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Journal articles on the topic 'Direct drying'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Ermakov, V. I., Yu I. Shumyatskii, and N. S. Torocheshnikov. "Direct-flow drying of gases by adsorbents." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 21, no. 2 (February 1985): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01731622.

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2

Al-Zoubi, Nizar, Shadi Gharaibeh, Ahmad Aljaberi, and Ioannis Nikolakakis. "Spray Drying for Direct Compression of Pharmaceuticals." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020267.

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Tableting by direct compression (DC) is one of the simplest and most cost-effective drug manufacturing approaches. However, most active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients lack the compression and flow properties required to meet the needs of high-speed industrial tablet presses. Therefore, the majority of DC APIs and excipients are modified via processing/co-processing particle engineering techniques to boost their properties. Spray drying is one of the most commonly employed techniques to prepare DC grades of APIs and excipients with prominent advantages. This review aims to present an overview of the commercially marketed and investigationally-prepared DC APIs and excipients produced by spray drying.
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3

Istikowati, Wiwin Tyas, Nur Afik Bagustiana, and Budi Sutiya. "PENGERINGAN KAYU KARET (Hevea brasiliensis) DENGAN METODE RADIASI MATAHARI (GREEN HOUSE)." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 8, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v8i3.9634.

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The aim of this study is to analyze the optimal drying time of rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) in direct drying in the sun and by a solar kiln (green house). This research is expected to provide information on optimal drying time on natural drying directly under sunlight (solar radiation) and with kiln (Green House) to prolong the utilization of wood and reduce the costs. The parameters tested in this study are water content, density, drying rate, shrinkage, and color change. The results on optimal drying of rubber wood at 6 weeks drying time either in drying under direct sunlight or solar kiln in the green house.
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4

Costa, A. L., C. Galassi, and E. Roncari. "Direct synthesis of PMN samples by spray-drying." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 22, no. 13 (December 2002): 2093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(02)00026-2.

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5

Fedorov, A. G., and R. Viskanta. "DIRECT CONTACT DRYING OF A MOVING POROUS STRIP." Drying Technology 15, no. 5 (May 1997): 1327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939708917297.

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6

Peng, Chang, Saitej Ravi, Viral K. Patel, Ayyoub M. Momen, and Saeed Moghaddam. "Physics of direct-contact ultrasonic cloth drying process." Energy 125 (April 2017): 498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.138.

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7

Tapotubun, Alfonsina Marthina, Fredrik Rieuwpassa, Unang Supratman, and Beni Setha. "Effect of Different Drying Methods on Phytochemical Content of Caulerpa lentillifera from Kei Islands." International Journal of ChemTech Research 12, no. 6 (2019): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.120614.

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Seaweed, Caulerpa sp., is one of the natural materials that contain many kinds of bioactive compounds depending on species and habitat. The aim of this study was to know the effect of sun drying method on the phytochemical content of C. lentillifera from Kei Islands waters, Southeast Moluccas. The study consisted of several steps,C. lentillifera sample collection using sampling purposive method, direct sun drying and indirect wind drying methods, methanol extraction, and phytochemical test using Harborne method. Crude extract of C. lentillifera in indirect wind drying method was higher than that in direct sun drying. Alkaloid, terpenoid and steroid were found in C. lentillifera from Kei Islands on both drying methods. Saponin was only found in indirect wind drying method. Phenolic compounds were not found in C. lentillifera samples from both drying methods
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8

Zhang, Hai Peng, Wei Li, and Wen De Xiao. "Attrition Resistant Catalyst of Direct Dimethyl Ether Synthesis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.97.

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Direct dimethyl ether synthesis catalysts containing different content of SiO2 are prepared by spray drying method and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption, and Polarizing Microscope. It is found that the spray drying process improved the spherical of the catalyst particles and the attrition resistance of the catalyst is increased by the addition of SiO2. The SiO2 formed a framework throughout the catalyst and has little effect on the morphology of CuO, ZnO and HZSM-5. The activity of the catalyst shows a little decrease with the SiO2 addition.
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9

Lesidan, Mencius. "DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEMI-DIRECT COPRA DRYER FOR FLAT TERRAIN." CORD 36 (November 21, 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v36i.419.

