Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dipole induced dipole'

L'aigua és present en gairebé qualsevol superfície exposada a l'aire. Tant el vapor com l'aigua líquida modifiquen i determinen les propietats de les molècules i materials exposats a l’aire (la fricció, l'adhesió, la reactivitat, el folding ...). No obstant això, existeix una important manca de coneixement sobre com l'aigua interactua amb les superfícies a nivell sub-micromètric. Aquestes interaccions determinaran les propietats macroscòpiques de superfícies i compostos. A més d'aquests fets, l'aigua també juga un paper central en la determinació de la conformació estructural i les propietats de moltse biomolècules, com ara les proteïnes. Durant l'última dècada, s'ha parat molta atenció en l'assoliment d'una comprensió més profunda sobre com l'aigua interactua amb les proteïnes. Avui dia, l'aigua és considerada no com els medi on es troben presents les proteïnes, sinó com una part més de la pròpia proteïna. Molts estudis teòrics han estat realitzat recentment, però encara cal extreure més informació amb experiments directes. La Microscòpia de sonda de rastreig (SPM) ha obert la porta a les mesures de gran precisió en l'escala nanomètrica, que ens permeten seguir els processos i detectar propietats en escales no assolides fins recent. La Microscòpia de Forces Atòmiques (AFM) és un membre de la família SPM, amb múltiples modes d'operació capaços de detectar les diferents propietats de la superfície, que la converteixen en una eina molt versàtil. En aquest treball de tesi, he estudiat la interacció de l'aigua amb diverses superfícies, utilitzant diferents modes de AFM. L'estudi es va iniciar amb el seguiment de la interacció de l’aigua sobre la superfície de diverses cares cristal·lines en diversos aminoàcids: monocristalls de L-alanina, D-alanina, L-valina, D-valina, DL-valina i L-leucina van ser estudiats utilitzant tècniques AFM en els seus diversos modes. Aquests aminoàcids van ser triats per la seva simplicitat estructural i la seva importància en les biomolècules del cos humà. L'estudi va revelar la importància que els dipols dels aminoàcids juguen en la seva interacció amb l'aigua. Els canvis estructurals a les superfícies d'aminoàcids, com a causa de l'acció de l’aigua en ells va concloure en la descripció d’una nova superfície amb dos nivells diferenciats a la L-alanina (011). A més, la diferenciació enantiomèrica de la L i la D-valina s'ha descrit utilitzant un senzill experiment AFM. El camp elèctric generat per alguns dels cristalls dels aminoàcids ha sigut estudiat com a possible factor d’afavoriment de la congelació de l'aigua, es va estudiar l'efecte del camp elèctric natural de diversos monocristalls a les molècules d'aigua presents com a funció de la humitat relativa i la temperatura. En l'última part d'aquesta tesi, diferents capes primes de ferroelèctrics PZT2080 es van utilitzar a causa de que els seus dipols poden ser orientats mitjançant AFM en una manera controlada. He utilitzat aquestes superfícies per estudiar la influència dels dipols en l'ordenament d'aigua. Les condicions experimentals òptimes per assegurar una polarització propera al 100% d'una regió PZT2080 (utilitzant les imatges de fase de PFM com a referència) amb una injecció de càrrega mínima han sigut descrites. Les imatges KPFM van revelar diferències de desenes de mV sobre les regions polaritzades per a lleugeres disminucions de temperatura, d'una manera controlada i reproduïble.
Water is present on almost any surface exposed to air. Both vapor and liquid water modify and determine the properties of molecules and materials (friction, adhesion, folding, reactivity...). However, there is still an important lack of knowledge about how water interacts with surfaces at the sub-micrometer level. Such interactions will determine the final macroscopic properties of surfaces and compounds. In addition to these facts, water also plays a central role in determining the structural conformation and the properties of biomolecules, such as proteins. During the last decade, much attention has been driven into achieving a deeper understanding in how water interacts with proteins. Nowadays, water is considered, not as the solvent media where proteins are placed, but as a proper part of the protein itself. Many theoretical studies have been performed recently, but it is still necessary to extract more information with direct experiments. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) has opened the door to powerful measures at the nanometer level that allow us to follow processes and detect properties in scales not achieved until recently. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a member of the SPM family, with multiple operational modes able to sense different surface properties, that turn it into a very versatile tool. During this thesis work, I have studied the interaction of water with several surfaces, using different AFM modes. The study began by describing how water affects different crystal surfaces of several amino acids: L-alanine, D-alanine, L-valine, D-valine, DL-Valine and L-leucine were studied by means of AFM imaging using several modes. These amino acids were chosen for their structural simplicity and their importance in the human-body biomolecules. The study revealed the importance that the amino acid dipoles play in their interaction with water. The structural changes on amino acid surfaces due to vapor and liquid water action on them have been also studied. From this study we described a new 2D landscape on the L-alanine (011) surface as a consequence of its interaction with water. Also, the enantiomeric recognition of L- and D-valine has been described in a easy experiment using AFM. The electric field generated by some amino acid crystals has been studied as a possible factor of water freezing (as reported for some amino acids at the macroscopic level). I studied the effect of the natural electric field of several crystals on the water molecules present in the media as a function of relative humidity and temperature. The importance of the dipole-dipole interactions in these processes drove me towards ferroelectric materials. In the last part of this thesis work, PZT2080 ferroelectric thin films have been used due to that their dipoles can be oriented by means of AFM in a controlled way. I have used these surfaces to study the influence of their dipoles in the ordering of water. From this study, the optimum experimental conditions to ensure a the polarization in a near a 100% effectiveness of a PZT2080 region (using its PFM phase signal as reference) with a minimum charge injection. KPFM imaging revealed differences of several tens of mV on polarized regions for slight temperature decreasing, in a controlled and reproducible manner. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the polarized regions to order the nearby water molecules when the loss of temperature decreases their thermal energy.

