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1
Terhune, Gloryanna. The Terhune family: In a direct male line from the Dutch immigrant ancestor to the current descendant, Charles Houston Terhune, Jr. [Decorah, IA]: Anundsen Pub., 1997.
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2
Raleigh, Robert J. Joint HVDC agricultural study: Final report. [Corvallis, Or.?]: Oregon State University, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Central Oregon Experiment Station, 1988.
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3
Collins, Haldane L. HVDC transmission line generated corona behavior and characteristics. 1988.
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4
Vaez-Zadeh, Sadegh. Direct Torque Control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198742968.003.0004.
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The fundamental principles of direct torque control (DTC) of permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) motors are presented in this chapter. The basic DTC system is then described. The operating limits of PMS machines under DTC are presented in terms of current limit, voltage limit, and flux linkage limit. Also, flux linkage control, including maximum torque per ampere (MTPA), unity power factor, and flux weakening at high speed, is derived. Then, alternative DTC schemes, including different SVM-DTC schemes, are presented. In line with the increasing energy-saving tendency in industrial applications, major emphasis is placed on the loss minimization of DTC. Finally, a comprehensive comparison was made between the basic DTC and vector control, emphasizing the pros and cons of DTC with respect to vector control.
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Gad, Heba, Daniel Bateman, and Paul E. Holtzheimer. Neurostimulation Therapies, Side Effects, Risks, and Benefits. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0016.
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Neurostimulation therapies are an alternative for non-responders to pharmacological or psychotherapy management, as well as when first-line treatments are contraindicated for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders in the elderly. Brain stimulation treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders include the following FDA approved treatments for major depressive disorder: electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which remains one of the most effective therapies for several neuropsychiatric disorders; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Deep brain stimulation (DBS);magnetic seizure therapy (MST); transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS); and direct cortical stimulation (DCS) are not currently FDA approved. These techniques are reviewed in this chapter with special attention to their application in older adults. Medicolegal issues of informed consent and substituted decisions for procedures are also discussed.
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Acord, Glen C. Evaluation of measurement techniques for space charge density near high voltage DC power lines. 1988.
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7
Weiß, Helmut, and Anna Volodina. Referential null subjects in German. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0011.
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Null subjects (NSs) have been a central research topic in generative syntax ever since the 1980s. This chapter considers the situation of German NSs both from a dialectological and from a diachronic perspective and attempts to reconstruct a direct line concerning the licensing conditions of pro-drop from Old High German (OHG) through Middle High German (MHG) and Early New High German (ENHG) to current dialects of New High German (NHG). Particularly, we will argue that German changed from a consistent, yet asymmetric pro-drop language to a partial, but symmetric one. In order to demonstrate that this development took place and the steps involved, we survey the existing empirical evidence and introduce new data.
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Schiller, Wendy J., and Charles Stewart. Senate Electoral Responsiveness under Indirect and Direct Election. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691163161.003.0006.
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This chapter integrates findings on indirect elections with current scholarship on the impact of the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment and onset of direct elections. It constructs a comprehensive counterfactual analysis that helps demonstrate what the political outcomes would have been with direct elections in place since the founding, and in contrast, what Senate elections would look like after 1913 if indirect elections were still in place. It also addresses the question of whether U.S. senators represented states as units and responded to state governmental concerns more under the indirect system than they do under direct elections. It argues that indirect election had little impact on the Senate's overall partisan composition prior to 1913. Contrary to widespread belief, had direct election been in effect during the years immediately preceding the Seventeenth Amendment's passage, Republicans, not Democrats, would have benefited.
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Livermore, Roy. Chilling Out. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717867.003.0010.
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The Earth’s climate changes naturally on all timescales. At the short end of the spectrum—hours or days—it is affected by sudden events such as volcanic eruptions, which raise the atmospheric temperature directly, and also indirectly, by the addition of greenhouse gases such as water vapour and carbon dioxide. Over years, centuries, and millennia, climate is influenced by changes in ocean currents that, ultimately, are controlled by the geography of ocean basins. On scales of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, the Earth’s orbit around the Sun is the crucial influence, producing glaciations and interglacials, such as the one in which we live. Longer still, tectonic forces operate over millions of years to produce mountain ranges like the Himalayas and continental rifts such as that in East Africa, which profoundly affect atmospheric circulation, creating deserts and monsoons. Over tens to hundreds of millions of years, plate movements gradually rearrange the continents, creating new oceans and destroying old ones, making and breaking land and sea connections, assembling and disassembling supercontinents, resulting in fundamental changes in heat transport by ocean currents. Finally, over the very long term—billions of years—climate reflects slow changes in solar luminosity as the planet heads towards a fiery Armageddon. All but two of these controls are direct or indirect consequences of plate tectonics.
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Merkesdal, Sonja, and Wilfried Mau. Health economics. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0031.