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The study was conducted to design and develop a semi-direct dryer for flat terrain. This dryer was designed to provide farmers an alternative to traditional and existing dryers particularly the semi-direct and indirect dryers. The components of the dryer were drying bed, plenum chamber, tunnel and firing chamber. It has a capacity of 2,000 nuts and the husks from the nuts were used as fuel for the dryer. The means of the average drying temperature on the front, middle and rear portions of the drying platform were 56.5 oC, 58.2 oC, and 58.4 oC, respectively. The average time of drying in bringing down the moisture content of the copra from 50% to 12% wet basis was 24 hours using only 66.30% of the husks. As of January 2017, the total cost of the dryer with shed was P 61,100.00 and the computed break-even cost was P 1.82/kg. The performance of the dryer is comparable to the existing dryers.
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10

LIU, SHIMIN, DONGDONG LIANG, JINDONG LIU, WEIWEI JIANG, CHAOQIAN LIU, WANYU DING, HUALIN WANG, and NAN WANG. "PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ATO NANOPARTICLES BY COPRECIPITATION WITH MODIFIED DRYING METHOD." Surface Review and Letters 24, no. 08 (December 2017): 1750117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x17501177.

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Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation by packing drying and traditional direct drying (for comparison) methods. The as-prepared ATO nanoparticles were characterized by TG, XRD, EDS, TEM, HRTEM, BET, bulk density and electrical resistivity measurements. Results indicated that the ATO nanoparticles obtained by coprecipitation with direct drying method featured hard-agglomerated morphology, high bulk density, low surface area and low electrical resistivity, probably due to the direct liquid evaporation during drying, the fast shrinkage of the precipitate, the poor removal efficiency of liquid molecules and the hard agglomerate formation after calcination. Very differently, the ATO product obtained by the packing and drying method featured free-agglomerated morphology, low bulk density, high surface area and high electrical resistivity ascribed probably to the formed vapor cyclone environment and liquid evaporation-resistance, avoiding fast liquid removal and improving the removal efficiency of liquid molecules. The intrinsic formation mechanism of ATO nanoparticles from different drying methods was illustrated based on the dehydration process of ATO precipitates. Additionally, the packing and drying time played key roles in determining the bulk density, morphology and electrical conductivity of ATO nanoparticles.
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11

Hukka, Antti. "Evaluation of Parameter Values For a High-Temperature Drying Simulation Model Using Direct Drying Experiments." Drying Technology 15, no. 3-4 (January 1997): 1213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939708917288.

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12

RACHMAWATI, NOOR AFIFAH, SURANTO SURANTO, and SOLICHATUN SOLICHATUN. "The effect of drying methods variation on saponin content, total plate count, and pathogen bacteria of simplisia of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. leaf extract." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2006): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f040102.

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The purposes of this research were to study the effect of drying methods variation on saponin content, total plate count, and pathogen bacteria of simplicia of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. leaf extract. The research was conducted by using Completely Random Design with the single factor and three replications. The treatment consisted of four treatments: without drying sample (as control) (P0), direct sunray drying (P1), indirect sunray (under shade place) drying (P2), and vacuum drying oven at temperature 45oC (P3). The observed parameters were: saponin content, total plate count, and pathogen bacteria. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variants (ANOVA) and continued with the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the 5% level. The result of research showed that drying method with vacuum drying oven at temperature 45oC to simplicia of S. grandiflora leaf produce the highest saponin contents due to 16.38 mg/mL. Dried method with indirect sunray (under shade place) and with direct sunray produce lower saponin contents are 16.24 mg/mL and 10.58 mg/mL. Dried method with vacuum drying oven at temperature 45oC to simplicia of S. grandiflora leaf could suppress microbial growth and produce the lowest bacteria total plate count due to 7.9.104 colony/g. Dried method with direct sunray and with indirect sunray (under shaded place) produce bacteria total plate count is 1.57.105 colony/g and 1.88.106 colony/g. This third drying method showed pathogen bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are negative (-).
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13

Babić, Mirko, and Ljiljana Babić. "Advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect drying of mercantile grain and seeds." Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 24, no. 2 (2020): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jpea24-29698.