Notre équipe étudie le comportement collectif d’un gaz d’atomes en présence d’interactions de type dipôle-dipôle. Ces interactions apparaissent lorsqu'on illumine les atomes avec un laser de longueur d’onde quasi-résonant avec une transition atomique : les atomes se polarisent sous l’effet du champ laser, et les dipôles induits interagissent entre eux via le champ qu’ils rayonnent. Cette interaction est d’autant plus forte que les atomes sont proches les uns des autres, et peut perturber considérablement le comportement radiatif de l’ensemble atomique, voire empêcher l’excitation de plusieurs atomes à la fois. Par exemple, un nuage d’atomes dense peut se comporter comme une cavité sans miroirs : le laser peut exciter certains modes de rayonnement particuliers, qui rayonnent chacun avec sa fréquence et son taux de relaxation propres, différents de ceux d’un atome individuel. Certains de ces modes collectifs sont super-radiants (le nuage réémet l’excitation emmagasinée plus rapidement que ne le ferait un atome individuel), d’autres sont au contraire sub-radiants.Afin d’étudier ces phénomènes, notre équipe a construit une expérience qui permet de piéger entre 1 et ~500 atomes froids de rubidium dans un piège laser de dimensions ~1µm³. Nous excitons les atomes près de la transition à 780 nm. La taille du nuage, de l’ordre de 100 nm, est proche de la longueur d'onde réduite. Enfin, l’élargissement Doppler des transitions atomiques est négligeable (atomes froids). La situation est donc quasi-idéale pour l’observation de modes de rayonnement collectifs. Nous avons observé expérimentalement les effets de ces interactions, mais l'accord avec la théorie ne semble être, jusqu'à présent, que qualitatif (malgré nos efforts pour nous soustraire de la structure interne des atomes).Nous avons donc décidé de construire une deuxième version du dispositif expérimental. Cette ambitieuse deuxième version dispose à présent de deux axes optiques haute résolution. En plus de résoudre certains problèmes expérimentaux présent dans la précédente version, elle ouvre la voie à de nouvelles expériences pour étudier les interactions dipolaires: nouveaux régimes de densité et nouvelles configurations atomiques comme les chaînes d'atomes
Our team studies the collective behaviour of an atomic gas in the presence of dipole-dipole interactions. These interactions appear when the atoms are illuminated by a laser of wavelength lambda that is nearly resonant with an atomic transition : the atoms are polarized by the laser field, and the induced dipoles interact with each other through the field they radiate. This interaction becomes stronger when the atoms are closer to each other, and can considerably perturb the radiative behaviour of the atomic ensemble, or even prevent the simultaneous excitation of several atoms. For instance, a dense atomic cloud can behave like an optical cavity without any mirrors : the laser can excite certain radiation modes, each with its own frequency and life time, which are different from those of an individual atom. Some of these collective modes are super-radiant (the atomic cloud re-emits the stored excitation faster than an individual atom), others are sub-radiant.In order to study these phenomena, our team has built an experiment that allows the trapping of 1 up to ~500 cold rubidium atoms in a laser trap of ~1µm³ in size. We excite the atoms close to the transition at 780nm. The size of the atomic cloud, on the order of 100 nm, is close to the reduced wavelength. Also, the Doppler broadening of the atomic transition is negligible (cold atoms). The situation is therefore nearly ideal for the observation of the collective radiation modes. We observed the effects of these interactions, but no quantitative agreement with theory has been obtained so far (despite our efforts to simplify the internal atomic structure).We have thus decided to build a second version of the experimental apparatus. This challenging second version now possesses two high resolution optical axes. Not only solving some experimental problems of the previous version, it opens the road to new kind of experiments to study dipolar interactions: new regime of densities and new kind of geometries, as 1D chain of atoms for instance

Twenty-one orbits of Lunar Prospector magnetometer data obtained during an extended passage of the Moon through a lobe of the geomagnetic tail in April 1998 are applied to estimate the residual lunar induced magnetic dipole moment. Editing and averaging of individual orbit segments yields a negative induced moment with amplitude −2.4 ±1.6 × 1022 Gauss-cm³ per Gauss of applied field. Assuming that the induced field is caused entirely by electrical currents near the surface of a highly electrically conducting metallic core, the preferred core radius is 340±90 km. For an iron-rich composition, such a core would represent 1 to 3% of the lunar mass.

