Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diptères'
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Flüeler, Marie-Josèphe. "Etude des macroinvertébrés -surtout des diptères- pour trois ruisseaux de plaine." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10045.
Full textGarcia, Xavier-François. "Écologie comparée des peuplements de chironomidée (Diptera) des zones potamiques de la Garonne et de la Loire (France) : hétérogénéité de l'espace fluvial et biodiversité." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30237.
Full textLaplante, Louis. "Influence de l'hétérogénéité et de la composition du paysage agricole sur la communauté de diptères schizophores du Sud du Québec (Canada)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6590.
Full textTayoub, Mahmoud. "Application de méthodes statistiques multivariables à l'étude de la diversité et de la structure des peuplements de diptères Dolichopodidae au niveau d'un interface étang-forêt (Etang du Prussien, Parc Naturel Régional de Saint-Amand-Raismes, Nord)." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10066.
Full textFumoux, Francis. "Contribution à l'étude de la résistance naturelle des bovins aux trypanosomes africaines." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22014.
Full textZampicinini, GianPaolo. "Insertional polymorphism of four transposable elements in European populations of chironomus riparius (Diptera Chironomidae) as detected by transposon insertion Display." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10014.
Full textNiogret, Jérôme. "Interactions multipolaires entre coléoptères, acariens et diptères : stratégies de dispersion pour l'utilisation de ressources trophiques éphémères." Montpellier 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON30008.
Full textPhoresy is a dispersal mode for inadequately mobile organisms that use carriers. The aim of our work is to study the mechanisms that govern phoresy among three partners: Scarabaeidae beetles – Sphaeroceridae flies – Macrochelidae mites. The diversity of host-phoretic interactions has been analysed, with descriptions of new mite species and the study of two main dispersal strategies: generalist and specialist. Phoresy determination needs precise recognition of the host by the phoretics, with a choice of potential available carriers, and a tendency to specialization which probably favours speciation. Laboratory experiments (behavioural and olfactometric tests) and chromatographic analyses have been driven to separate visual and chemical stimuli (cuticular products) in carrier discrimination. The host choice is based on chemical criteria for mites, on visual criteria for flies. Dung beetles carry their phoretics to their pedotrophic nest where the mites regulate the number of phoretic flies by predation on eggs and larvae, with, in reaction, a shortening of the fly development length compared to other coprophilous flies. An analysis of different Macrochelid mite species affinity, using morphological, molecular and behavioural data, shows that the specialized choice of a carrier could appear independently in the different mites lineages
Boulay, Julien. "Etude du comportement d'agrégation des larves nécrophages de Diptères :de l'individuel au collectif." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/222340.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Gbedjissi, Louis Ghélus. "Relations mollusques - diptères sciomyzidae, implications dans la lutte contre les distomatoses au Bénin." Avignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AVIG0312.
Full textSeven Sepedon and 1 Sepedonella are found in Benin. Population levels fluctuate following permanent or temporary states of aquatic habitats, rainfall and human activities. Complete life cycles are gave for 6 species. Larval predation is tested with various snails, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Lymnaea natalensis, Bulinus forskalii, known to their implication as intermediate-host of animal or human distosomiasis. Sepedon knutsoni and Sepedonella nana attack and consume only on aquatic oligochaeta Aulophorus furcatus. This annelidophagous behavior is probably derived from the habitual malacophagous known for all Sciomyzidae larvae. Sepedon ruficeps larvae are both malacophagous and annelidophagous. S. Umbrosa larvae are parasitoid of the terrestrial gastropoda Subulina octona which is attacking by forcing its mouth. S. Trichrooscelis larval are parasitoi͏̈d of Succinea campestris, occasionnaly eat Lymnaea natalensis. With a higth predation by their instar larvae, S. Ruficeps is a very good species in a tentative to reduce the snails levels implicated in the distosomiasis. But, the larval predation to depend on size and snail behavior
Fouché, Quentin. "Mécanismes, bénéfices et plasticité de l'agrégation interspécifique chez les larves de Diptères nécrophages." Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUS017.
