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Journal articles on the topic 'Dipterous larvae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Abdoola, I., MMR Bouckaert, and M. Ibrahim. "Mandibular myiasis: A case report." South African Dental Journal 77, no. 02 (2022): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2022/v77no2a6.

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Myiasis is a condition characterised by the infestation of live vertebrates with dipterous larvae. Myiasis is derived from the Greek word mya, meaning fly. Dipterans, (order Diptera), are two-winged insects known as true flies. Myiasis tends to occur in cutaneous, necrotic lesions of patients who have weak immune systems, who inhabit unhygienic environments. Maggot Debridement Therapy is an uncommon treatment of debriding necrotic tissue, with some utility. A case of mandibular myiasis involving a malignant mandibular lesion that was colonised by maggots is discussed.

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Joo, Chong Yoon, and Jong Bae Kim. "Nosocomial submandibular infections with dipterous fly larvae." Korean Journal of Parasitology 39, no. 3 (2001): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.3.255.

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Sengul, Fatih, Peris Celikel, and Ridvan Kirman. "A Strange Gingival Orifice in an Infant: A Case of Oral Myiasis." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 45, no. 5 (2021): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-45.5.9.

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Myiasis is a parasitic infection of humans and animals caused by dipterous larvae and is often seen in rural areas. For the first time in the literature as a case of gingival myiasis in an 18-month-old healthy child with good oral hygiene is reported. This case presents the clinical and histopathologic features of oral myiasis. The patient had a swelling in the upper lip for three days and a perforation in the gingiva. After mechanical removal of larvae intraoral symptoms resolved within six days. The larva was identified as Wohlfahrtia magnifica according to the histopathologic evaluation. Dentists working in rural areas should be aware of this very rare condition and its treatment.

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Guimarães, Jorge A., Fabiana E. Gallardo, Norma Beatriz Diaz, and Roberto A. Zucchi. "Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations." Zootaxa 278 (December 31, 2003): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.156603.

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Guimarães, Jorge A., Gallardo, Fabiana E., Diaz, Norma Beatriz, Zucchi, Roberto A. (2003): Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations. Zootaxa 278: 1-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156603

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Federici, Brian A., and Leah S. Bauer. "Cyt1Aa Protein of Bacillus thuringiensisIs Toxic to the Cottonwood Leaf Beetle, Chrysomela scripta, and Suppresses High Levels of Resistance to Cry3Aa." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 11 (1998): 4368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.11.4368-4371.1998.

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ABSTRACT The insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis is due primarily to Cry and Cyt proteins. Cry proteins are typically toxic to lepidopterous, coleopterous, or dipterous insects, whereas the known toxicity of Cyt proteins is limited to dipterans. We report here that a Cyt protein, Cyt1Aa, is also highly toxic to the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta, with a median lethal concentration of 2.5 ng/mm2 of leaf surface for second-instar larvae. Additionally, we show that Cyt1Aa suppresses resistance to Cry3Aa greater than 5,000-fold in C. scripta, a level only partially overcome by Cry1Ba due to cross-resistance. Studies of the histopathology of C. scripta larvae treated with Cyt1Aa revealed disruption and sloughing of midgut epithelial cells, indicating that its mechanism of action against C. scripta is similar to that observed in mosquito and blackfly larvae. These novel properties suggest that Cyt proteins may have an even broader spectrum of activity against insects and, owing to their different mechanism of action in comparison to Cry proteins, might be useful in managing resistance to Cry3 and possibly other Cry toxins used in microbial insecticides and transgenic plants.

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Ly, Priscilla, Adiel Aizenberg, Taylor Martin, et al. "Intestinal Myiasis Caused bySarcophagaspp. in Cusco, Peru: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2018 (May 27, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3685439.

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Myiasis is the infestation by dipterous fly larvae in humans and animals. The larvae can infect living or necrotic tissue involving the skin, nasopharynx, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. The accidental ingestion of eggs causes infection of the intestinal tract. We report a case of intestinal myiasis caused bySarcophagaspp. larvae in a two-year-old child from Limatambo province in the Cusco region of Peru. Live larvae were identified incidentally in this child’s stool sample during the study screening forStrongyloides stercoralis. The child did not have any constitutional or abdominal symptoms. The morphological examination of the specimen under magnification revealedSarcophagaspp. larvae. We performed a literature review of publications reporting intestinal myiasis caused bySarcophagaspp. and discussed key aspects of this infestation.

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Hoyer, P., R. R. Williams, M. Lopez, and M. M. Cabada. "Human Nasal Myiasis Caused byOestrus ovisin the Highlands of Cusco, Peru: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2456735.

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Myiasis is the infestation by dipterous larvae. The larvae can infect intact or decaying tissue including the skin or epithelial surfaces of the orbits, nose, and genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. We report a case of primary obligatory nasal myiasis byOestrus ovisin a 56-year-old man from Cusco in Peru. He presented with nasal pruritus, congestion, and sneezing white “cottony” material. The material was identified asO. ovislarvae. A literature review of publications reporting nasal myiasis caused byO. ovisis presented.

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McOrist, Steven, Ruth Blunt, and Connie Gebhart. "Pig-associated Lawsonia intracellularis in various on-farm dipterous fly stages." Journal of Swine Health and Production 19, no. 5 (2011): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54846/jshap/689.

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Objective: To characterize the potential of pig-associated Diptera flies to carry Lawsonia intracellularis. Materials and methods: On 15 British farms, invertebrate communities were trap-collected (14 per year), counted, and sorted into species groups. Lawsonia serological tests were conducted and total DNA was extracted from pig feces; DNA was also extracted from adult flies, pupae, and larvae samples and viscera of Blatta species. Each DNA sample was tested for L intracellularis by polymerase chain reaction; positive samples were subtyped via specific variable number tandem repeat analysis. Results: The pig-associated fly community was generally dominated by Musca domestica (house fly; n = 13 farms), but on one farm each, Ophyra species (garbage fly) or Drosophila species (fruit fly) were dominant. Also noted were Muscina stabulans (false stable fly), Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly), and Eristalis species (hover flies); Blatta orientalis cockroaches were noted on two farms. Lawsonia infections were routinely detected in nursery pigs on 14 farms. On five of 12 Lawsonia-positive farms with Musca-dominant insects, Lawsonia DNA was detected within numerous flies (22% to 75% of fly samples from nursery pens). On two farms, larval forms of Eristalis from pen floors were also Lawsonia-positive. Subtyping indicated that the same Lawsonia isolate occurred within pigs and the pig-associated fly stages (Musca adults and Eristalis larvae). The DNA extracted from cockroach samples, and from other flies, was negative. Implication: Musca and Eristalis flies have the greatest potential to carry and transmit Lawsonia intracellularis due to their pig-associated life cycle stages.

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Flegkas, P. V., S. S. Andreadis, E. S. Andreadou, J. Delis, T. Moumtsidelis, and M. Savopoulou-Soultani. "Wound myiasis caused by Lucilia sericata in an open femoral fracture treated with external fixation." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 23, no. 1 (2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.11533.

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On examination of the wound of a patient who was treated previously with external fixation for a diaphysial fracture of the femur, we observed the presence of multiple living larvae (maggots) of dipterous flies. Treatment included removal of the maggots and use of antibiotic. The importance of hygiene and sanitation is discussed.

