Relevant bibliographies by topics / Direct drying

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Direct drying'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Direct drying"

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Ermakov, V. I., Yu I. Shumyatskii, and N. S. Torocheshnikov. "Direct-flow drying of gases by adsorbents." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 21, no. 2 (February 1985): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01731622.

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Al-Zoubi, Nizar, Shadi Gharaibeh, Ahmad Aljaberi, and Ioannis Nikolakakis. "Spray Drying for Direct Compression of Pharmaceuticals." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020267.

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Tableting by direct compression (DC) is one of the simplest and most cost-effective drug manufacturing approaches. However, most active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients lack the compression and flow properties required to meet the needs of high-speed industrial tablet presses. Therefore, the majority of DC APIs and excipients are modified via processing/co-processing particle engineering techniques to boost their properties. Spray drying is one of the most commonly employed techniques to prepare DC grades of APIs and excipients with prominent advantages. This review aims to present an overview of the commercially marketed and investigationally-prepared DC APIs and excipients produced by spray drying.
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Istikowati, Wiwin Tyas, Nur Afik Bagustiana, and Budi Sutiya. "PENGERINGAN KAYU KARET (Hevea brasiliensis) DENGAN METODE RADIASI MATAHARI (GREEN HOUSE)." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 8, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v8i3.9634.

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The aim of this study is to analyze the optimal drying time of rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) in direct drying in the sun and by a solar kiln (green house). This research is expected to provide information on optimal drying time on natural drying directly under sunlight (solar radiation) and with kiln (Green House) to prolong the utilization of wood and reduce the costs. The parameters tested in this study are water content, density, drying rate, shrinkage, and color change. The results on optimal drying of rubber wood at 6 weeks drying time either in drying under direct sunlight or solar kiln in the green house.
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Costa, A. L., C. Galassi, and E. Roncari. "Direct synthesis of PMN samples by spray-drying." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 22, no. 13 (December 2002): 2093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(02)00026-2.

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Fedorov, A. G., and R. Viskanta. "DIRECT CONTACT DRYING OF A MOVING POROUS STRIP." Drying Technology 15, no. 5 (May 1997): 1327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939708917297.

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Peng, Chang, Saitej Ravi, Viral K. Patel, Ayyoub M. Momen, and Saeed Moghaddam. "Physics of direct-contact ultrasonic cloth drying process." Energy 125 (April 2017): 498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.138.

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Tapotubun, Alfonsina Marthina, Fredrik Rieuwpassa, Unang Supratman, and Beni Setha. "Effect of Different Drying Methods on Phytochemical Content of Caulerpa lentillifera from Kei Islands." International Journal of ChemTech Research 12, no. 6 (2019): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.120614.

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Seaweed, Caulerpa sp., is one of the natural materials that contain many kinds of bioactive compounds depending on species and habitat. The aim of this study was to know the effect of sun drying method on the phytochemical content of C. lentillifera from Kei Islands waters, Southeast Moluccas. The study consisted of several steps,C. lentillifera sample collection using sampling purposive method, direct sun drying and indirect wind drying methods, methanol extraction, and phytochemical test using Harborne method. Crude extract of C. lentillifera in indirect wind drying method was higher than that in direct sun drying. Alkaloid, terpenoid and steroid were found in C. lentillifera from Kei Islands on both drying methods. Saponin was only found in indirect wind drying method. Phenolic compounds were not found in C. lentillifera samples from both drying methods
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Zhang, Hai Peng, Wei Li, and Wen De Xiao. "Attrition Resistant Catalyst of Direct Dimethyl Ether Synthesis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.97.

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Direct dimethyl ether synthesis catalysts containing different content of SiO2 are prepared by spray drying method and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption, and Polarizing Microscope. It is found that the spray drying process improved the spherical of the catalyst particles and the attrition resistance of the catalyst is increased by the addition of SiO2. The SiO2 formed a framework throughout the catalyst and has little effect on the morphology of CuO, ZnO and HZSM-5. The activity of the catalyst shows a little decrease with the SiO2 addition.
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Lesidan, Mencius. "DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEMI-DIRECT COPRA DRYER FOR FLAT TERRAIN." CORD 36 (November 21, 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v36i.419.

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The study was conducted to design and develop a semi-direct dryer for flat terrain. This dryer was designed to provide farmers an alternative to traditional and existing dryers particularly the semi-direct and indirect dryers. The components of the dryer were drying bed, plenum chamber, tunnel and firing chamber. It has a capacity of 2,000 nuts and the husks from the nuts were used as fuel for the dryer. The means of the average drying temperature on the front, middle and rear portions of the drying platform were 56.5 oC, 58.2 oC, and 58.4 oC, respectively. The average time of drying in bringing down the moisture content of the copra from 50% to 12% wet basis was 24 hours using only 66.30% of the husks. As of January 2017, the total cost of the dryer with shed was P 61,100.00 and the computed break-even cost was P 1.82/kg. The performance of the dryer is comparable to the existing dryers.
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LIU, SHIMIN, DONGDONG LIANG, JINDONG LIU, WEIWEI JIANG, CHAOQIAN LIU, WANYU DING, HUALIN WANG, and NAN WANG. "PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ATO NANOPARTICLES BY COPRECIPITATION WITH MODIFIED DRYING METHOD." Surface Review and Letters 24, no. 08 (December 2017): 1750117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x17501177.