Full textThe gathering of several species, i.e. interspecific aggregation, is frequently observedin nature. Such a behaviour can provide benefits higher than those of conspecific groups. Innecrophagous flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), larvae grow on cadavers while forming hugemaggot masses including thousands of individuals from different species. Theseaggregations improve exodigestion of carrion flesh and generate heat, speeding up larvalgrowth. As recently demonstrated, these effects can be enhanced when several species arepresent. Thus, the aim of this PhD was to study the adaptive value of interspecific larvalaggregations.First experiments investigated the nature of chemical cues left on the ground bylarvae and their effect on different species. Results showed that these cues have an effectwhich is retentive, interspecific, proportional to cues concentration, and whose strengthvaries depending on the emitting species. This effect is supported by decanoic acid, acompound shared between at least two species. These results demonstrate the existence ofinterspecific aggregation behaviours in necrophagous maggots and reveal for the first timethe underlying mechanisms.Second, costs and benefits of aggregation between Lucilia sericata and Calliphoravicina, two fly species commonly found on carrion, were studied. The development of larvaewas followed on nutritive substrates varying in quality (fresh or rotten meat). Results showedthat the presence of another species can provide benefits when larvae face unfavourableconditions.Finally, the plasticity of aggregation was analysed by observing the choices of larvaebetween two food spots of different quality. In conspecific groups of high density, larvaeaggregated mostly on the optimal food (fresh meat). However, in heterospecific groups,larvae chose the sub-optimal spot (rotten meat). Although this preference reversal seemsnon-adaptive, it may be beneficial when competition is strong or species diversity is high.Together, these results confirm that interspecific aggregation of necrophagous Dipteralarvae can be an efficient adaptation to the environmental constraints faced on cadavers. Byimproving exodigestion and shaping carrion microbial flora, larval aggregation modifies theselective pressures. According to the niche construction theory, such benefits could favourthe selection of interspecific aggregation behaviours and promote species coevolution
Boulay, Julien. "Etude du comportement d’agrégation des larves nécrophages de Diptères : de l’individuel au collectif." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S049/document.
Full textGregarism is often considered by scientists as the first step toward the most integrated societies. The understanding of the key factors that permit the emergence of collective decision in large groups composed of simple individual (having a limited knowledge of their close environment) is fundamental to decipher the evolution of sociality. Up to now, most studies are focused on highly social species and especially on those forming monospecific groups. Necrophagous larvae of Diptera (maggots) form mixed-species groups on a same decaying cadaver that can contain thousands individuals offering several benefits (heat and enzymes production). Regarding these observation in nature, these insects are an interesting biological model in the context of the study of collective behaviour. This work aimed to highlight and quantify aggregations of Lucilia sericata larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and underlying mechanisms of such gathering. After an extensive review of mixed-species groups in arthropods, we highlighted for the first time an active aggregation behaviour of larvae. We demonstrated the existence of an attractive/retentive effect of a larval signal (cuticular secretion) deposit on the ground and recognize by congeners. This signal is for us a good candidate to be one of the aggregation vectors in this species. The signal recognition is made by a characteristic exploratory behaviour that we described, quantified and name scanning. Then, we demonstrated a communal collective decision-making in two related larvae species, L. sericata and Calliphora vomitoria, for one food-spot in both monospecific and heterospecific groups. These results highlighted the existence of an interspecific recognition of aggregation vectors (e.g. larval signal) especially the attraction and retention effects of the group. Finally, we demonstrated the existence of thermic preferendum species-dependent and abilities for larvae to collectively choose such temperature. This thesis work allow us new knowledges on group life of such species especially on our comprehension of cooperation-competition phenomenon in these forensically important insects (e.g. datation of the death)
Goulard, Roman. "Stabilisation visuo-inertielle chez la mouche : à la recherche de l'accéléromètre." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0532.
Full textDespite low neuronal resources and a low spatial resolution vision, flying insects exhibit a large repertoire of complex behaviours. Particularly, some species are able to hover for long period of time in front of flowers or congeners. The ratio between their low resources and their complex behaviours made insects perfect models to understand the sensorimotor transformation in neuronal systems. In flies, the extraordinary pace of these processes has interrogated scientists. Thus, numbers of papers shed in light the incredible dipteran’s capacities to detect movement, thanks to vision or halteres (organs acting as a 3-D gyrometer). But the compensating mechanisms associated with those perceptions are exposed to errors accumulation and could led to crash. Thus, we asked the following question: Do dipteran could be able to achieve such complex task to hover without any estimation of their absolute orientation within gravity? First, we developed a free fall setup adapted to small insects to evaluate their ability to detect inertially the free fall state, which is possible with an accelerometer or an inner ear. Then, we developed a model based on their aptitude to control their cruising flight thanks to optic flow perception. We demonstrated that the well-known mechanism of optic flow regulation already described in bees tends to counteract free fall. Finally, we investigated the role of visual static cues linked to the horizon to show the importance of light distribution in the environment in hoverfly to ensure flight stability
Mille, Christian. "Les mouches des fruits de Nouvelle-Calédonie (Diptera, Tephritidae) : systématique, comportement, dynamique et gestion des populations." Nouvelle Calédonie, 2010. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/TheseChristianMille2010.pdf.
