Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diplomatic protocol'

The Master's Thesis on "The History of Diplomatic Protocol with the Emphasis on French Influence on Diplomatic Protocol and New Cultural Influences on Today's Diplomatic Protocol" aims at introducing the topic of History of Diplomatic protocol and is further elaborating on the topic in terms of various influences on Diplomacy and Diplomatic protocol. The purpose was to show that the evolution of the practices, protocols and etiquette is a gradual process of change. Nowadays we live in the world strongly influenced by the European tradition that mainly comes from France. However, the changing world and process of globalization makes it easier for people to interact, share their values and spread their ideas.

The goal of this Thesis is to uncover, characterize, analyze, describe and define selected contemporary rules of etiquette, international business and diplomatic protocol in international business and diplomatic practice and point out the greatest deficiencies witnessed in practice. The research subject of this Thesis is, thus, the formal aspect of international business and diplomatic cooperation. Its output consists of recommendation on how to correctly apply these rules in practice. I would also like my paper to significantly contribute to the general knowledge of this fascinating and commonly useful knowledge. The structure of the Thesis as it was drawn up in context of its goals consists of three main chapters, introduction and conclusion. The first part of the Thesis deals with Social Etiquette. This part is not conceived as general rules of social intercourse. Instead, it concentrates mainly on the elaboration of contemporary general rules of social intercourse and etiquette to in the context of business and entrepreneurial activities, i.e. Business Protocol. The Thesis would also like to provide answers to the following questions: What is the current standard of social intercourse in the Czech Republic? What are the contemporary rules of social intercourse in the Czech Republic and how do they differ from the etiquette abroad? Can we claim that these rules are being observed? What leads our managers, businessman, diplomats etc. to observing these rules? In my Thesis I strive to evaluate contemporary rules applicable to social, business and diplomatic events as well as in written communication and to draw attention the lack of their knowledge. Another partial goal of the Thesis consists of using carried out analyses, evaluations, inquiries via questionnaires and comparative analyses to point out the differences in the rules of social intercourse, conduct and negotiation in different territories. The working hypothesis of this part of the paper is to indicate on the basis of the above mentioned allegations the relationship between the behaviour and conduct of managers of different provenience and the fact that they have different cultural background. Culture is learned not inherited. It is derived from the social environment not from genes and it must be clearly distinguished from human character and the character of individual people. Significant attention is, therefore, paid to the study of international customs and conventions, especially those of the countries which the representatives of Czech firms, enterprises and institutions most come into contact with. The presented Thesis does not have the ambition to come up with a definitive cookbook as to how to conduct oneself in a given situation within a given territory; it merely strives to point out the pitfalls, misunderstandings and blunders in conduct and barriers in communication and in business or any other professional negotiations. Unlike legal acts the rules of Etiquette are not binding. Laws apply to all and the state prosecutes their infringement. Unlike laws, the rules of Etiquette are not enforceable. Their only form of enforcement is the social pressure which the society effectuates on the individual. Thus, the standards of social conduct only apply to those willing to abide by them. The presented paper is an aggregate of the rules and its author's views. Another author's standpoint may differ. The second part of the Thesis concentrates on the sphere of Diplomatic Protocol in international business and diplomatic practice. The presented paper aims at describing the existing system of Foreign Service and diplomatic activities, presenting the diplomatic representations, consulates, missions and other representatives abroad, their functioning as well as their immunities and privileges. Diplomatic Protocol concerns the formal, not the material, content of international relations. Formal rules of social conduct in intercourse with diplomatic representatives of other countries, the etiquette and the ceremonies applied to the intercourse with these representatives form an integral part of the Diplomatic Protocol. In the initial part I define the very term Diplomatic Protocol and I strive to specify is subject. Successively I address individual respective parts of Diplomatic Protocol and diplomatic practice, such as the methods of establishing diplomatic relationships, the roles of diplomatic missions, ranks of diplomatic representatives and their immunities and privileges, the procedure related to the conferment of agrément and the termination of activity of the head of a diplomatic mission, official visits of foreign guests, organisation of international conferences, diplomatic correspondence, consular activities etc. In the course of its elaboration the presented Thesis should also offer answers to the following questions: What is the current international form, role and significance of the Diplomatic Protocol? What leads states to observing signed conventions? Which diplomatic immunities and privileges are at the moment among the most abused or violated? For the accomplishment of the goals set out in this Thesis I shall strive to outline the scale of theoretic approaches and based on the effective layout and international practice express my own conclusions. Among others, the paper also aims at promoting the development of skills of the current diplomat and acquainting them with the norms of diplomatic correspondence. The aforementioned part of the Thesis also sets out another rather easily attained objective: due to the inexistence of comprehensive publications on this topic to become a handbook and reference manual not only for the young adepts of this profession but for all who for some reason take interest in Diplomacy. It was an ambition of the author to assemble and explain terms, which those interested in the practical aspects of Foreign Service, may be confronted with. The paper reflects current diplomatic practice and takes into account Czech circumstances. The author is endeavouring to mediate the information and knowledge she gained through years of practice at representative offices abroad gained during her practical experience at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and through more than 20 years of practice in academic research and instruction of this area.