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The economic burden of rheumatic diseases for society, various payers, and last but not least the individual patient has been increasingly recognized. In addition to the well-known impact of back pain and osteoarthritis, the upcoming new and expensive therapies have made this issue especially intriguing in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A mean international estimate of the total annual costs of RA, mainly consisting of direct resource consumption and indirect costs due to productivity losses relating to paid work, comes to about €5600. Other inflammatory rheumatologic diseases (ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, lupus erythematosus) generate similar costs. The implementation of expensive biological drugs in rheumatic care has also led to the pressing need to determine the relation of their costs and clinical outcome (e.g. quality-adjusted life-years, QALYs) in order to compare different treatment strategies in defined patient groups. In RA the health-economic evidence for the cost-effectiveness of biologicals is already quite substantial in terms of treatment of early and advanced RA, as last option treatment of patients refractory to TNF inhibitors. Their cost-effectiveness as first line treatment is less clear. All biologicals have proved their cost-effectiveness in various settings depending on patient selection. It has been clearly demonstrated that adherence to the current guidelines, including monitoring of their effectiveness. leads to cost-effective scenarios. In TNF-refractory RA, abatacept and rituximab have proved to be economically favourable strategies. Economic data on other inflammatory rheumatic entities is relatively sparse. Incomplete long-term and observational data are still the most prominent gaps in health-economic evidence relating to rheumatic disorders.
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Biga, Andrew, Allan H. Church, Cara F. Wade, Angela K. Pratt, Kaitlin Kiburz, and Maxine Brown-Davis. Inside Organizations. Edited by Tammy D. Allen and Lillian T. Eby. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.34.
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Designing effective work–life programs is critical as these solutions directly impact how people get work done, an essential function of all organizations. Work–life programs are used as a way to enhance and promote the employment brand and value proposition that organizations offer to potential new hires and current employees. There is significant risk with these programs as modification and removal of such programs can result in public backlash and a decline in employee morale and engagement. This chapter will review current and future challenges in implementing effective work–life solutions along with a wish list of research to assist practitioners in improving the use and effectiveness of these programs.
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Self-Propelled Janus Particles. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901199.
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Design and operation of Janus particles have a great potential for applications in fields such as environmental remediation, electronic engineering, bio-imaging, bio-sensing, drug delivery and other biomedical tasks. Current research aims to imitate the molecular motors of biological systems by creating micro- and nano-scale particles which can exploit chemical energy so as to produce directional motion. The assembling of self-propelled particles and their movement can be controlled by using external fields, especially magnetic fields. The book references 332 original resources and includes their direct web link for in-depth reading.
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Winkler, Kevin. Rhythm of Life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199336791.003.0006.
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This chapter describes Bob Fosse’s film Sweet Charity, which opened at the top of 1966 and was a compendium of then-current styles and sexual attitudes. Fosse conceived this American adaptation of Federico Fellini’s film Nights of Cabiria (1957) as a vehicle for Gwen Verdon, changing the title character from Roman prostitute to New York City dance hall hostess. He wrote several drafts of the show’s book before relinquishing those duties to Neil Simon. Nonetheless, in Sweet Charity, Fosse’s authorial voice was much in evidence. His staging exhibited a new fluidity, as well as a dark, ambivalent view of sexuality. Sweet Charity was also the vehicle by which Fosse would return to movies, this time as a director. Although full of arresting moments, the film was deemed too busy and full of gimmicky, self-conscious camerawork. Sweet Charity was a commercial and critical failure, but it allowed Fosse to explore the camera’s potential in presenting dance on film.
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Wayne, Beaty H., ed. Handbook of electric power calculations. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
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Beaty, H. Wayne. Handbook of Electric Power Calculations. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000.
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Beaty, H. Wayne. Handbook of Electric Power Calculations. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000.
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17
Banerjee, Ashis, and Clara Oliver. Infectious diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786870.003.0015.
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Infectious diseases is a large topic; however, the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum focuses on the key areas which this chapter covers. One of the most important areas in emergency medicine is sepsis and its early recognition. The management of sepsis is currently changing in line with current research. This chapter provides an up-to-date overview of the diagnosis and management of sepsis, with particular respect to early goal-directed therapy and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, knowledge of which is required for the Intermediate Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine short-answer question (FRCEM SAQ) paper. In addition, this chapter also covers the pathophysiology and management of fever, as well as neutropenic sepsis and central nervous system infections. This chapter also covers the public health aspect of infections, as well as the management of needlestick injuries.
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Caston, Victor, ed. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, Volume 58. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858997.001.0001.
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Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy provides, twice each year, a collection of the best current work in the field of ancient philosophy. Each volume features original essays that contribute to an understanding of a wide range of themes and problems in all periods of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, from the beginnings to the threshold of the middle ages. From its first volume in 1983, OSAP has been a highly influential venue for work in the field, and has often featured essays of substantial length as well as critical essays on books of distinctive importance. Volume LVIII contains: a close reading of Plato’s argument for the unity of the political arts in the Statesman; a new interpretation of the lowest part of the Divided Line in Plato’s Republic, based on the perception of value properties; an analysis of Plato’s treatment of belief attribution in the Theaetetus, the Gorgias, and the Meno; a reconstruction of Aristotle’s argument for why direct demonstrations are superior to those which argue by reduction ad impossibile in Posterior Analytics 1. 26; an interpretation of Aristotle’s conception of spontaneous generation that emphasizes the role of putrefaction; a sceptical reading of Cicero’s Tusculan Disputations; a comprehensive survey of Sextus Empiricus’ attitude towards religious belief and practice; and a review essay of Miriam Griffin’s collected papers, which discusses not only the question of how precisely philosophy affected statesmen in Rome, but also larger methodological questions about the history of philosophy.
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Baulieu, Laurent, John Iliopoulos, and Roland Sénéor. Towards a Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788393.003.0007.