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Oliva, Ester, Graziano Bargiggia, Gianpaolo Quinzan, Paola Lanza, and Claudio Farina. "Furuncular myiasis in Italian traveler returning from Kenya." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 01 (2020): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11560.

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Myiasis has been defined as the infestation of organs and/or tissues with dipterous larvae. They are especially widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. Cutaneous myiasis is its most frequent clinical presentation. This report presents a case of furuncular myiasis caused by the larva of Cordylobia anthropophaga in a 22-year-old girl living in Bergamo, Northern Italy, who returned from Kenya (Watamu) with a big, painful furuncle in her right gluteus. The patient accidentally removed the larva from a large pimple and took it to the infectious disease ambulatory clinic at the ASST “Papa Giovanni XXIII” Hospital, Bergamo. In the Microbiology and Virology Department of the same hospital, a larva of C. anthropophaga was identified and the diagnosis of myiasis was confirmed.

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Barua, Ripon, Naser Ibn Sattar, and Ahmed Abu Saleh. "Intestinal Myiasis Due to Musca domestica: A Case Report." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology 4, no. 2 (2012): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v4i2.10832.

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Puerperal sepsis is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study was Myiasis is the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae, which at least for a period, feed on the host's dead or living tissue, liquid body substances, or ingested food. Intestinal myiasis is usually an accidental phenomenon, which occurs due to the ingestion of eggs or larvae present in food. Usually the patient is asymptomatic and the larvae are excreted harmlessly in the faeces. In some case it may be associated with symptoms. The present paper describes such a case.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v4i2.10832

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Wein, Rachel E., Alison Paplaskas, and Suprat Saely. "Ether for Wound Debridement of Wild Maggots." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 33, no. 4 (2019): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190018815390.

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Myiasis is defined as an infestation of the organs or tissues of live vertebrates (humans or animals) by dipterous larvae, commonly referred to as maggots. Wound myiasis is a common presentation in the emergency department. The presence of wild maggots and larvae in wounds is concerning for subsequent myiasis-induced infections and complications. Proper extraction of wild maggots and larvae is required to avoid complications that may occur with wound myiasis. Surgical debridement is often utilized to extract wild maggots and larvae, but can be painful and time-consuming. There is limited literature available on alternative approaches for removal of wild maggots and larvae. We present a case of lower extremity wound myiasis that had wild maggots and larvae successfully removed with no complications using ether. This procedure is a novel, noninvasive, and pain-free way to extract wild maggots and larvae from wound myiasis.

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Jauhari, Shalabh, and Sulekha Nautiyal. "Umblical myiasis in a newborn: a case report." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 3 (2017): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170776.

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Myiasis is defined as the infestation of live vertebrates (humans and/or animals) with dipterous larvae. We present a case of rare but not unknown type of myiasis, presented by an 11 days old neonate. The larvae were characterised microscopically. Poor sanitation is probably the most important risk factor for human myiasis. Umblical myiasis though a rare presentation due to improved health conditions and health education still remains an entity to be looked for in case of newborn belonging to low socio economic status parents and even in orphanages.

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Gomez-Puerta, Luis Antonio, Karen Ann Alroy, Daniel Santiago Ticona, Maria Teresa Lopez-Urbina, and Armando Emiliano Gonzalez. "A case of nasal myiasis due to Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) in a llama (Lama glama)." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 22, no. 4 (2013): 608–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612013000400026.

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Infection by the larval form of Oestrus ovis (sheep bot fly) is common in many areas of Peru. This is an obligate parasite of sheep and goats, and it is the cause of oestrosis, or nasal myiasis, which can lead to severe clinical manifestations in livestock. A case of myiasis caused byO. ovis in a llama (Lama glama) in Cuzco, Peru, is reported here. This llama presented with respiratory distress and died due to bilateral hemorrhagic pneumonia. During the necropsy, six intact dipterous larvae were recovered from the nasal fossae and cranial sinuses being identified as O. ovis. This is the first report of nasal myiasis in llamas due to O. ovis in Peru.

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Trombetta, Luis, Adriana Oliva, Viviana Galache, Javier Bava, and Alcides Troncoso. "Cutaneous myiasis due to Cochliomyia hominivorax in a drug user." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 3, no. 11 (2009): 873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.170.

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Myiasis is the condition resulting from the invasion of tissues or organs of man or animals by dipterous larvae. The blowflies (Calliphoridae) of Argentina comprise several species that may cause myiasis by colonizing wounds or infected body orifices, and one specific parasite: Cochliomyia hominivorax. This species often causes traumatic myiasis in cattle, dogs and cats, and it is not rare in humans. The larvae consume living tissues, so they are dangerous unless speedily removed. Immediate operative exploration along with the removal of larvae and primary defect closure is recommended in every case. Here we report a case of myiasis in a scalp wound caused by blunt force trauma to the area, in a male patient with a case history of alcohol and drug abuse. Seventy-one living larvae were extracted from the wound and determined as C. hominivorax in the Forensic Entomology Laboratory. Given the aggressiveness of these larvae, specific and quick diagnosis as well as the application of appropriate treatment is crucial.

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Yaumil, Nahda, Anni Adriani, Widyawati Djamaluddin, et al. "Childhood Furuncular Cutaneous Myiasis Associated with Seborrheic Dermatitis: A Case Report." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, no. C (2021): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7536.

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Myiasis is a parasitic infection caused by dipterous fly larvae that can affect various organs in both human and animals. Cutaneous myiasis is the most common type of myiasis and can be classified into three categories, localized furuncular myiasis, migratory myiasis, and wound myiasis. One of the risk factors for myiasis is seborrheic dermatitis. The definitive treatment for the condition requires complete extraction of larvae, in combination with oral therapy, and localized occlusion to promote hypoxia. This paper reports a case of a 12-year-old girl with furuncular cutaneous myiasis associated with seborrheic dermatitis on the occipital region that showed significant improvements after manual extraction of larvae after local anesthesia injection of 2% lidocaine on the base of the lesion, in combination with oral and topical therapies

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Mulieri, P. R., L. D. Patitucci, and A. Scolaro. "A Rare Case of Pseudomyiasis in a Dog by Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 6 (2019): 1726–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz106.

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Abstract Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), commonly known as black soldier fly is a dipterous species which can produce enteric pseudomyiasis in humans and domestic animals. Veterinary cases of intestinal myiasis caused by H. illucens in dogs have not been reported previously. We present this rare pseudomyiasis (= accidental myiasis) produced by infestation with several larvae of the intestinal tract in a dog inhabiting a city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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Davulcu, Dilge Sila, Sule Yilmaz, Onur Ceylan, and Bilal Dik. "Perianal Traumatic Myiasis in a Goat Caused by Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner 1862) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Konya Province of Turkey." International Journal of Medical Parasitology and Epidemiology Sciences 1, no. 3 (2020): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijmpes.2020.21.

