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Journal articles on the topic 'Dipropionato de imidocarb'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Guendulain, C., G. González, S. Babini, et al. "Evaluación de la eficacia de algunos fármacos para el tratamiento de la hepatozoonosis canina." Analecta Veterinaria 37, no. 1 (2017): 002. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/15142590e002.

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La hepatozoonosis canina es una enfermedad parasitaria, adquirida por la ingestión de garrapatas infectadas con protozoarios del género Hepatozoon (H). Hepatozoon canis y Hepatozoon americanum son las dos especies que pueden infectar al perro. La presentación clínica de la infección con Hepatozoon canis es muy variable, pudiendo ser asintomática o manifestarse con signos de enfermedad leves a severos. Los exámenes hematológicos revelan ligera anemia no regenerativa, marcada leucocitosis neutrofílica con desvío a la izquierda y monocitosis en los casos de hepatozoonosis clínica. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante la visualización mediante el microscopio óptico de los gamontes en neutrófilos y monocitos en frotis de sangre coloreados. No existe, hasta el momento, un tratamiento eficaz para esta parasitosis. El fármaco más utilizado es el dipropionato de imidocarb, aunque con resultados variables. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar tres opciones terapéuticas para la erradicación de Hepatozoon spp. de la sangre de perros infectados. Se utilizaron 18 perrosparasitados naturalmente y se evaluaron tres fármacos: dipropionato de imidocarb, toltrazuril y espiramicina. En todos los perros tratados disminuyó el promedio de infección, presentando similares valores medios de leucocitos infectados. El análisis estadístico arrojó una diferencia significativa solo en el tratamiento de la parasitosis con dipropionato de imidocarb. En virtud de los resultados obtenidos con los tratamientos llevados a cabo con los diferentes fármacos, se concluye que ninguno es totalmente efectivo para la desaparición del parásito de la sangre, siendo el dipropionato de imidocarb el de mejor comportamiento.

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Alberton, L. R., C. F. Orlandini, T. M. Zampieri, et al. "Eficácia do dipropionato de imidocarb, da enrofloxacina e do cloridrato de oxitetraciclina no tratamento de bovinos naturalmente infectados por Anaplasma marginale." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 67, no. 4 (2015): 1056–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-7999.

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O agente de maior importância, em relação à anaplasmose bovina, é o Anaplasma marginale. Os principais sinais clínicos dessa enfermidade são anemia hemolítica, icterícia, dispneia, taquicardia, febre, fadiga, lacrimejamento, sialorreia, micção frequente, anorexia, perda de peso, aborto e morte. A terapia antimicrobiana é o principal protocolo terapêutico. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do dipropionato de imidocarb, da enrofloxacina e do cloridrato de oxitetraciclina no tratamento de bovinos leiteiros naturalmente infectados por Anaplasma marginale. Para isso, foram avaliados 48 zebuínos mestiços que apresentavam os sinais clínicos sugestivos da doença. Os animais foram submetidos à coleta de sangue para a realização de hemograma e à extração de DNA para a confirmação da presença de A. marginale, por meio da reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR). Os animais foram divididos em três grupos experimentais, para realização dos protocolos terapêuticos, utilizando-se dipropionato de imidocarb, oxitetraciclina e enrofloxacina. Trinta e seis animais (75%) apresentaram reação positiva ao PCR. Os animais positivos não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto ao hemograma e ao leucograma quando comparados com os negativos, no entanto os níveis de proteínas séricas foram inferiores nos animais positivos (P<0,05). Os três protocolos terapêuticos foram capazes de reduzir a infecção ao longo do tratamento (P<0,01), porém, após cinco dias de tratamento, a enrofloxacina apresentou maior efetividade em relação aos demais (P<0,01). Após o final do tratamento, nenhum protocolo foi capaz de eliminar totalmente a infecção pelo A. marginale em bovinos naturalmente infectados e manejados a campo.

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Silva, Aleksandro Schafer da, Camila Tochetto, Régis Adriel Zanette, et al. "Aceturato de diminazeno e dipropionato de imidocarb no controle de infecção por Trypanosoma evansi em Rattus norvegicus infectados experimentalmente." Ciência Rural 38, no. 5 (2008): 1357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782008000500025.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do aceturato de diminazeno e do dipropionato de imidocarb no controle da infecção por Trypanosoma evansi em ratos (Rattus norvegicus) infectados experimentalmente. Cinqüenta e quatro ratos machos foram inoculados via intraperitonial com 104 tripomastigotas de T. evansi/animal. Os ratos foram monitorados diariamente por meio de esfregaço sanguíneo periférico. No momento em que se observassem oito protozoários por campo microscópico de 1000x, era iniciado o tratamento com as drogas (dia zero). O estudo foi dividido em dois protocolos terapêuticos e os fármacos foram administrados via intramuscular. O primeiro protocolo foi aplicado nos grupos A, B, C e D e o segundo protocolo nos grupos E, F, G e H. O grupo controle foi identificado como grupo I, não medicados. No primeiro protocolo, os ratos receberam uma dose única dos fármacos no dia zero e sempre que se observasse T. evansi na circulação periférica. No segundo protocolo, os roedores receberam as mesmas doses, no entanto, por cinco dias consecutivos. No primeiro protocolo, os dois princípios ativos não apresentaram eficácia curativa, ocorrendo reincidência da parasitemia após alguns dias do tratamento. No segundo protocolo, o aceturato de diminazeno eliminou a forma tripomastigota da circulação e os ratos foram eutanasiados após 90 dias do início do tratamento. Os roedores tratados com dipropionato de imidocarb apresentaram recidiva da infecção após 30 dias. Na histopatologia não se observou alteração renal e hepática relacionada à doença ou aos medicamentos testados. Com base nos resultados, foi concluído que o aceturato de diminazeno, quando administrado por cinco dias consecutivos, é efetivo no tratamento da tripanossomose em ratos.