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Towards a relativistic quantum mechanics. Klein–Gordon and the problems of the probability current and the negative energy solutions. The Dirac equation and negative energies. P, C, and T symmetries. Positrons. The Schrödinger equation as the non-relativistic limit of relativistic equations. Majorana and Weyl equations. Relativistic corrections in hydrogen-like atoms. The Dirac equation as a quantum system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom.
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Cameron, Charles M., and Lewis A. Kornhauser. Theorizing the U.S. Supreme Court. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.264.
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We summarize the formal theoretical literature on Supreme Court decision-making. We focus on two core questions: What does the Supreme Court of the United States do, and how can one model those actions; and, what do the justices of the Supreme Court want, and how can one model those preferences? Given the current state of play in judicial studies, these questions then direct this survey mostly to so-called separation of powers (SOP) models, and to studies of a multi-member (“collegial”) court employing the Supreme Court’s very distinctive and highly unusual voting rule.The survey makes four main points. First, it sets out a new taxonomy that unifies much of the literature by linking judicial actions, modeling conventions, and the treatment of the status quo. In addition, the taxonomy identifies some models that employ inconsistent assumptions about Supreme Court actions and consequences. Second, the discussion of judicial preferences clarifies the links between judicial actions and judicial preferences. It highlights the relationships between preferences over dispositions, preferences over rules, and preferences over social outcomes. And, it explicates the difference between consequential and expressive preferences. Third, the survey delineates the separate strands of SOP models. It suggests new possibilities for this seemingly well-explored line of inquiry. Fourth, the discussion of voting emphasizes the peculiar characteristics of the Supreme Court’s voting rule. The survey maps the movement from early models that ignored the special features of this rule, to more recent ones that embrace its features and explore the resulting (and unusual) incentive effects.
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Nyman, Jonna. The Energy Security Paradox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820444.001.0001.
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The decisions we make about energy shape our present and our future. From geopolitical tension to environmental degradation and an increasingly unstable climate, these choices infiltrate the very air we breathe. Energy security politics has direct impact on the continued survival of human life as we know it, and the earth cannot survive if we continue consuming fossil energy at current rates. The low carbon transition is simply not happening fast enough, and change is unlikely without a radical change in how we approach energy security. But thinking on energy security has failed to keep up with these changing realities. Energy security is primarily considered to be about the availability of reliable and affordable energy supplies—having enough energy—and it remains closely linked to national security. The Energy Security Paradox looks at contemporary energy security politics in the United States and China, demonstrating that current energy security practices actually lead to a security paradox: they produce insecurity. Based on in-depth empirical analysis, it develops the ‘energy security paradox’ as a framework for understanding the interconnected insecurities produced by current practices. However, it also goes beyond this, examining resistance to current practices to highlight that we not only can do energy security differently: this is already happening. In the process, it demonstrates that the value of security depends on the context. Based on this, it proposes a radical reconsideration of how we approach and practice energy security.
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Newton, Peter, ed. Urban Consumption. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103511.
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Growth in human consumption is the transcending problem of our times. In the short span of 50 years, high income societies have shifted from an era when a 'simple life' was the norm to one where material consumption is pervasive. Consumption has become the engine for post-industrial societies. The liveability of cities in these societies is directly attributable to the consumption of resources – indirectly via their built environments and directly by their residents. This pattern of development is not sustainable. Nor is it equitable.
Urban Consumption is an important book, exploring the prospect for winding back current levels of household consumption in high income societies, and covering such critical areas as energy, water, food, housing and travel.
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Pedrotti, Jennifer Teramoto. The Will and the Ways in School. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.9.
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The school environment is a key place in which to address development of numerous positive traits and characteristics. Hope is a one construct that addresses goal-setting and progress and is linked to many other positive behaviors and characteristics including resilience, optimism, school and athletic achievement, and well-being in general. Grounding today’s children in skills and mindsets that assist them in determining how to get the things they what they want in life may help them to stay on healthy tracks academically throughout their scholastic career. Past and current research has shown that hope is easily instilled and that it can be increased through simple interventions in a variety of different populations. School personnel such as teachers, counselors, and administrators can all play a role in the development of this trait and can help to direct parents in using the hope model with children as well.
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Senik, Claudia. Wealth and Happiness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0004.
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Does wealth accumulation impact subjective well-being? Within a country, household wealth has been shown to improve individual well-being by providing a safety net of protection against negative income shocks, by allowing current and expected consumption flows, and by its potential use as a collateral. At the aggregate level, direct evidence about the relationship between national wealth and happiness is almost non-existent, owing to data limitations and statistical identification problems. However, aggregate wealth impacts well-being indirectly, via positive channels such as institutional quality and improvement in health, life expectancy, and education. Wealth also brings about negative environmental degradations and other damages. The stock of accumulated wealth is also likely to affect happiness indirectly, via its influence on the rate of GDP growth, because both the level of income flows and the rate of income growth have been shown to be factors of higher well-being.
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Cohn, Stephan, and P. Allan Klock. Operating Room Fires and Electrical Safety. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0018.