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The question again arises as to how to dry certain types of agricultural grain products and seeds. Should it be indirect or direct? The reason for this is the occasional fires that occur in dryers. It is often and unprofessionally stated that the cause of the fires is the use of a direct dryer. However, the causes of fires are multiple, and it is seldom due to the type of dryer. Two factors determine the differences between direct and indirect drying, and these are the nutritional and safety aspects. The ambition of this study is to clarify all the important differences between direct and indirect grain drying and to eliminate the established misconceptions on this issue. Drying of sunflower, oilseed rape and sorghum is especially delicate.
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14

Hassanain, A. A. "Drying sage (Salvia officinalis L.) in passive solar dryers." Research in Agricultural Engineering 57, No. 1 (March 21, 2011): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/14/2010-rae.

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Sage plants (Salvia officinalis L.) were dried in the passive dryers in different times of the year. Different passive solar dryers were used to achieve the socio-economical benefits from drying the medicinal plants growing in Sinai area. Drying sage plants might be a source to increase the Bedouin income instead of cannabis or marijuana, especially if it is exported abroad. Four drying methods were used in this investigation to dry sage in two seasons, namely August 2009 and March 2010 before flowering stage. Plants were dried in an Unglazed transpired passive solar dryer with 100% exposure to direct sun-rays, in a greenhouse dryer covered with shading cloth with 50% exposure to direct sun-rays, and with 0% sun-rays while the medicinal plants were protected from sun i.e. in shaded barn. Investigations were carried out under the environmental weather conditions of Ismailia, Egypt. The study revealed that sage can be dried at different times of the year even before the flowering stage of the plants.
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15

Tertychnaya, T. N., A. A. Shevtsov, and S. S. Kulikov. "Experimental and statistical analysis research of the triticale grain drying process when countercurrent-direct-flow blowing of the grain layer." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-4-38-46.

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Experimental studies of the kinetics of the process of drying triticale grain during counter-current-direct blowing of the grain layer were carried out. In the experimental installation, a programmed change in the direction of the drying agent flow through the grain layer was carried out and the actual conditions of the drying agent supply through the supply and discharge boxes of the shaft grain dryer were emitted. Analysis of drying curves and drying rate of triticale grain showed the presence of only a period of decreasing drying rate, in which the intensity of moisture diffusion is significantly less than the intensity of moisture exchange. The organization of the experiment made it possible to fully adapt it to industrial mine grain dryers, in which the drying process is carried out in a continuous mode. Based on the results of the study, an empirical model of the drying process is proposed in the form of an exponential function, which establishes a unique functional relationship between the current moisture of the grain and the main parameters of the process: temperature, speed, moisture content of the drying agent and the thickness of the blown layer. Taking into ac-count the requirements to the process modes of grain drying, the triticale analyzes the ratio between the grain temperature and its humidity at various values of the mode parameters, which is proposed to be used as a restriction on the drying temperature mode.
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16

Eutiquio E. Sudaria. "DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW COST SEMI DIRECT TYPE COPRA DRYER." CORD 9, no. 01 (June 1, 1993): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v9i01.266.

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Coconut farmers in the Philippines use different types of copra dryer in copra processing. Copra quality and income are very much affected by the type of dryer used. In the country, there are indirect, direct, and semi‑direct type dryers. The common types of dryer used by the coconut farmers especially in the Visayas are direct and semi‑direct ones. There is high probability of the direct dryer together with the copra in getting burned because the firing place is directly under the drying platform where the coconut meat is placed. Especially if the meat is reaching 10% or lower moisture content where oil is coming out and the fire is immediately under it. Semi‑direct type dryer is quite comfortable to use having the less probability of burning the copra and the dryer because the firing place is away from the drying platform. The firing place is only linked to the drying platform by a tunnel.
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17

Lukmana, Allen Haryanto Lukmana. "Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy in Menengai, Kenya: Pilot Project for Drying Food Commodities in Lesiolo, Nakuru." Journal of Petroleum and Geothermal Technology 1, no. 1 (July 17, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/jpgt.v1i1.3319.