Les interférences quantiques apparaissant lors de la superposition cohérente d'états quantiques de la matière sont à l'origine de la compréhension et du contrôle de nombreux processus élémentaires. Dans cette thèse, deux problèmes distincts, qui ont pour origine de tels effets, sont discutés avec leurs applications potentielles : 1. Diffraction électronique induite par Laser (LIED) et imagerie des orbitales moléculaires ; 2. Effets collectifs dans des vapeurs denses et transparence électromagnétique induite par interaction dipôle-dipôle (DIET). La première partie de cette thèse traite du mécanisme de recollision dans des molécules linéaires simples lorsque le système est exposé à un champ laser infrarouge de forte intensité. Cette interaction provoque une ionisation tunnel du système moléculaire, conduisant à la création d'un paquet d'ondes électronique dans le continuum. Ce paquet d'ondes suit une trajectoire oscillante, dirigée par le champ laser. Cela provoque une collision avec l'ion parent qui lui a donné naissance. Ce processus de diffraction peut être de nature inélastique, engendrant la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé (HHG) ou l'ionisation double non-séquentielle, ou de nature élastique, processus que l'on appelle généralement « diffraction électronique induite par laser ». La LIED porte des informations sur la molécule et sur l'état initial à partir duquel les électrons sont arrachés sous forme de motifs de diffraction formés en raison de l'interférence entre différentes voies de diffraction. Dans ce projet, une méthode est développée pour l'imagerie des orbitales moléculaires, reposant sur des spectres de photo-électrons obtenus par LIED. Cette méthode est basée sur le fait que la fonction d'ondes du continuum conserve la mémoire de l'objet à partir duquel elle a été diffractée. Un modèle analytique basé sur l'approximation de champ fort (SFA) est développé pour des molécules simples linéaires et appliqué aux orbitales moléculaires HOMO et HOMO-1 du dioxyde de carbone. L'interprétation et l'extraction des informations orbitalaires imprimées dans les spectres de photo-électrons sont présentées en détail. Par ailleurs, nous estimons que ce type d'approche pourrait être étendu à l'imagerie de la dynamique électro-nucléaire de tels systèmes. La deuxième partie de cette thèse traite des effets collectifs dans des vapeurs atomiques ou moléculaires denses. L'action de la lumière sur ces gaz crée des dipôles induits qui oscillent et produisent des ondes électromagnétiques secondaires. Lorsque les particules constitutives du gaz sont assez proches, ces ondes secondaires peuvent coupler les dipôles induits entre-eux, et lorsque cette corrélation devient prépondérante la réponse du gaz devient une réponse collective. Ceci conduit à des effets spécifiques pour de tels systèmes, comme l'effet Dicke, la superradiance, et les décalages spectraux de Lorentz-Lorenz ou de Lamb. A cette liste d'effets collectifs, nous avons ajouté un effet de transparence induite dans l'échantillon. Cet effet collectif a été appelé « transparence électromagnétique induite par interaction dipôle-dipôle ». La nature collective de l'excitation du gaz dense réduit la vitesse de groupe de la lumière transmise à quelques dizaines de mètre par seconde, créant ainsi une lumière dite « lente ». Ces effets sont démontrés pour les transitions D1 du 85Rb et d'autres applications potentielles sont également discutées
Quantum interference, coherent superposition of quantum states, are widely used for the understanding and engineering of the quantum world. In this thesis, two distinct problems that are rooted in quantum interference are discussed with their potential applications: 1. Laser induced electron diffraction (LIED) and molecular orbital imaging, 2. Collective effects in dense vapors and dipole induced electromagnetic transparency (DIET). The first part deals with the recollision mechanism in molecules when the system is exposed to high intensity infrared laser fields. The interaction with the intense field will tunnel ionize the system, creating an electron wave packet in the continuum. This wave packet follows an oscillatory trajectory driven by the laser field. This results in a collision with the parent ion from which the wave packet was formed. This scattering process can end up in different channels including either inelastic scattering resulting in high harmonic generation (HHG) and non-sequential double ionization, or elastic scattering often called laser induced electron diffraction. LIED carries information about the molecule and about the initial state from which the electron was born as diffraction patterns formed due to the interference between different diffraction pathways. In this project, a method is developed for imaging molecular orbitals relying on scattered photoelectron spectra obtained via LIED. It is based on the fact that the scattering wave function keeps the memory of the object from which it has been scattered. An analytical model based on the strong field approximation (SFA) is developed for linear molecules and applied to the HOMO and HOMO-1 molecular orbitals of carbon dioxide. Extraction of orbital information imprinted in the photoelectron spectra is presented in detail. It is anticipated that it could be extended to image the electro-nuclear dynamics of such systems. The second part of the thesis deals with collective effects in dense atomic or molecular vapors. The action of light on the vapor samples creates dipoles which oscillate and produce secondary electro-magnetic waves. When the constituent particles are close enough and exposed to a common exciting field, the induced dipoles can affect one another, setting up a correlation which forbids them from responding independently towards the external field. The result is a cooperative response leading to effects unique to such systems which include Dicke narrowing, superradiance, Lorentz-Lorenz and Lamb shifts. To this list of collective effects, one more candidate has been added, which is revealed during this study: an induced transparency in the sample. This transparency, induced by dipole-dipole interactions, is named “dipole-induced electromagnetic transparency”. The collective nature of the dense vapor excitation reduces the group velocity of the transmitted light to a few tens of meter per second resulting in 'slow' light. These effects are demonstrated for the D1 transitions of 85Rb and other potential applications are also discussed

Over recent years, Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry (IMS–MS) measurements have become a widely used tool in a number of disciplines of scientific relevance, including, in particular, the structural characterization of mass-selected biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, or lipids, brought into the gas-phase using a variety of ionization methods. In these structural studies, the measured electrical mobilities are customarily interpreted in terms of a collision cross-section, based on the classic kinetic theory of ion mobility. For ideal ions interacting as smooth, rigid-elastic hard-spheres with also-spherical gas molecules, this collision cross-section (CCS) is identical to the true, geometric cross section. On the other hand, for real ions with non-perfectly spherical geometries and atomically-rough surfaces, subject to long-range interactions with the gas molecules, the expression for the CCS can become fairly intricate.

This complexity has frequently led to the use of helium as the drift gas of choice for structural studies, given its small size and mass, its low polarizability (minimizing long-range interactions), and its sphericity and lack of internal degrees of freedom, all of which contribute to reduce departures between measured and true cross-sections. Recently, however, a growing interest has arisen for using moderately-polarizable gases such as air, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (among others) in these structural studies, due to a number of advantages they present over helium, including their higher breakdown voltages (allowing for higher instrument resolutions) and better pumping characteristics. This shift has, nevertheless, remained objectionable in the eye of those seeking to infer accurate structural information from ion mobility measurements and, accordingly, there is a critical need to study whether or not measurements carried out in such gases may be corrected for the finite size of the gas molecules and their long-range interactions with the ions, in order to provide cross-sections truly representative of ion geometry. A first step to address this matter is undertaken here for the special case of nearly-spherical, nanometer-sized ions.

In order to attain this goal, we have performed careful and accurate IMS–MS measurements of hundreds of electrospray-generated nanodrops of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMI-BF ₄), in a variety of drift gases (air, CO₂, and argon), covering a wide range of temperatures (20-100 °C, for both air and CO₂), and considering nanodrops of both positive and negative polarity (the latter in room-temperature air only). Thanks to the combined measurement of the mass and mobility of these nanodrops, we are able to simultaneously determine a mobility-based collision cross-section and a mass-based diameter (taking into account the finite compressibility of the IL matter) for each of them, which then allows us to establish a comparison between the two.

Over the entire range of experimental conditions investigated, our measurements show that the electrical mobilities of these nearly-spherical, multiply-charged IL nanodrops are accurately described by an adapted version of the well-known Stokes—Millikan (SM) law for the mobility of spherical ions, with the nanodrop diameter augmented by an effective gas-molecule collision diameter, and including a correction factor to account for the effect of ion—induced dipole (polarization) interactions, which result in the mobility decreasing linearly with the ratio between the polarization and thermal energies of the ion–neutral system at contact. The availability of this empirically-validated relation enables us, in turn, to determine true, geometric cross-sections for globular ions from IMS—MS measurements performed in gases other than helium, including molecular or atomic gases with moderate polarizabilities. In addition, the observed dependence of the experimentally-determined values for the effective gas-molecule collision diameter and the parameters involved in the polarization correction on drift-gas nature, temperature, and nanodrop polarity, is further evaluated in the light of the results of numerical calculations of the electrical mobilities, in the free-molecule regime, of spherical ions subject to different types of scattering with the gas molecules and interacting with the latter under an ion–induced dipole potential. Among the number of findings derived from this analysis, a particularly notable one is that nanodrop–neutral scattering seems to be of a diffuse (cf. elastic and specular) character in all the scenarios investigated, including the case of the monatomic argon, which therefore suggests that the atomic-level surface roughness of our nanodrops and/or the proximity between their internal degrees of freedom, rather than the sphericity (or lack of it) and the absence (or presence) of internal degrees of freedom in the gas molecules, are what chiefly determine the nature of the scattering process.