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Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation by packing drying and traditional direct drying (for comparison) methods. The as-prepared ATO nanoparticles were characterized by TG, XRD, EDS, TEM, HRTEM, BET, bulk density and electrical resistivity measurements. Results indicated that the ATO nanoparticles obtained by coprecipitation with direct drying method featured hard-agglomerated morphology, high bulk density, low surface area and low electrical resistivity, probably due to the direct liquid evaporation during drying, the fast shrinkage of the precipitate, the poor removal efficiency of liquid molecules and the hard agglomerate formation after calcination. Very differently, the ATO product obtained by the packing and drying method featured free-agglomerated morphology, low bulk density, high surface area and high electrical resistivity ascribed probably to the formed vapor cyclone environment and liquid evaporation-resistance, avoiding fast liquid removal and improving the removal efficiency of liquid molecules. The intrinsic formation mechanism of ATO nanoparticles from different drying methods was illustrated based on the dehydration process of ATO precipitates. Additionally, the packing and drying time played key roles in determining the bulk density, morphology and electrical conductivity of ATO nanoparticles.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Direct drying"

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Dupuis, Eric Donald. "Electroelastic Modeling and Testing of Direct Contact Ultrasonic Clothes Drying Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99280.

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Energy efficient appliances and devices are becoming increasingly necessary as emissions from electricity production continue to increase the severity of global warming. Many of such appliances have not been substantially redesigned since their creation in the early 1900s. One device in particular which has arguably changed the least and consumes the most energy during use is the electric clothes dryer. The common form of this technology in the United States relies on the generation of thermal energy by passing electrical current through a metal. The resulting heat causes liquid within the clothing to evaporate where humid air is ejected from the control volume. While the conversion of energy from electrical to thermal through a heating element is efficient, the drying characteristics of fabrics in a warm humid environment are not, and much of the heat inside of the dryer does not perform work efficiently. In 2016, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Knoxville, Tennessee, proposed an alternative mechanic for the drying of clothes which circumvents the need for thermal energy. This method is called direct-contact ultrasonic clothes drying, utilizing atomization through direct mechanical coupling between mesh piezoelectric transducers and wet fabric. During the atomization process, vertical oscillations of a contained liquid, called Faraday excitations, result in the formation of standing waves on the liquid surface. At increasing amplitudes and frequencies of oscillation, wave peaks become extended and form "necks" connecting small secondary droplets to the bulk liquid. When the oscillation reaches an acceleration threshold, the droplet momentum is sufficient to break the surface tension of the neck and enable the droplets to travel away from the liquid. For smaller drops where surface tension is high, a larger magnitude of acceleration is needed to reach the critical neck lengths necessary for droplet ejection. The various pore sizes within the many fabrics comprising our clothing results in many sizes of droplets retained by the fabric, affecting the rate of atomization due to the differences in surface tension. In this study, we will investigate the physical processes related to the direct contact ultrasonic drying process. Beginning with the electrical actuation of the transducer used in the world's first prototype dryer, we will develop an electromechanical model for predicting the resulting deformation. Various considerations for the material properties and geometry of the transducer will be made for optimizing the output acceleration of the device. Next, the drying rates of fabrics in contact with the transducer will be modeled for identification of parameters which will facilitate timely and energy efficient drying. This task will identify the first ever mechanically coupled drying equation for fabrics in contact with ultrasonic vibrations. The ejection rate of the water atomized by the transducer and passed through microchannels to facilitate drying will then be physically investigated to determine characteristics which may improve mass transport. Finally, future considerations and recommendations for the development of ultrasonic drying will be made as a result of the insight gained by this investigation.
Doctor of Philosophy
Energy efficient appliances and devices are becoming increasingly necessary as emissions from electricity production continue to increase the severity of global warming. Many of such appliances have not been substantially redesigned since their creation in the early 1900s. One device in particular which has arguably changed the least and consumes the most energy during use is the electric clothes dryer. The common form of this technology in the United States relies on the generation of thermal energy by passing electrical current through a metal. The resulting heat causes liquid within the clothing to evaporate where the humid air is ejected from the control volume. While the conversion of energy from electrical to thermal through a heating element is efficient, the drying characteristics of fabrics in a warm humid environment are not, and much of the heat inside of the volume does not perform drying as efficiently as possible. In 2016, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Knoxville, Tennessee, proposed an alternative mechanism for the drying of clothes which circumvents the need for thermal energy. This method is called direct-contact ultrasonic clothes drying, and utilizes a vibrating disk made of piezoelectric and metal materials to physically turn the water retained in clothing into a mist, which can be vented away leaving behind dry fabric. This method results in the water leaving the fabric at room temperature, rather than being heated, which bypasses the need for a substantial amount of energy to convert from the liquid to gas phase. The first ever prototype dryer shows the potential of being twice as efficient as conventional dryers. This investigation is based around improving the device atomizing the water within the clothing, as well as understanding physical processes behind the ultrasonic drying process. These tasks will be conducted through experimental measurements and mathematical models to predict the behavior of the atomizing device, as well as computer software for both the parameters experimentally measured, and items which cannot be measured such as the flow in very small channels. The conclusions of this study will be recommendations for the future development of direct contact ultrasonic drying technology.
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Candéa, Tatiana Vidal. "Study of membrane emulsification process as a pre-step for the microencapsulation of lipid compounds by spray drying." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10412.