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Understanding electrical systems and fire safety protocols in the operating room is fundamental to patient and staff safety. Modern operating rooms are designed to reduce the risk of electrical hazards. Line isolation transformers were developed in the era of explosive anesthetics to reduce the risk of sparks and macro-shock. Isolated electrical supplies are still used in operating rooms because they allow surgery to continue while the line isolation alarm is activated and the source of the fault is investigated and deactivated. Ground fault circuit breaker interrupters may also be used in operating rooms, but if a fault is detected, they will deactivate the electrical circuit, which may be disruptive to surgical or anesthetic care. Micro-shock occurs when a small amount of current is delivered directly to the myocardium via an indwelling catheter or pacing wire. Operating room fires, though relatively rare, can cause devastating patient injury but are largely preventable.
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Priel, Dan. Not All Law Is an Artifact. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821977.003.0012.
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A currently popular view is that law is an artifact. The central aim of this chapter is to demonstrate that this view is not a neutral description of what law is, but is the product of a particular ideology. As such, it is not a description of what law is wherever it is found, but a normative account that sees law as a consciously designed tool for the improvement of human life. This view is in direct conflict with an alternative view that sees law not as an artifact, but as a local tradition, reflecting existing values. The chapter further argues that the latter understanding of law fits the common law better than the competing view.
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Honegger, Jonathan R. Hepatitis C Virus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0005.
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An estimated 185 million individuals have been infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide. Although often clinically silent for decades, chronic HCV infection predisposes to late-onset complications, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HCV affects approximately 5% of children born to viremic mothers and is the primary route of HCV infection in young children. While some vertically acquired HCV infections are resolved during the first years of life, many persist indefinitely. Chronically infected children tend to be asymptomatic and have mild liver disease, but they face a risk of progression to advanced liver disease in adulthood. Current diagnostic and management strategies leave most infected children undiagnosed and untreated. Widespread use of newly-available direct-acting antiviral therapies has the potential to substantially reduce the global burden of HCV, including vertically acquired HCV, but an effective vaccine likely will be required to achieve this ultimate goal.
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El-Enany, Nadine, and Eiko R. Thielemann. Forced Migration, Refugees, and Asylum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.394.
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Forced migrations, as well as the related issues of refugees and asylum, profoundly impact the relationship between the countries of origin and the countries of destination. Traditionally, the essential quality of a refugee was seen to be their presence outside of their own country as a result of political persecution. However, the historical evolution of the definition of a refugee has gradually become more restricted and defined. Commentators have challenged the current refugee protection regime along two principal lines. The first is idealist in nature and entails the argument that the refugee definition as contained in the 1951 Refugee Convention is not sufficiently broad and thus fails to protect all those individuals deserving of protection. The second line of argument is a realist one, taking a more pragmatic approach in addressing the insufficiencies of the Convention. Its advocates emphasize the importance of making refugee protection requirements more palatable to states, the actors upon which we rely to provide refugees with protection. With regard to the question of how to design more effective burden-sharing institutions, the literature has traditionally focused on finding ways to equalize refugee responsibilities directly by seeking to equalize the number of asylum seekers and refugees that states have to deal with.
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Samuel, Douglas B., and Donald R. Lynam, eds. Using Basic Personality Research to Inform Personality Pathology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190227074.001.0001.
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Personality pathology—which is characterized by a pervasive, maladaptive, and inflexible pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors—has long been defined as a set of categories that are distinct from each other a “normal” personality. Research over the past three decades has challenged that assumed separation and instead suggested that abnormal personality is merely a maladaptive extension of the same features that describe the personality of all humans. This volume surveys cutting-edge research on the science of basic personality and demonstrates the application of these ideas and methods to conceptualizing pathology. It first provides a historical overview as well as the present state of the personality disorder literature. Ensuing chapters then highlight critical issues in the assessment and conceptualization of personality, its development across the life course, and biological underpinnings. In this way the chapters are inherently useful as a primer of the present knowledge concerning the basic science of personality from specific genes to complex social interactions. Furthermore, each chapter aims toward not only elucidating current understandings of personality but demonstrating its direct application to clinical diagnosis and conceptualization.
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Hummel, Konrad, and Gerhard Timm, eds. Demokratie und Wohlfahrtspflege. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748904069.
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In current everyday debates in Germany, many people are increasingly experiencing feelings of injustice, disadvantage and dependence. In the political sphere, these feelings are being taken up by populists and turned against democratic structures and processes. The large, independent charitable organisations in Germany (‘Freie Wohlfahrtspflege’), as a ‘pillar of the welfare state’ and an organisational structure with over 120,000 facilities and services and about 1.7 million employees, has direct contact with people throughout the country and especially with the disadvantaged. This also results in a responsibility for society and for democracy in Germany. How will the country live up to this responsibility? What are good examples, what can and should be optimised?With contributions by Holger Backhaus-Maul | Thomas Becker | Rabea Bieckmann | Anselm Böhmer | Rolf Frankenberger | Franziska Giffey | Natascha D. Gillenberg | Ingo Grastorf | Martina Haag | Rolf G. Heinze | Lukas Heller | Sabine Hering | Konrad Hummel | Manfred Kappeler | Wolfgang Kleemann | Ansgar Klein | Mehmet Koc | Maria Loheide | Patrick Oehler | Reiner Prölß | Brigitte Reiser | Dieter Rosner | Aida Roumer | Bernd Schlüter | Wolfgang Schroeder | Martin Seeleib-Kaiser | Wolfgang Stadler | Anke Strube | Gerhard Timm | Eva M. Welskop-Deffaa
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Maasß, Christiane, and Isabel Rink, eds. Handbuch Barrierefreie Kommunikation. Frank & Timme, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26530/20.500.12657/43216.