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Introduction: The infestation of live humans and animals with dipterous larvae is called Myiasis. These larvae feed on the living or dead tissues, body fluids, and ingested foods of hosts at least for a certain period in myiasis cases. Case Presentation: During clinical examination, several larvae were detected in the perianal area of a goat at Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Medicine Clinics. All visible larvae were cleaned by the clinician with the help of forceps. Ivermectin administered against larvae possibly penetrated deep into the wound. A topical antibiotic was also applied, and the wound was washed with an antiseptic solution. Several larvae were preserved in tubes including ethanol (70%) and transferred to parasitology laboratory. Firstly, the larvae were incised with a scalpel and cleared in potassium hydroxide (10%). Then, they were rinsed in distilled water, put into 70% ethanol for dehydration, and stored in 99% ethanol until dissection. The larvae were morphologically examined under a stereo microscope and dissected. The larvae were identified as third instar larvae of Wohlfahrtia magnifica according to the morphological characteristics of cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton, anterior spiracles, and peritremes. Conclusion: It should be kept in mind that in myiasis cases, early diagnosis is a very important factor in preventing deep tissue loss.

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Zuha, Raja M. "Effects of Preservative Concentrations on Larval Cephalopharyngeal Skeleton of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), an Alternative Indicator to Larval Body Length for mPMI Estimation." Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences 6, no. 1(Special) (2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jchs.v6i1(special).13992.

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Introduction: In forensic entomology, dipterous larval specimens found feeding on decomposing corpses are usually preserved in a range of 70-95% ethanol before being subjected to minimum postmortem interval (mPMI) assessment. However, larval body size, which is commonly used to infer mPMI, can be affected by preservatives resulting miscalculation of estimation. This study compared the effect of ethanol concentrations on larval body and cephalopharyngeal skeleton, a potential substitute to estimate larval age for mPMI estimation. Methods: Experiments were conducted on homogenised colony of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) third instar larvae reared in similar conditions. They were fixed with hot water (»80ºC) and preserved in 70% and 90% ethanol. After seven days in preservatives, larvae were measured for total body length from furthest part of the head to the last abdominal segment. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton was subsequently extracted from the body and measured based on morphometric landmarks on the pharyngeal sclerite. Centroid size of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton was also calculated based on the configuration of five morphometric landmarks. Results: In all four study replicates, pairwise comparisons with the original size indicated that larval body length was significantly affected by ethanol concentration (p<0.001) whilst only two of the study replicates showed cephalopharyngeal skeleton maintained its size when preserved in different ethanol concentration. Conclusion: Possible causes of variations are discussed herein with the results clearly indicated cephalopharyngeal skeleton should be considered as alternative growth parameter for mPMI estimation.

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Mahmud, Sharfuddin, Md Shaikhul Islam, Md Siddiqur Rahman, Md Rafiul Alam, Md Asadur Rahman, and Manilal Aich Litu. "Myiasis in a the Tracheotomy Wound: A Case Report." Bangladesh Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 22, no. 2 (2020): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v22i2.45102.

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“Myiasis” is a parasitic infestation of live human or vertebrate animal tissues or cavities caused by dipterous larvae (maggots) which feed on the host’s dead or living tissue, liquid body substances or ingested food. The case is reported, probably the first in Bangladesh, tracheostomy myiasis. It was caused by infestation with larvae. The patient had undergone tracheostomy 3 years earlier and was a case of ca-larynx. The condition was treated by applying halothane to the tracheostomy wound, which caused spontaneous exit of approximately 30 larvae, easily removed with forceps. Predisposing factors could be: 1. Immuno-compromization due to post-irradiation state of patient; 2. Poor hygiene of tracheostomy tube; 3. Bad smell of wound, which attracts flies; 4. Living in a rural area deprived from necessary health care. Although this is not a lethal disorder, knowledge of the disease is necessary from the preventive, diagnostic and curative standpoint. It is important to proceed with identification of the larvae, distinguishing them from other types of myiasis involving different therapeutic implications. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; October 2016; 22(2): 119-121

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Prozorova, L. A. "Benthic invertebrate fauna of a forest spring on the Muravyov- Amursky Peninsula (Primorsky Krai, Southern Russian Far East)." Biota and Environment of Natural Areas 12, no. 2 (2024): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/2782-1978_2024_2_2.

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The fi rst data on spring macroinvertebrate fauna of the Southern Russian Far East are presented. Macrobenthos of a small forest spring classifi ed as helocrene includes at least 21 species from 20 genera and 17 families in Arthropoda and Platyhelminthes. Main groups of benthic organisms are amphipods, planarians, larvae of dipterous insects, caddisfl ies, stonefl ies and mayfl ies, small water beetles. The following invertebrates are defi ned to the species level: planaria Phagocata sibirica, stonefl y Skwala compacta, caddisfl y Glossosoma angarensis, aquatic beetles Hydraena riparia (imago) and Heterlimnius gapyeongensis (larvae), amphipods Gammarus koreanus and hypogean Procrangonyx primoryensis. The macrobenthos of the spring is also ecologically diverse. Here, rheo- and stagnophiles, highly specialized stygo- and crenobionts, and species with wide ecological niches, sharply diff ering in their preferences, closely coexist.

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Ahmed, S., Shivesh Kumar, and S. Paunikar. "Biological Control of Streblote siva through NPV and Natural Enemy complex of Insect Pests of Prosopis cineraria in Rajasthan." Indian Journal of Forestry 23, no. 3 (2000): 305–11. https://doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2000-k6s91r.

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Nuclear polyhedrosis virus, introduced into virus-free population of the Babul defoliator, Taragama siva (Streblote siva) larvae (Lasiocampidae: Lepidoptera), in 1996, was carried over into 1997 host generation and was spread into the surrounding areas from the points of introduction at Jodhpur, Rajasthan (India). The extent of spread in 1997 appeared to be influenced by the size of the area treated in 1996. During 1998-99, the NPV infection was spread ahnd found fully developed in the virus free zone of T. siva population. In 1997 the epizooties developed slowly during the early instars and reached the highest levels late in the last instars larvae of T. siva. The pattern of mortality in the first and second generation in both the year remained similar where highest percentage larval mortality were recorded during the months of August and September. Many infected larvae crawled to the tops of the Prosopis juliflora trees and died while eggs were being laid by adult moths, thus, some eggs masses where contaminated with NPV infection. This is one of the ways by which the virus may spread from one generation to the next, but eggs transmission by adult appears to be the main factor of the spread over wide areas of Jodhpur and adjacent localities. Adults of a dipterous larval parasite, Carcelia sp. was also found to the most important dispersal agent of virus-disease in localized areas because they feed and develop on virus-diseased larvae and remain in the larval body from the time when larval enter the third instars until the emergence of adult moth. Of the important natural enemy complex, nineteen species of parasites, thirteen species of predators and three species of entomopathogens were found associated with the potential pests of Prosopis species. The key predators and parasites of neem weevil Myllocerus tenuicornis Faust are Eumenes dimidiatipennis, E. esuriens (Euminidae” Hymenoptera), Bracon greeni, Iphiaulax sp. (Brachonidae: Hymenoptera) and pathogens Beauveria bassiana.

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Meurer, Maria I., Liliane J. Grando, Elena RC Rivero, Carlos ECP Souza, and Carlos B. Marcondes. "A Rare Case of Labial Myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 17, no. 11 (2016): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1962.

