Relevant bibliographies by topics / Direct and indirect evidence

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Direct and indirect evidence'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Direct and indirect evidence"

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Budnik, R. "Dark Matter: Evidence, Direct and Indirect Searches." Acta Physica Polonica B 47, no. 1 (2016): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5506/aphyspolb.47.217.

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Madan, Jason, Matt D. Stevenson, Katy L. Cooper, A. E. Ades, Sophie Whyte, and Ron Akehurst. "Consistency between Direct and Indirect Trial Evidence: Is Direct Evidence Always More Reliable?" Value in Health 14, no. 6 (2011): 953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2011.05.042.

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Gartlehner, Gerald, and Charity G. Moore. "Direct versus indirect comparisons: A summary of the evidence." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 24, no. 02 (2008): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462308080240.

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Objectives:The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive summary and interpretation of the current evidence on the use and validity of statistical methods to conduct indirect comparisons of treatment effects.Methods:A narrative review was conducted.Results:Well-conducted methodological studies provide good evidence that adjusted indirect comparisons can lead to results similar to those from direct comparisons. The internal validity of several statistical methods to conduct indirect comparisons, therefore, has been established. Meta-regression, logistic regression, or adjusted indirect c
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Mendoza, Ruben. "Plant and animal domestication: direct versus indirect evidence." Antiquity 60, no. 228 (1986): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00057562.

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The domestication of plants and animals was the byproduct of an evolutionary process in which particular elements in the constellation of potential domesticates were subject to human manipulation as a response to adaptive strategies within diverse ecological habitats (Braidwood, 1971, 238). During the course of this development, patterns of exploitation apparently exerted an external stimulus which eventually resulted in the selective modification of the adaptive attributes of particular species of plants and animals. Such morphological change has been taken as a key criterion in delineating t
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Behme, Christina. "Assessing Direct and Indirect Evidence in Linguistic Research." Topoi 33, no. 2 (2013): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-013-9171-1.

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Oh, Juhyun. "The Effects of Local Government Expenditures on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence from Republic of Korea." Sustainability 15, no. 20 (2023): 14913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152014913.

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This study analyzes the direct and indirect effects of local government expenditure for air quality on CO2 emissions using a two-stage dynamic panel model. The results of the first-stage empirical analysis show that local government expenditure for air quality has a positive effect on per-capita GRDP. In the second-stage empirical analysis, an inverse U-shaped relationship between the per-capita GRDP and CO2 emissions is observed. The average direct and indirect effects of local government expenditure for air quality on CO2 emissions indicate that local government expenditure directly reduces
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Bao, Bing-Feng and 吴 怡. "A Study on the Standard of Direct Evidence and Indirect Evidence." Chinese Law Review 32, no. ll (2017): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22415/clr.2017.32..006.

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Bao,Bing-Feng, 吴 怡, and 선종수. "A Study on the Standard of Direct Evidence and Indirect Evidence." Chinese Law Review 32, no. ll (2017): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22415/clr.2017.32..007.

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Kim, Young-Suk Grace, Jeung-Ryeul Cho, and Soon-Gil Park. "Unpacking Direct and Indirect Relationships of Short-Term Memory to Word Reading: Evidence From Korean-Speaking Children." Journal of Learning Disabilities 51, no. 5 (2017): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219417724817.

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We examined the relations of short-term memory (STM), metalinguistic awareness (phonological, morphological, and orthographic awareness), and rapid automatized naming (RAN) to word reading in Korean, a language with a relatively transparent orthography. STM, metalinguistic awareness, and RAN have been shown to be important to word reading, but the nature of the relations of STM, metalinguistic awareness, and RAN to word reading has rarely been investigated. Two alternative models were fitted. In the indirect relation model, STM was hypothesized to be indirectly related to word reading via meta
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KÖDER, FRANZISKA, and EMAR MAIER. "Children mix direct and indirect speech: evidence from pronoun comprehension." Journal of Child Language 43, no. 4 (2015): 843–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000915000318.