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Kenya is a developing country highly dependent on economic rotation in agricultural sector with main commodities corn, tea and fruits. In order to maintain quality of commodity within a certain period, a drying process is needed. Purpose of drying is to reduce moisture content of a commodity to a certain level. Alternative energy that can be used for drying activities in Kenya is geothermal energy. In assessing direct utilization of geothermal energy, a pilot project was made in Lesiolo, Nakuru by utilizing heat energy from the Menengai geothermal waste fluid area, Nakuru. Drying process can utilize brine from separator or condensate from power plant by using a heat exchanger to get required drying temperature. One drying room can hold about 20 tons in ambient air conditions. This dryer is shaped like a tunnel where hot air will flow from each side of drying chamber. Food commodities used in this project are wheat, corn and barley. Heat energy needed to dry each of these food commodities comes from geothermal waste fluid that enters heat exchanger with a minimum input temperature of 130oC and an output of 93oC. Mass flow rate needed to dry every 30 m3 of commodity is 2 kg/s
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18

Deng, Wen Yi, Xiao Lei Wang, Ya Xin Su, Xiao Dong Li, and Jian Hua Yan. "Thermal Balance Calculation for Sludge Drying-Incineration System Based on Spreadsheet Software." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.124.

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In this study, a process model for thermal balance calculation of sludge drying-incineration system was constructed by spreadsheet software. Auxiliary fuel and total energy consumption of sludge drying-incineration and sludge direct incineration was calculated respectively. The result indicated that sludge moisture content of 60 wt.% was recommended for incineration, and that sludge drying-incineration consumed much less energy than sludge direct incineration when sludge moisture content was higher than 60 wt.%. The process model was proved to be high efficient, convenient and user-friendly in this study.
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19

Ntwali, Janvier, Steffen Schock, Sebastian Romuli, Christine G. Kiria Chege, Noble Banadda, Gloria Aseru, and Joachim Müller. "Performance Evaluation of an Inflatable Solar Dryer for Maize and the Effect on Product Quality Compared with Direct Sun Drying." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 7074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157074.

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Maize is an important staple in Africa, which necessitates immediate drying to preserve the postharvest quality. The traditional drying of maize in the open sun is prone to adverse weather and extraneous contamination. In this study, the drying performance of an inflatable solar dryer (ISD) was compared to direct sun drying (DSD) in Gombe Town, Wakiso District (Uganda) by analysing the moisture content, yeasts, moulds, aflatoxin, and colour. The maximum temperature inside the ISD reached 63.7 °C and averaged 7 °C higher than the ambient temperature. Maize was dried using both methods to a moisture content below 14% after two days. In one of the received maize lots that was already heavily contaminated after harvest, drying with DSD and ISD reduced the aflatoxin content from 569.6 µg kg−1 to 345.5 µg kg−1 and 299.2 µg kg−1, respectively. Although the drying performance in terms of drying time and product quality regarding colour, yeast, and mould was similar for both drying methods, the advantage of ISD in reducing the risk of spoilage due to sudden rain is obvious. A strategy for the early detection of aflatoxins in maize is recommended to avoid contaminated maize in the food chain.
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20

Štefančič, Aleš, Darinka Primc, Gašper Tavčar, and Tomaž Skapin. "Direct solvothermal preparation of nanostructured fluoride aerogels based on AlF3." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 47 (2015): 20609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt03423j.

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21

Panda, Sunil Kumar, and Subas Chandra Dinda. "Development of lyophilization cycle for direct thrombin Inhibitor and influence of excipients and process parameter during the cycle." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 3, no. 5 (April 8, 2014): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i5.18533.

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The objective of this study was to develop stable lyophilized product of Bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor with good reconstitution time, % yield of good vials and cake quality. The % loss of crystallinity was determined by DSC for any crystallographic changes of the bulking agent after freeze drying. The glass transition temperature of 5% w/v of Bivalirudin, 3% w/v of mannitol and 0.03% of sodium acetate was approximately ?31°C and the collapse temperature was approximately -28°C. Tubular vials were found to withstand the thermal transition during freeze drying. Water content was inversely proportional to the primary drying set point. Reconstitution time was inversely proportional to annealing temperature and vacuum set point. The % yield of good vials and cake quality was directly proportional to annealing time and primary drying set point. The % loss of crystallinity by DSC was independent of all factors and directly proportional to annealing time. Drying at -10°C results in transition of ? form of mannitol, whereas drying at -7.5°C and -5°C results in ? and ? form of mannitol respectively. On annealing at -7°C for 54 minutes and drying at -6.5°C at 215mT lyophilized product with less than 2% water content, reconstitution time less than 10 seconds, with high yield of more than 95% yield of good vials with best cake quality was obtained.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i5.18533 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, April 2014, 3(5): 259-264
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22

Hsu, Mei-Yuan, Sarah Lam, Chia-Hui Wu, Mei-Huei Lin, Su-Ching Lin, and Cheng-Chung Wang. "Direct Dehydrative Glycosylation Catalyzed by Diphenylammonium Triflate." Molecules 25, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051103.