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Santos, Camila Maria dos, Maristela Martins de Souza Halverson, and Fabiana Pessoa Salgado de Oliveira. "Hepatozoonose Canina: Relato de Caso." UNICIÊNCIAS 23, no. 1 (2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2019v23n1p12-15.

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A hepatozoonose é uma hemoparasitose descrita no Brasil pela primeira vez, em 1979, e relatada com maior frequência nos últimos anos. O agente causador da infecção é um protozoário do gênero Hepatozoon sp., sendo Hepatozoon canis a espécie que mais acomete cães domésticos brasileiros. O cão se infecta com H. canis após a ingestão de carrapatos infectados com oocistos esporulados do protozoário. A doença não apresenta sintomatologia específica, mas pode ocorrer coinfecções com outras hemoparasitose o que pode dificultar ou até mesmo agravar o diagnóstico clínico da doença. A presença de isogametas em células polimorfonucleares no esfregaço sanguíneo de cães ainda é muito utilizada, apesar de sua baixa sensibilidade. Testes moleculares podem revelar a verdadeira realidade da doença no país e seu uso vem sendo utilizado como forma de diagnóstico para a rotina veterinária. A associação de Doxiciclina com Dipropionato de Imidocarb tem sido considerada eficaz no tratamento de hepatozoonose. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar a ocorrência de hepatozoonose em uma fêmea canina adulta, atendida no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Uniderp, com diagnóstico de hérnia perineal. Palavras chave: Hemoparasitose. Esfregaço. Doença. AbstractHepatozoonosis is a hemoparasthosis described in Brazil for the first time in 1979 and reported more frequently in recent years. The agent that causes the infection is a protozoan of the genus Hepatozoon sp, being Hepatozoon canis the species that most affects Brazilian domestic dogs. The dog becomes infected with H. canis after ingestion of ticks infected with sporulated protozoan oocysts. The disease does not present specific symptoms, but coinfections with other hemoparasites may occur, which may hinder or even aggravate the disease clinical diagnosis. The presence of isogamates in polymorphonuclear cells in the dogs’ blood smear is still widely used, despite its low sensitivity. Molecular tests may reveal the true reality of the disease in the country and its use has been used as a diagnostic form for the veterinary routine. The association of Doxycycline with Imidocarb Dipropionate has been considered effective in the hepatozoonosis treatment. The present study aims to report the occurrence of hepatozoonosis in an adult female canine, attended at the Veterinary Hospital of Uniderp University, with diagnosis of perineal hernia. Keywords: Hemoparasitosis. Smear. Disease

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Maia, Valéssia Kelly Miranda, José Andreey Almeida Teles, and Gil Dutra Furtado. "ERLIQUIOSE CANINA PRECEDIDA POR DESCOLAMENTO DE RETINA: RELATO DE CASO." ENVIRONMENTAL SMOKE 3, no. 3 (2020): 07–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32435/envsmoke.20203307-17.

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No dia 21-03-16, foi atendida no consultório veterinário da “VM RURAL” uma cadela, raça labrador, idade 3 anos, pesando 20 kg, com erliquiose canina que culminou num descolamento de retina causando cegueira. O método diagnóstico utilizado foi o clínico, associado ao diagnóstico laboratorial através do hemograma e pesquisa de hemoparasitos que auxiliou na confirmação desta doença. A conduta terapêutica baseou-se na administração de doxiciclina, na dosagem de 10mg/kg, via oral, durante 30 dias, uma vez ao dia. Posteriormente associou com dipropionato de imidocarb na dose de 5mg/kg subcutânea, seguida de outra administração duas semanas depois. Com a administração da doxiciclina o paciente reagiu bem, mas o hematócrito não atingia o valor referencial, após as duas aplicações do imidocarb o paciente continuou estável e o hematócrito atingiu a concentração desejada. A efetivação desse estudo pretende alertar para a gravidade dos sinais oftálmicos causados pela erliquiose, objetivando assim o diagnóstico precoce, para que o paciente seja tratado corretamente e em tempo hábil, evitando quadros mais graves como o que ocorreu com esse paciente acima mencionado. Além da conscientização da importância da prevenção, principalmente em locais de grande concentração de animais que possui alta chance de infestação por carrapatos, um complicante é a inexistência de vacina contra esta enfermidade. A erliquiose canina deve ser sempre pesquisada e alvo de estudo, por ser uma doença cosmopolita, por dispor de um vetor de difícil erradicação e por possuir importância na saúde pública, já que nas últimas décadas passou a ser considerada uma zoonose.

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Ozorio, Wanderla Francisco, and Fabrício Nascimento Gaudêncio. "Coinfecção por hemoparasitos em cão diagnosticado com linfoma: relato de caso." Revista Saber Digital 14, no. 1 (2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24859/saberdigital.2021v14n1.937.