Full textAntoun, Mandy C. "Etude de la diversité des bactéries du sol et caractérisation de nouvelles souches de Bacillus thuringiensis actives sur les diptères." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS288.
Full textStudies of bacterial diversity and richness of the soil are keys for developing effective bio pesticides for the bio control against plant pests and Diptera vectors of diseases (malaria, dengue ...). In this manuscript, the characterization of the bacterial diversity of broadleaf and needle Lebanese soils was studied compared to the same soils in Austria, a different geographical area and under different climate. Classes and genera compositions of the Firmicutes phylum and its abundance in the different soils studied were particularly characterized using diversity indices (alpha, beta, OTUs…) and molecular methods (SSCP and qRT-PCR). From the broadleaf and needle Lebanese soils and precisely from this phylum, strains of Bacillus thuringiensis were screened for their insecticidal activity against dipteran larvae, Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus and Anopheles gambiae. Two Bt strains were selected. A23 strain has toxicity in vivo higher than the reference strain Bacillus thuringiensis isarelensis (Bti). However, this strain didn’t reveal any genetic and molecular differences from Bti. The H3 strain, meanwhile, was being investigated for being non-cytolytic and having an insecticidal activity in vivo against Diptera but at high concentrations compared to Bti. This strain showed a different gene and protein content compared to Bti. H3 probably has a new variant of cry4B gene and a new variant of cry40 gene known to have an insecticidal activity. Additional investigations are needed to confirm these results and to understand the mechanisms of toxicity of these two strains
Helmbold, Cécile. "Sondage préliminaire sur l'éthologie et la faunistique des culicoïdes (diptères cératopogonides) d'un village du Ried." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992STR1M116.
Full textLeprêtre, Alain. "Analyse multivariable des peuplements entomologiques : établissement d'une méthodologie, application à une situation d'interface écologique." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL10005.
Full textTabouret, Guillaume. "Oestrus ovis(linné 1761) [Diptera : oestridae] chez les ovins : application à la caractérisation des tumeurs mammaires." Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30021.
Full textTayoub, Mahmoud. "Structure des peuplements de Diptères Dolichopodidae au niveau d'une interface étang-forêt : Aspects statistiques et méthodologiques." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10145.
Full textDurieu, Michel. "Cycle biologique de Chaoborus flavicans (Diptera, Chaoboridae), valorisation de la production de biomasse en bassin de lagunage et optimisation en conditions expérimentales." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30291.
Full textBenziane, Taoufiq. "Etude expérimentale des modalités de communication dans le comportement sexuel de Calliphora vomitoria (Diptère, Calliphoridae) : effets des leurres et d'un élevage en isolement." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30058.
Full textGlida, Habiba. "Les acariens Macrochelidae (Acari : Mesostigmata) des systèmes pâturés languedociens : phorésie, arrhénotoquie et exploitation de ressources fugaces." Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON30016.
Full textThe role of coprophilous macrochelid mites, predator of Diptera in dung of domestic herbivores was investigated in Languedoc. Dispersion of phoretic fertilized females depends greatly on dung beetle communities. About 8557 beetles (53 species) and 8240 mites (12 species) were captured. Dung beetles can be classified according to their attractiveness : large and very attractive species, medium-sized species which are abundant and attractive, less attractive small species, and non attractive species. The distribution of macrochelids was interpreted as a consequence of the availability of carriers that were found greatly affected by unfavorable meteorological conditions. Aphodius species are alternate hosts in the absence of potential carriers. By their abundance and because they are opportunistic in the choice of host, the glaber group species can be considered the most efficient in coprophilous fly control. M. Glaber versus M. Perglaber competition was limited by the difference in the male production. Less males delays the maximum emigration time of fertilized females
Pistillo, Daniela. "Evolution de la régulation du complexe achaete-scute et évolution du patron des soies chez les Diptères." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13159.
Full textGandouin, Emmanuel. "Enregistrement paléoclimatique interdisciplinaire de la transgression holocène : signature paléo-environnementale des Chironomidae (Diptères) du Bassin de Saint-Omer (France)." Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/282f36e5-74ea-45bf-b4f4-b21eef5b938d.
Full textPondeville, Emilie. "Analyse de la stéroïdogenèse lors des processus de reproduction chez deux espèces de diptères : Anopheles gambiae et Drosophila melanogaster." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066749.
Full textCharbonneau, Carole. "Effets in vivo et in vitro de l'azadirachtine et de molécules époxy-alcool simples sur coléoptères, diptères et lépidoptères." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2007. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1347/1/030000403.pdf.