In recent years, improved control of the motional and internal quantum states of ultracold neutral atoms and ions has opened intriguing possibilities for quantum simulation and quantum computation. Many-body effects have been explored with hundreds of thousands of quantum-degenerate neutral atoms and coherent light-matter interfaces have been built. Systems of single or a few trapped ions have been used to demonstrate universal quantum computing algorithms and to detect variations of fundamental constants in precision atomic clocks. Now in our experiment we investigate how the two systems can be advantageously combined. We immerse a single trapped Yb+ ion in a Bose-Einstein condensate of Rb atoms. Our hybrid setup consists of a linear RF-Paul trap which is overlapped with a magnetic trap and an optical dipole trap for the neutral atoms. A first synergetic effect is the sympathetic cooling of the trapped ions to very low temperatures through collisions with the ultracold neutral gas and thus without applying laser light to the ions. We observe the dynamics of this effect by measuring the mean ion energy after having an initially hot ion immersed into the condensate for various interaction times, while at the same time monitoring the effects of the collisions on the condensate. The observed ion cooling effect calls for further research into the possibility of using such hybrid systems for the continuous cooling of quantum computers. To this end a good understanding of the fundamental interaction processes between the ion and the neutrals is essential. We investigate the energy dependent elastic scattering properties by measuring neutral atom losses and temperature increase from an ultracold thermal cloud of Rb. By comparison with a Monte-Carlo simulation we gain a deeper understanding of how the different parameters affect the collisional effects. Additionally, we observe charge exchange reactions at the single particle level and measure the energy-independent reaction rate constants. The reaction products are identified by in-trap mass spectrometry, revealing the branching ratio between radiative and non-radiative charge exchange processes.

The author of this thesis concentrates his attention on quantum optical properties of some artificial electromagnetic media, such as quantum coherent atomic vapors (various multilevel electromagnetically induced transparency vapors) and negative refractive index materials, and suggests some possible ways to manipulate wave propagations inside the artificial electromagnetic materials based on quantum coherence and quantum vacuum effects. In Chapters 1 and 2, the author reviews the previous papers on quantum coherence as well as the relevant work such as electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), atomic population trapping and their various applications. The basic concepts of quantum coherence (atomic phase coherence, quantum interferences within atomic energy levels) and quantum vacuum are introduced, and the theoretical formulations for treating wave propagations in quantum coherent media are presented. In Chapter 3, the author considers three topics on the manipulation of light propagations via quantum coherence and quantum interferences: i) the evolutional optical behaviors (turn-on dynamics) of a four-level N-configuration atomic system is studied and the tunable optical behavior that depends on the intensity ratio of the signal field to the control field is considered. Some typical photonic logic gates (e.g. NOT and NOR gates) are designed based on the tunable four-level optical responses of the N-configuration atomic system; ii) the destructive and constructive quantum interferences between two control transitions (driven by the control fields) in a tripod-type four-level system is suggested. The double-control quantum interferences can be utilized to realize some photonic devices such as the logic-gate devices, e.g., NOT, OR, NOR and EXNOR gates; iii) some new quantum coherent schemes (using EIT and dressed-state mixed-parity transitions) for realizing negative refractive indices are proposed. The most remarkable characteristic (and advantage) of the present scenarios is such that the isotropic left-handed media (with microscopic structure units at the atomic level) in the optical frequency band can be achieved. Quantum vacuum (the ground state of quantized fields) can exhibit many interesting effects. In Chapter 4, we investigate two quantum-vacuum effects in artificial materials: i) the anisotropic distribution of quantum-vacuum momentum density in a moving electromagnetic medium; ii) the angular momentum transfer between quantum vacuum and anisotropic medium. Such quantum-vacuum macroscopic mechanical effects could be detected by current technology, e.g., the so-called fiber optical sensor that can measure motion with nanoscale sensitivity. We expect that these vacuum effects could be utilized to develop sensitive sensor techniques or to design new quantum optical and photonic devices.In Chapter 5, the author suggests some interesting effects due to the combination of quantum coherence and quantum vacuum, i.e., the quantum coherent effects, in which the quantum-vacuum fluctuation field is involved. Two topics are addressed: i) spontaneous emission inhibition due to quantum interference in a three-level system; ii) quantum light-induced guiding potentials for coherent manipulation of atomic matter waves (containing multilevel atoms). These quantum guiding potentials could be utilized to cool and trap atoms, and may be used for the development of new techniques of atom fibers and atom chips, where the coherent manipulation of atomic matter waves is needed.In Chapter 6, we conclude this thesis with some remarks, briefly discuss new work that deserves further consideration in the future, and present a guide to the previously published papers by us.
QC 20100810