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Introdução: Hepatozoonose e erliquiose são doenças vetoriais comuns no Brasil em função da distribuição cosmopolita do parasito transmissor Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Estas enfermidades podem acometer mais facilmente animais imunossuprimidos em função de comorbidades. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de coinfecção por Hepatozoon canis e bactéria Anaplasmataceae em cão com linfoma. Relato de caso: Ao primeiro atendimento, o animal apresentava temperatura de 38,5 °C, linfadenomegalia em região cervical, secreção ocular e dificuldade respiratória. O diagnóstico de linfoma foi concluído através da histopatologia. Observou-se coinfecção por Hepatozoon spp. e bactéria Anaplasmataceae no esfregaço de capa leucocitária em um exame hematológico realizado antes de iniciar a quimioterapia. O paciente foi medicado com dipropionato de imidocarb e encaminhado para prosseguimento do tratamento antineoplásico por outro médico veterinário, porém vindo a óbito após algumas semanas de tratamento em função do agravamento da doença tumoral. Conclusão: O presente caso mostrou a importância do uso do hemograma e da pesquisa em capa leucocitária para diagnóstico e acompanhamento de hemoparasitose, além de ressaltar a importância da realização desses exames em função de comorbidades imunossupressoras.

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Antoniassi, Nadia Aline Bobbi, André Mendes Ribeiro Corrêa, Adriana da Silva Santos, et al. "Surto de babesiose cerebral em bovinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul." Ciência Rural 39, no. 3 (2009): 933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782009000300049.

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Descreve-se um surto de mortalidade em bovinos por Babesia bovis em abril de 2007, no Município de Picada Café, Rio Grande do Sul. Em um rebanho com 55 novilhas, 28 (50,9%) morreram em cinco dias. A doença iniciou vinte dias após o ingresso dos bovinos na propriedade. Os sinais clínicos incluíam febre, incoordenação, agressividade, anemia, petéquias nas mucosas e morte 1 á 2 dias após. Em 4 animais necropsiados, observaram-se palidez de mucosas, hemorragias múltiplas, esplenomegalia, fígado aumentado e alaranjado, vesícula biliar com parede edemaciada e contendo bile grumosa. Os rins estavam vermelho-escuros e a bexiga continha urina cor de vinho tinto. O encéfalo apresentou cor róseo-cereja externamente e ao corte, mais marcado no córtex telencefálico, cerebelo e corpo estriado, contrastando com a cor branca da substância branca. Na histologia havia nefrose hemoglobinúrica, necrose hepática paracentral, bilestase canalicular, congestão esplênica, além de congestão com grande quantidade de eritrócitos parasitados por estruturas compatíveis com Babesia bovis na região cortical do encéfalo, também observadas em esfregaços teciduais dessas regiões. A morte de 28 bovinos em 5 dias deveu-se, provavelmente, à falta de imunidade contra o parasito. O tratamento foi realizado com dipropionato de imidocarb nos demais animais, havendo recuperação dos bovinos que apresentavam sinais iniciais leves e não ocorrência de novos casos durante um período de dois meses, quando foram enviados para abate.

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Jaramillo, Fernando Mosquera, Diego Darley Velasquez Piñeros, Rodrigo Romero Corrêa, Fabio Celidonio Pogliani, Bruno Cogliati, and Raquel Yvonne Arantes Baccarin. "Efficacy of oral Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum on toxicity of imidocarb dipropionate in horses." Veterinary Record Open 7, no. 1 (2020): e000416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2020-000416.

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BackgroundDespite hepatotoxic effects, imidocarb dipropionate is the drug of choice for treatment of equine piroplasmosis. It is important, therefore, to identify adjuvant therapies that may improve the safety of imidocarb dipropionate by reducing the risk of liver damage during its use. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and hepatoregulatory effects of treatment with Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum during administration of imidocarb dipropionate.MethodsTen healthy horses, seroconverted to Theileria equi by C-ELISA, were treated with 5 mg/kg/day of imidocarb dipropionate for three consecutive days. The study population was divided into two groups. The control group did not receive any complementary treatments. The treated group received a daily oral supplement containing C scolymus and S marianum for 30 days. Physical, haematological and histological examinations of hepatic fragments were performed.ResultsAll haematological values remained within normal range for the study population. Histological analysis revealed that treated group animals had 62 per cent less lobular inflammation, 55 per cent less pigment accumulation, 65 per cent less steatosis and 57 per cent less portal inflammation than control group animals, with an equivalent percentage of hydropic degeneration.ConclusionC scolymus and S marianum supplements resulted in beneficial hepatoprotective effects in horses treated with imidocarb dipropionate.

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Bezerra, Luciana L., Júlio C. F. Jacob, Huarrisson A. Santos, et al. "Reproductive efficiency of asymptomatic Theileria equi carriers mares submitted to an embryo transfer program." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 35, no. 3 (2015): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2015000300009.

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This study aimed to assess and evaluate the effects of Theileria equi infection on embryonic recovery, gestation and early embryonic loss. Thirteen Mangalarga Marchador Theileria equi positive donors (diagnosed through nested-PCR) and 40 embryos receptors were used. Donors were submitted to two embryo collections in two consecutive estrous cycles (GId); after, the same mares were treated with imidocarb dipropionate (1.2mg/kg IM.) in order to collect more embryos in two more estrous cycles (GIId). Receptors were divided into two groups (control and with treated) with 20 animals each, where one group was the control (GIr) and the other one (GIIr) treated with 1.2mg/kg IM of imidocarb dipropionate assessing the gestation rate at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. After 52 embryo collections, the embryonic recovery rates were 53.84% (14/26) and 65.38% (17/26) (p> 0.05) for GId and GIId, respectively. The gestation rate was 70% (14/20) (p>0.05) at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days in group GIr and for GIIr was 85% (17/20) (p>0.05) at 15 days, 80% (16/20) (p>0.05) at 30, 45 and 60 days. The treatment with imidocarb dipropionate did not cause significant improvement in the reproductive efficiency at an ET program.