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ABSTRACTThis study investigates children's acquisition of the distinction between direct speech (Elephant said, “I get the football”) and indirect speech (Elephant said that he gets the football), by measuring children's interpretation of first, second, and third person pronouns. Based on evidence from various linguistic sources, we hypothesize that the direct–indirect distinction is acquired relatively late. We also predict more mistakes for third person pronouns compared to first and second person pronouns. We tested 136 Dutch-speaking children between four and twelve in a referent selection
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Direct and indirect evidence"

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Balabushko, Oleksii, Sebastian Beer, Jan Loeprick, and Felipe Vallada. "The direct and indirect costs of tax treaty policy - Evidence from Ukraine." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5402/1/SSRN%2Did2922156.pdf.

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This study combines macro and micro data to quantify the revenue effects of double tax treaties. First, drawing on administrative information, the study estimates the tax sensitivity of income flows (dividend, interest, and royalty payments) at an aggregate level. The analysis finds important direct revenue costs linked to treaty restrictions on taxing rights, especially for flows into a few major investment hubs. However, high elasticities of income flows also suggest that increases in withholding rates at the individual treaty partner level would not necessarily result in more revenue collec
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EFREMOVA, AGRAFENA. "Direct and indirect evidence of brown adipose tissue in adult patients from Yakutia." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/263608.

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La scoperta del tessuto adiposo bruno nell’uomo ha destato un grande interesse in quanto la sua induzione potrebbe rappresentare una possibilità per la cura contro l’obesità e i rischi ad essa correlati. L’esposizione al freddo è uno degli stimoli principali che determina la trasformazione degli adipociti bianchi in bruni (fenomeno del browning). Sulla base di studi promettenti svolti sui topi, abbiamo analizzato, anche nell’uomo, la capacità delle cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico di esprimere biomarkers del browning. Infatti, poiché le tecniche di studio del tessuto adiposo bruno so
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Welteke, Clara [Verfasser]. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Social Policies on Labor Supply Decisions : Empirical Evidence from Germany / Clara Welteke." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149513179/34.

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Hong, Eun-Joo. "Employee stock ownership plans : evidence of the direct and indirect effects of ESOPs using Korean micro-firm level data." Connect to resource, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1267632410.

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Murray, Cameron Keith. "New insights into rebound effects : theory and empirical evidence." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/27655/1/Cameron_Murray_Thesis.pdf.

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The main objective of the thesis is to seek insights into the theory, and provide empirical evidence of rebound effects. Rebound effects reduce the environmental benefits of environmental policies and household behaviour changes. In particular, win-win demand side measures, in the form of energy efficiency and household consumption pattern changes, are seen as ways for households and businesses to save money and the environment. However, these savings have environmental impacts when spent, which are known as rebound effects. This is an area that has been widely neglected by policy makers.
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Murray, Cameron Keith. "New insights into rebound effects : theory and empirical evidence." Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/27655/.

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The main objective of the thesis is to seek insights into the theory, and provide empirical evidence of rebound effects. Rebound effects reduce the environmental benefits of environmental policies and household behaviour changes. In particular, win-win demand side measures, in the form of energy efficiency and household consumption pattern changes, are seen as ways for households and businesses to save money and the environment. However, these savings have environmental impacts when spent, which are known as rebound effects. This is an area that has been widely neglected by policy makers.
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Camillo, Edilaine Venancio 1981. "As atividades tecnologicas pos-privatização do setor de telecomunicações no Brasil." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287617.

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Orientador: Sergio Robles Reis de Queiroz<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camillo_EdilaineVenancio_M.pdf: 3778361 bytes, checksum: 55aa017934e31fa94cedc82be73a8ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005<br>Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar as atividades tecnológicas realizadas pelo setor de telecomunicações no Brasil após a privatização com base na literatura disponível. Para tanto, aborda-se, primeiramente, as trajetórias institucional e tecnológica do
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Soukupová, Petra. "Daňový systém Slovenska." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-360658.

