narechie), which was widely spoken by Russians in Mongol-speaking colonial frontiers of Russia in Eastern Siberia. Moreover, the paper highlights the Mongolian elements in the firstcpr, questioning a common scholarly perception that Kiakhta (or Maimacheng)2 pidgin consisted primarily of Russian and Chinese borrowings. Therefore, unique language hybridisation of these three languages continues to be noticeable in Russia–China trade hubs in Inner Mongolia nowadays, where transborder ethnic and economic contacts between Russia, China and Mongolia are becoming more complicated and diverse.
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Włodarczyk, Matylda, Joanna Kopaczyk, and Michał Kozak. "Multilingualism in Greater Poland court records (1386–1448): tagging discourse boundaries and code-switching." Corpora 15, no. 3 (November 2020): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2020.0200.
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This paper introduces the Electronic Repository of Greater Poland Oaths, eROThA (1386–1446), a digitisation project of a diplomatic edition of mediaeval land court oaths recorded in Latin and Old Polish, resulting in a small, lightly tagged specialised bilingual corpus. We present the background, aims, design and methodology of the project. We also discuss the problems and limitations entrenched in turning a printed diplomatic edition into a machine-readable diplomatic edition equipped with a new interpretative layer that is sensitive to the switches between Latin and Old Polish. In addition to the automatic annotation of code-switched items on the basis of typographic characteristics of the printed edition, flexible coding of recurrent language and discourse boundary phenomena has been introduced manually to account for linguistically ambiguous or neutral forms. The project offers a fully multilingual corpus, as well as customised Polish-only and Latin-only datasets, and enables filtered metadata searches in the online front-end. Overall, the report presents a methodology for constructing multilingual corpora in the context of legal cultures in medieval Central Europe that may be extrapolated to datasets originating in other periods and regions.
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Akhmatshina, Enesh K., Kseniya Yu Demidova, and Aleksei Yu Bykov. "Techniques and Practices of Speech Expression in Arab Diplomatic Communication." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 1 (2021): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.107.
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The article is devoted to analysis of the techniques and practices of speech expression in Arab diplomatic communication through the example of speeches made by Arab diplomatic corps representatives and politicians at various UN venues. Original texts of speeches made by Permanent Representatives of Arab countries at the UN concerning the situation in the Middle East were chosen as the material for the study. The time frame covers the period from 2011 to 2018. The UN’s multimedia resources are one of the largest platforms for diplomatic dialogue open to the general public. Due to the intensification of relations between Russia and the Arab countries, it is necessary to identify the specifics of Arab diplomatic communication, as the speaker’s statements are not intended to express his or her own attitude and assessment, but the attitude of the state he or she represents. When analyzing the texts of speeches by diplomatic corps representatives in general, we observed the interpenetration and mutual influence of several types of language styles, which depend on the specifics of the issue under discussion: officialese style, inherent in diplomatic correspondence, and publicistic, which is found in public speeches. The intermingling of styles undoubtedly affects both the lexical and syntactic weight of the texts in a statement. In turn, Arab speakers cannot remain emotionally indifferent to the problems of their region due to the difficult political situation in the Middle East. For this reason, we noted not only a regular deviation from diplomatic speech standards, primarily the abundance of emotionally evaluative vocabulary in the texts of their speeches, but also special strategies for constructing texts that help to have a certain effect directed at listeners and opponents — expression. Among the most commonly used methods of speech expression, we have identified repetition, cohesion, convergence and the effect of defeated expectancy. By means of analysis of expressive syntaxes we studied the specifics of the use of these methods of speech expression at the level of usual-clichéd Arabic text and highlighted the specifics of tapping this speech strategy in the language of Arabic diplomacy.
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Tomuschat, Christian. "The (Hegemonic?) Role of the English Language." Nordic Journal of International Law 86, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 196–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08602003.
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Latin was the language mostly used by international lawyers in the early centuries of European history, later replaced by French. In the course of the 20th century, the monopoly of French was progressively eroded by English. At world level, English has become the primary instrument of communication, whose dominance is not confined to diplomatic intercourse, but has also intruded into academia. Numerous international law journals have switched to English at least as a supplementary language. This ascendance of English has the great advantage of ensuring easy communication among lawyers world-wide. Yet the concentration on English leads to neglect of writing in other languages, and accordingly, to an impoverishment of intellectual debate. The use of English, tends to degenerate into a tool of political hegemony. All international lawyers should make an effort to reach at least a passive knowledge of the traditional European languages in order to avoid a “déformation linguistique”.