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Methods for direct dehydrative glycosylations of carbohydrate hemiacetals catalyzed by diphenylammonium triflate under microwave irradiation are described. Both armed and disarmed glycosyl-C1-hemiacetal donors were efficiently glycosylated in moderate to excellent yields without the need for any drying agents and stoichiometric additives. This method has been successfully applied to a solid-phase glycosylation.
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23

Novak, Brian. "Direct vs. Indirect Thermal Drying; the Similarities and the Differences." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2005, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864705783968286.

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24

Serenotti, Fernando, Melissa G. A. Vieira, Meuris G. C. da Silva, Beatriz Pisani, Marise Simões, and Maria Ângela Garnica Prandi. "Bacteriological elimination in sewage sludge through direct flow convective drying." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 29, no. 4 (November 11, 2010): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.10421.

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25

Peng, Chang, Ayyoub M. Momen, and Saeed Moghaddam. "An energy-efficient method for direct-contact ultrasonic cloth drying." Energy 138 (November 2017): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.025.

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26

Afriyie, J. K., and A. Bart-Plange. "Performance Investigation of a Chimney-Dependent Solar Crop Dryer for Different Inlet Areas with a Fixed Outlet Area." ISRN Renewable Energy 2012 (November 5, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/194359.

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The paper describes the performance of a direct-mode solar crop dryer with a solar chimney. Tests were performed for three differently inclined drying-chamber roofs, each with three inlet areas for a given exit area. Cassava was used as the test crop. The results show that the increase in the inlet area for a given exit area can improve the ventilation in the dryer. However, this does not necessarily improve the drying performance of the direct-mode dryer. A wide inlet area for a given exit area can only improve the drying performance of the direct-mode dryer in a geographical location of low relative humidity. It is therefore not advisable to just copy the design of a direct-mode dryer from one location to another without regard to the ambient relative humidity. The designer and builder of the dryer must consider the relative humidity as a prime factor in the design and construction of direct-mode dryers, which are highly sensitive to the ambient relative humidity.
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Vertanessian, Alejandro, Andrew Allen, and Merrilea J. Mayo. "Agglomerate formation during drying." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 2 (February 2003): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0063.

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The evolution of agglomerate structure during drying of particles from suspension has been studied for a nanocrystalline Y2O3 (8% mol fraction)-stabilized ZrO2 powder. Agglomerates in drying and dried suspensions were examined at the smallest size scales (1 nm to 1 μm) using ultra-small angle x-ray scattering (USAXS) and at the largest size scales (100 nm to 10 μm) using scanning electron microscopy. The results were correlated with the degree of particle dissolution in each suspension (measured by flame absorption spectroscopy of the suspension filtrate) and the zeta potential of the particles in suspension prior to drying. Results show that large agglomerates readily form across a pH range from 2 to 9. The fact that Y+3 ion dissolution varies by over four orders of magnitude in this range leads to the conclusion that there is little direct correlation between the degree of Y dissolution and agglomeration in this system (Zr ion dissolution was below the detection limit at all pH values studied). The observation of large agglomerates well before the introduction of air-water interfaces into the drying mass likewise leads to the conclusion that capillary forces are not essential to agglomerate formation. Instead, agglomerates appear to form as a direct consequence of increasing suspension concentration. Zeta potential also plays a role. Specifically, there was a notable change in agglomerate morphology as the isoelectric point was approached, at approximately pH 8. Here USAXS shows the particles in suspension to have a layered interior structure, with small primary particles aggregated in sheets to form each blocky particle. This is in contrast to the more rounded agglomerates formed away from the isoelectric point, which appear to be composed of the same primary particles arranged in chainlike structures. USAXS of powders from the dried suspensions confirms that the structures seen after drying are the same as those present in suspension. The two structural morphologies are attributed to diffusion-limited (sheets) versus reaction-limited (chains) aggregation, respectively.
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28

Zamytskyi, O. V., N. O. Holiver, N. V. Bondar, and S. O. Kradozhon. "Mathematical model of the process of drying fine dispersed materials under the influence of alternating electric current." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 3 (2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-3/051.