Full textLefebvre, Vincent. "Origine de la diversité des insectes pollinisateurs d'altitude : le cas des diptères Empidinae dans le Parc National du Mercantour." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0019/document.
Full textMountains are biodiversity hotspots, where the effects of global warming have already been demonstrated in numerous studies. Plant-pollinator networks are a central element of these ecosystems, but, despite the tremendous number of species potentially affected by the disruption of this mutualism, spatial and temporal patterns of pollinator communities along altitudinal gradients are still poorly known. The first part of this work analyses the effects of elevation and phenology on the abundance and diversity of anthophilous insects along a 1700 m altitudinal gradient. I show that the main orders of pollinators (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera) are structured by elevation and foraging preferences, with an increasing predominance of flies from 1500 m altitude up to 2700 m, the upper limit of the gradient. Most of these fly species belong to four families (Anthomyiidae, Empididae, Muscidae and Syrphidae) which also segregate along the gradient according to altitude, phenology and the choice of flowering plants they visit. The systematics and biology of these taxa, including their pollination efficiency, are still largely under-investigated. Second, I studied the pollination ecology and the evolutionary causes of the success of empidine dance flies (Empidinae), a central group in these anthophilous communities. I measured 1) their relative importance in the plant-visitor network of a subalpine meadow; and 2) the pollinating effectiveness of their visits to Geranium sylvaticum L. relative to the other visitors. Visits by large species of Empis produced the same number of seeds as those by the domestic bee (Apis mellifera L.), a highly effective pollinator. Such results suggest a major role of large empidines in the pollination of alpine plants. To understand the role of anthophily in Empidinae diversification and the origins of their abundance at altitude, I built a worldwide molecular phylogeny for the subfamily. The resulting cladogram includes 212 species for which four molecular markers were sequenced (28S D1-D2, D4-D5, 16S mtDNA, COI). Most clades of Empidinae contain species occupying various altitudes, indicating that there is no phylogenetic niche conservatism involved in their distribution along the gradient. The association between Empidinae and Angiosperms dates back to the end of the angiosperm radiation and seems, through the lengthening of the proboscis, to have favoured the evolutionary radiation of several clades in parallel with flowering plants. Their wide altitudinal distribution, combined with their ability to visit floral morphotypes inaccessible to other anthophilous insects, could confer them a strong resistance to global changes
Charles, Jean-François. "Bacillus thuringiensis sérotype H 14 et bacillus sphaericus : sporulation, biogenèse des cristaux larvicides et cytopathologie sur larves de moustiques (diptères; culicidae)." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066303.
Full textLepage, Suzanne. "Évaluation du potentiel toxique d'extraits et de mycotoxine élaborés par le champignon entomopathogène Metharizium anisopliae sur les diptères piqueurs (simuliidae et culicidae)." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1992. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5540/1/000592859.pdf.
Full textLarget-Thiery, Isabelle. "Évaluation et contrôle au laboratoire du pouvoir entomopathogène de Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis et de Bacillus sphaericus sur larves de Culicidae (Diptères, Nématocères)." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112119.
Full textBacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus synthetize during sporulation proteic parasporal bodies called "crystals" which are toxic towards mosquito larvae. B. T. I. Is mostly efficient on Culicidae and against blackflies while B. Spaericus is specific to Culicidae, mainly to Culex and Anopheles genera. To select, in the laboratory, entomopathogenic strains and experimental formulations, we used bioassays. Standardized methods of mosquito mass-rearing and of biological titration against reference standard bacterial powders were designed. These formulations can be stored several months at temperatures ranging from 0 to 50°C without significant loss of toxicity. After treatment, persistence of larvicidal activity in water depends of factors which were studied in the laboratory. When ingested by larvae, crystals were dissolved by gut enzymes, releasing toxic polypeptides within the gut. Toxicity study of crystals from B. T. I. And B. T. Morrisoni (PG14 strain: which presents similar toxicity level and biochemical crystal composition) showed that larvicidal activity is related to the association of 28 kD and 68 kD proteins. Innocuity of B. T. I. And B. Sphaericus on non-target aquatic organisms and mammals has enabled large-scale field trials end rapid commercialization of industrial formulations
Nitcheman, Salifou. "Étude en laboratoire chez des Diptères du genre Glossina, des effets insecticides de 4 pyréthrinoïdes de synthèse et de leur incidence sur l'infection trypanosomienne." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066635.
Full textMessaddeq, Nadia. "Mise en evidence des chemorecepteurs chez culicoides nubeculosus (Mg) : Diptères, Cératopogonidés : Localisation, morphologie et role, en particulier dans la detection de la pheromone sexuelle." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR1A005.