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Majid, Gilang Maulana. "Diplomatic Correspondence: A Comparative Study on Malay and Javanese Letters in 1800s." IKAT : The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v2i2.39239.
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A more established tradition may set an indirect consensus for thecommunication between rulers in any situation. This article identifies howdiplomatic correspondence was conducted and how different perceptions could actually be negotiated to attain certain goals. Two diplomatic letters – one from the Panembahan of Sumenep and one from the Sultanof Yogyakarta dispatched to Thomas Stamford Raffles to address Raffles’retirement during the British interregnum in Java from 1811 to 1816 –were analyzed. These letters were chosen due to the different scripts and languages used in the two letters: Classical Malay Jawi and Old Javanese'aksara Jawa'. By applying content analysis, this study finds that the Malay language was not only influential throughout the Indonesian archipelagoas a medium for verbal communication, but its letter-writing tradition even clearly affected its Javanese counterpart, setting a standard writing style for diplomatic letters.
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Fu, Rongbo. "Comparing modal patterns in Chinese-English interpreted and translated discourses in diplomatic setting." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 62, no. 1 (May 19, 2016): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.62.1.06fu.
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This paper, with an eye to the interpersonal component in translational activities, adopts a systemic functional approach to the examination and comparison of modal patterns in interpreted and translated discourses of Chinese Premier’s press conferences and his reports on the work of the government from 2008 to 2012. Following a comprehensive analysis of modality in terms of type, orientation and value, the study shows that, despite their differences in translational mode (i.e. written and spoken) and temporal constraint (i.e. prepared and impromptu), interpreted and translated diplomatic discourses share some common trends in modal distribution. In particular, the massive use of modulation and the favorite collocation of first person pronouns with volitive modal verbs such as will are classic in discourses as such. Additionally, only a minimal number of low-valued modality is used in both translation and interpretation. Given the political sensitivity and policy orientation of diplomatic translation and the institutional identity of diplomatic translators, it is argued that an effective manipulation of modality is essential to their fulfillment of the capacity of “policy endorsers” in reproducing interpersonal connotations embedded in the source language. The paper may also shed some light on the research on translator/interpreters’ role.
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Craigwood, J. "Diplomatic Metonymy and Antithesis in 3 Henry VI." Review of English Studies 65, no. 272 (June 3, 2014): 812–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgu043.
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Emelianova, N. A., and I. R. Tuigunova. "MECHANISMS OF PERCEPTION OF THE LANGUAGE OF DIPLOMATIC DISCOURSE IN EVERYDAY CONSCIOUSNESS." HUMANITARIAN RESEARCHES 68, no. 4 (2018): 015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-4936-2018-68-4-015-023.
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Garbul, Liudmila. "The Significance of Interslavonic Language Contacts in the Formation of a New Type of Literary Russian." Respectus Philologicus 23, no. 28 (April 25, 2013): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2013.23.28.16.
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This article presents facts verifying the presence of nearly 1,000 lexical and over 300 semantic Polonisms found in the Russian chancery language (diplomatic correspondence) of the Muscovite state of the end of 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries, and draws conclusions about the role of the Polish influence on the Russian written language at that time and thereafter. According to our data, the Polish influence on the Russian written language in the first half of the 17th century extended both in terms of quantity and quality as well, which led to the close interaction of the lexical and semantic systems of the contiguous languages on a deeper level. This, in our opinion, allows us to discuss the fact that the production of the Posolsky Prikaz (ambassadorial office) in the second half of the 16th–17th centuries acted not only as one of the main channels of the Polonisation of Russian lexis, but—due to the rather large amount of semantic borrowings, as well as the increasing number of intraslavonic derivates among lexical borrowings in the 17th century— encouraged the extension of the influence of Polish culture in a broader aspect as well. This was reflected in the strategy of the formation of Muscovite Russian language policy, when the southwestern Russian language, which in its turn represented the borrowing of the Polish language situation, was being transformed onto the Great Russian soil. It should be pointed out that the prostaja mova, which—due to the absence of its equivalent in Great Russian conditions—played a great role and acted as an active mediator in Polish–Russian language contacts, influenced the chancery language of the Muscovite state, especially diplomatic correspondence.