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This final thesis deals with the tax system of Slovakia. The main aim of the thesis is to capture the development of the tax reforms carried out in the Slovak Republic and the decription of the consequences of the resulting tax systems. The partial aim is the analysis of the Electronic Register of Sales. The first chapter defines the concept of tax reform and describes tax reforms in the world, then there are futher specified tax reforms of Czechoslovakia. The second chapter focuses on a big tax reform in Slovakia in 2004. The third chapter is devoted to the current tax system. The fourth chap
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Endriss, Cornelia, and Stefan Hinterwimmer. "Direct and indirect aboutness topics." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1964/.

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We propose a definition of aboutness topicality that not only encompasses individual denoting DPs, but also indefinites. We concentrate on the interpretative effects of marking indefinites as topics: they either receive widest scope in their clause, or they are interpreted in the restrictor of an overt or covert Q-adverb. We show that in the first case they are direct aboutness topics insofar as they are the subject of a predication expressed by the comment, while in the second case they are indirect aboutness topics: they define the subject of a higher-order predication – namely the set of si
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Falk, Johan. "Direct and Indirect Real Estate in a Mixed-asset Portfolio : Is direct or indirect preferable." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102185.

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Studies carried out during the 2000’s have shown that securitized real estate has outperformed the direct real estate market with as much as up to 500 basis points on an annual basis during the 80’s and 90’s. Allocation to real estate among institutional investors has at the same time been at around 5%. Research conducted in the area during this period has suggested an allocation to real estate around 10% - 20% in a mixed-asset portfolio, depending on the specifics of the real estate. Securitized and direct real estate come with different benefits and different problems, such as a better infla
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Books on the topic "Direct and indirect evidence"

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Silhan, Peter A. Direct versus indirect ARIMA forecasts of defined variables: Some further evidence based on corporate accounting data. College of Commerce and Business Administration, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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Coulmas, Florian, ed. Direct and Indirect Speech. DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110871968.

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Florian, Coulmas, ed. Direct and indirect speech. Mouton de Gruyter, 1986.

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1944-, Kerfoot W. Charles, and Sih Andrew, eds. Predation: Direct and indirect impactson aquatic communities. University Press of New England, 1987.

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1944-, Kerfoot W. Charles, and Sih Andrew, eds. Predation: Direct and indirect impacts on aquatic communities. University Press of New England, 1987.

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Madden, David. How does unemployment affect direct and indirect tax reform? University College Dublin, Department of Economics, 1994.

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Randall, Janet H. Indirect positive evidence: Overturning overgeneralizations in language acquisition. Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1987.

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Randall, Janet H. Indirect positive evidence: Overturning overgeneralizations in language acquisition. Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1987.

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Evans, R. W. Test report-direct and indirect lightning effects on composite materials. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1997.

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Hongyan, Wang. Measuring the distributional impact of direct and indirect housing assistance. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Direct and indirect evidence"

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Kotanen, Peter M. "Direct and indirect effects of herbivores influencing plant invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0226.

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Abstract Non-native plants rarely escape damage by herbivores. Instead, upon arrival in a new region, they begin to acquire new enemies, replacing those they have lost during their migration. These herbivores can include both natives to the new region and species that have themselves been accidentally or deliberately introduced from elsewhere, potentially including examples originating from the invader's original range. Shifts of new enemies from other hosts can occur over a range of timescales, depending in part on whether evolutionary change is required, but are likely to be faster for plant
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Saikia, Nandita, Apala Saha, Jayanta Kumar Bora, and William Joe. "Immigration and Bengali Population in Assam: Evidence from Direct and Indirect Demographic Estimation." In Population Dynamics in Eastern India and Bangladesh. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3045-6_23.

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Heym, C. "Structural Evidence for Direct and Indirect Neuro-Endocrine Interactions in the Human Adrenal Cortex." In Neuroendocrinology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60915-2_16.

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Heleno, Ruben H. "The effect of non-native plant invasions on the dispersal of native seeds." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0256.