The aim of my master thesis was to specify the business and diplomatic protocol in France and answer several questions that I defined. Are there any differences between the facts that we read in books and guides about French business and diplomatic protocol, and the reality? Can we generalize French business protocol and say that it is valid for all sectors and generations of managers? Can we claim that French diplomatic protocol is valid all the time and every single president sticks to it? The first chapter explains all the key terms - protocol, business protocol, diplomatic protocol, business negotiation, etiquette. The second chapter focuses on French business protocol, especially organization and course of business negotiation, dress code and gift-giving etiquette, and finally characterizes a typical French company. The third chapter focuses on French diplomatic protocol, especially on all aspects conserning ambassadors in France. The fourth chapter represents the practical part and gives several practical examples of French business and diplomatic protocol. This part is based on four qualitative conversations with four experts on this domain.

The master’s thesis focuses on the diplomacy and cultural aspects in the theory of international relations. The analysis of theoretical positions of the role of diplomacy in the development and strengthening of international cooperation is carried out. The main purpose of this study is to propose a strategic path for further development of international relations against the background of a global pandemic.
У роботі досліджені дипломатія та культурні аспекти в теорії міжнародних відносин. Проведений аналіз теоретичних положень ролі дипломатії у розвитку та зміцненні міжнародного співробітництва. Основною метою цього дослідження є пропозиція стратегічного шляху подальшого розвитку міжнародних відносин на фоні світової пандемії.

The first part of the thesis is focused on professional etiquette in a diplomatic environment, i.e. diplomatic protocol. The second part describes rules of the professional etiquette in an international consulting company.

Diploma thesis "Cultural diplomacy" examines a specific field of diplomatic relations in which culture plays the key role. It introduces basic terminology and theoretical outcomes. Later, it defines cultural diplomacy in the broader context of public diplomacy, nation branding, and soft power. The main part is devoted to describing and analyzing the environment in the Czech Republic - it defines institutions and instruments used in the Czech environment and specifies methods of cultural diplomacy. With respect to subsections of cultural diplomacy, it is primarily devoted to the performing arts. The following chapter describing the transition of cultural diplomacy to guerilla diplomacy constitutes a substantial part of the thesis. It introduces this concept as the first thesis so far. Further it explains it in detail and points to the possibility of its application in the field of art and possibly culture. The final part includes suggestions for working more efficiently with tools of cultural and guerilla diplomacy in the Czech Republic.