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Purpose. Establishing the dependences and determining rational parameters of the process of drying fine materials by direct influence of an electric current. Methodology. In the work, theoretical, analytical, empirical, and experimental methods as well as methods of mathematical statistics are used. Mathematical modeling of the process occurring during drying of finely dispersed materials by direct influence of alternating current is carried out. Findings. As a result of the research on the basis of physical representations of the process of drying capillary-porous material, a mathematical model is designed connecting temperature and moisture content in a plate from capillary-porous material by means of equations of mathematical physics. Originality. For the first time dependence has been obtained on the temperature and moisture content of the time and spatial coordinates of drying by passing an electric current through the layer of moist capillary-porous material, a feature which is both simultaneous accounting of thermal and diffusion processes in the material that can increase the accuracy of calculations and establish rational parameters of drying. Practical value. The obtained dependences are used when developing calculation methods and designing an industrial drying plant.
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29

Wu, Jing, Hong Yao Wang, Yong Chun Shi, Hong Mei Fan, and Xiao Guang Li. "Large-Scale Rotary Steam Tube Drying System and Equipment for Copper Powder." Advanced Materials Research 402 (November 2011): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.467.

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Drying is a crucial step in the process of copper powder flash smelting for the direct influences on the quality of smelting. This paper proposes a unique system to match the special requirements of drying raw copper powder, such as large mass rate, small diameter dust and abrasion. On the bases of drying features and energy conservation, optimization design of drying system and equipment was also carried out. In site tests showed the satisfaction on working stability, energy thrift and quality of final product.
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30

Zheljazkov, Valtcho D., Tess Astatkie, and Ekaterina Jeliazkova. "Drying and Shade Effects on Spearmint Oil Yields and Composition." HortScience 49, no. 3 (March 2014): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.3.306.

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‘Native’ spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) is one of the two most widely grown spearmints in the United States and in other countries. Recent studies demonstrated the feasibility of growing ‘Native’ spearmint as a cash crop for north–central Wyoming. Transportation and energy costs of commercial mint production can be reduced by drying the spearmint in windrows in the field for a few days after harvest and before oil extraction. This method of drying mint has been a common practice in the traditional mint production regions of the world. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the effect of this drying method on the yield and composition of ‘Native’ spearmint oil. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in Wyoming to evaluate the effects of drying duration in days after harvest (DAH: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, or 11) and drying conditions (shade and sun) on the yield of essential oil (EO) and on the concentrations of different oil constituents (beta-pinene, myrcene, limonene, eucalyptol, cis-sabinene hydrate, 4-terpineol, cis-dihydro carvone, cis-carveol, carvone, iso-dihydro carveol acetate, beta-bourbonene, beta-caryophyllene, alpha-humulene/transbeta-farnesene, and germacrene D). Neither drying duration nor drying condition had a significant effect on oil yield. The average yield of essential oil was 0.25 g of oil per 100 g of fresh weight. Drying duration and drying conditions had a significant effect on the composition of EOs. The concentrations of myrcene and germacrene-D were higher in the EOs from plants dried under shade (3.2% and 2.4%, respectively) than the EOs from plants dried under direct sun (3% and 2.2%, respectively). The concentration of beta-pinene was higher in plants dried under direct sun than under shade (0.92% vs. 0.88%). Carvone ranged from 51% to 53% in the oil and was higher in EOs from plants dried for 1 and 2 DAH and lower in EOs from plants dried for 7 days. Drying of ‘Native’ spearmint under direct sun in Wyoming for up to 11 DAH can be used as an effective tool to reduce transportation and energy costs without affecting oil yields.
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Pujiastuti, Endra, and Rahma Sani Saputri. "Pengaruh Metode Pengeringan Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol." Cendekia Journal of Pharmacy 3, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31596/cjp.v3i1.43.