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ABSTRACT Introduction The aim of this article is to present a rare case of myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis. Myiasis is a disease caused by invasion of tissues of animals and humans by larval stages of dipterous (2-winged) flies. There are few reports of oral myiasis in the literature, mostly related to Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae. We present a case of a 53-year-old man with painful swelling of the left lower lip that was confirmed to be myiasis caused by D. hominis. Though more common in tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America, myiasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of subcutaneous masses among residents or travelers in endemic areas. How to cite this article Meurer MI, Grando LJ, Rivero ERC, Souza CECP, Marcondes CB. A Rare Case of Labial Myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(11):958-961.

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Józan, Zsolt. "Alkalmi darázs (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) asztaltársaságok levéltetűvel fertőzött fákon." Natura Somogyiensis, no. 27 (2015): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24394/natsom.2015.27.91.

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Author lists 221 species of 11 Aculeata families captured on aphid infected pear and lime trees during his investigation in the last 20 years (table 1). Number of captured individuals and places of captures are listed in tables 2-13. The highest hymenoptera abundances was experienced in traditional villages. The highest individual and species diversity measured at Crabronidae species. Imagoes fed the sugary secretion of aphids. Most of Crabroninae species was observed capturing dipterous flies to fed their larvae. These Diptera species were also attracted by honeydew of aphids. The Crossocerus species were the dominant genus in this subfamily. On the other hand, Pemphedroninae species captured aphids for their larvae. The most abundant genus in subfamily Pemphedroninae were the Passaloecus species. Several rare species were collected, these are: Poecilagenia sculpturata (Pompilidae), Crossocerus walkeri, Rhopalum clavipes, Tracheliodes curvitarsis (Crabroninae), Passaloecus pictus and Passaloecus vandeli (Pemphredoninae)

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Mendoza, Alessa Z., Sahar Borna, Olivia A. Ho, and James C. Waldorf. "Travel-Related Cutaneous Myiasis: A Case Report." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 17 (2024): 5190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175190.

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Background: Human myiasis, the infestation of tissues by dipterous larvae, commonly manifests as painful, raised skin lesions, particularly in tropical regions such as Latin America, where Dermatobia hominis (the human botfly) is a frequent cause. With increased international travel, cases of travel-related myiasis have become more prevalent, necessitating awareness among healthcare providers in non-endemic regions. Methods: We present a case of cutaneous myiasis in a 69-year-old male who returned to the United States from Belize. The patient exhibited a painful skin lesion on his right knee, initially suspected to be an insect bite. The diagnosis was confirmed through ultrasound imaging, which revealed the presence of a subcutaneous larva. Conservative larva removal efforts failed, leading to surgical extraction of the larva. Results: The surgical intervention successfully removed the larva in its entirety, with the wound healing well after the procedure. Pathological examination confirmed the larva as Dermatobia hominis. The patient experienced a satisfactory recovery, with no complications observed during follow-up. Conclusions: This case underscores the importance of considering myiasis in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with painful skin lesions following travel to tropical regions. As globalization increases, healthcare providers should be vigilant in recognizing and appropriately treating travel-related diseases such as myiasis to ensure prompt and effective care.

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Nye, I. W. B. "THE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF SOME OF THE DIPTEROUS LARVAE LIVING IN THE GRAMINEAE OF BRITAIN1." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 110, no. 15 (2009): 411–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1958.tb00380.x.

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Kolesnyk, N., M. Simon, O. Marenkov, and O. Nesterenko. "Cultivation of dipterous (Diptera Linnaeus, 1758) insects, such as fruit flies, synanthropic flies larvae and chironomids larvae for fish feeding (review)." Ribogospodarsʹka nauka Ukraïni., no. 1(51) (March 28, 2020): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fsu2020.01.053.

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MONDAL, Prabhat C., Santanu MAHATO, Dinabandhu SAHIS, et al. "Vulvo-vaginal myiasis among rural women in West Bengal, India." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 3 (2021): 10992. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13310992.

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Myiasis, the infestation of living or dead tissue of vertebrates by larvae (maggots) of dipterous flies, is well-known in the medical field. Different parts of the human body, such as skin, oral, nasal, urogenital are affected and named accordingly. The present study was a clinic-entomological study where the women having vulvo-vaginal myiasis were included. Maggots were collected, cultured, and adult flies were identified. A total of 34 cases of vulvo-vaginal myiasis were treated. The larvae of 29 cases were cultured into adults. Most of the women are rural (94%), illiterate and from a low socioeconomic society. The authors specified the infested sites of vulva and vagina such as vaginal, labia, clitoris, episiotomy wound, vulval growth, and prolapsed uterus. The episiotomy wound (32%) is the most common infestation site, followed by the vagina (26%). Chrysomya bezziana (76%) and Chrysomya megacephala (24%) are the identified flies. Illiterate, rural puerperal mothers of low socioeconomic status without proper health education and basic hygiene knowledge are vulnerable to myiasis.

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Back, C., J. Boisvert, J. O. Lacoursière, and G. Charpentier. "HIGH-DOSAGE TREATMENT OF A QUEBEC STREAM WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SEROVAR. ISRAELENSIS: EFFICACY AGAINST BLACK FLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) AND IMPACT ON NON-TARGET INSECTS." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 12 (1985): 1523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1171523-12.

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AbstractA typical lake outlet of the Canadian Shield was treated for 15 min with a high dose (5.28 g/L s−1 of discharge) of Teknar®, a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar. israelensis. Efficacy on Simuliidae larvae and impact on non-target aquatic insects of this stream were monitored using drift nets, counting plates, and artificial turf substrates along a 1000-m section downstream of the site of application. Compared with a 4-day pre-treatment average for 12-h sampling periods, drift of Simuliidae increased from 64 to 92 ×, with shorter peaks of 133–184 ×, 2–6 h after treatment. There was no evident drift increase in larvae of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Chironomidae, or dipterous pupae, but larvae of Blephariceridae (Diptera) were severely affected as their drift was increased by up to 50 × and remained high for 3 days. After 30 h the mortality of Simuliidae on counting plates ranged from 95 to 82% in the first 300 m, with detachment rates of 78.5–46.5%. Densities of non-target insect larvae were not reduced on the artificial substrates, except for 2 genera of Chironomidae (Eukiefferella and Polypedilum) which were reduced 26 to 39% of their original density. Drifting larvae of 1 chironomid genus (Phaenopsectra) also showed symptoms of toxemia by B.t.i. The main impact of the treatment was thus seen in 2 Nematocera families (Chironomidae and Blephariceridae) which were mainly exposed to B.t.i. sedimented on the bottom of the stream or attached to periphyton growing on rocks.

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Gupta, Mayank, Seema Rajesh Rao, Naveen Salins, Pankaj Singhai, and Krithika S. Rao. "Maggots in the Intercostal Drain: Case Report of a Rare Presentation with a Brief Review of Literature." Indian Journal of Palliative Care 27 (September 29, 2021): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijpc_428_20.