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Brasseur, Philippe, Sophie Lecoublet, Nathalie Kapel, Loic Favennec, and Jean J. Ballet. "In Vitro Evaluation of Drug Susceptibilities of Babesia divergens Isolates." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42, no. 4 (1998): 818–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.42.4.818.

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ABSTRACT The susceptibilities of three bovine and two human Babesia divergens isolates to antimicrobial agents were evaluated in vitro by a tritiated hypoxanthine incorporation assay. The MICs at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC50s) for mefloquine (chlorhydrate), chloroquine (sulfate), quinine (chlorhydrate), clindamycin (phosphate), pentamidine (isethionate), phenamidine (isethionate) plus oxomemazine (chlorhydrate), lincomycin (chlorhydrate monohydrate), and imidocarb (dipropionate) were determined. Except for imidocarb, the MIC50s observed for the different isolates were close. Imidocarb and the combination of phenamidine plus oxomemazine exhibited the highest in vitro activity, while antimalarial agents such as mefloquine, choroquine, and quinine were inactive. Other drugs had intermediate activities. The data support further in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial agents active against B. divergens for the improvement of therapeutic strategies.

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SU, D., X. B. LI, Z. J. WANG, L. WANG, W. X. WU, and J. Q. XU. "Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of imidocarb dipropionate in swine." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 30, no. 4 (2007): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00872.x.

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BELLOLI, C., G. CRESCENZO, O. LAI, V. CAROFIGLIO, O. MARANG, and P. ORMAS. "Pharmacokinetics of imidocarb dipropionate in horses after intramuscular administration." Equine Veterinary Journal 34, no. 6 (2010): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2746/042516402776180124.

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Tarello, W. "Effective imidocarb dipropionate therapy for Babesia shortti in falcons." Veterinary Record 158, no. 7 (2006): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.7.239.

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Schwint, O. Nicolas, Massaro W. Ueti, Guy H. Palmer, et al. "Imidocarb Dipropionate Clears Persistent Babesia caballi Infection with Elimination of Transmission Potential." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 10 (2009): 4327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00404-09.

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ABSTRACT Antimicrobial treatment of persistent infection to eliminate transmission risk represents a specific challenge requiring compelling evidence of complete pathogen clearance. The limited repertoire of antimicrobial agents targeted at protozoal parasites magnifies this challenge. Using Babesia caballi as both a model and a specific apicomplexan pathogen for which evidence of the elimination of transmission risk is required for international animal movement, we tested whether a high-dose regimen of imidocarb dipropionate cleared infection from persistently infected asymptomatic horses and/or eliminated transmission risk. Clearance with elimination of transmission risk was supported by the following four specific lines of evidence: (i) inability to detect parasites by quantitative PCR and nested PCR amplification, (ii) conversion from seropositive to seronegative status, (iii) inability to transmit infection by direct inoculation of blood into susceptible recipient horses, and (iv) inability to transmit infection by ticks acquisition fed on the treated horses and subsequently transmission fed on susceptible horses. In contrast, untreated horses remained infected and capable of transmitting B. caballi using the same criteria. These findings establish that imidocarb dipropionate treatment clears B. caballi infection with confirmation of lack of transmission risk either by direct blood transfer or a high tick burden. Importantly, the treated horses revert to seronegative status according to the international standard for serologic testing and would be permitted to move between countries where the pathogen is endemic and countries that are free of the pathogen.

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Sedik, Ghada AbdElHamid, Doha Mohamed Naguib, Fahima Morsy, and Hala Elsayed Zaazaa. "Validated Stability Indicating Chromatographic Methods for Quantification of Imidocarb Dipropionate; Application for the Determination of Its Residues in Bovine Meat and Milk Samples." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, no. 4 (2020): 980–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa008.

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Abstract Background Imidocarb dipropionate (IMD) is an immunomodulator agent commonly used for treatment of anaplasmosis in cattle. Objective Thus, two sensitive, specific, and precise stability-indicating chromatographic methods have been developed, optimized, and validated for its determination in presence of its acid, alkaline, and oxidative stressed degradation products. Method The first method is based on separation of IMD and its forced induced degradation products on reversed phase cyano column using isocratic elution system consisted of sodium acetate buffer–methanol–acetonitrile (55: 30:15, v/v/v), pH 4.6 at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, and UV detection at 254 nm. The second method utilized TLC combined with densitometric determination of the separated bands at 254 nm. The separation was achieved using silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates with a mixture of ethyl acetate–methanol–ammonia–water (8.5:1:0.5:0.2, v/v/v/v) as a developing system. Results HPLC analysis was applied in range of 0.25–40 µg/mL with LOD of 0.073 µg/mL. While densitometric measurements showed linearity in the range of 0.1–1.8 µg/band with LOD of 0.02 µg/band. Conclusions The suggested methods were validated in compliance with the ICH guidelines and were successfully applied for determination of IMD in its commercial veterinary formulations with good recoveries. Furthermore, the proposed HPLC method was extended to the determination of IMD residues in bovine meat and milk samples Highlights Bovine meat, HPLC, Imidocarb dipropionate, Milk, TLC.