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Barrier-free communication includes all measures to reduce obstacles to communication in various situations and fields of action. Due to disabilities, illnesses, different educational opportunities or drastic life events, people have very different needs in terms of how texts or communications must be prepared for them in order to meet their individual requirements and access prerequisites. In this handbook, the topic of accessible communication is examined in interdisciplinary breadth and critically reflected upon. Current findings, proposed solutions and desiderata from research are juxtaposed with reports from practitioners and users who provide insights into how they deal with accessible communication and highlight current and future requirements and problems. Christiane Maaß, University of Hildesheim, is Professor of Media Linguistics at the Institute for Translation Studies and Specialised Communication and Head of the Research Centre for Easy Language. Isabel Rink, University of Hildesheim, is managing director of the Research Centre for Easy Language, programme coordinator of the Master's programme in Accessible Communication and a lecturer at the Institute for Translation Studies and Specialised Communication.
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Jo, Jasmin, and David Schiff. Brain Metastases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0141.
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In the past, detection of brain metastases signaled the conclusion of aggressive systemic treatment and shifted the focus of care toward palliation. The median survival for patients with single brain metastasis without brain-directed treatment is about a month. Whole brain radiation therapy was the traditional palliative treatment utilized, offering an additional 2 to 5 months. More recently, in addition to whole brain irradiation, the roles of surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies in the definitive management of brain metastases have been investigated in numerous studies. In selected patients, the use of aggressive local therapies can be associated with long survival and good quality of life. This chapter discusses the current state of the art therapeutic options for brain metastases.
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Brown, Frank Burch. Music. Edited by John Corrigan. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170214.003.0012.
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Music has often been regarded as the most directly emotional of the arts and the art most intimately involved with religious and spiritual life. In the endeavor to understand music's relation to emotion and religion, a variety of approaches and disciplines are relevant. There are, for example, scientific and psychological studies that can yield insight into the character of musical and emotional response, and of music's access to the affective life. Thus, multiple disciplines are pertinent, from musicology (including ethnomusicology) and history to philosophy, psychology, and various branches of religious studies, particularly theology and comparative religions. This essay deals with historical perspectives, major theories, and current issues regarding music, emotion, and religion. It begins by considering classic and exceptionally enduring images and ideas of music, including the ancient Greek myth of Orpheus. It then considers musical ethics and metaphysics in the West from antiquity through the Renaissance. The essay also examines remaining issues and unresolved tensions about music, emotion, and religion.
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Gutiérrez-Maldonado, José, Marta Ferrer-García, Antonios Dakanalis, and Giuseppe Riva. Virtual Reality. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.26.
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In the last twenty years researchers have embraced virtual reality (VR) in order to integrate and extend the assessment tools and treatments currently in use for eating disorders (EDs). Specifically the VR protocols for EDs try to exploit clinically the sense of “presence,” that is, the feeling of “being there” inside the virtual environment. The sense of presence offered by VR can be a powerful tool in therapy because it provides the individual with a world in which he/she can be placed and live a particular experience. This triggers emotional reactions in patients and allows a higher level of self-reflectiveness than that provided by memory and imagination, and greater control than that offered by direct “real” experience. In particular, VR protocols for EDs use technology to alter the experience of the body (embodiment) in real time and as a cue exposure tool for reducing food craving.
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Krieger, Tim, Diana Panke, and Michael Pregernig, eds. Environmental Conflicts, Migration and Governance. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529202168.001.0001.
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The current era of globalization is characterized by a high degree of interconnectedness across borders and continents. This not only goes hand in hand with significant levels of international trade and foreign direct investments but also with migration, which is all too often driven by conflicts of various kinds. While various interdependencies between conflict and migration have been explored in the literature, a link that is not yet sufficiently understood relates to the interdependencies between environmental or resource-related conflicts and migration as well as the role of governance in this respect. This book strives to overcome some of these shortages in providing an interdisciplinary analysis of the interconnectedness between environmental and resource conflicts and migration. To this end, the contributions of this book address four core questions: (i) When do environmental and resource-related problems lead to conflicts and how does this create incentives for migration? How does the governance of natural resources either reduce or enhance the chances of conflicts and migration to emerge? (ii) Who leaves a country and where do migrants go? Which migration governance arrangements are at play in mediating conflicts and in directing migration flows? (iii) How do the trajectories of national, regional and international migration governance regimes look like? How effectively do they regulate environmental or resource-related migration? (iv) Which effects does migration have on possible conflict dynamics in destination countries and what is the role of governance arrangements in this respect? How do host countries participate in governance for the prevention of environmental or resource-related conflicts in countries of origin in order to reduce or prevent migration?
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Gilani, Ramyar, and Kenneth L. Mattox. Management of vascular injuries. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0335.
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Management of vascular injuries presents a unique set of challenges. Vascular injuries are commonly accompanied by injuries to other organ systems, and affected patients may be critically ill and close to the limits of their physiological reserve. Complications of vascular injury are bleeding, leading to hypovolaemic shock and consumptive coagulopathy, and vascular occlusion causing distal ischaemia and acidosis. When the patient’s clinical condition allows the diagnosis of vascular injuries relies on computerized tomographic angiography or digital subtraction angiography. Control of haemorrhage can be achieved with direct manual pressure, tourniquets for life-threatening extremity haemorrhage, or temporary occlusion with a balloon catheter. Simple surgical repairs may be performed. Ligation is quite well tolerated for arteries of distribution. For patients with significant or ongoing bleeding, a transfusion strategy using a 1:1:1 ratio of packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets is currently considered the best strategy. For more stable patients, complex and definitive vascular repairs can be considered.