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Abstract Non-native plants change the communities they integrate in multiple ways, including direct and indirect effects on co-occurring native vegetation. While direct effects are more obvious, indirect effects, i.e. those mediated by biotic interactions with other trophic levels, can also have pervasive consequences for long-term community persistence. Seed dispersal is a critical stage during the life cycle of most plants, as it lays the foundations for plant recruitment patterns and long-term vegetation dynamics. By interacting with seed-dispersing animals, primarily frugivorous birds and
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Walton, John R., and Mansour Javidan. "The Effects of Direct and Indirect Semantic Cues on Consumer Price Perceptions: Some Preliminary Evidence." In Proceedings of the 1982 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16946-0_90.

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Hölzel, Marco, Mina Akhavan, and Divya Leducq. "Concluding Remarks: European Narratives About the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Coworking." In SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26018-6_15.

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AbstractThis book is a collection of narrations about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic from different countries collected within the Workgroup 2ATLAS of the COST action CA18214 ‘The Geography of New Working Spaces and the Impact on the Periphery’. This conclusive chapter comprehends the previous chapters and offers a comparative view regarding the effects on Coworking Spaces (CS), Governmental Measurements to curb the Pandemic, Effects on Work, Remote/Telework Work, Working-From-Home (WFH), Effects on Commuting, Transportation Mods and Services, Effects on the Housing, Place of Residence,
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Upton, Joanna, Elizabeth Tennant, Kathryn J. Fiorella, and Christopher B. Barrett. "COVID-19, Household Resilience, and Rural Food Systems: Evidence from Southern and Eastern Africa." In Resilience and Food Security in a Food Systems Context. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23535-1_9.

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AbstractResilience offers a useful lens for studying how human well-being and agri-food systems absorb and recover from a range of shocks and stressors, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Looking beyond the direct effects of observable shocks to the mechanisms that shape their impacts can guide our understanding of COVID-19 and leverage findings from the pandemic to better understand resilience to future shocks. We develop a conceptual framework for the multiple paths through which observed shocks interact with systemic mechanisms to influence resilience. We illustrate this framework with refere
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van Besouw, N. M., L. M. B. Vaessen, C. J. Knoop, et al. "Evidence that cyclosporin A prevents clinical cardiac allograft rejection by blocking both direct and indirect antigen presentation pathways." In Transplant International. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-00818-8_85.

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Borrelli, Bianca. "Large-Letter Displayed Writings on Portable Media: Indirect and Direct Evidence from Graeco-Roman and Late Antique Egypt." In Edizioni dell’Istituto Papirologico «G. Vitelli». Firenze University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0456-9.16.

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This chapter focuses on a formal feature of displayed writings on portable media from Egypt, in particular whitewashed wooden tablets and papyri, namely the use of large letters. By examining a series of case studies that indirectly or directly bear evidence of this kind of script and in the light of some new readings, I attempt to determine whether the use of large letters was influenced by document type and to what extent it fulfilled the need to improve the document’s readability and highlight certain parts of the text. Similarities to writings displayed on durable materials are also invest
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de Luna, Kathryn, Matthew Pawlowicz, and Jeffery Fleisher. "Lessons for Modern Environmental and Climate Policy from Iron Age South Central Africa." In Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_13.

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AbstractHow do we develop effective environmental and climate policy for regions of the world with few—if any—relevant paleoclimate, vegetation, and hydrological reconstructions and, therefore, impoverished models of the environmental and human impacts of future climate change? What if such regions are in countries with limited financial, institutional, or instrumental infrastructure to generate those records? Research in historical disciplines offer direct and indirect evidence of the relationships between societal change and past environmental and climate change, without resorting to bald in
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Conference papers on the topic "Direct and indirect evidence"

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Eckert, Richard B., Bruce Cookingham, and Lynsay Bensman. "Optimizing Internal Corrosion Monitoring and Response through Integration of Direct and Indirect Data." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06307.