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Eddlestone, S. M., T. M. Neer, S. D. Gaunt, et al. "Failure of Imidocarb Dipropionate to Clear Experimentally InducedEhrlichia canisInfection in Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20, no. 4 (2006): 840–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01795.x.

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Hung Ch, A. L. "Chemotherapeutic efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate on experimentalEperythrozoon ovis infection in sheep." Tropical Animal Health and Production 18, no. 2 (1986): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02359720.

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Ogechi, Nwoha Rosemary Ijeoma, and Omamegbe Joseph Omalathebu. "Changes in blood sugar levels of rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei and treated with imidocarb dipropionate and diminazene aceturate." Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 4, no. 1 (2016): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12980/jclm.4.2016j5-170.

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Kock, Nancy, and P. Kelly. "Massive hepatic necrosis associated with accidental imidocarb dipropionate toxicosis in a Dog." Journal of Comparative Pathology 104, no. 1 (1991): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80093-x.

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Grause, Juanita F., Massaro W. Ueti, Jeffrey T. Nelson, Donald P. Knowles, Lowell S. Kappmeyer, and Thomas O. Bunn. "Efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate in eliminating Theileria equi from experimentally infected horses." Veterinary Journal 196, no. 3 (2013): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.025.

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Yan, Zhengui, Jianzhu Liu, Tiantian Chen, et al. "Treatment of Mycoplasma wenyonii Infection in Cows with Imidocarb Dipropionate Injection-acupuncture." Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies 1, no. 2 (2008): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2005-2901(09)60035-2.

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MYLONAKIS (Μ.Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ), M. E., C. BILLINIS (Χ. ΜΠΙΛΛΙΝΗΣ), C. KOUTINAS (X. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ), and A. F. KOUTINAS (Α. Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ). "Canine babesiosis." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 52, no. 3 (2018): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15451.

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The causative agents of canine babesiosis are Babesia canis and B. gibsoni which are transmitted by various hard tick species and blood transfusions. In the hyperacute form of the disease hypothermia, shock, severe metabolic acidosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation usually precede the death of the dog occuring in less than 24 hours. Severe anemia, icterus, splenomegaly and peripheral lymphadenopathy characterize the acute form of the disease. Intermittent fever and progressive loss of body weight may be noticed in the chronic form of babesiosis, while its many atypical clinical manifestations (e.g. ascites, gastrointestinal signs, CNS disease, subcutaneous edema, masticatory myositis) often cause diagnostic confusion. The organism detection on RBC in thin blood smears made from the buffy coat is a must for definitive diagnosis. The IFA test is a good choice for screening large numbers of dogs for detecting the asymptomatic carriers. Complete parasitological cure can be obtained with imidocarb dipropionate, pentamidine isethionate or diminazene aceturate, while metronidazole and clindamycin have been recently suggested as good alternatives. Supportive care is considered crucial for the survival of the severely affected animals. While effective tick control is the mainstay of prevention, doxycycline and imidocarb may also play a significant role to that goal. The effectiveness of a killed vaccine is still a matter of controversy.

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Ferreira, A. S., A. L. Vasconcelos, A. C. Bonatto, W. V. Lasarotto, A. A. Novais, and R. R. Oliveira. "Clinical and laboratory aspects found in canine with trypanosoma spp infection in north Mato Grosso." Scientific Electronic Archives 14, no. 1 (2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/14120211187.

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Trypanosoma is a hemoflagellate protozoan that infects a variety of animal species and is transmitted in different ways. It is a zoonosis and anthropozoonosis of great importance in veterinary medicine. The present work aims to describe the clinical and laboratory alterations in a free-living dog in a rural area, infected by Trypanosoma spp, treated in the municipality of Sinop, north of Mato Grosso. Blood samples were collected for blood count, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, creatinine, creatine kinase concentrations. The results found were a normochromic microcytic anemia, lymphopenia, trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma spp. ALT and creatinine measurements were normal, but the serum creatine kinase level was above normal limits. Imidocarb dipropionate at a dose of 7 mg / kg subcutaneously in a single dose was prescribed.

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Eddlestone, S. M., T. M. Neer, S. D. Gaunt, et al. "Failure of Imidocarb Dipropionate to Clear Experimentally Induced Ehrlichia canis Infection in Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20, no. 4 (2006): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[840:foidtc]2.0.co;2.

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Cohn, L. A., A. J. Birkenheuer, J. D. Brunker, E. R. Ratcliff, and A. W. Craig. "Efficacy of Atovaquone and Azithromycin or Imidocarb Dipropionate in Cats with Acute Cytauxzoonosis." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 25, no. 1 (2010): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0646.x.

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MINAMI, Tetsuro, Terushi NAKANO, Shinya SHIMIZU, Kameo SHIMURA, Toru FUJINAGA, and Shingo ITO. "Efficacy of naphthoquinones and imidocarb dipropionate on Theileria sergenti infections in splenectomized calves." Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 47, no. 2 (1985): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms1939.47.297.

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27

Máthé, Á., M. Dobos-Kovács, and K. Vörös. "Histological and ultrastructural studies of renal lesions in Babesia canis infected dogs treated with imidocarb." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 55, no. 4 (2007): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.55.2007.4.10.