S’appuyant sur un corpus de textes que l’on qualifie normalement de « traités sur l’ambassadeur », cette thèse s’attache à reconstruire la naissance de la diplomatie moderne tout au long d’une période qui va du XIIIe au XVIIe siècle, en essayant d’analyser la manière dont la figure de l’ambassadeur à été élaborée à l’intérieur d’un champ de problématisation qui se caractérise par une imbrication réciproque du droit, de l’éthique et de la politique et va constituer une véritable expérience de la diplomatie.Ce travail s’articule en deux parties. Dans la première il s’agit de comprendre comment la figure de l’ambassadeur a été façonnée sous le profil de son statut juridique, à savoir comme une persona publica chargée d’un officium et devant représenter son mandant, avec les conséquences qui en découlent quant à l’établissement de son pouvoir de négociation, à la définition de ses immunités ainsi qu’à la détermination des honneurs qu’il a le droit de recevoir. L’analyse de ces questions permettra d’apprécier la contribution apportée par notre corpus non seulement à la définition du statut juridique de l’ambassadeur, mais aussi à la formation du nouveau droit des gens destiné à régir l’Europe moderne. La seconde partie s’attache à comprendre comment la figure de l’ambassadeur a été façonnée sous le profil de son statut professionnel : on s’interroge alors sur les fonctions qui lui sont attribuées, sur les moyens qui lui sont fournis et les conditions qui lui sont demandées pour s’en acquitter de la manière la plus efficace, ainsi que sur la problématisation éthique à laquelle son action est soumise. Tout en essayant de faire ressortir la spécificité de l’ambassadeur, cette partie se propose aussi de contribuer à l’étude de la professionnalisation du fonctionnaire public
Using a collection of texts commonly known as the “treatises on the ambassador”, this research examines the birth and the development of the experience of diplomacy from the 13th to the 17th Century. It aims, in particular, to explore the development of the figure of the ambassador within a field of problematization involving ethics, politics and law.After some methodological and historical remarks, the thesis deals with the development of the status of the ambassador from two perspectives, the legal and the professional. Regarding his legal status, the medieval legal conceptualisation of the role of the ambassador as a genuine public “office”, and that of the diplomatic function as “representation”, are examined. The way in which these conceptualisations help to define the negotiating powers conferred on the ambassador, his immunities and the honours to which he is entitled is then considered. This analysis allows for an investigation of the complex links between the exercise of diplomacy and claims to sovereignty during Europe’s transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity. Regarding his professional status, the thesis reconstructs the functions of the ambassador (particularly in relation to information gathering and negotiation), the means provided for the ambassador to undertake his functions (his salary and the assignment of an escort) and the objective, intellectual or moral qualities required of him. As well as illustrating the techniques which have been required for ambassadorial success since the 15th Century, this analysis offers some hints for studying the professionalization of public officials and the emergence of the modern criteria of political analysis

L'approche sectorielle consiste à envisager la limitation ou la réduction des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre secteur par secteur. Une telle approche implique un changement de paradigme par rapport à l'approche dominante de la diplomatie climatique qui s'articule principalement autour d'engagements portant sur l'ensemble de l'économie des différents Etats Parties. La principale question à laquelle tente de répondre la présente thèse de doctorat est de déterminer de quelle manière et sous quelles conditions la diplomatie climatique pourrait s'appuyer sur une approche sectorielle pour accroître l'efficacité des efforts internationaux de lutte contre les changements climatiques. Il s'agit de déterminer si la généralisation de démarches, de politiques, d'actions ou de mesures par secteur pourrait permettre de réduire substantiellement et au moindre coût les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Pour ce faire, de nombreuses pistes de réflexions sont envisagées : des négociations distinctes au sein d'organisations internationales spécialisées, des initiatives sectorielles volontaires, des partenariats internationaux, des démarches sectorielles et autres mesures par secteurs concertées, des mécanismes sectoriels fondés sur le marché. Dans chaque cas de figure, il s'agit d'examiner dans quels secteurs, mais également autour de quelles parties prenantes et à partir de quels mécanismes, des démarches sectorielles pourraient concrètement émerger
Sectoral approaches refer to a series of new proposals, which focuses on the limitation of world greenhouse gas emission on a sector-by-sector basis. Thess approaches relie on a change of paradigm with regard to the dominant approach of the international climate regime, which is based upon an economy-wide approach towards GHG emissions. The main issue addressed by this PhD dissertation is to clarify how and under which conditions a sectoral approach could efficiently and effectively contribute to the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions. Could sector-specific initiatives, policies, actions and measures practically reduce GHG emissions at the lowest cost? In which sectors? Involving which stakeholders? Relying on which legal, economic or financial instruments? A sectoral approach could potentially be implemented through different legal/economic/financial means: separated sectoral negotiations within specialised international organisations, voluntary sectoral initiatives, international sector-based partnerships, cooperative approaches and sector-specific actions and/or sectoral market-based mechanisms. Subsequently, this dissertation evaluates the relevance and the practical feasibility of various sector-based proposals during the first period of commitment and beyond 2012