Full textGrandgirard, Julie. "Localisation et exploitation des patches d'hôtes chez le parasitoi͏̈de trybliographa rapae W. (Hymenoptera : figittidae) : approche théorique et application à la lutte biologique contre la mouche du chou delia radicum L. (diptera : anthomyiidae)." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10042.
Full textFranquet, Evelyne. "Occupation d'un espace fluvial par les diptères chironomidés à l'aval du Rhône : répartition des espèces selon la nature du substrat et les conditions de débit." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10142.
Full textBitome, Essono Paul Yannick. "Identification, écologie et utilisation des diptères hématophages (glossine, stomoxe et tabanide) comme moyen d'échantillonnage non-invasif de la faune sauvage dans quatre parcs du Gabon." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS048/document.
Full textThe contact between human and wild fauna has considerably increased during these last decades due to the increase of human population size but also to conservation policies. As a consequence, the number of zoonotic diseases soared with a mean of six new infectious diseases per year, 75% of whom being vectorially transmitted. The way to avoid the human contamination by these emergent diseases is based on the efficient vector control resulting from a deep knowledge of the ecology and the feeding behavior of the different vector species. During our work, we have identified and characterized the ecology of 6 tsetse species (Glossina palpalis palpalis, G. fuscipes fuscipes, G. fusca congolense, G. pallicera newsteadi, G. caliginea and G. tabaniformis) that live in forests and 6 stomoxe species (Stomoxys calcitrans, S. inornatus, S. niger niger, S. niger bilineatus, S. omega omega and S. transvittatus) that live in and around (anthropized places) conservation areas. We have also identified 6 tabanid species (Ancala sp., Atylotus sp., Chrysops sp., Haematopota sp., Tabanus par and T. taeniola). The feeding ecology of the tsetse species have been studied through the determination of host extracted from blood meals in the insect caught with molecular techniques. These hematophagous insects had a diversified diet that was constituted of diverse mammal species but also reptiles and birds. The food intake results mostly from wild fauna (86%) and more rarely from humans (14%). However, in anthropised habitats (villages and research’s camps within the parks), the blood intakes from human origin were important, in particular in the villages (100%), suggesting that without wild fauna the flies shift on human host. In the last part of our work, we tried to identify pathogens in the blood samples extracted from the tsetse species in order to test whether these species could be used as living sampling syringe of the wild fauna. This new proposed non-invasive sampling techniques allowed to detect the DNA of various infectious agents (plasmodiums and trypanosomes), but failed to detect the RNA of viruses (arbovirus) suggesting that this approach could be useful but need to be improved
Buisson, Juliette. "Hydrobiologie du massif du Vercors (Préalpes calcaires) et d'une rivière type : le Furon : Ecologie des diptères Chironomidae du Furon et de quelques cours d'eau pollués." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10055.
Full textDainou, Ogoubi. "Polymorphisme et rôle physiologique de l'Amylase chez Drosophila melanogaster et espèces affinés." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA07F045.
Full textJolicoeur, Ludovic. "Effets de la structure du paysage sur la composition de la communauté toundrique de diptères des Monts McGerrigle (Gaspésie, Québec) une approche distinguant les espèces allochtones et résidentes." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5772.
Full textPoirié, Marylène. "Mécanismes de détoxication impliqués dans la résistance aux insecticides : glutathion transférases et estérases non spécifiques." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20031.
Full textPlume, Laurent. "Étude des insectes pollinisateurs (Diptera : Syrphidae, Bombyliidae ; Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae, Oedemeridae) sur des zones de compensation à Ajaccio." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Corte, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025CORT0002.
Full textWithin the framework of ecological compensationassociated with the mitigation hierarchy (or ERCA sequence) of Engie's Loregaz industrial project inAjaccio, we studied the diversity and ecology of anthophilous insects of Diptera (families Syrphidaeand Bombyliidae) and Coleoptera (families Scarabaeidae (Cetoniinae) and Oedemeridae) in three lowmaquis sites (Loretto, Suartello and Vignola). The interactions or floral visits of these insects werestudied over 2 consecutive years, from February to November, using captures on sight. We obtaineddata on the diversity, the abundance, the seasonality, the daily activity and the diversity of visitedflowers for each studied insect family. The studied families represented 30% of the Coleoptera and80% of the Diptera specimens. In terms of diversity, 12 Coleoptera species and 72 Diptera were studiedfor a total of 1,900 plant-insect interactions. The flowers most visited by beetles were Asteraceae (33%of the floral visits), Apiaceae (32%), and Cistaceae (10%). Diptera also visited flowers of Asteraceae(33% of the floral visits), of Apiaceae (25%), as well as of Brassicaceae (20%). In terms of seasonality,our results show that Coleoptera abundance peaked in spring, while Diptera abundance peaked inautumn and spring. Over the course of a day, Diptera visited flowers mainly in the early morning, whileColeoptera were most active in the middle of the day. Finally, the composition of floricultural insectassemblages varied significantly over the seasons, underlining major seasonal shifts. The analysis ofthe interaction networks highlighted the key animal and plant species in the studied Ajaccioecosystems, which are potentially important for the proper ecological functioning of thesecompensation zones
Quinás, Serra Sónia Raquel. "From taxonomy to multiple-trait bioassessment : the role of Chironomidae in separating naturally poor from disturbed communities." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1138.