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Histological and electron microscopic examinations of the kidneys of 8 dogs suffering from fatal, naturally acquired Babesia canis infection and nephropathy are presented. Seven animals were treated with imidocarb dipropionate on average 4.5 days prior to death. Severe anaemia was present only in 2 cases. Degenerative histological changes observed mostly in the proximal convoluted tubules included vacuolar-hydropic degeneration, necrosis and detachment of renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells from the basement membrane. Necrotic debris occasionally formed acidophilic casts within the tubules. In some cases, necrosis of the whole tubule was observed. Haemoglobin casts in the tubules and haemoglobin droplets in RTE cells seldom appeared. No significant histological changes were seen in the glomeruli. Ultrastructural lesions in RTE cells included nuclear membrane hyperchromatosis, karyopyknosis, karyolysis, swelling or collapse of mitochondria with fragmentation of cristae and vacuolar-hydropic degeneration in the endoplasmic reticulum and microvilli. Nuclear oedema was also observed. Many RTE cells exhibiting necrosis collapsed. Vacuolar-hydropic degeneration and necrosis were also observed in the glomerular and interstitial capillary endothelium. The severe acute tubular necrosis described in this study is probably the result of hypoxic renal injury. Systemic hypotension leading to vasoconstriction in the kidneys might be the most important cause of renal hypoxia in B. canis infections, but anaemia may also contribute to inadequate oxygenation. Imidocarb should be applied with caution in patients with possible renal involvement until further data become available on its potential nephrotoxicity in dogs.

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Sevinc, Ferda, Kursat Turgut, Mutlu Sevinc, et al. "Therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate on experimental Babesia ovis infection of lambs." Veterinary Parasitology 149, no. 1-2 (2007): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.014.

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De Tommasi, Anna Sara, Alessio Giannelli, Donato de Caprariis, et al. "Failure of imidocarb dipropionate and toltrazuril/emodepside plus clindamycin in treating Hepatozoon canis infection." Veterinary Parasitology 200, no. 3-4 (2014): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.013.

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Santos, P. A. S. R., J. R. Sant’Anna, C. C. S. Franco, L. J. Rosada, G. N. M. Esquissato, and M. A. A. Castro-Prado. "Induced mitotic homologous recombination by the babesicide imidocarb dipropionate in Aspergillus nidulans diploid cells." Genetics and Molecular Research 11, no. 3 (2012): 1810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2012.july.6.1.

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Milnes, Ellie L., Pauline Delnatte, Murray Woodbury, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of imidocarb dipropionate in white‐tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) after single intramuscular administration." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43, no. 1 (2019): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12760.

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Donnellan, C. M. B., P. C. Page, J. P. Nurton, J. S. van den Berg, and A. J. Guthrie. "Comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses." Equine Veterinary Journal 45, no. 5 (2013): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12032.

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McHARDY, N., R. M. WOOLLON, R. B. CLAMPITT, J. A. JAMES, and R. J. CRAWLEY. "Efficacy, toxicity and metabolism of imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Babesia ovis infection in sheep." Research in Veterinary Science 41, no. 1 (1986): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5288(18)30565-4.

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DeLoach, J. R., G. G. Wagner, and D. E. Corrier. "Pharmacokinetics of imidocarb dipropionate encapsulated in carrier erythrocytes and use of carrier cells for babesiosis chemotherapy." Journal of Controlled Release 9, no. 3 (1989): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(89)90092-8.

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35

MYLONAKIS (Μ.Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ), M. E., C. BILLINIS (Χ. ΜΠΙΛΛΙΝΗΣ), and A. F. KOUTINAS (Α. Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ). "An update on canine ehrlichiosis." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 52, no. 3 (2018): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15422.

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Canine ehrlichiosis is a common disease caused by several Ehrlichia species, such as E. canis, E. chaffeensis, E. risticii, E. ewingii, E. equi, E. platys, and an as yet unnamed granulocytotropic species or strain. Ehrlichia are tick-borne gram-negative bacteria that reside in the cytoplasm of various blood cells. The infected dogs, may manifest a wide spectrum of clinical signs, of which anorexia, depression, loss of body weight, peripheral lymphadenopathy, pale mucous membranes and bleeding tendency are the most common. The most consistent clinicopathologic findings are anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, hyperglobulinemia, and proteinuria. Apart from the clinical and clinicopathologic findings, diagnosis should be based on buffy coat, lymph node or bone marrow cytology, serology (ELISA, IFA) and/or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Doxycycline with or without imidocarb dipropionate constitute the mainstay of the etiological treatment, while blood transfusions, anabolic steroids, glucocorticosteroids, iron supplements and bactericidal antibiotics may be of some benefit in a certain number of cases. Effective tick control is of imperative importance for the prevention of the infection.

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Rizk, Mohammed, Safaa Shafik Toubar, Hossam Ezz El-Din Sayour, Dalia Mohamed, and Rehab Moussa Touny. "A new potentiometric sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer for analysis of a veterinary drug imidocarb dipropionate." European Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 1 (2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.5.1.18-23.876.

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37

VOS, A. J., R. J. DALGLIESH, and W. McGREGOR. "Effect of imidocarb dipropionate prophylaxis on the infectivity and immunogenicity of a Babesia bovis vaccine in cattle." Australian Veterinary Journal 63, no. 6 (1986): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb02967.x.