Le statut actuel de l'activité d'ambassadeur soulève des interrogations, notamment celle de sa marge de manœuvre. Nous avons analysé les facteurs structurels qui suggèrent aujourd'hui le déclin objectif du pouvoir de l'ambassadeur. Un ensemble de rapports de forces et des processus de hiérarchisation organisent la structure des espaces d'activités diplomatiques et contraignent les chefs de mission diplomatique dans leur capitale d'accréditation. Dans ce contexte, le quai d’Orsay tente de redéfinir l'activité d'ambassadeur et de délimiter un savoir-faire diplomatique. Les ambassadeurs préservent un certain pouvoir en déployant un ensemble de formes symboliques exprimant le fait qu'ils gèrent la représentation de la France à l'étranger. Ainsi la forme donne du pouvoir aux ambassadeurs qui savent et peuvent la manier, c'est-à-dire trouver un juste équilibre entre la distanciation et l'engagement. La mise en forme limite cependant la marge de manœuvre des ambassadeurs qui, en tant que personnes morales, jouent un rôle dépassant leur personne et doivent se plier aux intérêts supérieurs de la représentation de la France a l'étranger
Ambassadors'status brings up questions, namely concerning their latitude. The analysis of certain structural forms suggests a decline of ambassadors' power. Power play and hierarchical processes determine diplomatic activity and limit the efficacy of these activities. In such a context, the french ministry of foreign affairs has tried to define more precisely the individualised role of ambassadors. They have managed to preserve some power by rendering visible a group of symbolic forms that expressly serve representation of france abroad. These forms can render power to the diplomat who is able to put them into effect by finding a balance between aloofness and commitment. But this kind of formalism limits ambassadors' latitude because they represent a moral entity and play a role that surpass their individuality. Therefore they need to surrender to the higher interests as designated by the french state

Santrauka Diplomatinio protokolo kaita kaip veidrodis atspindi visus visuomenės gyvenimo pokyčius. Didelę įtaką diplomatiniam protokolui turėjo revoliucinės idėjos, reikalavusios keisti visa ką, įskaitant diplomatų, kaip valstybių atstovų, tarpusavio bendravimą. Lygybės siekis ir aristokratiškų manierų atmetimas buvo pirmasis bandymas radikaliai keisti diplomatinį protokolą. Tačiau šis bandymas nebuvo iki galo sėkmingas. Iš pagrindų pakeistus tarpusavio bendravimo taisykles, vėliau vėl buvo bandoma sugrįžti prie anksčiau nusistovėjusių normų. Vis dėl to liko naujovių. Nuo XX amžiaus pradžios iki mūsų dienų dėl sparčiai tobulėjančių logistikos ir telekomunikacijos technologijų, į diplomatinio protokolo erdvę patenka vis daugiau ir naujų veikėjų. Komunikacija darosi intensyvesnė, tai savo ruožtu sąlygoja tarptautinio bendravimo taisyklių paprastėjimą. Intensyvus technologijų vystymas padarė žiniasklaidą aktyvia diplomatinės komunikacijos tarpininke, tarnaujančia ne tik kaip komunikacinio pranešimo kanalas, bet ir kaip pranešimo interpretuotoja. Diplomatinio protokolo erdvės plėtimasis įtraukia diplomatinės komunikacijos dalyvius į praktiškai nepertraukiamą komunikacijos procesą, kuris tampa kasdienybe. Šis tapsmas vėlgi sąlygoja protokolo taisyklių paprastėjimą ir bendravimo betarpiškumo didėjimą. Diplomatinis protokolas, nors ceremonijų ir ritualų bei diplomatų tarpasmeninis bendravimas supaprastėjo, vis dėlto yra būtina tarptautinės komunikacijos priemonė, kuria naudojasi ne... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
ABSTRACT The developments in diplomatic protocol unquestionably reflect, as on a mirror, all the social, historical, economic, geopolitical and technological changes that through the passage of time take place in the life of any society. Revolutionary ideas can be considered some of the most influential factors affecting diplomatic protocol, as they sought a thorough transformation that would not leave a single sphere of life untouched, not even the way diplomats should interact. The frenetic pursuit of equality and refusal of aristocratic manners was the first though unsuccessful attempt to radically change diplomatic protocol. Interpersonal communication rules established by revolutionary force would later on turn back to previously set norms. Yet some innovations remained, at least in the revolutionary spirit that would always stir the minds of future generations to find new agents of change. The rapidly advancing logistics and telecommunication technologies led to an expansion of the diplomatic protocol arena, onto which more and more players can be seen entering from the most varied walks of life and professions. Communication amongst them has become more intense than ever before, and this has undoubtedly conditioned the need to simplify the rules of interpersonal communication. The smart pace of technological development has also made of mass media an active mediator, which does not only function as a communication channel, but has also taken the role of information... [to full text]