Full textChironomidae (Diptera) have a worldwide distribution, being found over a wide range of habitats. Their larvae thrive in almost every possible freshwater habitat, with representatives also in terrestrial and marine environments, representing a major macroinvertebrate component in terms of abundance and richness. However, Chironomidae are generally neglected in community studies mainly because of difficulties in species larval identification. This compromises also the recognition and use of Chironomidae in trait-based approaches, which promote an indirect measurement of functional integrity in fresh waters. The aim of this thesis was to fill this latter gap by: (1) building a trait database for European Chironomidae at the genus level (Chapter I); (2) evaluating if the developed database at the genus level provides additional information to a commonly used European database developed at the subfamily and tribe level for Chironomidae (Chapter II); (3) testing Chironomidae traits relevance in bioassessment through their ability to discriminate naturally different stream types and segregate least disturbed from disturbed sites (Chapters III and IV); (4) comparing trait information gathered in the new European database (Chapter I) with similar information gathered for North America for the same genus and species, and simultaneously testing for trait variability between continents (Chapter V). In Chapter I the general methodology for the construction of the Chironomidae trait database at the genus level is described. The trait database was developed gathering existing information in literature for 744 species and 178 genera, considering 186 trait categories from 37 traits divided in two major domains: Eltonian - related to organism function and influence over its environments; and Grinnellian - associated to organism requirements and performance in its environments. In Chapter II traits at the genus level (from Chapter I) and the existing ones at the subfamily level (tribe at most; Tachet et al. 2010) are compared. This comparison showed that there are significant differences in trait information gathered at different taxonomic levels, thus questioning the use of the Chironomidae subfamily level in ecological, functional and biomonitoring studies. Subfamilies are very heterogeneous in terms of traits, exposing the evolutionary divergence in each subfamily. The distances between subfamilies given by their traits are also not in agreement with the most accepted phylogenetic subfamily relatedness, indicating a divergence from the traits of a common ancestry. In Chapter III Chironomidae taxonomic composition at the genus level, unlike the subfamily level, allowed the segregation of different stream types: permanent medium elevation, permanent lowland, and south temporary. Different Chironomidae assemblages manifest different trait composition for Eltonian traits (emergence season, maximal body size, overwinter diapause stage, substrate relation), but also morphological traits (body setae, mentum, Lauterborn organs, premandible brush, claws of anterior parapods). Morphological traits seem interesting tools that would avoid the laborious identification of genus that rely on multiple minute structures, enabling the trait assessment through the observation of few Chironomidae structures. In Chapter IV it is tested whether using Chironomidae taxonomic and trait compositions allow the segregation of disturbed sites under multiple anthropogenic stressors (subjected to hydromorphological and physicochemical alterations) from leastdisturbed sites in Mediterranean temporary streams. Traits were analysed individually and also grouped into life-history strategies. Both methods enabled a significant segregation between disturbed and least-disturbed sites. Individual traits that were significantly different between sites were also those that are evolutionarily interrelated and used to define Chironomidae life-history trait strategies [etc]
Skaer, Nick. "Evolution de la structure et de la régulation du complexe achaete-scute chez les insectes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13062.