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38

Atty, Shimaa A., Hala E. Zaazaa, Fahima A. Morsy, Doha M. Naguib, and Ghada A. Sedik. "Nano Green Voltammetric Determination of Imidocarb Dipropionate and Its Residues in Bovine Meat, Milk and Urine Samples." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 167, no. 4 (2020): 047510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab7115.

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39

Rodriguez, R. I., and A. J. Trees. "In vitro responsiveness of Babesia bovis to imidocarb dipropionate and the selection of a drug-adapted line." Veterinary Parasitology 62, no. 1-2 (1996): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(95)00850-0.

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40

Sainz, A., M. A. Tesouro, I. Amusategui, F. Rodríguez, F. Mazzucchelli, and M. Rodríguez. "Prospective Comparative Study of 3 Treatment Protocols Using Doxycycline or Imidocarb Dipropionate in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Ehrlichiosis." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14, no. 2 (2000): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02226.x.

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41

Sears, Kelly, Donald Knowles, Kelcey Dinkel, et al. "Imidocarb Dipropionate Lacks Efficacy against Theileria haneyi and Fails to Consistently Clear Theileria equi in Horses Co-Infected with T. haneyi." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (2020): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121035.

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Control of Theileria equi, the primary cause of equine theileriosis, is largely reliant on acaracide use and chemosterilization with imidocarb dipropionate (ID). However, it is currently unknown if ID is effective against Theileria haneyi, the recently identified second causative agent of equine theileriosis, or if the drug maintains effectiveness against T. equi in the presence of T. haneyi co-infection. The purpose of this study was to address these questions using ID treatment of the following three groups of horses: (1) five T. haneyi infected horses; (2) three T. haneyi-T. equi infected horses; and (3) three T. equi-T. haneyi infected horses. Clearance was first evaluated using nPCR for each Theileria sp. on peripheral blood samples. ID failed to clear T. haneyi in all three groups of horses, and failed to clear T. equi in two of three horses in group two. For definitive confirmation of infection status, horses in groups two and three underwent splenectomy post-treatment. The T. equi-nPCR-positive horses in group two developed severe clinical signs and were euthanized. Remaining horses exhibited moderate signs consistent with T. haneyi. Our results demonstrate that ID therapy lacks efficacy against T. haneyi, and T. haneyi-T. equi co-infection may interfere with ID clearance of T. equi.

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Davitkov, Darko, Milos Vucicevic, Jevrosima Stevanovic, et al. "Clinical babesiosis and molecular identification of Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni infections in dogs from Serbia." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 63, no. 2 (2015): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2015.017.

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Canine babesiosis is a frequent and clinically significant tick-borne disease. Sixty symptomatic dogs with clinical findings compatible with babesiosis were included in this study conducted in Serbia. After clinical examination, blood samples were taken for microscopic examination, complete blood count (CBC), Canine SNAP 4Dx Test, DNA analyses and sequencing. The main clinical signs included apathy, anorexia, fever, brown/red discoloration of urine, pale mucous membranes, icterus, splenomegaly, and vomiting. The main clinicopathological findings in Babesia infections were a slight to severe thrombocytopenia and a mild to very severe normocytic normochromic anaemia. Microscopic evaluation revealed 58 positive samples with the presence of large and small intraerythrocytic piroplasms in 57 and 1 sample(s), respectively. No co-infections were found using SNAP test. Two Babesia species, B. canis (58/60) and B. gibsoni (2/60), were differentiated by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Species identification was further confirmed by sequencing PCR products of B. gibsoni samples and six randomly selected B. canis samples. All dogs were treated with imidocarb dipropionate (6.6 mg/kg of body weight), given intramuscularly twice at an interval of 14 days. This report presents the first molecular evidence of the occurrence of B. gibsoni and B. canis, confirmed by DNA sequencing, in sick dogs from Serbia.

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Tarello, W. "Immunological anomalies and thrombocytopenia in 117 dogs and cats diagnosed with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (cfs)." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 51, no. 1 (2003): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.51.2003.1.6.

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Medical records of thirty-five consecutive cases of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (CGE) diagnosed cytologically in Central Italy in 1995-2000 were analysed retrospectively. Tick exposure was reported in 16 dogs (45.7%) and concurrent babesiosis in 19 dogs (54.3%). Ehrlichia-like inclusion bodies were found in neutrophils in a percentage varying from 0.5% to 11%. Frequently recorded clinical signs included anorexia (71.4%), lethargy (45.7%), conjunctivitis (31.4%), fever (25.7%), lameness (20%) and ataxia (20%). Among the 16 representative dogs in which protein electrophoresis was performed, 10 (62.5%) showed high globulin levels and 6 (37.5%) had concurrent high total protein levels. During treatment with doxycycline, all associated symptoms, including those unusually described, such as pyoderma intertrigo, erythema, apparent blindness and oral papillomatosis, progressively disappeared in 31 (89%) out of 35 dogs. The efficacy of treatment was marked in dogs simultaneously treated twice with imidocarb dipropionate: among the 14 dogs in which a fast recovery was noted, 11 (80%) were concurrently affected by babesiosis and consequently treated with the specific medicament leading to excellent outcomes. The main conclusion is that CGE is present among dogs from Central Italy and should be included in the differential diagnosis of possible zoonotic agents affecting the canine population.