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Rottenberg, Catherine. Back from the Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901226.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 examines two well-trafficked mommy blogs written by Ivy League–educated professional women with children. Reading these blogs as part of the larger neoliberal feminist turn, the chapter demonstrates how neoliberal feminism is currently interpellating middle-aged women differently from their younger counterparts. If younger women are exhorted to sequence their lives in order to ensure a happy work-family balance in the future, for older feminist subjects—those who already have children and a successful career—notions of happiness have expanded to include the normative demand to live in the present as fully and as positively as possible. The turn from a future-oriented perspective to “the here and now” reveals how different temporalities operate as part of the technologies of the self within contemporary neoliberal feminism. This chapter thus demonstrates how positive affect is the mode through which technologies of the self-direct subjects toward certain temporal horizons.
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Armatage, Kay. Barbara Willis Sweete. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039683.003.0019.
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This chapter investigates the complexity of Barbara Willis Sweete's creative orchestration of multiple personnel and technical operations in HD transmissions of live opera, with particular emphasis on how the input of composer, stage director, and performers are re-mediated through her technical expertise and cohering cinematic aesthetic. Sweete, one of the two principal directors of the Metropolitan Opera Live in high-definition (HD) live transmissions, has a varied media background. She brings to her HD transmissions a carefully calibrated practice that attends not only to music, staging, and performance but also to visual narrativity and what she calls visual architecture. This chapter explores how that practice engages with the intermedial nature of the live HD broadcast of opera. It argues that Sweete's visual practice places her at the center of this new cultural form—an intermedial hybrid—which can be viewed as currently in its “transitional” period, much as cinema “transitioned” in the 1910s.
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Langland-Hassan, Peter. Explaining Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815068.001.0001.
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Imagination will remain a mystery—we will not be able to explain imagination—until we can break it into simpler parts that are more easily understood. Explaining Imagination is a guidebook for doing just that, where the simpler parts are other familiar mental states like beliefs, desires, judgments, decisions, and intentions. In different combinations and contexts, these states constitute cases of imagining. This reductive approach to imagination is at direct odds with the current orthodoxy, which sees imagination as an irreducible, sui generis mental state or process—one that influences our judgments, beliefs, desires, and so on, without being constituted by them. Explaining Imagination looks closely at the main contexts where imagination is thought to be at work and argues that, in each case, the capacity is best explained by appeal to a person’s beliefs, judgments, desires, intentions, or decisions. The proper conclusion is not that there are no imaginings after all, but that these other states simply constitute the relevant cases of imagining. Contexts explored in depth include: hypothetical and counterfactual reasoning, engaging in pretense, appreciating fictions, and generating creative works. The special role of mental imagery within states like beliefs, desires, and judgments is explained in a way that is compatible with reducing imagination to more basic folk psychological states. A significant upshot is that, in order to create an artificial mind with an imagination, we need only give it these more ordinary mental states.
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Guthrie, Graeme. Separating the wheat from the chaff. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190641184.003.0007.
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Past pay generates incentives via the ownership stake that it creates; present pay generates incentives via the link between firm performance and the level of pay; future pay generates incentives via executives’ career concerns. This chapter explains how uncertainty about an executive’s ability and effort generates incentives for the executive to exert effort on behalf of shareholders. These incentives stem from the links between labor-market perceptions of an executive’s ability and the likelihood that he is promoted or fired from his current job, able to gain employment at another firm, and able to find post-retirement work as an independent director. Strong boards can use these links to design compensation schemes that benefit shareholders. This chapter describes career-based incentives using the story of Carl Yankowski, the high-profile CEO of Palm who endured a series of career disappointments.
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Greig, Matilda. Dead Men Telling Tales. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896025.001.0001.
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Dead Men Telling Tales is an account of the lasting cultural impact made by the autobiographies of Napoleonic soldiers over the course of the nineteenth century. Focussing on the nearly three hundred military memoirs published by British, French, Spanish, and Portuguese veterans of the Peninsular War (1808–1814), it charts the histories of these books over the course of a hundred years, around Europe and the Atlantic, and from writing to publication to afterlife. Drawing on extensive archival research in multiple languages, the book challenges assumptions made by historians about the reliability of these soldiers’ direct eyewitness accounts, revealing the personal and political motives of the authors and uncovering the large cast of characters, from family members to publishers, editors, and translators, involved in production behind the scenes. By including literature from Spain and Portugal, it also provides a missing link in current studies of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, showing how the genre of military memoirs developed differently in south-western Europe and led to starkly opposing national narratives of the same war. The book’s findings tell the history of a publishing phenomenon which gripped readers of all ages across the world in the nineteenth century, made significant profits for those involved, and was fundamental in defining the modern ‘soldier’s tale’.
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Williams, Abiodun. Kofi Annan, 1997–2006. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748915.003.0008.