A presente tese estuda as negociações diplomáticas entre Brasil e Itália para solucionar reclamações de imigrantes italianos residentes no país, conhecidas como Protocolos Italianos. Tais reclamações foram organizadas e compiladas pelo Consulado Italiano no Brasil e encaminhadas ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores (MRE) brasileiro, que instituiu comissões mistas para julga-las e o respectivo pagamento de indenizações aos reclamantes. Entre as reclamações constam por violências sofridas, invasão e saque perpetrados contra italianos por forças federais durante a Revolução Federalista; contratos não cumpridos entre italianos e a Administração Pública. No entanto, para efetivar o acordo foi necessária a aprovação da Câmara dos Deputados e do Senado Federal, em que parte dos deputados durante várias sessões se opuseram aos Protocolos, afirmando que eles feriam a honra nacional. Assim, intensos debates na Câmara, no Senado e, também, na imprensa foram travados a esse respeito. O zênite da questão foi os conflitos acirrados entre brasileiros e italianos nas ruas de São Paulo motivados pelos Protocolos Italianos. E apesar da intensa mobilização contrária, os acordos foram aprovados e as indenizações pagas. A questão incidiu ainda como ameaça ao poder do presidente Prudente de Moraes, considerando que eles funcionaram como bandeira de reivindicações nacionalistas, manifestadas em discursos parlamentares, lideradas pelo vicepresidente Manoel Vitorino, inimigo político do presidente, e seus seguidores jacobinos. Revelou ainda a repressão exercida sobre o incipiente movimento operário, na medida em que figurou entre os reclamantes italianos aqueles expulsos do Brasil por anarquismo.
The present thesis investigates diplomatic agreements made between Brazil and Italy to solve claims from Italian immigrants resident in Brazil, known as the Italian Protocols. These claims were organised and compiled by the Italian Consulate in São Paulo and sent to the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MRE), which instituted mixed committees to judge them and their respective indemnity payment to the claimants. Claims reported violence, property invasion and looting perpetrated against Italian immigrants by federal forces during the Federalist Revolution, and also unconcluded contracts between Italians and the public administration. However, the approval by the Members of the Parliament and the Federal Senate was necessary to make these agreements effective. Some of the representatives voted against these Protocols in several sessions, stating that they would offend the national honor. Thus, intense debates on this subject were held in the Parliament, in the Senate and also in press. The top of this issue were the fierce conflicts between Brazilians and Italians on the streets of São Paulo, motivated by the Italian Protocols. Despite intense opposing mobilization, agreements were approved and indemnities paid. This issue also ended up being a threat to the power of President Prudente de Moraes, once the Protocols resulted as an excuse for nationalist claims, expressed in representatives speeches, under the leadership of Vice-President Manoel Vitorino, political opponent of the President, and his Jacobin followers. It also revealed the repression on the incipient labor movement, which was found in claims by Italians expelled from Brazil under accusations of anarchism.