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Abstract Pipeline operators must choose from a wide variety of corrosion evaluation and monitoring tools to examine potential corrosivity, corrosion mechanisms, and mitigation effectiveness of their systems. Additionally, indirect data that supports the understanding of corrosion (e.g., gas or liquid composition, microbiology, operating conditions, etc.) can be integrated with direct evidence of corrosion to help operators optimize their response to the findings. A methodical approach has been developed and employed for several pipeline operators whereby large volumes of data from many sources
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Onuoha, C., S. McDonnell, E. Pozniak, and M. Krywko. "Pipeline Integrity Assessment, In-Line Inspection and Direct Assessment Anomaly Density." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07713.

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Abstract As identified during a public meeting on January 27, 2015, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)(1) performed a study to evaluate the need for improvements to gas transmission integrity management (IM) programs and requirements for gas transmission pipelines. This study has concluded that while PHMSA's (2) gas IM requirements have kept the rate of corrosion failures and material failures of pipe or welds low, there is no evidence that the overall occurrence of gas transmission pipeline incidents in HCA pipelines has declined. Furthermore, the study suggests that of the four
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Pint, B. A., R. Pillai, and J. R. Keiser. "Compatibility of Steels in Supercritical CO2 at 450°-650°C." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16724.

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Abstract Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power cycles, particularly direct-fired cycles, have the possibility of revolutionizing clean fossil energy. However, in the lower temperature sections of the cycle, lower cost steels are needed in order to lower the cost of the sCO2 technology. Representative 9 and 12%Cr steels and conventional and advanced austenitic steels are being evaluated at 450-650°C using mass change, bulk carbon (C) content and room temperature tensile properties to determine the maximum use temperatures for both direct- and indirect-fired sCO2 cycles. After 1000 h exposures in resea
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Feasey, N. D., R. J. Wintle, E. R. Freiter, and M. M. Jordan. "Field Experiences with a Novel near Real Time Monitor for Scale Deposition in Oilfield Systems." In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00117.

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Abstract Mineral scale deposition is a well-known problem for the petroleum industry. The application of scale inhibitors can often prevent such deposits forming, but assessment of the concentrations of these needed for control has relied on indirect methods for assessing brine stability. Such methods use laboratory tests and measurement of scale inhibitor residuals. Recently a new technique for direct measurement of the stability of oilfield brines has been developed. This technique uses TSMR (Thickness Shear Mode Resonator) technology. Deposition on the probe alters resonant frequency, measu
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Sinitsyna, Galina. "Indirect evidence of fishing in the Early Neolithic Valdai culture." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-00-7-2018-152-154.

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Lozovskaya, Olga, Vladimir Lozovski, Ignacio Clemente Conte, et al. "Direct and indirect evidence of fishing at Zamostje 2: investigations 2009–2015." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-00-7-2018-148-151.

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Glavenchuk, Alla. "Life support of Late Paleolithic site Anetovka 2inhabitants (direct and indirect data)." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-00-7-2018-63-65.

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Schchelinsky, Vyacheslav. "Some evidence of water food resources’ use in the Early Paleolithic." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-00-7-2018-234-237.

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Dimitrijević, Vesna, Dušan Mihailović, Steven Kuhn, and Tamara Dogandžić. "Evidence for subsistence strategies of Gravettian hunter-gatherers in the Central Balkans." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-00-7-2018-46-48.

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Stepanova, Kseniia. "Paleolithic grinding stones as an archeological evidence in justifcation of «complex gathering»." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-7-2018-241-244.

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Reports on the topic "Direct and indirect evidence"

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Fisher, David E. Topic Characterization of Full Length Texts Using Direct and Indirect Term Evidence. Defense Technical Information Center, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada632255.

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Freedman, Seth, Daniel Sacks, Kosali Simon, and Coady Wing. Direct and Indirect Effects of Vaccines: Evidence from COVID-19 in Schools. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30550.

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Salazar, Lina, Sebastian Bernal Hernandez, and Luis Enrique Miranda Baez. Direct and Spillover Effects of an Agricultural Technology Adoption Program: Evidence from Bolivia. Inter-American Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013560.