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Dissertation presented to Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa for obtaining the master degree in Membrane Engineering
Food emulsions play an important role in product development and formulation, as well as to encapsulation of food additives. Conventional methods for emulsion production may present some drawbacks, such as the use of high shear stress, high energy demanding and polydisperse droplet size distribution. In this sense, membrane emulsification emerges as an alternative method to overcome all this issues and to produce fine and stable emulsions. Linseed oil has been widely studied in the last years, due to its nutritional composition, being the richest ω-3 vegetable source and for that reason it was used as the raw material for emulsion production. Premix and direct (cross flow) membrane emulsification were carried out using three different membrane materials: polissulphone, cellulose ester and α-alumina membrane. For premix membrane emulsification (PME) the variables transmembrane pressure, membrane material, surfactant type and membrane mean pore size were evaluated. The membrane mean pore size was the crucial factor to achieve emulsions by PME, once it was not possible to achieve stable emulsion with mean pore sizes lower than 0.8 μm. For direct membrane emulsification, transmembrane pressure, surfactant concentration and cross flow velocity were evaluated by means of a experimental design. The evaluated responses were stability, droplet size and distribution and dispersed phase flux. For all the variables studied, only dispersed phase flux showed to have significant influence of pressure. Comparing both methods of membrane emulsification, premix showed to be more suitable in terms of emulsion production throughput and droplet size correlation with membrane pore size, however, in terms of stability, direct membrane emulsification showed much better results. Encapsulation of linseed oil by spray drying was promoted using the optimum point of the performed experimental design and the droplets size distribution has considerably changed with the addition of the wall material to the emulsion.
The EM3E Master is an Education Programme supported by the European Commission, the European Membrane Society (EMS), the European Membrane House (EMH), and a large international network of industrial companies, research centres and universities
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Těthal, Josef. "Využití spalin plynové mikroturbíny pro sušení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232127.

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This master‘s thesis deals with the problematic of flue gas produced by a gas microturbine which is used as a drying media for general drying. Flue gas needs to be cooled to specific temperatures. The computing part of this work includes solving the microturbine and the mixer. Further part contains bilance solution of a general dryer for resolving the output parameters of wet flue gas. In the last part, the problematic of drying in a laundry facility is described, along with using the flue gas for drying at the specific clothes dryer Primus T24 G.
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Levickaitė, Indrė. "Džiovinimas panaudojant saulės spinduliuotę." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120528_124810-81470.

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Tyrimų tikslas – ištirti galimybę panaudoti tiesioginę spinduliuotę džiovinamos medžiagos ir džioviklio įkaitimui džiovinant grūdus Lietuvos sąlygomis . Lietuvoje nuimtų grūdų drėgnumas dažniausiai viršija kondicinį, todėl siekiant išvengti kokybės nuostolių juos būtina nedelsiant konservuoti. Darbe apžvelgti grūdų fizinių savybių pokyčiai džiovinimo metu, plačiau analizuojama tiesioginės saulės spinduliuotės panaudojimas Lietuvos sąlygomis džiovinant grūdus su saulės kolektoriais. Ištirtas tiesioginės saulės spinduliuotės poveikis grūdams ir džioviklio paruošimui. Nustatyta, kad tiesioginė saulės spinduliuotė sutrumpina grūdų džiovinimo laiką ir sutaupo energiją naudojamą grūdų džiovinimui. Nustatyta saulės kolektoriaus pasvirimo kampo priklausomybė nuo spindulių kritimo kampo, džiovinimo greičio priklausomybė nuo oro filtracijos greičio ir grūdų drėgnio.
Purpose of the study - research the possibility of using direct solar radiation to heat desiccant material and siccative when drying grain in Lithuanian weather conditions. In Lithuania, humidity of harvested grain is generally higher than conditioned. To avoid loss of quality grain should be cured immediately. This paper reviews changes in physical properties of grain during drying. A wider analysis of use of solar collectors for drying grain in Lithuania using direct solar radiation is also given. Direct solar radiation impact on grain and preparation of dryer has been investigated. It has been found that direct solar radiation reduces the drying time and lowers energy costs when drying grain. Dependence of solar collector tilt angle and solar radiation incidence angle was established. Drying speed relation to air filtration rate and grain moisture has also been found.
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MOREIRA, Sílvio Alves. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema de secagem para sangue bovino proveniente de abatedouros." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2013. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1197.