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Marquilhas, Rita. "The Portuguese Language Spelling Accord." Written Language and Literacy 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.18.2.06mar.
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The process of adopting an official orthography for the Portuguese language was completed very late in history, only in the twentieth century, and it was independently triggered by the Brazilian Letters Academy (in 1907) and the Portuguese sciences academy (in 1911). The diplomatic negotiations between the nations involved were countless ones along the following decades, and also included, in due time, other former Portuguese colonies. Since 2006, all countries are gradually ratifying a unified orthography decided in 1990, but the process is much debated in the public space. The root of the disagreement has to do with the fact that both the Portuguese and the Brazilian sets of graphematic norms, although aiming at phonological segments, include transcription rules for variant matter: different phonetic realizations that are triggered by phonological processes.
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Wiśniewski, Szymon. "Ewolucja chińskiego protokołu i zwyczajowego prawa dyplomatycznego od XVI do XIX w." Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, no. 18 (2020): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538724gs.20.042.12879.
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The evolution of Chinese protocol and customary diplomatic law in contacts with European countries from the 16th to the 19th centuries From the earliest times, diplomatic protocol has been one of the most important instruments of foreign policy. It facilitates establishing relationships in the international arena by creating a common language of communication. The aim of diplomatic protocol is to create an atmosphere of respect, recognition, and harmony in international relations. To a large extent, it is the result of customary international law, which consists of two basic elements. Firstly, one comes from the practice of states, viewed objectively, and secondly, from opinio iuris, i.e. the subjective feeling that this procedure is a kind of law. For many centuries, the Chinese Empire used these two tools to conduct foreign policy, in particular with European countries with which relations were not based on the principle of equality and respect for sovereignty. The purpose of this article is to indicate how China used protocol and customary diplomatic law to achieve its goals in the international arena.
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Ramani, Samuel. "Deterrence through Diplomacy: Oman's Dialogue Facilitation Initiatives during the Yemeni Civil War." Middle East Journal 75, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/75.2.15.
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In contrast to other states in the Gulf Cooperation Council, Oman has declined to participate in the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen and has opted to facilitate dialogue between the conflict's warring parties. Oman has embraced a strategy of diplomatic deterrence in Yemen, facilitating dialogue to counter the perceived threats that Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates pose to its foreign policy independence. The article explores how the Sultanate's diplomatic deterrence strategy manifests at the local, regional, and international levels, building on English- and Arabic-language source material and interviews.
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Mingxing, Yang. "The principles and tactics on diplomatic translation: A Chinese perspective." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 58, no. 1 (June 5, 2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.58.1.01min.
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Low, Polly. "Looking for the language of Athenian imperialism." Journal of Hellenic Studies 125 (November 2005): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426900007126.
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AbstractConventional portrayals of Athenian imperialism, heavily influenced by Thucydides, tend to assume that the Athenians thought of, and described, their imperialistic actions in frank, even brutal, terms. This article seeks to challenge that assumption by exploring two sets of fifth-century Athenian epigraphical material: documents which contain the phrase ‘the cities which the Athenians rule’, and inscriptions imposing regulations on allied states which are erected at the ally's expense. In both cases, it is argued that if these apparently overtly aggressive documents are considered in an epigraphic rather than a Thucydidean context, they reveal the existence of a more subtle, nuanced and diplomatic approach to imperial politics.
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Stokes, Karina. "Ahmadinejad’s letter to Bush opens dialogue in Middle Eastern rhetorical style." Journal of Language and Politics 9, no. 1 (April 9, 2010): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.9.1.05sto.
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Understanding how Middle Eastern rhetoric differs from Western communication can aid in deciphering diplomatic correspondence like the 2006 letter from President Ahmadinejad of Iran. Failure to understand such communications and respond appropriately may result in missed opportunities to avert hostilities or establish effective rapport with other nations. Success in grasping the intent of Iran’s diplomatic overture can provide a basis for creating a response that expresses American sentiments in a way that can be seen as intelligent and appropriate by Middle Eastern recipients. Such correspondence could entail establishing a respectable ethos, arranging content as expected, and emphasizing common values. Knowledge of the Middle Eastern rhetorical tradition can inform a viable understanding for diplomatic correspondence.