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Maggots are dipterous larvae of flies. Infestation of vertebrate animals (including humans) by maggots is termed as Myiasis. Warm and Humid climate, low socio-economic status, lack of knowledge and poor living conditions, malignant wounds predispose the cancer patients to maggot infestation in India. Apart from infestation in the wounds; oral, ophthalmic, nasal, aural, enteric, urogenital, trachea-pulmonary and rectal myiasis have been reported. Maggot infestation of the Intercostal drain (ICD) container without associated pleural myiasis is an extremely rare entity. We describe a rare case report of maggots in the ICD in a patient with metastatic chondrosarcoma femur with ICD in situ for malignant pleural effusion. Early detection and management are the keys to prevent the catastrophic complication of pleural myiasis.

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Шакарбаев, U. Shakarbaev, Гаипова, et al. "Fauna and ecology of helminths in cattle (Bos taurus Dom.)." Russian Journal of Parasitology 3, no. 4 (2016): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23068.

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Objective of research: The purpose of research is to study the fauna and ecology of helminths in cattle from Central Uzbekistan. Material and methods. The cattle was investigated by the method of complete and incomplete helminthological autopsies. Cestodes, trematodes and nematodes were examined using the common methods. Larvae of trematodes and nematodes from dominant parasite species found in intermediate hosts (molluscs, insects, ants and dipterous) are also described in this paper. Results and discussion: 32 helminth species were identified in cattle from the central region of Uzbekistan: 5 species belong to the class Cestoda, 6 species — to the class Trematoda and 21 species — to the class Nematoda. Based on the nature of helminth localization in the host body, three groups of parasite communities were detected.

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Ileke, Kayode David. "Entomocidal properties of Monodora myristica (Dunal, 1831) and Conyza sumatrensis (Retzius, 1742-1821) extracts: Studies on two dipterous insect pests Anopheles gambiae (Giles, 1902) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823)." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051014.

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Anopheles gambiae (Giles, 1902) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1832) mosquitoes are the main vectors of human malaria and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. This study aims to analyze the larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal properties of Monodora myristica (Dunal, 1831) and Conyza sumatrensis (Retzius, 1742-1821) extracts against An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory at ambient temperature of 28 oC +/- 2 oC and 75% +/- 5% relative humidity. The results showed that M. myristica and C. sumatrensis extracts significantly affect all stages of An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus tested. The mosquitocidal toxicity of the two plant extracts is dosage dependent. Anti-larval activity of M. myristica at rate 500 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L caused 100% mortality of An. gambiae larvae while it evoked 80% and 100% mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The same trend of results were also obtained on the anti-pupal and adulticidal toxicity of M. myristica and C. sumatrensis extracts. As larvicides, pupicides and adulticides, the LC50s and LC90s, after 24 h varied across plant extracts and mosquito species. C. sumatrensis attained LC50 and LC90 at higher concentration than M. myristica. On An. gambiae larvae, the LC50s after 24 h, varied from 86.95 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). Similarly, the LC90s after 24 h on An. gambiae larvae, varied from 278.39 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). For Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, the LC50s after 24 h, varied from 391.41 mg/L (M. myristica) to 898.20 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). The seed extract of M. myristica exerted the best pupicidal activity among the two tested extracts with LC50 and LC90 values of 140.61 mg/L and 520.35 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with LC50 and LC90 values of 157.59 mg/L and 781.86 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively. More concentrations were require to achieve 50% and 90% death of Cx. quinquefasciatus pupae. On adulticidal activity, seed of M. myristica exerted LC50 and LC90 values of 122.79 mg/L and 502.99 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with LC50 and LC90 values of 215.05 mg/L and 981.25 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively. More concentrations were require to achieve 50% and 90% death of Cx. quinquefasciatus adults. The two tested plants can be integrated into pest management programmes to combat human malaria and lymphatic filariasis vectors breeding site in Nigeria. I recommend formulation of M. myristica seeds which have the lowest LC50 and LC90 after 24 h of exposure for field evaluation.

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Hou, Ken Wong Siong, Syamsa Rizal Abdullah, Mohd Rafizul Mohd Yusof, Ahmad Firdaus Mohd Salleh, and Syed Nabil. "Extensive Palatal Necrosis Secondary to Chrysomya bezziana Myiasis: A Case Report." Archives of Orofacial Sciences 20, no. 1 (2025): 59–68. https://doi.org/10.21315/aos2025.2001.cr03.

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Oral myiasis, a rare condition characterised by infestation of dipterous larvae in the oral cavity, poses unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Herein, we present a case study of a 35-yearold quadriplegic man presenting with oral myiasis localised to the palatal region, likely attributable to malnutrition and suboptimal oral hygiene. Manifestations comprised oral bleeding, fever, and necrotic palatal ulcers infested with maggots. Initial diagnostic considerations encompassed mucormycosis and neoplastic lesions; however, further scrutiny revealed primary palatal myiasis caused by Chrysomya bezziana species. Therapeutic interventions entailed bedside maggot removal and meticulous wound care, with topical hyaluronic acid application and oral hygiene guidance. This case underscores the significance of uncommon conditions such as palatal myiasis, especially among patients with intricate medical backgrounds. A comprehensive diagnostic approach and optimal treatment ensure favourable outcomes.

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Carlos Henrique Marchiori. "Mini review of the aspects conceptual and taxonomic of Cecidomyiidae Family (Insect: Diptera)." Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (2022): 042–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjst.2022.4.2.0035.

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Cecidomyiidae (sometimes misspelled Cecidomyidae) is a family of dipterous known as cecidomids or gall flies, because the larvae of most species feed on plant tissue creating an abnormal growth known as gall. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with more than 6,000 species. These insects should not be confused with gall wasps (Cynipidae), which also form galls. The purpose of this article is to obtain information on the characteristics of the Cecidomyiidae (Insecta: Diptera). To this end, a bibliographic survey of Cecidomyiidae was carried out in the years 1961 to 2021. Only complete articles published in scientific journals and expanded abstracts presented at national and international scientific events, Doctoral Thesis and Master's Dissertation were considered. Data were also obtained from platforms such as: Academia.edu, Frontiers, Qeios, Pubmed, Biological Abstract, Publons, Dialnet, World, Wide Science, Springer, RefSeek, Microsoft Academic, Science and ERIC.

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Calero-Bernal, Rafael, and Miguel Ángel Habela. "First report of Cephenemyia stimulator (Diptera, Oestridae) parasitizing Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Extremadura (Spain)." Galemys, Spanish Journal of Mammalogy 25 (December 31, 2013): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7325/galemys.2013.a3.

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We describe the first two cases of parasitization by the dipterous parasite Cephenemyia stimulator in roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Extremadura. The first case was detected in an adult male from a private hunting estate (39o24’ N, 5o32’ W) in Berzocana (Cáceres, Spain). A total of 77 C. stimulator larvae were counted, of which 34 corresponded to instar II (L-II) and 43 to instar III (L-III), all of which were located in the upper airways. The second case was detected in another male roe deer from a local hunting estate (39o19’ N, 5o22’ W) in Logrosán (Cáceres, Spain), from which a total of 37 larvae (2 L-II and 35 L-III) were collected, all of which were located in the oronasal cavities. This paper not only provides the first report of this parasite in Extremadura, but also describes the southernmost occurrence of a potentially autochthonous infestation by C. stimulator in European roe deer. We recommend implementing surveillance measures in roe deer populations in Spain and creating strict biosecurity guidelines on translocations, especially regarding animals from affected areas. The presence of C. stimulator in Extremadura suggests it has adapted well to the ecological conditions of the southern Iberian Peninsula.