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Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-19T11:09:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SÍLVIO ALVES MOREIRA - TESE (PPGEP) 2013.pdf: 2013926 bytes, checksum: 3885f27bb2f69434b23233a4b6146158 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T11:09:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SÍLVIO ALVES MOREIRA - TESE (PPGEP) 2013.pdf: 2013926 bytes, checksum: 3885f27bb2f69434b23233a4b6146158 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-02
Capes
No planeta em que vivemos, hoje com mais de sete bilhões de habitantes, é necessário rever conceitos para melhorar o mecanismo de produção e conservação de alimentos e evitar altos custos com tratamento de efluentes gerados por desperdício de matéria. Um exemplo significativo é o caso dos abatedouros de animais, especialmente bovinos, que lançam o sangue nos corpos de água causando poluição ambiental. Para minimizar estes impactos, foi desenvolvido um sistema automatizado de secagem por atomização para produção de proteína animal com o aproveitamento do sangue bovino. O sistema de secagem automático, construído com materiais de baixo custo e fácil aquisição, em módulos com possibilidade de alterações na configuração, apresenta capacidade de evaporação de 2,6 kg.h-1 de água e facilidade na operação. Os ensaios preliminares forneceram informações para atuação nas principais causas da baixa eficiência no processo de secagem por atomização. Com as ações adotadas foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios para a proposta do projeto. As principais características do sangue em pó obtido foram: boa fluidez; granulometria adequada à reconstituição e condições para armazenamento sem a petrificação do produto com a conservação da coloração. O sangue em pó com umidade em base úmida de 4,7% apresenta uma eficiência de produção de 67% e um rendimento de coleta de pó de 77%. A principal variável controlada foi a temperatura de saída, pela manipulação da vazão da suspensão, que têm influência direta na umidade do pó obtido.
Nowadays, with more than seven billion inhabitants living in the planet it is necessary to revise concepts to improve efficiency in the mechanisms of food production within the food chain and avoid high costs of wastewater treatment and high concentrations of organic matter. A significant example is the case of animals’ slaughterhouses, especially the bovine, that shed the blood into water bodies causing environmental pollution. To minimize these effects, an automated spray drying system was developed for animal protein production making use of the bovine blood. The automatic drying system, built with materials of cost low and acquisition easy in modules with a possibility of changes in layout, points out water evaporation capacity of 2.6 kg.h-1 and operation ease. Preliminary runs provided information to operate the main causes of low efficiency in the process of spray drying process. With the adopted actions satisfactory results were obtained for the project proposes. The main results were a blood powder with a particle size suitable for reconstitution, good fluidity and storage conditions for the product preserving its color without petrifying it. The blood powder with moisture content on a wet basis of 4.7% has a production efficiency of 67% and a powder collection efficiency of 77%. The main controlled variable was the output temperature through the suspension flow rate manipulation, which has a direct influence on the moisture content of the obtained powder.
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Bavoso, Marina Araujo. "Resiliência física de solos sob plantio direto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-13082012-102952/.