Full textThe study of evolution through developmental biology is not a novel concept, having been pioneered by classical embryologists such as von Baer in the early 19th century. However the advent of molecular biology, recombinant gene technology and transgenesis have lent powerful new tools to this field, allowing the cloning of orthologous genes in novel species, the study of these genes expression in situ, and their effect, and that of their regulatory sequences when transformed into model organisms such as Drosophila. The system we have chosen to study is the evolution of the insect bristle patterning mechanisms. Insects have comparatively simple nervous systems, of which the peripheral nervous system is comprised largely of the sensory bristles, or chaetae. In primitive insects bristle patterns consist merely of spaced, but randomly positioned bristles, a pattern which is likely to be the most ancient. Subsequently, in the Diptera, sensory bristles became organized into rows and divided into two classes of bristle: The large bristles, or macrochaetes, and the small bristles or microchaetes. The macrochaete patterns of the dipteran notum became further refined, with fixed numbers of bristles occupying invariant postions in the rows. This is evinced in particular by members of the Schizophora such as Calliphora vicina which display a full set of four rows of macrochaetes on each heminotum (the acrostitial, dorsocentral, intra-alar and supra-alar rows) which are widely held to be the basic organization from which all higher dipteran macrochaete patterns are derived. From this 'groundplan' only subsets of rows and bristles were retained in the evolution of higher flies, with the stereotyped pattern of macrochaetes in drosophila being composed of vestiges of just the dorsocentral and supr-alar rows. Understanding the development of these macrochaetes in Drosophila has been the subject of considerable effort and has been shown to be due to the expression of genes of the Achaete-Scute Complex (AS-C) in the wing imaginal discs
Manguin, Sylvie. "Dynamique des peuplements de Sciomyzidés et de mollusques d'un biotope lénitique méditerranéen et étude expérimentale des préférences de proies de Tetanocera ferruginea (Diptera:Sciomyzidae)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20230.
Full textAubert, Cyril. "Changements environnementaux et climatiques dans l'ouest iranien durant les 15000 dernières années : apport des assemblages fossiles de chironomes (insectes, diptères) des séquences lacustres dans les provinces de Fars (SO Iran) et d'Ardabil (NO Iran)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0400.
Full textSeveral questions are still to be addressed in the palaeoenvironmental studies of SW Asia including: (i) the 4500 yr long delay in post-glacial expansion of the deciduous forest of Zagros, (ii) the hydroclimatic changes during the early neolithization and domestication, and (iii) the role of climate versus anthropogenic forcings in ecosystem and societal changes. Palaeoenvironmental studies in Iran can help to address the above questions because of the strategic geographical position of this country in SW Asia. According to our results, chironomids (insects - diptera), as paleohydrological bioindicators, are a promising tool to investigate climate and human impacts on ecosystems. They have proved to be very good proxies of hydrological conditions of wetlands and also to reveal anthropogenic water management interventions in the past. The comparison with other palaeoecological indicators confirmed suitability of subfossil chironomids for palaeohydrological reconstructions
Chartier, Marion. "Évolution des interactions plantes-pollinisateurs chez les aracées : contraintes phylogénétiques et écologiques." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1461/.
Full textThis thesis is made up of two parts dealing with the ecological and phylogenetical constraints exerted on the evolution of plant-pollinator interactions in one plant family: the Araceae. In the first part, the pollinator-mediated evolution of floral traits in Araceae has been investigated at the family level. A new nuclear marker was added to the most recent phylogeny of Araceae. Floral traits and pollinators were then mapped on the new tree (with the method of Bayesian stochastic mapping) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of pollination in Araceae. Finally, the correlated evolution of pollination and floral traits was tested in order to find clues for selective pressures exerted by pollinators on the evolution of floral traits. In the second part, the geographical variations of the interaction between two Arum species, A. Italicum and A. Maculatum, and their pollinators in France, was investigated. This work consisted in the sampling of pollinators and the analysis of the attractive odors from Arum inflorescences within different populations. Transplantation tests of the plants between two different sites showed that even if they share some pollinators, these two Arum species have evolved towards different attractive "strategies". Scarce hybrids from the two species presented intermediate ecological traits (odor and attractiveness), and the non-negligible role of the odor as a pre-zygotic reproductive barrier between them was demonstrated
Bour, Agathe. "Effets écotoxicologiques de nanoparticules de dioxyde de cérium en milieu aquatique : d’une évaluation en conditions monospécifiques à l’étude de chaînes trophiques expérimentales en microcosme." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0007/document.
Full textThe ecotoxicity of cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) was studied on freshwater organisms (i) in standardized monospecific conditions and (ii) on experimental trophic chains exposed in microcosms. No toxicity was observed on Nitzschia palea and Chironomus riparius in monospecific conditions. Growth inhibition was observed on the amphibian species Xenopus laevis and Pleurodeles waltl., as well as acute toxicity and dose-dependent genotoxicity observed on Xenopus and Pleurodeles, respectively. Microcosm experiments revealed acute effects on Pleurodeles, changes in bacterial communities, a decrease in leaf litter decomposition and teratogenicity on chironomids. The observed effects vary depending on the type of CeO2 NPs. The use of complex biological system enables the study of toxicity mechanisms in environmentally relevant conditions
Aussel, Jean-Philippe. "Bio-écologie de Leptoconops (Styloconops) albiventris de Meijere, 1915 (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) et perpectives de lutte en Polynésie française." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20174.
Full textArambourou, Hélène. "Stress toxique et variations de forme chez "Chironomus riparius" (insecte, diptère)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0104/document.