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Mohamed, Noriah. "“JAWI” LANGUAGE AND ITS ROLE IN ESTABLISHMENT CIVILIZATION OF MALAYONESIA." Journal of Malay Islamic Studies 2, no. 1 (November 20, 2018): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/jmis.v2i1.2735.
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Language has an important role as an element of civilization. Similarly Jawi language. This paper seeks to prove that Jawi Language is a hybrid language born from the clash between Arabic and Malay in the archipelago or Southeast Asia. Using the sociolinguistic point of view this article also shows that Jawi Language has contributed significantly to the formation of civilizations in the Malay and Indonesian Malay world. Jawi language is apparently used not only as the language of instruction in daily interactions, but also as a language of science, language, culture, diplomatic language, and even the language of unity among Malay nations in the Malayonesia region.
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Petrova, Мaria А. "Language practices of Russian and Austrian diplomats in the second half of the eighteenth century." Central-European Studies 2019, no. 2 (11) (2020): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0877.2019.2.2.
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The introduction of French into the international sphere proceeded gradually throughout the eighteenth century and was largely due to the growing significance of French culture in the courts and educated milieu of Europe. By the middle of the century, French had not only become the most important language of external diplomatic communication, but had also gradually entered into the internal correspondence of foreign offices. Nevertheless, in the second half of the eighteenth century a large part of such correspondence continued to be conducted in the native language of the diplomats involved. This paper, based on archival sources, deals with the linguistic practices of Russian-speaking (Russophone) diplomats of the Russian Empire and diplomats from Austria, as well as the problem they faced in choosing between their native language or French when writing reports and letters. The language practices are considered in the context of the language policies of Catherine II, Maria Theresa, and Joseph II, who consistently implemented reforms in the Russian Empire and the Austrian monarchy in support of Russian and German respectively. Since there were many diplomats of foreign origin in the Russian College of Foreign Affairs, the French and Russian languages were considered equal. Their use in correspondence depended on the preferences of the chiefs, the personal experience of the diplomatic representatives (their French language skills, level of education in general, social and cultural background, and the characteristics of their particular place of residence), and in some cases on the subject of the correspondence. In the paperwork of the Austrian State Chancellery, the French language was used in official reports far less frequently than German, but rather often in semi-private correspondence with monarchs or high-ranking nobles in order to establish a confidential contact with them. A significant conclusion is drawn that the analysis of the language practices of Russian and Austrian diplomats requires a study of the language competency of the mission staff.
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Okoedion, Eseohe Glory. "A REVIEW OF THE BENEFITS AND OBSTACLES OF LEARNING FRENCH LANGUAGE IN NIGERIA." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3054.
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Language is the primary mode of human expression. Language delineates humans from other animals. With the use of language in its oral and written form, humans are able to communicate and express their feelings within the cultural norms. In essence, lan-guage is a mean or process of understanding the experience, ideas, and emotions. Since French is a language, it performs all functions that human languages perform such as communicative, interactive, diplomatic and informative functions. These func-tions have an impact positively on sustainable human development of the country. In spite of the benefits that the Nigeria citizenry are to derive while learning French language, there are many obstacles on its way such as government attitude towards the language, learning environment, lack of infrastructures, lack of motivation, jobless-ness of the students, etc. Hence, the analysis of the benefits and obstacles of learning French language in Nigeria and recommendation of ways alleviate the obstacles of learning French Language in Nigeria is what this paper has set out to achieve.
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Emelyanova, Nadezhda A., and Edvard I. Glinchevskiy. "INTERTEXTUALITY & FORMALITY OF DIPLOMATIC DISCOURSE (based on English & French language material)." HUMANITARIAN RESEARCHES 66, no. 2 (2018): 012–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-4936-2018-66-2-012-019.
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Kaminska, Olena. "The diplomatic documents as the functioning of the german professional language of diplomacy." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.1.2017.17.
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Barbato, Melanie. "Diplomatic Language in the Deepavali Messages of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue." Review of Faith & International Affairs 15, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2017.1392707.
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