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A resiliência física de solos é proveniente de processos regenerativos que incluem ciclos de umedecimento e secamento, congelamento e descongelamento assim como as atividades biológicas. Este estudo testou a hipótese de que as propriedades físicas do solo,tais como a permeabilidade do solo ao ar, densidade do solo, porosidade de aeração e porosidade total são indicadores físicos eficientes para quantificar a resiliência de solos de diferentes texturas submetidos ao estresse mecânico (compactação) e após subseqüentes ciclos de umedecimento e secamento. O objetivo foi avaliar o comportamento e a resiliência do solo por meio de propriedades físicas de um Latossolo Vermelho. Foram retiradas 25 amostras indeformadas (0-0,05m) de dois solos: solo I com textura argilosa e solo II com textura franco argilo arenosa, realizando as determinações das propriedades físicas nos tratamentos: antes da compactação(A), depois da compactação (C0) e após ciclos de umedecimento e secamento (C1,C2,C3,C4). As propriedades densidade do solo e porosidade total não apresentaram recuperação da condição inicial após a compactação nos solos I e II, as propriedades conteúdo volumétrico de água e porosidade de aeração apresentaram recuperação parcial apenas no solo I, para o solo II também não apresentaram recuperação, e a permeabilidade do solo ao ar foi a propriedade que apresentou a melhor recuperação assim como foi a que apresentou maior resiliência. Em relação ao distinto comportamento dos dois solos, observou-se que o solo I foi mais resiliente que o solo II nas propriedades que apresentaram recuperação.
The soil physical resilience comes from regenerative processes which include cycles of wetting and drying, freezing and thawing as well as biological activities. This study tested the hypothesis that the physical properties of soil such as soil permeability, bulk density, aeration porosity and total porosity are efficient physical indicators to quantify the resilience of soils of different textures subjected to mechanical stress (compression) and after subsequent cycles of wetting and drying. The objective was to evaluate the behavior and soil resilience by means of physical properties of an Oxisol. Undisturbed samples were taken 25 (0-0.05 m) of two soils: clayey soil and soil with sandy clay loam texture, making determinations of physical properties in the treatments before compression (A), after compaction (C0) and after wetting and drying cycles (C1, C2, C3, C4). The bulk density properties and porosity did not recover the initial condition after compression in the soil I and II, the properties volumetric content of water and air-filled porosity showed only partial recovery in the soil I, II to the soil also showed no recovery and soil permeability to air was the property that showed the best recovery as well as showed the greatest resilience. Regarding the different behavior of the two soil, it was observed that the soil I was more resilient soil II in which showed recovery properties
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Books on the topic "Direct drying"

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Agriculture, Manitoba Manitoba. Direct-cut grain harvesting and drying. Winnipeg, Man: Manitoba Agriculture, 1989.

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American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Equipment Testing Procedures Committee. AIChE equipment testing procedure: Continuous direct-heat rotary dryers : a guide to performance evaluation. 3rd ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience, 2006.

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Committee, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Equipment Testing Procedures. AIChE equipment testing procedure: Continuous direct-heat rotary dryers : a guide to performance evaluation. 2nd ed. New York, N.Y: American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1985.

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AIChE equipment testing procedure: Continuous direct-heat rotary dryers : a guide to performance evaluation. 3rd ed. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley, 2005.

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Tschernitz, John L. Solar energy for wood drying using direct or indirect collection with supplemental heating: A computer analysis. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.

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Wet air oxidation with direct spray drying. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Army Materiel Command, 1993.

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New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. and Arthur D. Little Inc, eds. Use of gas turbine exhaust for the direct drying of food products: Final report. Albany, N.Y: The Authority, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Direct drying"

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Prakash, Om, Anil Kumar, Prashant Singh Chauhan, and Daniel I. Onwude. "Energy Analysis of the Direct and Indirect Solar Drying System." In Solar Drying Technology, 529–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3833-4_19.

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Wang, Mengying, Evgenia Isachenko, Gohar Rahimi, Peter Mallmann, and Vladimir Isachenko. "Aseptic Cryoprotectant-Free Vitrification of Human Spermatozoa by Direct Dropping into a Cooling Agent." In Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols, 427–36. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0783-1_19.

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McConnell, Chris. "Particle Removal from Oxide, Nitride, and Bare Silicon Surfaces Using Direct-Displacement Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) Drying." In Particles on Surfaces 3, 277–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2367-7_22.

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"Continuous Direct-Heat Rotary Drying." In Drying in the Process Industry, 99–116. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118105818.ch6.

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Peng, Chang, and Saeed Moghaddam. "The Study of Fabric Drying Using Direct-Contact Ultrasonic Vibration." In Current Drying Processes. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89424.

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Budnikov, Dmitry, and Aleksey Vasiliev. "The Use of Microwave Energy at Thermal Treatment of Grain Crops." In Handbook of Research on Renewable Energy and Electric Resources for Sustainable Rural Development, 475–99. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3867-7.ch020.

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Thermal treatment is used for different grain crops during the processes of drying, disinfection, and preparation to feeding, etc. The high cost of the processes is caused by the cost of energy and the energy-output ratio of the processes. The development of the processing regimes with the use of electric technologies in general and electromagnetic fields in particular can reduce the cost of the mentioned processes. When IR and MW fields are used, there occurs the direct heating of the grain material without the coolant, due to the effect of the field on water molecules in the kernels. As the grain is a colloid capillary-porous substance, moisture can be in a bound or free state that affects the properties of the material and the thermal processes in it. The use of the special programs gives vast possibilities for the design of such equipment. Using of MW fields allows reducing the cost of the thermal treatment 15-20% depending on the process and type of the processing material.
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Polat, Ahmet, and Nazmi Izli. "Ultrasound Pretreatment Applications in the Drying of Agricultural Products." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 128–45. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1924-0.ch007.