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C, Dr Chandoorya, Dr Saneem A. Ahamed, Dr Muralidharan, Dr N. Deenadayalan, and Dr Chandoorya C. "Maggots Infestation In End Stage Squamous Cell Carcinoma And Multimodal Management Of The Dipterous Larvae - A Narrative Review." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 23, no. 10 (2024): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-23100136.

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Hasina, Ayesha, Md Abbas Uddin, and Sajalkumarshill. "Neonatal Umbilical Myiasis - Our experience." Central Medical College Journal 5, no. 1 (2022): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cemecj.v5i1.60207.

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Background: Myiasis is an infestation of live vertebrates (humans and/or animals) by larvae of dipterous fly. Although, it usually infects domestic and wild animals but humans may be rarely affected if they are reared in unhygienic condition. Although adult cases have beenreported, neonatal myiasis is a rare condition and there are few reports aboutthis subject. Common sites of myiasisare exposed areas of the body such as extremities, scalp, and back. Herein, we report a case of umbilical myiasis, a 13days old neonate visited to outpatient department with complaint of worms coming out from umbilicus for 2 days. On examination, periumbilical erythema and umbilical discharge was present. The umbilical stump was irrigated with providine iodine, hydrogen per oxide and topical application with turpentine oil was given then worms were coming out from umbilicus. Umbilical myiasis is a very rare presentation indicating poor hygiene and a preventable condition. Central Medical College Journal Vol 5 No 1 Jan 2021 PP 59-62

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GUIMARÃES, JORGE A., FABIANA E. GALLARDO, NORMA BEATRIZ DIAZ, and ROBERTO A. ZUCCHI. "Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruit-infesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations." Zootaxa 278, no. 1 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.278.1.1.

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The Eucoilinae (Cynipoidea, Figitidae) are koinobiont endoparasitoids of dipterous larvae and along with the Opiinae (Braconidae) they are the most important natural enemies of the frugivorous flies (Tephritidae, Lonchaeidae and Drosophilidae). This paper deals with the identity, geographical distribution and host associations of eucoiline species with these biological characteristics in Brazil and provides a key for their identification. Eight species are studied, namely: Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rohwer, 1919), Odontosema anastrephae Borgmeier, 1935; Tropideucoila weldi Costa Lima, 1940, Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes, 1924), A. nordlanderi Wharton, 1998, Trybliographa infuscata Gallardo, Diaz & Uchôa, 2000, Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead, 1896 and Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carton & Kelner-Pillaut, 1979). New geographic records for Brazil are provided for L. anastrephae, T. weldi, D. grenadensis, O. anastrephae, T. infuscata and L. boulardi. Bionomic observations suggest that A. pelleranoi is the species most frequently associated with tephritid flies and probably, the most useful as a biological control agent. Lopheucoila anastrephae is an important parasitoid of lonchaeids and D. grenadensis and L. boulardi are natural enemies of drosophilids.

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MOORE, D., and R. O. CLEMENTS. "Study of the population dynamics of dipterous stem-borer larvae of ryegrass swards under rotationally grazed or cut conditions." Grass and Forage Science 41, no. 4 (1986): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1986.tb01817.x.

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Mutinda, Kamuti N., Mbuthia P. Gichohi, Waruiru R. Maina, Githigia S. Maina, and Keya E. Agosa. "Prevalence, Etiology, and Risk Factors Associated with Occurrence of Canine Cutaneous Myiasis in Kitui County, Kenya." Veterinary Medicine International 2022 (June 24, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5699060.

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Myiasis is the infestation of living tissues of animals with dipterous larvae. In Africa, Cordylobia species (C. anthropophaga, C. rodhaini, and C. ruandae) and Dermatobia hominis are reported as the principal cause of nonmigratory cutaneous myiasis of domestic animals. None of these have been reported in dogs in Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted in eight subcounties of Kitui County, Kenya, from March to August 2021 to estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and etiological agents associated with canine cutaneous myiasis (CCM). A questionnaire was administered to dog owners to collect information on CCM risk factors. A total of 400 dogs were physically examined and larvae collected from myiasis skin lesions and preserved in 70% ethanol, taken to the laboratory, processed and identified using parasitological morphological features. Live larvae were incubated and emerging adults were captured and identified. The overall prevalence of CCM was 45% (180/400) (95% confidence interval: 40.0–50.0%). A total of 434 larvae were collected from 180 dogs infested with cutaneous myiasis. All larvae (100%) were identified as C. anthropophaga and hatched adults were “tumbu” flies. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of CCM at 95% confidence interval among different age and sex groups ( p > 0.05 ), although puppies (<6 months) appeared more affected. The highest prevalence of myiasis was in Kitui Central at 65% (95% confidence interval: 51.6–76.9%), Mwingi North at 52.5% (95% confidence interval: 36.1–68.4%), Kitui South at 48.5% (95% confidence interval: 31.5–63.9%), Kitui Rural at 40% (95% confidence interval: 27.6–53.5%), Mwingi Central at 40% (95% confidence interval: 24.9–56.7%), Mwingi West at 40% (95% confidence interval: 24.9–56.7%), Kitui West at 38.3% (95% confidence interval: 26.1–51.8%), and Kitui East subcounty at 36.7% (95% confidence interval: 24.6–50.1%). Lack of housing, housing structures, and dog living area environmental hygiene were the main risk factors associated with the occurrence of CCM ( p < 0.05 ). The CCM occurrence was significantly different among breeds ( p < 0.05 ). Cordylobia anthropophaga larvae were the etiological agent of CCM in Kitui County. There is a need for improved dog housing and hygiene measures to prevent the occurrence of CCM, and affected dogs should be treated to prevent the spread of CCM among the dogs.

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Lounibos, L. P., J. H. Frank, C. E. Machado-Allison, P. Ocanto, and J. C. Navarro. "Survival, development and predatory effects of mosquito larvae in Venezuelan phytotelmata." Journal of Tropical Ecology 3, no. 3 (1987): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002091.

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ABSTRACTTo assess the influence of microhabitat and season on predator growth and survival and prey community structure, first instars of native Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis, a predatory mosquito, were released into Heliconia bracts, bamboo internodes, and the axils of two species of Aechmea bromeliads during wet and dry seasons in a lowland rain forest in eastern Venezuela. Experimental and control microhabitats were compared by complete censusing of macroscopic invertebrates 10 and 20 days after releases.Survival of T. haemorrhoidalis differed significantly among habitats and was reduced by desiccation in dry-season bamboos and in Aechmea nudicaulis and by the presence of a predatory damselfly (Odonata: Zygoptera) in bromeliads. Developmental rate differed among habitats in the wet but not in the dry season; rapid wet-season maturation was associated with increased prey abundance in Heliconia.Larvae of T. haemorrhoidalis consumed particular taxa and size categories of dipterous prey. Predation significantly reduced the abundance and skewed size-class distributions of Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, and pooled samples of Thaumaleidae plus Chironomidae. In bamboos, instar distributions of other mosquitoes were skewed in the presence of T. haemorrhoidalis even though a significant reduction in mosquito abundance was not detected. A decrease in species richness of aquatic Diptera was associated with intense predation by Toxorhynchites in Heliconia and A. nudicaulis.Toxorhynchites theobaldi was recognized as the naturally occurring predator in local bamboos, and released larvae caused significant reductions in abundance or size-class frequency shifts among three families of Diptera. Niche segregation between these sympatric Toxorhynchites is maintained by oviposition preferences: the larger species, T. theobaldi, oviposits in bamboos and the smaller T. haemorrhoidalis occurs in plant bracts and axils.