Cette étude analyse le rôle des négociations westphaliennes (1643-1648) dans le développement du cérémonial diplomatique au XVIIe siècle en s’appuyant sur les correspondances entre les diplomates et leurs princes. La perspective des acteurs a été privilégiée pour mieux comprendre l’importance des différentes querelles et leurs logiques. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous nous interrogeons sur les implications et les limites des concepts utilisés pour appréhender le « cérémonial » en tant que phénomène historique. Une analyse se fondant sur la fonction représentative des diplomates laisse de côté plusieurs problèmes importants. La démonstration du rang princier ne constitue pas l’unique motif des querelles de cérémonial. Les diplomates provoquent en effet de nombreuses altercations non pas pour défendre le statut de leur prince mais plutôt pour asseoir le leur. Le cérémonial utilisé lors des négociations westphaliennes mélange ainsi le statut du représentant et celui du représenté. En outre, la signification des signes utilisés au cœur du cérémonial fait l’objet d’une discussion permanente et permet aux acteurs d’interpréter les incidents de différentes manières. Or, au cours du XVIIe siècle, le cérémonial renvoie de plus en plus à une signification précise, ce qui entraine une multiplication des querelles. Par ce processus, le cérémonial constitue désormais un instrument qui révèle moins la hiérarchie entre les différents princes que leur appartenance au cercle des Souverains
This dissertation analyses the role of the westphalian negotiations (1643-1648) in the development of the diplomatic ceremonial in the 17th century through the examination of correspondence between diplomatic representatives and their princes. In order to better appreciate the importance of the different conflicts and their inherent logic, the study focuses on the actor’s perspective. Methodologically, the concepts utilized for understanding and describing the historical phenomenon « ceremonial » are critically analysed with respect to their implications and limits. This research suggests that an analysis solely based on the representative role of the diplomats would neglect important aspects given that the demonstration of rank is not the only motive in ceremonial conflicts. As such, the diplomats studied provoked many altercations not to confirm their prince’s status, but rather first and foremost to define and cement their own. Thus, the ceremonial of the westphalian negotiations blends the statuses of representative and represented. Furthermore, as the meanings of the signs used in the context of the ceremonial were not commonly defined, the various actors are able to interpret the events differently. In the course of the 17th century however, the ceremonial significations become more and more fixed and unified, which in turn leads to a multiplication of conflicts. This process lead to a situation where the function of the ceremonial was no longer to reveal the specific hierarchy among prince, but rather to display their adhesion to a group of Sovereigns

La diplomatie romaine de l’époque médio-républicaine (396-264 avant J.-C.), c’est-à-dire au moment de la conquête de l’Italie, est connue essentiellement à travers les sources littéraires. Pour autant, il n’existe pas dans ces textes, un terme servant à désigner l’activité diplomatique. Afin de cerner un phénomène auquel ne correspond aucun terme antique, il faut donc revenir au regard des historiens modernes, des Byzantins et des historiens antiques. On constate ainsi que l’identité romaine est au cœur des enjeux diplomatiques, dans la manière dont elle fut reconstruite. L’histoire diplomatique de la période ne démontre pas autre chose : les Romains de cette époque eurent parfaitement conscience de la manière dont ils devaient se représenter aux yeux de leurs interlocuteurs, à savoir comme des Grecs, avant d’affirmer une identité plus particulièrement romaine. Enfin, l’histoire de la diplomatie ou, pour le dire autrement, de ses pratiques montre que les Romains cherchèrent à forger une identité aux yeux des autres autant que d’eux-mêmes. À une époque de changements et d’évolutions des institutions romaines, en adéquation avec les nouvelles frontières de l’imperium, les modes de gestion de la prise de décision entre l’extérieur et l’intérieur, entre le centre et la périphérie de l’hégémonie romaine, le protocole même de réception à Rome ainsi que la constitution d’un espace diplomatique, la figure de l’ambassadeur enfin, du fetialis au legatus, constituent autant d’éléments qui participèrent de l’affirmation d’une identité civique romaine
The Roman diplomacy during the medio-republican period (396-264 B.C.), that is to say while Romans were conquering Italy, is mostly known through litterary sources. Nevertheless, there is no word, in this documentation, to name diplomatic activity. In order to define a phenomenon without specific ancient terminology, we have to successively look at the way modern historians, Byzantine scholars and ancient historians understand it. We thus discover that roman identity is a central issue in diplomacy and in the way it was written. The diplomatic history of the period points out the same conclusions : Romans, in that time, were perfectly conscious of the importance of the way they do represent themselves to strangers. They first wanted to be considered as Greeks, before they begun to make up a more specific Roman identity. Lastly, the history of diplomacy or, more exactly, of diplomatic practices, shows that Romans desired to make up an identity for the others as for themselves. At a time of changes and evolutions in the Roman institutions, partially due to the new boundaries of the imperium, the way the Romans provide to decision-making, between inside and outside, between the center and the periphery of Roman hegemony, the formalities linked to reception at Rome as the constitution of a diplomatic space in Rome, finally the figure of the ambassador, from the fetialis to the legatus, contribute in different ways to the assertion of a Roman civic identity