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This chapter presents the effect of ultrasound pretreatment on drying kinetics and product temperature. Drying provides a longer shelf life of agricultural products and low-cost transport and storage. The researchers performed pretreatments to the products to accelerate the drying process and to increase the quality for decades. The ultrasound applications considered as one of these are shown as the promising technology in the drying industry. The ultrasound application is used in drying processes in two different ways as ultrasound-assisted drying or as a pretreatment. In ultrasound-assisted drying, mechanical waves directly move to the cell wall of the product. On the other hand, the agricultural product to be dried is immersed in a liquid medium with different solution and ultrasound are applied at specified times by using as a pretreatment. They demonstrate that the ultrasound pretreatment method could be suitable for industrial production.
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Hasnain Tariq, Ghulam, Muhammad Ashraf, and Umar Sohaib Hasnain. "Solar Technology in Agriculture." In Technology in Agriculture [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98266.

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Promotion of sustainable agriculture is one of the most priority development goal set by United Nations for achieving the food security to meet the ever-increasing global population food demand. Because of extreme importance of agriculture sector, significant technological developments have been made that played pivotal role for sustainable agriculture by value addition in agricultural products and meeting energy demands for machinery and irrigation. These developments include improved cultivation practices, processing units for agricultural products and operation of machinery and irrigation systems based on solar energy. Moreover, the emergence of new technologies and climate smart solutions with reduced carbon footprints have significantly addressed the ever-increasing fuel costs and changing climate needs. PV based solar irrigation pumps and agricultural machinery is typical example of this. Because, awareness of these technological development is essential to overcome energy issues, availability of energy to perform agricultural activities for sustainable agriculture at farm level and socioeconomic uplift of farming community to meet food requirements needs in the future. Therefore, this chapter attempts at providing the introduction of technologies for direct and indirect use of solar energy in the agriculture sector. The typical examples of direct use of solar energy like greenhouses or tunnel farming for cultivation of crops and vegetables and use of solar dryers for drying agricultural products have been comprehensively discussed. Similarly, the solar powered tubewells, tractors, and lights, etc. are few important examples of indirect use of solar energy and have also been discussed in this chapter. The indirect use is made possible by converting solar energy into electrical energy with the help of photovoltaic devices, called “solar cells”. Also radio frequency (RF)-controlled seed sowing and spreading machines are discussed, which provide an eco-friendly method. Moreover, comprehensive discussion is made on solar based technologies in general as well regional context in view of their potential to scale-up and to address anticipated issues. The use of photovoltaics in agriculture is expected to be significant contribution in the near future that require urgent planning for the potential benefits and efficient use at the farm level. Therefore, the co-existence of “agrovoltaics” will be essential for the developments of agriculture and agroindustry.
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Zarei, Manizhe, Omid Bozorg-Haddad, and Vijay P. Singh. "Forensic engineering." In Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities, 287–314. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062144_0287.

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Abstract Throughout history, natural events such as floods, droughts, fires, lightning, and storms have caused significant losses of life and property. To mitigate the hazardous consequences of such events, or ‘failures’ (as they are referred to), a number of questions can be asked, such as: ‘What are the causes of these events?’; ‘What natural factors cause these events?’; ‘What is the human role in the occurrence of these events?’; ‘Who is to blame for such events?’; and ‘What actions should be taken to prevent such events from happening?’ The forensic engineering approach allows us to answer these questions. Forensic engineering, a term developed in recent years, allows us to identify the causes of events by looking back and analyzing the relationship between an event's causes and their consequences; it is a useful tool for determining the natural or human causes of events that lead to disasters. Forensic hydrology is a branch of forensic engineering and applies directly to floods and droughts but is not limited to these events. Forensic hydrology is also used for the historical assessment and analysis of events such as water pollution, drying of lakes and rivers, the drying up (or significant reduction in the water table) of wells, and the infiltration of saline water into freshwater. Forensic hydrology analyzes event evidence and data from a variety of perspectives. Examining the origins and mechanisms of such events to find their causes can lead to better water management, allocation and improved use, and can also help to prevent or minimize severe damage. This chapter provides an introduction to forensic engineering and describes the processes which should be followed to evaluate hazardous events.
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Henderson, Peter A. "Estimation of Productivity and the Construction of Energy Budgets." In Southwood's Ecological Methods, 430–57. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862277.003.0014.

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Methods to assess the size of a population and the interactions between populations in terms of biomass (weight of living material) or energy content are described. Biomass can be expressed as wet weight, dry weight (DW), shell-free dry weight (SFDW), ash-free dry weight, or as the amount of organic carbon present. The energy content of a material may be determined directly by oxidation, either by potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid, or by burning in oxygen and determining the amount of heat liberated. The latter method—bomb calorimetry—is most convenient and is widely used in ecology, but it involves drying the material, and volatile substances can be lost. Methods to estimate standing-crop, energy density, feeding and assimilation, and production are reviewed. Energy budgets can usefully be summarized and compared if the efficiencies of various processes are calculated. Dynamic energy budget models are introduced.
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Conference papers on the topic "Direct drying"

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Willis, David A., Daniel M. Perkins, and Jason P. Stegall. "Laser direct-write using air-drying conductive paste." In PICALO 2008: 3rd Pacific International Conference on Laser Materials Processing, Micro, Nano and Ultrafast Fabrication. Laser Institute of America, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5057118.