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The decade of Kofi Annan’s tenure as Secretary-General of the United Nations (1997–2006) was a tumultuous point in world affairs, characterized by dramatic events such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks and catastrophes like the Bam earthquake in Iran and the Indian Ocean tsunami. Kofi Annan needed to overcome growing suspicions between North and South, and between the US and the rest of the membership, in order to help the UN’s governing bodies to reach decisions. This was necessary, and especially difficult, in the case of Security Council decisions on major challenges to international peace and security, such as those posed by Iraq and Kosovo. He needed to work with a Council in which there was a breakdown of consensus among the P5, and the P5 relationship was struggling to find a new equilibrium in a changing geopolitical landscape. While disposing of very little coercive authority, he needed to use his personality to help the Council direct the flow of the deep currents in the global security order. Annan was a norm entrepreneur who used the bully pulpit to shape norms, notably the Responsibility to Protect.
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Seymour, Nicole. Post-Transsexual Pastoral. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037627.003.0002.
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This chapter offers a definitive example of ecological thinking in contemporary queer fictions. It reads American author Leslie Feinberg's Stone Butch Blues (1992) alongside two narratives set in the Caribbean: Jamaican American Michelle Cliff's No Telephone to Heaven (1987) and Trinidadian Canadian Shani Mootoo's Cereus Blooms at Night (1998). These novels depict what an “organic transgenderism:” a spontaneous, noncommodified, and self-directed process likened to the life-cycle changes of plants and animals. The chapter claims that they thereby challenge the common view of gender transitioning as an “unnatural” medical intervention. Moreover, through their depictions of organic transgenderism, these novels stage, and thus help facilitate, a shift in the 1990s from the older sexological model of “transsexuality” to the current community-derived umbrella term of “transgenderism.” Finally, this chapter demonstrates how a queer ecocritical lens can help us trace the transnational circulation of queer ecological thinking.
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Quinn, Sarah L. American Bonds. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691156750.001.0001.
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Federal housing finance policy and mortgage-backed securities have gained widespread attention in recent years because of the 2008 financial crisis, but issues of government credit have been part of American life since the nation's founding. From the 1780s, when a watershed national land credit policy was established, to the postwar foundations of our current housing finance system, this book examines the evolution of securitization and federal credit programs. The book shows that since the Westward expansion, the US government has used financial markets to manage America's complex social divides, and politicians and officials across the political spectrum have turned to land sales, home ownership, and credit to provide economic opportunity without the appearance of market intervention or direct wealth redistribution. Highly technical systems, securitization, and credit programs have been fundamental to how Americans determined what they could and should owe one another. Over time, government officials embraced credit as a political tool that allowed them to navigate an increasingly complex and fractured political system, affirming the government's role as a consequential and creative market participant. Neither intermittent nor marginal, credit programs supported the growth of powerful industries, from railroads and farms to housing and finance; have been used for disaster relief, foreign policy, and military efforts; and were promoters of amortized mortgages, lending abroad, venture capital investment, and mortgage securitization. Illuminating America's market-heavy social policies, this book illustrates how political institutions became involved in the nation's lending practices.
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Dombo, Eileen A., and Christine Anlauf Sabatino. Creating Trauma-Informed Schools. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873806.001.0001.
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Creating Trauma-Informed Schools: A Guide for School Social Workers and Educators provides concrete skills and current knowledge about trauma-informed services in school settings. Children at all educational levels, from Early Head Start settings through high school, are vulnerable to abuse, neglect, bullying, violence in their homes and neighborhoods, and other traumatic experiences. Research shows that upward of 70% of children in schools report experiencing at least one traumatic event before age 16. The correlation between high rates of trauma exposure and poor academic performance has been established in the scholarly literature, as has the need for trauma-informed schools and communities. School social workers are on the front lines of service delivery through their work with children who face social and emotional struggles in the pursuit of education. They are in a prime position for preventing and addressing trauma, but there are scant resources for social workers to assist in the creation of trauma-informed schools. This book will provide an overview of the impact of trauma on children and adolescents, as well as interventions for direct practice and collaboration with teachers, families, and communities. Readers of this book will discover valuable resources and distinct examples of how to implement the ten principles of trauma-informed services in their schools to provide trauma-informed care to students grounded in the principles of safety, connection, and emotional regulation. They will also gain beneficial skills for self-care in their work.
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Simberloff, Daniel. Invasive Species. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199922017.001.0001.
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Invasive species come in all sizes, from plant pathogens like the chestnut blight in eastern North America, to the red imported fire ant that has spread throughout the South, the predatory Indian mongoose now found in the Caribbean and Hawaii, and the huge Burmese python populating the Florida swamps. And while many invasive species are safe and even beneficial, the more harmful varieties cost the world economy billions of dollars annually, devastate agriculture, spread painful and even lethal diseases, and otherwise diminish our quality of life in myriad surprising ways. In Invasive Species: What Everyone Needs to Know, award-winning biologist Daniel Simberloff offers a wide-ranging and informative survey that sheds light on virtually every aspect of these biological invaders. Filled with case studies of an astonishing array of invasive species, the book covers such topics as how humans introduce these species-sometimes inadvertently, but often deliberately-the areas that have suffered the most biological invasions, the methods we use to keep our borders safe, the policies we currently have in place to manage these species, and future prospects for controlling their spread. An eminent ecologist, Simberloff analyzes the direct and indirect impacts of invasive species on various ecosystems, such as when non-native species out-compete native species for food or light, describes how invasive species (such as the Asian mosquito that is a vector for West Nile virus, itself an invasive species) transmit pathogens, and explains his acclaimed theory of "invasional meltdown" in which two or more introduced species combine to produce a far more devastating impact than any one of them would have caused alone. The book also discusses the more controversial issues surrounding invasive species and it concludes with suggested readings and a list of related web sites.