La réalisation de condensats de Bose-Einstein et de gaz de Fermi dégénérés ont déclenché d'énormes progrès dans les méthodes théoriques ainsi que dans la mise en place de nouvelles techniques expérimentales. Parmi celles-ci, de fascinantes possibilités viennent de l'implémentation de réseaux optiques : potentiels périodiques pour atomes neutres créés à travers l'interférence de rayons laser. Un gaz dégénéré dans un réseau optique peut être forcé dans des pièges fortement anisotropes, jusqu'à réduire la dimensionnalité du système physique. Du point de vue fondamental, le comportement des ondes de matière en dimensions réduites éclaircit les propriétés intrinsèques des interactions entre particules. En outre, ces systèmes à dimensionnalité réduite peuvent être manipulés afin de créer des simulateurs quantiques de la matière condensée, comme par exemple des réseaux à deux dimensions, dans un environnement pur et contrôlable. Motivés par les passionnantes perspectives de ce domaine, on a consacré cette Thèse à l'étude théorique de deux systèmes dans lesquels une onde de matière se propage en dimensions réduites. L'interaction dipôle-dipôle, à longue portée et anisotrope, affecte fortement le comportement des gaz quantiques. Les progrès expérimentaux dans ce domaine florissant permettront bientôt de piéger dans des réseaux optiques un gaz dégénéré de dipôles. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, on considère l'apparition d'une seule résonance dipolaire dans l'interaction entre deux particules pour différents systèmes quasi-unidimensionnels. On propose une approche à deux canaux qui décrit cette résonance dans un piège harmonique fortement allongé “en forme de cigare”, qui représente l'approximation d'un site d'un réseau optique quasi-unidimensionnel. A` ce stade, on développe un nouveau modèle étendu de Bose-Hubbard atome-dimère, qui est valable pour des bosons dipolaires dans un réseau optique quasi-unidimensionnel. On étudie donc le diagramme de phase du modèle pour T =0 par la diagonalisation exacte de systèmes de petite taille, en soulignant les effets de la résonance dipolaire sur la physique à plusieurs corps dans le réseau. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, on propose un modèle pour réaliser des simulateurs quantiques de cristaux bidimensionnels avec des atomes froids, basé sur le piégeage indépendant de deux espèces atomiques. La première constitue une onde de matière bidimensionnelle qui interagit exclusivement avec les atomes de la seconde espèce, piégés aux nœuds d'un réseau optique bidimensionnel. En introduisant une approche théorique générale, on examine les propriétés de transport de l'onde de matière. On propose des exemples d'application pour réseaux soit de Bravais (carré, triangulaire), soit de non-Bravais (graphène, kagomé), en étudiant soit des systèmes périodiques idéaux, soit des systèmes de taille expérimentale et désordonnés. Les caractéristiques d'un réseau atomique artificiel dépendent de l'intensité de l'interaction entre les deux espèces, qu'on montre être largement réglable grâce à des résonances à dimensionnalité mixte de type 0D-2D
The experimental achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation and Fermi degeneracy with ultracold gases boosted tremendous progresses both in theoretical methods and in the development of new experimental tools. Among them, intriguing possibilities have been opened by the implementation of optical lattices: periodic potentials for neutral atoms created by interfering laser beams. Degenerate gases in optical lattices can be forced in highly anisotropic traps, reducing the effective dimensionality of the system. From a fundamental point of view, the behavior of matter waves in reduced dimensions sheds light on the intimate properties of interparticle interactions. Furthermore, such reduced-dimensional systems can be engineered to quantum-simulate fascinating solid state systems, like bidimensional crystals, in a clean and controllable environment. Motivated by the exciting perspectives of this field, we devote this Thesis to the theoretical study of two systems where matter waves propagate in reduced dimensions.The long-range and anisotropic character of the dipole-dipole interaction critically affects the behavior of dipolar quantum gases. The continuous experimental progresses in this flourishing field might lead very soon to the creation of degenerate dipolar gases in optical potentials. In the first part of this Thesis, we investigate the emergence of a single dipolar-induced resonance in the two-body scattering process in quasi-one dimensional geometries. We develop a two-channel approach to describe such a resonance in a highly elongated cigar-shaped harmonic trap, which approximates the single site of a quasi-one- dimensional optical lattice. At this stage, we develop a novel atom-dimer extended Bose- Hubbard model for dipolar bosons in this quasi-one-dimensional optical lattice. Hence we investigate the T=0 phase diagram of the model by exact diagonalization of a small- sized system, highlighting the effects of the dipolar-induced resonance on the many-body behavior in the lattice.In the second part of the Thesis, we present a general scheme to realize cold-atom quantum simulators of bidimensional atomic crystals, based on the possibility to independently trap two different atomic species. The first one constitutes a two-dimensional matter wave which interacts only with the atoms of the second species, deeply trapped around the nodes of a two-dimensional optical lattice. By introducing a general analytic approach, we investigate the matter-wave transport properties. We propose some illustrative appli- cations to both Bravais (square, triangular) and non-Bravais (graphene, kagomé) lattices, studying both ideal periodic systems and experimental-sized, eventually disordered, ones. The features of the artificial atomic crystal critically depend on the two-body interspecies interaction strength, which is shown to be widely tunable via 0D-2D mixed-dimensional resonances