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Boubekri, A., S. Chouicha, M. H. Berbeuh, D. Mennouche, I. Frihi, and A. Rzezgua. "Post-harvest treatment of algerian broad beans using two different solar drying methods." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7858.

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This work was carried up in the objective to valorize the broad beans, largely harvested in Algeria, by solar drying means. In the present research paper, an experimental study was conducted on solar drying of broad beans by two different methods. Experimental trials were performed on a direct and an indirect laboratory scale solar dryers at Ouargla university in the southern of Algeria. Selected samples were dried at 50°C, 55°C, 60°C and 65°C. In both two applied cases, drying curves were obtained and compared. Among twelve consulted drying models the Page model was correlated with satisfaction to describe the solar drying of broad beans using a non linear regression analysis method. Operating and thermal performances of the two used drying systems were checked by the energy effeceincy and economic calculation. Obtained results showed that the direct solar drying ensures good preservation of the final product with a drying time of 5 hours. Keywords: solar drying ; convective drying ; broad bean ; quality
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Momen, Ayyoub M., Edem Kokou, Pradeep Bansal, Kyle R. Gluesenkamp, and Omar Abdelaziz. "Preliminary Investigation of Novel Direct Contact Ultrasonic Fabric Drying." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50479.

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Thermal evaporation of moisture from clothes is the main technique used in clothes dryers today. Most of the energy supplied is spent to provide the latent heat of evaporation of water (2.5MJ/kg). This paper presents a novel direct contact ultrasonic system to mechanically remove water from wet fabric. The vibrations from the transducers are transferred by direct contact to the water inside the narrow pores of the clothes. Breaking the capillary adhesion of moisture at the interface between air and water allows water to exit the clothes as cold mist. The cold mist also carries with it most impurities such as minerals or detergents. This cannot be achieved in thermal dryers where water evaporates and leaves the impurities behind. Mechanical extraction of water is expected to be more efficient since thermal processing is not required. The majority of the supplied energy is used to mechanically separate water from the fabric. Initial testing has revealed that it is possible to dry a 1 cm2 piece of fabric from full saturation to a mere 0.4 % moisture content in just 14 seconds.
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A. C. G, Hopkinson, and Clegg W. J. "Direct Measurement of Drying Stresses in Colloidal Alumina Films." In 9th International Conference on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-3353-7_328.

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Gupta, Vishal, Abhishek Sharma, and Khushboo Sabharwal Gupta. "Numerical Analysis of Direct Type Greenhouse Dryer." In ASME 2017 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2017-4784.

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For food preservation, drying techniques is most widely used. Earlier drying was done openly in sun. But now with increased awareness, drying of agricultural produce is done with care. Greenhouse dryers are being mostly used. Good greenhouse dryers are considered one which can dry products in short span of time. For obtaining good quantity of dried products, the design of greenhouse dryer should be such that the air circulation is good and high temperature can be achieved near the crops. In present work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach has been used to visualize the air flow pattern and temperature distribution near the crops i.e., inside the direct type greenhouse dryer. Experimentally obtained data has been used as boundary conditions and numerically obtained results are helpful in understanding local parameters which cannot be found out experimentally.
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López-Ortiz, Anabel, Azucena Silva-Norman, Octavio García-Valladares, Isaac Pilatowsky-Figueroa, and J. R. Ramirez. "Effect of the solar dehydration on the antioxidant capacity and the content of flavonoids of the blackberry pulp (rubus spp)." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7843.

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Technical performance of two solar drying technologies was evaluated: Solar Greenhouse Drying (SGD) with auxiliary heating system, and Direct Solar Drying (DSD) in order to evaluate its effect on antioxidant activity (AA) and total flavonoids of blackberry (rubus spp) waste destined. The SDG and DSD results were compared with those of the dehydrated samples in an electric stove (ES). The fresh and dried fruits were evaluated; the blackberry seedless pulp was used. The AA and flavonoids showed degradation of 70% and 20% compared to the fresh sample. For both compounds, SGD is the one that offers the greatest conservation.Keywords: solar drying; antioxidant capacity; flavonoids; blackberry pulp (rubus spp); solar energy
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Ohtake, S., A. Langford, and B. Luy. "Current needs of the pharmaceutical industry: opportunities and challenges for implementing novel drying technologies." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.8354.