De nombreuses études ont déjà été menées sur les relations diplomatiques romano-barbares au Vème siècle, mais toutes ont délaissé l’étude des modalités de ces relations au profit d’études sur les clauses des traités conclus. Pourtant l’étude des modalités de la diplomatie est d’un grand intérêt. Envoyer ou recevoir une ambassade, négocier, conclure un traité, pose toute une série de problèmes extrêmement concrets révélateurs du type de relation construit ou en construction entre deux partenaires, toutes questions inséparables de celles qui touchent au contenu des actes. Le déroulement des négociations soulève également des questions aussi concrètes que la langue employée ou les différents interlocuteurs de l’ambassadeur. De tout cela on peut tirer des renseignements mettant en lumière d’autres aspects des relations diplomatiques romano-barbares que la simple étude des clauses de traités et voir se dessiner dans la confrontation la figure et la nature des interlocuteurs
Many studies have already been carried out about the Romano-Barbarian diplomatic relations in the 5th century but they all neglected to go into the terms of the diplomatic relations in favour of studies on the provisions of the treaties in force. Yet, studying the terms of diplomacy is of great interest. Sending or receiving an embassy, negotiating, signing a treaty, causes all kinds of very concrete problems revealing the type of relations built -or in the process of building- between two partners, all these matters being inseparable from the ones relating to the content of the deeds. The course of the negotiations also brings up questions as concrete as the language used or the various interlocutors of the ambassador. Information can be drawn from all this, bringing out other aspects of the Romano-Barbarian diplomatic relations than the mere study of the treaty provisions, and the picture and nature of the interlocutors may become apparent in the confrontation

Diplomatic privileges and immunities of bodies and workers of the EU institutions Le sujet de ce travail est de présenter des privilèges et immunités concernant l'Union européenne en tant qu'organisation internationale, ses fonctionnaires, agents et autres personnes susceptibles d'agir dans son intérêt. À la différence des immunités des États, accordées à ces derniers au nom de leur égalité souveraine, les immunités des organisation internationales se justifient exclusivement par leur caractère fonctionnel. Elles visent en effet à assurer à l'organisation une certaine autonomie et une indépendance indispensables à l'efficacité de son action. L'Union alors jouit des privilèges et immunités nécessaires à l'accomplissement de sa mission. Le document servant de base juridique, dans lequel les privilèges et immunités de l'UE sont définie , est le Protocole du 8 avril 1965 sur les privilèges et immunités des Communautés européennes. Ce dernier a été révisé au 1er décembre 2009 par le traité de Lisbonne. L'UE remlace ainsi, par ce traité, la Communauté européenne, ainsi duquele Protocole sur les privilèges et immunités des Communautés européennes, qui devient le Protocole sur les privilèges et immunités de l'Union européenne. Ce Protocole concerne l'UE, ses organes, les représentants des États...

Este relatório apresenta o estágio curricular realizado no Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros – Serviço do Protocolo, no âmbito do mestrado em História Moderna especialização em História das Relações Internacionais. O estágio curricular, enquadra-se no programa de estudos que pretendo concluir ou seja, na temática de Relações Internacionais durante o período Moderno/Contemporâneo com especificidade em questões diplomáticas como são o Protocolo e toda a simbologia do cerimonial em atos oficiais. Ao longo deste percurso, várias foram as atividades desenvolvidas e que possibilitaram adquirir competências e desenvolver capacidades na área do protocolo. Durante o mestrado, foi efetuado um projeto de investigação que teve como objetivo a participação portuguesa no Congresso de Viena e os princípios do protocolo instituídos. Um dos meus principais objetivos durante o estágio curricular foi comparar os resultados do projeto de investigação com a atualidade. No Congresso de Viena (1812-1815) pela primeira vez, aprovam-se várias normas protocolares do Estado, que vim a observar serem ainda as mesmas por onde são seguidos os princípios do Protocolo do Estado português. Apesar de em 2006 a Assembleia da República decretar uma lei que dispõe a “hierarquia e o relacionamento protocolar das altas entidades públicas” e “a articulação com tal hierarquia de outras entidades inseridas no esquema de relações do Estado”1, os princípios pelos quais é elaborada esta lei remontam ainda a 1815 e ao exemplo de precedências2 ali aprovado. O Protocolo do Estado encarrega-se não só da organização do complexo cerimonial como também da receção dos representantes diplomáticos acreditados em Portugal um processo longo que merecerá referência ao longo deste relatório.
Abstract: This report presents the curricular internship done in the ministry of foreign affairs - state protocol in the scope of the master degree in Modern History specialized in History of international relations. The internship is along in the line of study that I intend to conclude being, the theme of International Relations in the modern/contemporary period specifically the diplomatic manners such as the protocol and all the simbology of the ceremonial and official acts. Throughout this process, many have been the activities developed that allowed me to acquire skills and develop capabilities in the protocol area. During the masters degree, a research project has been made that was focused on the Portuguese role in the Vienna Congress and the beginning of the stated protocol. One of my objectives throughout the internship, has allways been to compare the results of my research project with the present times. In the Vienna Congress (1812-1815) for the first time many state protocol norms are legislated, which I have observed to still be the same principals followed by the Portuguese State Protocol. Despite that in 2006 the Republican Assembly had created a law that sets the “hierarchy and the protocol relation of the hi public entities” and “the articulation of the same hierarchy with other entities inserted in the state relation scheme” the principals by witch this law is created go back to 1815 and the precedence in there demonstrated. The state protocol is in charge not only of the organization of complex ceremonial as well of the reception of the diplomatic representatives credited in Portugal a long process that will deserve referency troughout this report.