In the present work, the influence of the morphology of thin ferromagnetic films on their static as well as dynamic magnetic properties was investigated by means of broadband ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). Using an ion beam erosion process the surface of the substrates was periodically modulated (ripples), where the modulation wavelength is determined by the ion energy. In this way a well-controllable roughness profile evolves ranging from a few ten up to several hundreds of nanometers in wavelength. The substrate’s surface profile in turn is repeated by films grown on top offering an easy and fast approach to investigate morphology influences on the magnetic properties. This work aims on modifications of the magnetic anisotropy as well as the FMR linewidth of the magnetic relaxation process. Prior to magnetic investigations the existing FMR setup was extended to measure FMR spectra at a fixed microwave frequency while sweeping the external magnetic field. Furthermore, a software toolbox was developed to perform the data processing and evaluation. Starting with the morphology influence on the magnetic anisotropy 10 nm thin Fe, Co, and Ni81Fe19 (Permalloy ≡ Py) films were deposited on rippled Si substrates. Due to Si displacements during ion erosion and natural oxidation the rippled Si substrates exhibit an amorphous surface causing a polycrystalline material growth. This leads to a suppression of magneto-crystalline anisotropy leaving only morphology-induced anisotropy contributions. Here, a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (UMA) was observed that aligns its easy axis with the ripple ridges, whereas its strength decays with increasing ripple wavelength for all materials. From thickness-dependent measurements two characteristic regions were determined with competing uniaxial volume and surface anisotropy contributions. Underlined by micromagnetic simulations a dominant volume contribution was found in the thin region accompanied by magnetic moments nearly following the surface corrugation. In the thick region the UMA is controlled by dipolar stray fields at the surface. In contrast to Si, ion eroded MgO keeps its crystal structure offering epitaxial growth of 10 nm thin single-crystalline Fe films. Consequently, a superposition of morphology-induced UMA and magneto-crystalline cubic anisotropy was observed. The direction of the ripple ridges is predetermined by the incident ion beam, which allows to freely orient the UMA’s direction with respect to the cubic anisotropy, offering a possibility for anisotropy engineering. In comparison to the planar reference case rippled magnetic films exhibit lower intrinsic and extrinsic relaxation contributions. For the final part, 30 nm Py was grown on rippled Si covering modulation wavelengths λ ranging from 27 to 432 nm. Using magnetic force microscopy and holography measurements the dipolar stray fields above and inside the magnetic layer were characterized. For λ ≥ 222 nm, the stray fields act as scattering centers for spin waves triggering two-magnon scattering (TMS). This causes an apparent line broadening generating distinct peaks in the frequency-dependent linewidth whose position can be tuned by altering λ. These effects are understood in the framework of a perturbation theory of spin waves in periodically perturbed films recently presented in the literature. Furthermore, the in-plane angular dependence of the linewidth revealed a two-fold symmetry, which is not present for vanishing TMS at small λ
In Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss der Morphologie eines dünnen ferromagnetischen Films auf dessen statische und dynamische Eigenschaften mittels breitbandiger ferromag- netischer Resonanz (FMR) untersucht. Durch Ionenstrahl-Erosion wurde die Oberfläche des verwendeten Substrats periodisch moduliert (Ripple), wobei die Wellenlänge der Modulation durch die Ionenenergie bestimmt ist. Dies ermöglicht die kontrollierte Herstellung rauer Oberflächen mit Wellenlängen zwischen wenigen zehn bis zu einigen hundert Nanometern. Werden auf diesen Oberflächen Filme abgeschieden, übernehmen diese die Modulation. Somit ergibt sich eine einfache und schnelle Untersuchungsmöglichkeit der magnetischen Filmeigenschaften in Hinblick auf die Morphologie. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung von Morphologieeinflüssen auf die magnetische Anisotropie sowie FMR-Linienbreite. Im Vorfeld der magnetischer Untersuchungen wurde der bestehende FMR-Aufbau um einen Messmodus erweitert, sodass Messungen bei fester Mikrowellenfrequenz und gleichzeitigem Durchfahren eines externen magnetischen Feldes möglich wurden. Weiterhin wurde ein Softwarepaket für die Datenauswertung entwickelt. Beginnend mit dem Morphologieeinfluss auf die magnetische Anisotropie wurden 10 nm dünne Fe, Co und Ni81Fe19 (Permalloy ≡ Py) Filme auf periodisch moduliertem Si abgeschieden. Durch Versetzungen während der Ionenstrahl-Erosion und Bildung einer natürlichen Oxidschicht bildet sich bei den verwendeten Substraten eine amorphe Oberfläche, was zu polykristallinem Schichtwachstum führt. Dadurch wird die magneto-kristalline Anisotropie unterdrückt und morphologie-induzierte Beiträge bestimmen die Anisotropie. Beobachtet wurde eine induzierte uniaxiale magnetische Anisotropie (UMA), deren leichte Richtung sich entlang der Ripple-Wellenzüge ausrichtet. Mittels schichtdickenabhängigen Messungen wurden zwei charakteristische Regionen mit konkurrierender uniaxialer Volumen- und Oberflächenanisotropie ermittelt. Dabei ist die Volumenkomponente im Bereich dünner Schichten vorherrschend und die magnetischen Momente richten sich entlang der Oberflächenmodulation aus. Für dickere Schichten ist die UMA dahingegen durch dipolare Streufelder bestimmt. Die experimentellen Funde werden in beiden Bereichen durch mikromagnetische Simulationen untermauert. Im Gegensatz zu erodiertem Si behält MgO seine Kristallstruktur, was epitaktisch gewachsene, einkristalline Fe-Schichten von 10 nm Dicke ermöglicht. Folglich wurde eine Überlagerung aus induzierter und kristalliner Anisotropie beobachtet. Dadurch, dass die Richtung der Ripple durch die Richtung des Ionenstrahls während der Erosion vorgegeben wird, lässt sich die UMA frei gegen die kristalline Anisotropie drehen, was wiederum Möglichkeiten zur gezielten Beeinflussung der Anisotropie bietet. Im Hinblick auf die dynamischen magnetischen Eigenschaften führen Ripple zu einer Verringerung der intrinsischen und extrinsischen Relaxationsbeiträge. Für den letzten Teil der Arbeit wurde 30 nm dünnes Py auf Si-Ripple gewachsen, wobei ein Wellenlängenbereich von λ = 27 nm bis 432 nm abgedeckt wurde. Mit Hilfe von magnetischer Kraftmikroskopie und Holographie wurden die dipolaren Streufelder über und in den Filmen untersucht. Ab λ ≥ 222 nm ermöglichen diese dipolaren Felder eine Streuung von Spinwellen, sodass Zwei-Magnonen-Streuung (TMS) auftritt. Dies führt zu einer scheinbaren Linienverbreiterung und äußert sich durch einzelne Peaks in der frequenzabhängigen Linienbreite. Letztere lassen sich in ihrer Frequenzposition durch die Wellenlänge des Substrates beeinflussen und können mittels einer kürzlich in der Literatur veröffentlichten Störungstheorie für Spinwellen in periodisch gestörten Filmen erklärt werden. Weiterhin wurde in der winkelabhängigen Linienbreite eine zweifache Symmetrie beobachtet, welche durch die TMS hervorgerufen wird und folglich nicht bei kleinen Wellenlängen zu beobachten ist

The work centersaround perfluoroaryl azides (PFAAs), and theirability to undergo certain fast and robusttransformations. The chemistry was furtherappliedfor biomedical applications. The first section focuses on the azide-aldehyde-amine cycloaddition using PFAAs. Experimental and computational investigations uncovered a fast azide-enamine cycloaddition to form triazolines, which spontaneously rearrange into stable amidine products. In addition, this transformation was explored in the formulation of pure nanodrugs. Because this reaction can introduce a phenyl and a perfluoroaryl moiety enabling supramolecular interactions near the antibiotic drug, the resulting ciprofloxacin derivatives formed nano-sized aggregates by precipitation, which displayed aggregation-induced emission for bacterial imaging as well as enhanced size-dependent antibacterial efficacy. In the second section, the high electrophilicity of PFAAs was explored to transform azides to aryl amides. The reactivity of PFAAs in the thioacid/azide reaction was studied. In addition, PFAAs were discovered to react with phenylacetaldehyde to form aryl amidesviaan azide-enol cycloaddition, similar tothe perfluoroaryl azide-aldehyde-amine reaction.This strategyof amide synthesiswas furthermoregeneralized through a combination of base-catalyzed azide-enolate cycloaddition reaction and acid-or heat-promoted rearrangement of triazolines. The last section describes a type of azide fluorogens whose fluorescence can be switched on by alight-initiated intramolecular nitrene insertion intoa C-H bond in the neighboring aromaticring. These fluorogenic structures were efficiently accessed via the direct nucleophilic aromatic substitution of PFAAs.