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Kotha, Rakesh, Paramesh Pandala, Himabindu Singh, et al. "Neonatal umbilical myiasis." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 2 (2019): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190004.

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Infestation is a state of being invaded or overrun by parasites. Myiasis is an infestation caused by dipterous fly. Even though human myiasis is a rare infestation particularly in newborn period unlike animal myiasis as neonate is just newly introduced to the environment and during this period neonate usually more protected and taken care by us. In rural areas of tropical countries where good hygiene conditions will not be there, authors are still identifying these cases. Risk factors for myiasis usually poor socioeconomic conditions and unhygienic environment. Finding cases of umbilical myiasis usually indicates poor environmental sanitary measures at that particular place. Here authors are presenting a case of neonatal umbilical myiasis caused by Chrysomya megacephala. These flies usually lay their eggs over the wounds or moisture dead necrotic tissues unlike other species of flies where they usually lay eggs over the animal fecus. But some other free-living flies(saprophagous) also cause myiasis due to accidental laying of eggs over dead necrotic tissues due to open defecation. In present case authors identified myiasis as early as third completed day of life, means infestation occurred at the time of delivery as incubation period for hatching eggs to larvae usually 4-8 days. These larvae able to survive inside deep tissue by breathing through a small hole. Even though myiasis usually have good prognosis it will become a focus for secondary infections. If deep-seated causes severe morbidity and even in extreme cases causes death also. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, authors can identify the species by microscopic examination of third stage larvae and finding age of the larvae also useful in identifying time of infestation. Treatments usually direct removal of larvae from the site by manipulation, irrigation, suffocation by ether and surgery if deep-seated. As they usually create nadir for infection by bacteria ruling out secondary infection and treatment is necessary. It is better to take preventive strategies like birthplace cleanliness and environmental sanitation. Tracking the case helpful in finding the places where authors need to improve sanitary measures it is better to give feedback to appropriate administrative officers to prevent home deliveries.

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Abraham, Zephania Saitabau, Daudi Ntunaguzi, Aveline Aloyce Kahinga, Emmanuel Ole Lengine, Lwidiko Edward Mhamilawa, and Enica Richard Massawe. "A rare case report of aural myiasis in a 24-day old neonate in Tanzania." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 5, no. 5 (2019): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20193891.

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<p>Aural myiasis refers to the infestation of the ear by the larvae of certain dipterous flies. The disease-producing flies prefer a warm and humid environment and higher incidence occur in tropics and subtropics of Africa and America. Aural myiasis is rare during neonatal life and children with tendencies of poking the ear need immediate review by otorhinolaryngologists for thorough otological review. The objective is thus to report the case of a 24-day old neonate who was diagnosed to have aural myiasis upon otoendoscopy at a private health facility in Tanzania. This is the first reported case of neonatal aural myiasis in our country. Neonates with tendencies to poke ears and with irritability should be handled with care by having immediate Otorhinolaryngologist review to exclude aural pathologies such as aural myiasis. Removal of the maggot, instilling ototopical antibiotics admixed with aural antiseptics, systemic antibiotics and close follow up for meticulous aural toilet remains the main stay in management of aural myiasis.</p>

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Dawadi, Bishwa Raj, Mingma Temba Sherpa, and Rakshya Shrestha. "A Case Of Vulvar Myiasis." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 53, no. 200 (2015): 288–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.2748.

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Myiasis is occurs in humans and vertebrate animals mostly due to dipterous flies of the genera Chrysomyia and Cochliomyia. There have been reported cases of myiasis of skin, breast, intestine, eyes and ear but very few cases of vulvar myiasis have been reported in the medical literature. We report a case of a 20 years old female with vulvar myiasis. A 20-year old unmarried girl presented to our hospital with complains of vaginal discharge and vulvar irritation for 3 days with evidence of some worms around her vulvar region. Her menstrual history revealed the use of folded cloths instead of sanitary pads during her menstruation. Moreover, she washed those clothes with water and hanged them in the clothesline outside to let them dry before reuse. Examination of the external genitalia multiple ulcers measuring 1X1 cm on the inner surface of the labia minora, heavily infested with large number of maggots. The patient was admitted for 4 days during which she was given antibiotics, analgesics and anti-inflammatory medication. Daily local asepsis of the wound with antiseptic solution (betadine) was done. We removed more than 30 larvae by the fourth day after which no more larvae were seen and she gradually recovered in the following days. It is our opinion that the cause of vulvar myiasis in our patient was her poor sanitary hygiene. Simple measures such as washing clothes thoroughly, drying and ironing of clothes are also necessary to reduce the risk of this human myiasis.  Keywords: external genitalia; female; maggots; myiasis.

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Fatima, Tahir, Shoukat Almeera, Ahmed Abubakar, Saleem Amna, Asghar Hinza, and Ahmad Aqeel. "Computational and Functional Analysis of Hypodermin C Protein against GWFI." Life Science Journal of Pakistan 3, no. 1 (2021): 16–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5133509.

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GWFI (Goat Warble Fly Infestation) is the myiasis caused by the larvae dipterous fly Przhevalskiana silenus in goats. This fly colonizes under the skin of an animal and increases its size at each larval stage. The larval gut produces the peptide degrading protein called hypodermin C (HyC). This study suggests that how collagen and HyC interact with each other. FASTA sequences of protein were retrieved from NC BI and the aligned sequences showed the highest similarity with serine proteases. The structure of HyC was modeled using I-TASSER online server followed by its validations using Procheck verification tool and physicochemical properties were confirmed by AA - prop. The protein structure of HyC was docked against Collagen by using their PDB IDs, 1HYL and 1BKV respectively. The structure of HyC showed a more determined hydrophobic nature and both structures were  also superimposed to find out similarities and differences between them. Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Serine, and Lysine are found as interacting residues that are involved in docking with collagen. Generated structure of HyC that was docked against the collagen protein residues as the HyC produced from the gut of the fly binds with the collagen of the animal body and degrades the collagen, the residues which taken part in the binding process could be blocked which ultimately inhibits the binding of the hypodermin C and collagen thus these residues to con trol the infection.  This present study helps in vaccine development against hypodermis, through inhibition of the binding of the collagen with hypodermin C is the strategy towards vaccine production. 

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Gadda, Rohit B., Ankush Agrawal, Santosh Kumar SN, and Tushar Manohar Rothe. "Oral myiasis associated with drug induced gingival hyperplasia – a rare case report." Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery 27, no. 3 (2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2021028.