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Spariosu, Kristina, Filip Janjić, Jelena Francuski Andrić, et al. "Relationship between Changes in Hematological Parameters, Levels of Acute Phase Proteins and Redox Homeostasis during Acute Babesia canis Infection in Dogs." Acta Veterinaria 71, no. 2 (2021): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2021-0014.

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Abstract Hemolysis and systemic acute inflammation characterize canine babesiosis caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite Babesia canis. Our hypothesis was that blood redox homeostasis of patients that suffered acute B. canis infection might be disturbed even after treatment with imidocarb-dipropionate and successful clinical recovery. Eight owner dogs with acute B. canis infection were used for this study. We analyzed the complete blood count, acute phase proteins (ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, paraoxonase-1) in the serum, antioxidant enzymes (catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in the erythrocytes, and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde in erythrocytes and thiol groups in serum) at presentation and 15 days after treatment. Results were evaluated by corresponding statistical tests. At presentation, anemia, low/normal leukocyte count and severe thrombocytopenia occurred together with increased ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin levels within the reference interval, decreased paraoxonase-1 and compromised antioxidant defense in the red blood cells. After treatment and successful clinical recovery, hematological values generally fitted within the reference intervals, acute phase proteins were within the physiological levels in the majority of cases and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes were increased. However, elevated malondialdehyde levels indicated increased oxidative damage of erythrocytes that remained as a deleterious sequel despite a successful clinical recovery of the dogs.

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De Bonis, Andrea, Mariasole Colombo, Rossella Terragni, et al. "Potential Role of Hepatozoon canis in a Fatal Systemic Disease in a Puppy." Pathogens 10, no. 9 (2021): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091193.

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Canine hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon canis is an emerging disease in Europe. Clinical pictures vary from subclinical to life-threatening and non-specific clinical signs are predominantly reported. A 2-month-old female puppy originating from Southern Italy was adopted and moved to Northern Italy. Then, the dog was brought to a local veterinary practice for gastrointestinal signs, migrating lameness and pruritic dermatitis, and then tested positive for Hepatozoon spp. gamonts at the blood smear. After treatment with imidocarb dipropionate and doxycycline, the dog showed an initial clinical improvement. However, gastrointestinal signs recurred, and diffuse superficial pyoderma appeared on the thoracolumbar region, along with fever, lethargy, and weight loss. Eight months from the first onset of clinical signs, the dog was referred to a veterinary clinic and subjected to complete blood count, urine and fecal analysis, along with abdominal ultrasonography, whole-body CT and gastroduodenal endoscopy. Skin biopsies and blood samples were subjected to a PCR-coupled sequencing protocol, which scored both positive for H. canis. Alterations were consistent with a pre-existing cholangiohepatitis and multiple acquired extrahepatic shunts secondary to portal hypertension. The dog was euthanatized due to a clinical worsening two months later. The potential role of H. canis in the systemic disease observed, clinic-pathological findings and epizootiological implications are discussed.

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46

Nwoha, R. I. O., and J. O. Omamegbe. "Comparative Haematological Changes in Rats Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Treated with Imidocarb Dipropionate and Diminazene Aceturate." Research Journal of Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 2 (2015): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjvs.2015.36.41.

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47

Sasanelli, Mariateresa, Paola Paradies, Beatrice Greco, Osnat Eyal, Valeria Zaza, and Gad Baneth. "Failure of imidocarb dipropionate to eliminate Hepatozoon canis in naturally infected dogs based on parasitological and molecular evaluation methods." Veterinary Parasitology 171, no. 3-4 (2010): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.042.

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48

Marchenko, Rar, and Aybykova. "PREVENTION OF PYROPLASMIDOSES OF HORSES IN GORNY ALTAI." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.323-329.

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A high incidence of pyroplasmidoses (hemosporidial infections) of horses in the farms of Gorny Altai presupposes regular preventive measures against this disease. The main preventive measure is early specific chemotherapy of horses in spring. In this connection, we carried out a study on the species identification of the pathogen and the assessment of prophylactic efficacy of an antipyroplasmid drug. The studies were carried out in the livestock farm Kurmanov Ch.A. in the Ulagansky District of the Altai Republic. The blood samples from 20 horses were tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) in the presence of genus-specific primers for DNA of the protozoan blood parasites Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. The species membership of the identified infectious agents was established by determining nucleotide sequences of the PCR products. When studying prophylactic efficacy, "Babezan, 12%" was administered intramuscularly to the experimental group of horses (44 animals) at the rate of 2.5 mg of active substance per 1 kg of animal weight; the control group of horses (16 animals) was not given the drug. The blood samples examined were found to contain the DNA of Theileria spp. in 17 animals (85%), which was identified as Theileria equi. Early chemotherapy of the horses with "Babezan, 12%" based on the active substance imidocarb dipropionate at 2.5 mg per 1 kg of animal weight made it possible to prevent morbidity for 41 days.

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Brandão, L. P., M. K. Hagiwara, and S. I. Myiashiro. "Humoral immunity and reinfection resistance in dogs experimentally inoculated with Babesia canis and either treated or untreated with imidocarb dipropionate." Veterinary Parasitology 114, no. 4 (2003): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00130-4.

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Afifi, N. A., I. M. Shihata, H. Y. El-zorba, and I. M. Ismail. "Effect of Imidocarb dipropionate on the immune response to Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine in healthy and anaplasmosis-infected calves." Veterinary World 7, no. 3 (2014): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2014.162-167.

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