QC 20150903

碩士
國立臺灣大學
物理學研究所
107
In this thesis, we want to investigate the dipole-dipole interaction between two lambda-type atoms with a probe and a control laser. We use the Schrodinger equation approach with the effective Hamiltonian to get the steady-state solution. We are interested in the absorption, transmission, fluorescence intensity of the probe field. In the Dicke model case, we find that the symmetric states form a “Poker Tower” configuration, which contains three Lambda systems, decoupled from the V-type configuration formed by the other three anti-symmetric states. In the far-detuned control laser case, the feature of the absorption spectrum can be interpreted by jumping into the dressed-state picture and finding the decay rates of the participated states. In the resonant control laser case, the absorption maximum is smaller but with broader peak comparing to it in the single-atom case. We also investigate the dark states of our system in the Dicke model case. In the non-Dicke case, we find that how the spacing of the atoms affects the transmission spectrum. In r=1/8 case, the spectrum has four dips in the non-resonance regime and a maximum at resonance. By adding a perturbative term of the dipole-dipole interaction, we can clearly see that the spectrum gradually splits to four dips along with the growing dipole-dipole interaction in this case. In order to realize the origin of the four dips, we further analyze our system in the dressed-state picture. Dipole-dipole interaction is also differed by the probe light incident direction. We find the relation between the probe light incident direction and the dips locations of the transmission spectrum. The probe light transmission and fluorescence intensity measurement of different detector locations are also mentioned.

碩士
國立交通大學
物理研究所
95
By using the MD simulation to simulate the motion of molecules in water. In the same time interval, we collect the configurations of water. From these configurations, we obtain collective polarizability at different instants. When the incident electro- magnetic waves penetrate into liquid water, time dependent collective polarizability causes electromagnetic waves to scatter, and the Raman spectrum is observed. In this project, we use the instantaneous normal modes to analyze the Raman spectrum of water. In other paper , the time correlation fuction(TCF) was used to analyze the spectrum. Our purpose is to compare our results with theirs. Also, by classifying the local structure of water molecules, we discuss the difference of Raman spectrum due to different local structures.

碩士
國立交通大學
物理研究所
95
We have calculated the Raman spectrum of liquid water in dipole-induced-dipole interaction in terms of instantaneous normal mode method. In this method, polarizability anisotropy INM spectrum is calculated with each INM weighted differently, where 'INM' is abbreviated from 'instantaneous normal mode'. In this thesis, the weighting factor of each INM is calculated. We also discuss the results of Raman spectrum in INM method by comparing with those obtained by the MD simulation. 　　On the other hand, the origin of the low-frequency spectrum of water is also studied. Designations for the origin of the low-frequency spectrum from microscopic point of view are still not determined. In this thesis, the Voronoi polyhedral analyses are used for investigating the effect of local structure on Raman spectrum of liquid water. Although the results are not clear enough to identify the effect of local structures in Raman spectrum of liquid water, new approach (VP analyses on Raman spectrum) has been studied.

碩士
國立交通大學
電子物理系所
96
This thesis seeks after the manifestation of the electric-dipole-induced spin resonance (EDSR) in mesoscopics transport through a Rashba-type quantum channel. The EDSR con‾guration involves a static ‾eld along the channel and an ac electric ‾eld in parallel with the magnetic ‾eld. Within a time dependent perturbation that induces first sideband, we study the spin fipping in the transmitted wavefunctions. For the case when the incident energy falls within the Zeeman gap, and the sideband energies （ε±ω） outside of it, both the upper and lower sideband involves intraband (interband) transition which is nonspin (spin) fipping. Our major fnding is that the spin fipping component exhibits resonance characteristics when the sideband energy coincides with either the Zeeman gap edges or the subband bottom, when the density of state is large. Furthermore, the spin density oscillates in space according to the interference between the spin fipping and non-spin fipping comments. Additional beating features in the spin density spatial pro‾le is found to result from the interference between the spin density oscillations due to （ε+ω）and （ε-ω） sidebands. Our calculation has incorporated the effects of evanescent modes. We have performed a detail analyze on the evanescent modes. The longitudinal wavevector kx is found to be complex rather then pure imaginary.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
有機高分子研究所
97
Advances in nanofabrication technology have made lithographically made silicon-nanowire field-effect-transistors an emerging charge sensor. To enable the sensor function for chemical species, the surface of the nanowires has to be attached with a hetero-interface which serves as a linker to the target molecules. In this thesis work, surface modification of hetero-interface molecules on silicon nanowires made on Silicon-On-Insulator wafers is studied. Specifically, APTES (3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane) was employed as the interface molecule whose structure ordering was shown to be improved by an externally applied parallel electric field, and the degree of ordering was probed by the underneath silicon nanowires field-effect-transistors. For instance, we showed that an upward electric field can align the APTES molecules on the surface of p-type silicon nanowires. The alignment, causes an increased global dipole-polarization and produces positive effective charges. Consequently, the hole-carriers in the nanowires are repelled, resulting in a decreased source-drain current. Contrarily, a downward electric field would suppress the molecular dipole charge, yielding a current increase. As an independent clew, the effect of field-induced structure ordering was confirmed by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies. Ordering of the interface linker molecules is important for field-effect-based sensors, and the effect we demonstrated in this thesis provides a simple, yet reliable way for improved sensitivity.