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This study employs an experimental approach to estimate both the direct and indirect effects (i.e. spillovers) of an agricultural technology adoption program on small landholder farmers in Bolivia. Specifically, the evaluation focuses on the second phase of the "Creación de Iniciativas Agroalimentarias Rurales" (CRIAR) program, which aimed to increase agricultural productivity, income, and food security among smallholder farmers through technology adoption. Implementing a two-stage randomized experiment, the study uses instrumental variable (IV) analysis to measure the local average treatment
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4

Kelly, Luke. Direct and Indirect Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women and Girls. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.141.

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This rapid literature review finds that women have been disproportionately affected by Covid-19 in several ways. As the Covid-19 pandemic began, it was widely predicted that women would face worse outcomes than men in many spheres. This was based on evidence of pre-existing inequalities (e.g. the high share of women in informal work) and evidence from earlier disease outbreaks such as Ebola. Evidence from the past year and a half supports the idea that women have been disproportionately affected by Covid-19 in many of the issues investigated for this report. A wide-ranging World Bank review of
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Maffioli, Alessandro, and Diego Ubfal. The Impact of Funding on Research Collaboration: Evidence from Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011116.

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In this paper, we evaluate the impact of research grants on the amount of collaboration, among scientific researchers in Argentina. We find a positive and significant impact of funding on collaboration, which is measured in terms of the number of co-authors for publications in peer-reviewed journals. In particular, we find a significant impact of the grants for funded researchers both on the size of their ego network, and on their 2-step indirect links, measured by the number of direct and 1-step indirect co-authors. We also find evidence that this impact was driven by the results of funded re
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Gandelman, Néstor, and Alejandro Rasteletti. Credit Constraints, Sector Informality and Firm Investments: Evidence from a Panel of Uruguayan Firms. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011452.

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This paper explores whether the extent of informality in a sector affects a firm's investment decision directly or indirectly through a credit availability channel. The dataset used in the estimation of the econometric models consists of an unbalanced panel of Uruguayan firms for the period 1997-2008. The results suggest that financial restrictions affect investment decisions in Uruguay, as an increase in credit to the private sector translates into higher investment rates. A one percentage point increase in overall credit growth translates into a one half percent increase in investment rates.
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7

Young, Andrew, Matthew Higgins, Donald Lacombe, and Briana Sell. The Direct and Indirect Effects of Small Business Administration Lending on Growth: Evidence from U.S. County-Level Data. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20543.

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8

Aizenman, Joshua, Gazi Salah Uddin, Tianqi Luo, Ranadeva Jayasekera, and Donghyun Park. Effect of Macroprudential Policies on Sovereign Bond Markets: Evidence from the ASEAN-4 Countries. Asian Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps230361-2.

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The paper investigates the effect of prudential policies on sovereign bond vulnerability to global spillover risk in ASEAN-4 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand). Using a risk network among sovereign bonds, the direct effect is that markets with tighter prudential policies have significantly smaller spillovers from the Treasury yield shocks of other regional and global economies. Combining with indirect effects, prudential policies reduce sovereign spillover risks in the long term. These findings suggest prudential policies have dual efficiency in sovereign risk regul
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Cicowiez, Martin, Emily Morris, and Onil Banerjee. Boosting Tourism's Contribution to Growth and Development: Analysis of Evidence. Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011803.

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In this study we develop an evidence-based tool to help to guide policy and investment choices, to maximize developmental returns from tourism. Specifically, we develop a tourism-extended social accounting matrix and computable general equilibrium and microsimulation models customized for tourism investment analysis. To demonstrate the approach, we develop these data structures for Belize, at both national and regional levels. The framework developed herein can be used to quantify the direct and indirect, and short- and long-run impacts of tourism investments. Anticipating application of the a
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Alvarez, Roberto. The Impact of R&D and ICT Investment on Innovation and Productivity in Chilean Firms. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009293.

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This technical note examines the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) and research and development (R&amp;D) investment on innovation and productivity in Chilean firms, in particular those in the services industry. It provides new evidence on this topic for a developing country and also for firms in the services sector, areas in which existing evidence is limited. The findings for services industries are relevant because this sector in Latin America has a large productivity gap when compared to the sector in developed countries. The results show that ICT contributes positiv
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