Full textUsing traditional and geometric morphometrics, we analysed morphological variations of the mentum and the wings in Chironomus riparius (Insecta, Diptera) exposed to toxic stress. To understand both the causes and mechanisms involved in phenotypic changes, we studied: (1) the relationship between toxic stress, cellular response and shape variations, (2) the pattern of shape variations according to the type of stress: single vs toxic mixture, (3) the evolution of shape variations after metamorphosis and the transmission of the morphological defects to the next generation. To achieve this, Chironomus riparius larvae were exposed during their entire larval life cycle, first to sediment spiked with lead (from 3 to 500 mg/kg dry weight) or 4-NP (from 0 to 200 mg/kg dry weight), second to two sediments sampled in the wild. The first of the latter was characterized by light urban pollution and the other by heavy urban and industrial pollution. We measured the effects of lead on three biochemical markers (energy reserve content, concentrations of metallothionein and cellular damages). Furthermore, for all the bioassays, we assessed shape variations (phenodeviations, fluctuating asymmetry and mean shape changes) of the mentum, a mouthpart structure of the chironomid larvae. For both the sediments sampled in the wild, we also assessed the shape changes of imago wings and the shape changes of the mentum affecting the next generation. At the station where the sediment was characterized by light urban pollution, we also measured morphological variations of the mentum in the Chironomid population belonging to the genus Chironomus. Despite the adverse effects of lead observed at the biochemical level, only slight effects were observed in the mentum shape. Similarly, 4-NP exposure did not induce strong phenotypic defects. On the contrary, mentum deformities increased in Chironomid larvae exposed to slightly contaminated sediment sampled in the wild. This might have been due to the exposure to the toxic mixture. In the heavily contaminated sediment, the low levels of both deformities and fluctuating asymmetry observed might have been the result of selection acting during early developmental stages. This hypothesis could thus explain the increase of developmental instability observed in the next generation placed in a control sediment. In the imago from exposed larvae, no increases in fluctuating wing asymmetry were detected. We observed that the level of morphological variations observed in natural population was similar to that detected in the laboratory in our stock culture reared in the sediment from this station. These results underlined the weak response of the shape biomarkers studied to toxic stress, whether related to multiple toxic exposure or not. Moreover, they highlighted the importance of genetics in shape changes. Consequently, the use of these ontogenic biomarkers as indicators of toxic stress in Chironomus riparius seems to be of limited interest
Robert, Alain. "Le contrôle de l'ovulation et de la parturition chez la mouche tsé-tsé, Glossina fuscipes (Diptère)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066311.
Full textOuedraogo, Sylvain. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle des mouches des fruits (Diptera Tephritidae) en fonction des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques dans les vergers de manguiers de l'ouest du Burkina Faso." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0096.
Full textClassified as a quarantine pest, mango fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae) are an importantconstraint for mango exportation from Burkina Faso. The main objective of this study was theenhanced understanding of the ecology of mango’s Tephritids. 1156598 Tephritid flies weretraped from December 2007 to December 2009 in 7 mango orchards. During this monitoring,temperature, relative humidity and rainfalls were registered. 19764 mango fruits from 8cultivars were collected and obsreved during mango season in order to assess fruit fliesdamages. Eighteen Tephritids species notably from Bactrocera, Ceratitis and Dacus genuswere identified and B. invadens and C. cosyra are the dominant ones. The population peaks ofmales and females appear in the months of May & June according to the sites. The femalespresent a peak during the flowering period also of the mango trees. Seven species of mangoinfesting fruit flies have been identified and the incidence of this infestation varies between0% (Sabre) and 12.5% (Keitt). Keitt and Brooks are the most infested mango cultivars. 64 %of these damages are caused by B. invadens while 31 % by C. cosyra. The inventory of thewoody plants around these sites as well as the collection and the incubation of their fruitsbetween April 2008 and December 2009 were also carried out. 105 woody trees had beenlisted around the mango orchards. Out of which, the fruits of 13 trees were found infested by7 species of Tephritids, of which, 6 are also found in mangos. It is especially C. cosyra butalso C. silvestrii, C. puntata and B. invadens.This work shows significant correlations between Tephiritids population fluctuations, climaticfactors and mango damages. The woody species around mango tree orchards shelter thesepests even after mango season. These new results allow the adaptation of the mango fruit fliescontrol methods in the particular agro-ecological area of our study zone
Taschereau, Élisabeth. "Écologie saisonnière de la tipule européenne (Diptère : Tipulidae), insecte ravageur des graminées à gazon sur les terrains de golf de la région de Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24924/24924.pdf.
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