The electric charge distribution of molecules such as H₂ and D₂ is inversion-symmetric so that permanent dipole moments do not exist: such molecules are infrared-inactive. It is therefore interesting that gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrogen and its isotopes actually absorb infrared radiation, for example if gas densities are sufficiently high. The observed absorption arises from electric dipole moments induced by intermolecular interactions. It is of a supermolecular origin, due to binary (or higher-order) molecular complexes that may be transient (i.e., in a collisional encounter) or relatively stable (van-der-Waals molecule). Interaction-induced electric dipoles arise from the same mechanisms that generate the intermolecular forces: exchange forces, dispersion forces, and multipolar induction. Recently the induced dipole and potential energy surfaces of H₂ pairs have been obtained by advanced quantum-chemical calculations. Interaction-induced absorption, more commonly called collision-induced absorption (CIA), by H₂ pairs is an important opacity source in the atmospheres of various types of planets and cool stars, such as late stars, low-mass stars, brown dwarfs, certain white dwarfs, etc., and therefore of special astronomical interest. The emission spectra of cool white dwarf stars differ significantly from the expected blackbody spectra of their cores, mainly due to collision-induced absorption by collisional complexes of hydrogen and helium in the stellar atmospheres. Before proceeding to the frequencies and temperatures of interest it is good to check the new potential energy surface and induced dipole surface in all possible ways by comparison with existing isotopic laboratory measurements. Furthermore, the new potential energy surface is directly compared with previously available, well established intermolecular potential energy surfaces. The electric charge distributions of deuterium and hydrogen are very similar. The new potential energy and induced dipole surfaces were originally obtained to facilitate the computation of the collision-induced absorption of hydrogen. However, by replacing the rotovibrational wavefunctions of H₂ with those of D₂ the surfaces can also be used to calculate the collision-induced absorption of deuterium pairs, thereby probing them further. At the temperature of 298K existing measurements of the collision-induced absorption of D₂--D₂ gas are compared with our quantum scattering calculations in the D₂ fundamental band (approximately 2,500cm⁻¹ to 4,500cm⁻¹). Furthermore, measurements of the collision-induced absorption of deuterium (D₂) in the D₂ first overtone band (about 5,250cm⁻¹ to 7,250cm⁻¹) at 201K are reported. These measurements are compared with ab initio calculations of the absorption spectra. Close agreement of measured and calculated spectra is seen.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
分子科學與工程系有機高分子碩士班
106
In this study, the photosensitive property of semiconductor was utilized to explore the application of the field-effect transistor (FET) in molecular spectrometry. This optic spectrometry is an add-on function to its original application in molecular charge sensor. Interaction between Fe2+ and APTES was employed in this proof-of-concept experiment to demonstrate the said add-on function, as this interaction is known to yield prominent changes in both photon absorption as well as molecular electric field. The experiment was begun with modification of APTES on the surface of the FETS, and then Fe2+ in H2O was added for the interaction under detected. The absorption spectrum measured by using the FETs was consistent to the that obtained by commercial spectrophotometers. Both showed an increased absorption with concentration Fe2+ (0.1 ~ 10 mM). On the FET side, upon interaction the increased from 0.9 μA to 2.0 μA due to a change in the molecular charge. Compared with other commercial absorption spectroscopes, the proposed FET system provides information about changes in molecular absorption as well as molecular field associated with the molecular interaction. This is particularly useful when the change in the molecular field is the same for interactions of two different specimens. For example, both interactions between APTES-Co2+ and APTES-Fe2+ systems resulted in the same amount (1.3 μA) in the FET current, and it was not possible to distinguish between the two sets of molecular interaction. With the add-on spectrum measurement, we were able to tell the difference from the spectral characteristic peak; The peaks for Co2+ appear at 590 nm and 650 nm, where as for Fe2+ the peaks showed up at 400 nm and 450 nm. We thus illustrated an approach to improve the selectivity of the FET sensors in the detection of metal ions.

In der Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie (NMR) treten drei Effekte auf, die paramagnetische und diamagnetische Moleküle in isotroper Lösung unterscheiden: residuale dipolare Kopplung (RDC), Pseudokontaktverschiebung (PCS) und paramagnetische Relaxationsverstärkung (PRE). Alle drei Effekte sind abhängig von intermolekularen Winkeln und Abständen und können daher Informationen über die Struktur und Dynamik des Moleküls liefern. Um diese Informationen zu erhalten, muss das Molekül paramagnetische Eigenschaften aufweisen. Eine der heutzutage gebräuchlichen Methoden verwendet kleine molekulare Tags, die paramagnetische Metallionen koordinieren. Die meisten dieser Tags binden über eine Disulfidbrücke an Cysteine an der Proteinoberfläche. Um diese Methode für DNA anzuwenden werden daher neue Taggingstrategien benötigt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine modifizierte Nukleobase synthetisiert, mit der ein Schwefelatom in die DNA eingebracht werden kann. Diese Methode erlaubt es, jeden Tag an die DNA zu binden, der als Verbindungsmethode eine Disulfidbrücke nutzt. Mit der Nukleobase wird eine Kohlenstoff-Dreifachbindung in die DNA eingefügt und mit Hilfe einer dipolaren Cycloaddition wird die freie Thiolgruppe eingebracht. Die modifizierte Nukleobase wurde erfolgreich an einem selbstkomplementären DNA-Strang (24 Nukleobasen) getestet. Die Nukleobase wurde während der Synthese der DNA eingefügt und der mit Lutetium, Terbium oder Thulium vorbeladene Cys-Ph-TAHA Tag wurde über eine Disulfidbrücke an die DNA gebunden. Die Beladung des Tags und die Taggingreaktion verliefen hierbei quantitativ. Nach diesem Erfolg war es ein Hauptaspekt dieser Arbeit, eine verlässliche und reproduzierbare Aufreinigungs- und Probenvorbereitungsmethode zu entwickeln. Diesem Punkt kommt besondere Bedeutung zu, da das Phosphatrückgrat der DNA, im Gegensatz zu Proteinen, Metallionen koordinieren kann. Im Theorieteil dieser Arbeit ist eine komplette Herleitung der drei Hauptmerkmale paramagnetischer NMR gegeben. Diese Herleitung beginnt bei Grundbegriffen des Magnetismus und neben den Gleichungen für RDCs, PCSs und PREs werden Ausdrücke für den dipolaren Hamiltonoperator, Kreuzrelaxationsraten, kreuzkorrelierte Relaxationsraten, durch Alignment induzierte RDCs, Korrelationsfunktionen und spektrale Dichten gegeben. Das zweite Thema dieser Arbeit basiert auf einem weiteren paramagnetischen Effekt. Um der reduzierten Empfindlichkeit der Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie verglichen mit anderen Spektroskopiemethoden entgegenzuwirken, wurden viele Methoden entwickelt, die auf eine Erhöhung der Polarisierung der Atomkerne zielen, d.h. um sogenannte hyperpolarisierte Kerne zu erzeugen. Eine dieser Methoden, die photochemisch erzeugte dynamische Kernpolarisierung (photo CIDNP), basiert auf kurzlebigen Radikalen, die durch direkte Laserbestrahlung der Probe im Magneten erzeugt werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein photo CIDNP Aufbau entworfen, gebaut und getestet. Die ersten Experimente und Resultate mit Triethylendiamin, L-Tyrosin und 3-Fluor-L-tyrosin zeigen die Vorteile und Grenzen dieser Methode auf. Für 3-Fluor-L-tyrosin wurde eine komplette Analyse des Relaxationsverhaltens, einschließlich der Kreuzrelaxation und der kreuzkorrelierten Relaxation, durchgeführt.