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Introduction: Myiasis (Greek: myi = fly) refers to infestation of living tissues of humans and animals by Dipterous eggs or larvae. Incidence of oral myiasis is comparatively lesser than that of cutaneous myiasis. We report a rare case of oral myiasis of anterior maxilla associated with drug induced gingival enlargement. Observation: We report a rare case of oral myiasis of anterior maxilla with amlodipine induced gingival enlargement in a sixty-two-year-old male with history of hypertension, hemiplegia and diabetes mellitus. Patient was mouth breather and presented with poor oral hygiene. Generalized gingival hyperplasia was observed. Multiple maggots were observed in the ulcerated areas on maxillary anterior alveolus. The maggots were mechanically removed with curettage after application of turpentine oil. Cleaning and debridement of the wound was done. After one month follow-up there was complete healing of the lesion. Maintenance of oral hygiene and gingivectomy as indicated was planned for this patient. Conclusion: Clinical significance of presented case is its rarity of association with drug induced gingival hyperplasia and typical presence of multiple predisposing factors. This case report provides interesting information about predisposing factors, clinical features and management of oral myiasis that could help clinicians in the diagnosis and management of this condition.

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Singh, Jaswant, and Anuj Kumar Soni. "Uncommon complication: maggot infestation around tracheostomy tube wound." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 11, no. 3 (2025): 320–23. https://doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20251523.

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“GOD’S punishment for sinners” this is the name given to Myiasis (Maggots) in Hindu mythology, symbolizing divine retribution. Myiasis is caused by the larvae of dipterous flies, which feed on living or necrotic tissue of both humans and animals. It can affect various body sites, including the skin, eyes, ears, stomach, intestinal tract, and genitourinary areas. The condition primarily involves body cavities such as the nasal cavity, ears, non-healing ulcers, exophytic malignant growths, and cutaneous tissue. While myiasis around a tracheostomy tube is rare, it presents significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Here, we present the case of a 62-year-old male who developed myiasis around his tracheostomy tube. Physical examination revealed severe necrosis around the tracheostomy site, with multiple live maggots present in the affected tissue. After the removal of the tracheostomy tube, the patient was able to breathe without difficulty in a room air environment. A total of 30–40 live maggots were carefully extracted using tooth forceps and curved artery forceps. Surgical debridement and removal of necrotic tissue were performed to prevent further spread of infection and promote healing. This case underscores the importance of considering myiasis as a rare but potentially serious complication in patients with tracheostomies, highlighting the need for prompt intervention to prevent systemic infection.

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Baranov, Viktor A., Mario Schädel, and Joachim T. Haug. "Fly palaeo-evo-devo: immature stages of bibionomorphan dipterans in Baltic and Bitterfeld amber." PeerJ 7 (October 9, 2019): e7843. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7843.

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Larvae of flies and gnats (Diptera) form a crucial component of many terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in the extant biosphere. Larvae of Diptera play a central role in water purification, matter and energy transfer in riparian ecosystems in rivers, carbon cycling in lakes and forests as well as being major decomposers of dead organic matter. Despite all these important roles, dipteran larvae are most often ignored in palaeoecological studies, due to the difficulty of the taxonomic identification of fossil larvae, but also due to the perceived importance of adult dipterans in palaeoentomological and taxonomic studies. Despite that, much information on palaeoecosystems can be gained from studying fossil dipteran larvae, in particular for well preserved specimens from fossil resins (ambers and copals). Since ambers are selectively preserving fauna of trunks and leaf litter, it allows us to learn a lot about xylophages and saprophages of amber forests, such as Eocene Baltic amber forest. Here we present immature stages (larvae and pupae) of the dipteran ingroup Bibionomorpha, from Baltic and Bitterfeld amber forests. We have recorded at least four different larval morphotypes, one with four distinct instars, and at least three pupal morphotypes. One larva is recognised as a new species and can be interpreted either as a representative of a highly derived ingroup of Bibionidae or as a sister species to Bibionidae. Also represented by single larval specimens are the groups Pachyneura (Pachyneuridae) and Sylvicola (Anisopodidae). The majority of the recorded specimens are representatives of the group Mycetobia (Anisopodidae). Due to the abundance of immature stages of Mycetobia, we have been able to reconstruct the number of larval stages (4) and relative growth rate of these fossil dipterans. We discuss implications of these finds.

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Fisher, P., R. Wall, and J. R. Ashworth. "Attraction of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to carrion bait in the field." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 6 (1998): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300054274.

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AbstractThe facultative ectoparasite, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) has been described as a pioneer colonizer of carrion. This behaviour is believed to enable it to escape the intense interspecific competition which can occur between dipterous larvae within carrion. Such escape is necessary as this fly species has been thought to have reduced competitive ability, resulting from its evolutionary progression towards parasitism. In the work reported here, the attraction of L. sericata to carrion bait at different stages of decomposition (fresh to 28 days old) was investigated in the field. Trials were run over three years, with carrion bait presented in the presence and absence of sodium sulphide. Decomposition had a significant effect on the numbers of L. sericata caught; more decomposed bait caught greater numbers of L. sericata than fresh bait. However, this effect was not apparent if sodium sulphide was added to the carrion. With sodium sulphide added, there was no significant difference in the attraction of female L. sericata, regardless of bait age. There was no general relationship between carrion bait age and the number of female L. sericata caught in different stages of ovarian development. The present data, therefore, suggest that L. sericata does not act exclusively as a pioneer species. Furthermore, this work suggests that, if used with sodium sulphide, the stage of carrion bait decomposition does not significantly modify carrion bait attractiveness.

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Wright, Jr., Herbert, and Dirk Verschuren. "Estimating the Time of Establishment of the Cutthroat Trout (Oncorynchus clarki lewisi) Population in Avalanche Lake, Through Analysis of Fossil Zooplankton Assemblages in Profundal Sediments: Glacier National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 15 (January 1, 1991): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1991.2989.

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Surviving populations of native cutthroat trout (Oncorynchus clarki lewisi) in isolated lakes of Glacier National Park are being assigned a potentially important role in a recovery program of cutthroat trout fishery in the Lake McDonald basin. One population of native trout inhabits Avalance Lake; yet its indigenous nature is questioned, because of the absence of other fish species that normally occur in association with the trout, and because the creek giving access to Avalanche Lake from Lake McDonald is considered too precipitous for naturally dispersing fish. This study aims to find out whether the trout population in Avalanche Lake was established following a deliberate but unrecorded introduction sometime during the last century, or much earlier through successful natural immigration. Evidence is to be derived from examination of fossil zooplankton assemblages contained in the lake's profundal bottom sediments. The approach is based on the idea that introduction of planktivorous fish to a fishless lake must have caused significant changes in the zooplankton community. Visual, size-selective predation by planktivorous fish typically results in preferential removal of larger prey types and/or of prey that tend to stay in the upper water column during daytime. There are two groups of zooplankters in Glacier National Park lakes whose populations are likely to be affected, and whose buried remains preserve well enough to trace these changes in the sedimentary record: the limnetic cladoceran Daphnia, and the planktonic larvae of Chaoborus, a dipterous insect. In Daphnia, changes associated with fish introduction may include a shift to smaller body-size in resident species or a replacement altogether of large species by smaller ones. In Chaoborus, species that lack the habit of diurnal vertical migration are rapidly eliminated, and may then be replaced by congeners that do migrate.

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