Tese de mestrado, História das Relações Internacionais, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2013
Depois do Primeiro de Dezembro de 1640, assumir um lugar na Europa tornou-se um verdadeiro imperativo nacional. Portugal tinha tido um estatuto internacional independente que a monarquia dual (1580-1640) lhe havia negado. Mas o Reino português, encabeçado pelo seu próprio Rei tinha um lugar na Europa. Um lugar que transcendia a sua localização no extremo ocidental do Velho Continente, na parte mais distante da Península Ibérica: uma periferia geográfica mas não um lugar cerimonial. O Cerimonial é, muitas vezes, isto mesmo: o lugar. A palavra francesa “rang” passa esta ideia de hierarquia, de posição relativa, de ordem que atribui a cada um o seu lugar. Essa posição não é somente a transposição do poderio militar, da grandeza populacional, da capacidade comercial ou da importância simbólica desse estado. É influenciada por todos estes factores, a dada altura da sua História. Mas o produto final, o lugar, é o resultado do cálculo feito com a ponderação de cada premissa numa fórmula que resulta do equilíbrio de poderes entre os Estados. O tempo da divisão do mundo, acordada entre Portugal e Castela e sancionada pela Santa Sé passara. Desse longínquo século até ao momento-zero da Dinastia Real dos Bragança, muito havia mudado; Portugal havia mudado. O único caminho para a recuperação da posição entre os estados era através de uma guerra sustentadora da aclamação real, da definição de quem (e como) exerceria o poder e de uma negociação de prestígio com os demais estados, recorrendo à diplomacia e à linguagem comum do Cerimonial. Desde a proclamação portuguesa de independência até à assunção da plenitude de capacidade internacional: a entrada na Guerra de Sucessão de Espanha.
Abstract: After the First of December 1640, reclaiming a position in Europe became a true national imperative. Portugal had had an independent international status that the dual monarchy (1580-1640) had denied. However, the Portuguese Kingdom, lead by its own King had a place in Europe. A place that transcended its place at the far end of the Old Continent, in the most distant part of the Iberian Peninsula: a geographical periphery, but not a ceremonial one. Ceremonial is, many times, precisely that: a place. The French word “rang” conveys that idea of hierarchy, of relative position, of order that gives, to each one, its place. That position is not only the transposition of military might, of population grandness, of commercial capacity or of the symbolic importance of that state. It is influenced by all these factors, at given times of its History. But the final product, the place, is the result of a calculation made by weighing each premise in a formula that results from the balance of powers among the States. The time for the division of the world agreed by Portugal and Castile and sanctioned by the Holy See had passed. From that faraway century to the zero-hour of the Braganza Royal Dynasty, much had changed; Portugal had changed. The only way to regain the position among the states was through a war sustaining the royal acclamation, the definition of who (and how) would exert power and of a prestige bargain with the other states, using diplomacy and the common tongue of ceremonial. From the Portuguese proclamation of autonomy to the assumption of its full international capacity: the entrance in the War of Spanish Succession.