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Commercial drying methods are limited either by high production costs or significant quality loss due to process-related stresses. The near-ubiquitous use of freeze-drying in the pharmaceutical industry makes it the standard to which other drying technologies are compared. However, the shortcomings of lyophilization warrant evaluation of new techniques and the benefits they offer, such as compatibility with continuous manufacturing. Novel drying technologies must also overcome barriers to commercial implementation including, but not limited to, scalability and integration into a GMP environment. There remain several opportunities for further research which direct focus and investment strategy for the next generation pharmaceutical drying technologies. Keywords: pharmaceuticals; manufacturing technology; implementation; lyophilization; scalability
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Sabarez, H. T., S. Keuhbauch, and K. Knoerzer. "Ultrasound assisted low temperature drying of food materials." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7329.

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An ultrasonic design based on the indirect transmission of ultrasonic energy from the ultrasound emitter through to the material to be dried was investigated to assist in low temperature drying of food materials. The application of the improved design tested in this work was found to enhance the low temperature drying by shortening the overall drying time of up to 45% (i.e., lower energy consumption and may enable better retention of product quality). This offers a promising approach towards a better applicability of ultrasound in industrial operation, since no direct contact between the sample and the ultrasonic emitter is needed. Keywords: ultrasound; drying; low temperature; drying intensification
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Abdenouri, Naji, A. Zoukit, H. Elferouali, I. Salhi, and S. Doubabi. "Multivariable modeling of an innovative hybrid solar-gas dryer." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7523.

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The main goal of this paper, is to propose a multivariable control model (MM) issued from CFD study of an innovative hybrid solar-gas dryer to simulate the drying chamber temperature in three modes of operation: Solar mode, Gas mode and hybrid mode. There is an indirect heating of drying air instead of direct heating inside the drying chamber. The air temperature obtained by CFD is still closed to one obtained by multivariable model (MM) with an RMSE under 2.31. the proposed multivariable model leads to a quick output parameters estimation related to each clilmate conditions and so, to an easy control of a hybrid solar dryer. Keywords: Hybrid dryer; Multivariable model; solar dryer simulation; solar dryer control; Least square methods
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Lu, Zhaokuan, Eric Dupuis, Viral Patel, Ayyoub Momen, and Shima Shahab. "Oscillatory microchannel two-phase flow in direct-contact ultrasonic drying." In Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems XV, edited by Jae-Hung Han, Shima Shahab, and Gang Wang. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2581994.

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Reports on the topic "Direct drying"

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Cowan, R. G. Feasibility of direct reactivity measurement in multi-canister overpacks at the Cold Vacuum Drying Facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/344977.

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Chapman, Ray, Phu Luong, Sung-Chan Kim, and Earl Hayter. Development of three-dimensional wetting and drying algorithm for the Geophysical Scale Transport Multi-Block Hydrodynamic Sediment and Water Quality Transport Modeling System (GSMB). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41085.

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The Environmental Laboratory (EL) and the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL) have jointly completed a number of large-scale hydrodynamic, sediment and water quality transport studies. EL and CHL have successfully executed these studies utilizing the Geophysical Scale Transport Modeling System (GSMB). The model framework of GSMB is composed of multiple process models as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) accepted wave, hydrodynamic, sediment and water quality transport models are directly and indirectly linked within the GSMB framework. The components of GSMB are the two-dimensional (2D) deep-water wave action model (WAM) (Komen et al. 1994, Jensen et al. 2012), data from meteorological model (MET) (e.g., Saha et al. 2010 - http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010BAMS3001.1), shallow water wave models (STWAVE) (Smith et al. 1999), Coastal Modeling System wave (CMS-WAVE) (Lin et al. 2008), the large-scale, unstructured two-dimensional Advanced Circulation (2D ADCIRC) hydrodynamic model (http://www.adcirc.org), and the regional scale models, Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in three dimensions-Multi-Block (CH3D-MB) (Luong and Chapman 2009), which is the multi-block (MB) version of Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in three-dimensions-Waterways Experiments Station (CH3D-WES) (Chapman et al. 1996, Chapman et al. 2009), MB CH3D-SEDZLJ sediment transport model (Hayter et al. 2012), and CE-QUAL Management - ICM water quality model (Bunch et al. 2003, Cerco and Cole 1994). Task 1 of the DOER project, “Modeling Transport in Wetting/Drying and Vegetated Regions,” is to implement and test three-dimensional (3D) wetting and drying (W/D) within GSMB. This technical note describes the methods and results of Task 1. The original W/D routines were restricted to a single vertical layer or depth-averaged simulations. In order to retain the required 3D or multi-layer capability of MB-CH3D, a multi-block version with variable block layers was developed (Chapman and Luong 2009). This approach requires a combination of grid decomposition, MB, and Message Passing Interface (MPI) communication (Snir et al. 1998). The MB single layer W/D has demonstrated itself as an effective tool in hyper-tide environments, such as Cook Inlet, Alaska (Hayter et al. 2012). The code modifications, implementation, and testing of a fully 3D W/D are described in the following sections of this technical note.
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