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Duffley, Patrick. Linguistic Meaning Meets Linguistic Form. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850700.001.0001.
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This book steers a middle course between two opposing conceptions that currently dominate the field of semantics, the logical and cognitive approaches. It brings to light the inadequacies of both frameworks, and argues along with the Columbia School that linguistic semantics must be grounded on the linguistic sign itself and the meaning it conveys across the full range of its uses. The book offers 12 case studies demonstrating the explanatory power of a sign-based semantics, dealing with topics such as complementation with aspectual and causative verbs, control and raising, wh- words, full-verb inversion, and existential-there constructions. It calls for a radical revision of the semantics/pragmatics interface, proposing that the dividing-line be drawn between semiologically-signified notional content (i.e. what is linguistically encoded) and non-semiologically-signified notional content (i.e. what is not encoded but still communicated). This highlights a dimension of embodiment that concerns the basic design architecture of human language itself: the ineludable fact that the fundamental relation on which language is based is the association between a mind-engendered meaning and a bodily produced sign. It is argued that linguistic analysis often disregards this fact and treats meaning on the level of the sentence or the construction, rather than on that of the lower-level linguistic items where the linguistic sign is stored in a stable, permanent, and direct relation with its meaning outside of any particular context. Building linguistic analysis up from the ground level provides it with a more solid foundation and increases its explanatory power.
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Blavoukos, Spyros. Greece and the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.257.
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Based on negative publicity related to the financial turmoil and the migration crisis one could perhaps classify Greece as a problematic EU partner. This contribution argues that this static approach does not fully describe the complexity of EU-Greece relations. Looking at the historical evolution of this relationship from a more macroscopic point of view it identifies periods of convergence and divergence. It reinstates the limits of the European adjustment pressures in inducing modernization and accounts for the crises episodes by reference to some idiosyncratic features of the domestic sociopolitical contestation. The contribution discusses the valuable lessons learned by the handling of the crises both for Greece and the EU. It stresses that the Greek public disenchantment with the EU that is inexorably linked with the extreme societal burden of the adjustment process is not an isolated phenomenon. Like in many other EU countries, much of the criticism is directed toward the current scope and direction of European integration rather than on the merits and value of the integration venture per se. What is urgently required for the whole European demos is a new “grand bargain” that will provide the necessary vision for the years to come. This will condition the future evolution of the EU-Greece relationship.
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Vostral, Sharra L. Toxic Shock. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479877843.001.0001.
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In 1980, young, healthy women in the United States suddenly began to get sick and even die. The unexpected link to these deaths was superabsorbent tampons. Thousands of women used them during their menstrual periods, signaling the potential for a large-scale outbreak. Toxic Shock: A Social History traces the emergence of this new illness of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and its relationship to tampon technology. This multifaceted history engages microbiology, design and innovation, journalism and mass communication, product liability, and federal policy and regulation. The broad scope captures the various approaches that contributed to defining meaning about the emergent illness. Vostral argues that tampon-related TSS was a paradigm shift in the way that illness manifests. No longer was an infection necessarily the origin of disease, or a faulty product the direct cause of injury. Together, a new pathway to an illness formed, in which a supposedly inert tampon became interactive, and a bacterium once in equilibrium grew dominant and produced toxins. Toxic Shock: A Social History makes a case for understanding tampon-related TSS as the result of biocatalytic activity between technology and bacterium. Moreover, though women were the primary consumers of tampons, the bacterium became the unintended users. This unusual disease process challenged standard approaches to public health, required women to evaluate technological risk, and currently serves as a harbinger about other internal medical devices used and worn within the human body.
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Ziccardi Capaldo, Giuliana, ed. The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2017. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.001.0001.
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The 2017 edition both updates readers on the important work of long-standing international tribunals and introduces readers to more novel topics in international law. The Yearbook has established itself as an authoritative resource for research and guidance on the jurisprudence of both UN-based tribunals and regional courts. The 2017 edition continues to provide expert coverage of the Court of Justice of the European Union and diverse tribunals from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to criminal tribunals such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, to economically based tribunals such as ICSID and the WTO Dispute Resolution panel. This edition contains original research articles on the development and analysis of the concept of global law and the views of the global law theorists. It also includes expert introductory essays by prominent scholars in the realm of international law, on topics as diverse and current as the erosion of the postwar liberal global order by national populism and the accompanying disorder in global politics, a bifurcated global nuclear order due to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and the Nuclear Weapons Prohibition Treaty, and the expansion of the principle of no-impunity and its application to serious violations of social and economic rights. New to the 2017 edition, the author of the article in Recent Lines of Internationalist Thought will now talk about their own work as a Scholar/Judge. In addition, this edition memorializes the late M. Cherif Bassiouni. The Yearbook provides students, scholars, and practitioners alike a valuable combination of expert discussion and direct quotes from the court opinions to which that discussion relates, as well as an annual overview of the process of cross-fertilization between international courts and tribunals and a section focusing on the thought of leading international law scholars on the subject of the globalization.