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Drying is the most important step to keep the compound stability in simplicia and is very influential to produce good quality igredients in the antioxidant activity contained in the simplicia. Antioxidants are oxidation-free inhibitors of free radical reactions. Parijoto is one of the plants that have antioxidant compounds.This study aims to determine the effect of drying, concentration of antioxidant activity of parijoto (Medinilla speciosa Blume) fruit. The drying method used is direct sunlight drying, indirect sunlight and oven. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract on drying method was determined by 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) method which is free radical. The qualitative test DPPH showed that the higher levels of ethanol extract from the three drying methods further diminished the color of DPPH solution in ethanol.The result showed thet the drying method gave different effect to the antioxidant activity of parijoto fruit which is significant(p0,05). Drying methods wich have high antioxidant activity are given by drying using oven method with an IC50 value 33,75µg/ml.
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Queiroz, Alexandre J. de M., Hermeval J. Dantas, Rossana M. F. de Figueirêdo, and Karla dos S. Melo. "Solar drying of jack fruit almonds." Engenharia Agrícola 31, no. 6 (December 2011): 1150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162011000600012.

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Dryers heated by solar energy have been constructed and used in drying whole and half jack fruit almonds. The samples were dried during the day in direct sun and in the conventional solar dryer prepared for this purpose. Another piece of equipment was built for reception and accumulation of sun energy in a body of water, which was used as a heat source for night drying. The drying with the sun energy was compared with artificial drying. The jack fruit almonds were dried whole, half, with pellicle and without it. The storage of solar energy in water was technically viable for use in night drying. The drying by combining solar dryers in the day and night periods were completed in approximately 35 hours, and were equivalent to artificial drying between 40ºC and 70ºC. Almond cut in half and the pellicle removed reduced the drying time.
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33

Derardja, Ala eddine, and Malika Barkat. "Effect of traditional sun-drying and oven-drying on carotenoids and phenolic compounds of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 3, no. 6 (October 10, 2019): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.3.6.186-194.

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Background: The indubitable role of phytochemicals such as carotenoids and phenolic compounds in human health has prompted the researchers to study the factors affecting the stability and the availability of these compounds. Aims: This study investigates the effect of two drying processes; oven-drying (OD) and traditional sun-drying (TSD) on carotenoids and phenolic compounds of apricots. Material and Methods: OD was performed at 65°C, and TSD was performed by direct exposure of apricot to sunlight at daytime temperatures around 40°C and relative humidity between 25 and 35%, following an Algerian traditional method of drying. Carotenoids and phenolic compounds were extracted, and then total carotenoids (TC), total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids (TF) and total tannins (TT) were spectrophotometrically quantified. The free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) of the phenolic extracts was measured by the DPPH method. Results: Carotenoids and phenolic compounds were significantly affected by both drying methods. OD decreased TC and TT by 44% and 12%, respectively, and increased TPC and TF by 4%. TDS affected negatively all the measured components, where TC, TPC, TF, and TT decreased by 67%, 15%, 43%, and 36%, respectively. However, the highest FRSA was reported for the TSD apricots (40%) followed by OD apricots (36%), and fresh apricots (32%). Conclusions: The effect of drying on apricot antioxidants depends on the applied drying method and the studied component. The direct sunlight exposure and the duration of drying condemned TSD to be more harmful on carotenoids and phenolic compounds compared to OD, where carotenoids where more fragile during TSD. In addition, OD improved the content of phenolic compounds by improving their extractability. However, TSD apricots seem to be a better source of free radical scavenging compounds. Keywords: Apricot, traditional sun-drying, oven-drying, carotenoids, phenolic compounds.
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NODA, Takahiro, Yasuyuki HIDAKA, Masahiro KANESAKI, and Mio YOKOE. "Utilization of a Direct Combustion Type Husk Burner for Grain Drying." Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 45, no. 4 (2011): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.6090/jarq.45.433.

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35

Malin, N. I. "MODELING OF THE KINETICS OF TWO-STAGE DIRECT-FLOW GRAIN DRYING." EurasianUnionScientists 5, no. 69 (2019): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2019.5.69.499.

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36

CLARKE, J. M. "DRYING RATE AND HARVEST LOSSES OF WINDROWED VERSUS DIRECT COMBINED BARLEY." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-087.

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Windrowing of cereal crops prior to harvest is reported to hasten drying and reduce losses due to shattering compared to direct combining, but few direct comparisons have been made in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Field studies were conducted over 4 yr to compare drying rates and harvest losses in windrowed and standing barley cultivars with varying susceptibility to shattering. Cutting treatments for comparing harvesting losses were initiated when kernel water concentration (KWC) dropped below about 670 g water per kg kernel dry weight, and were continued for 2 wk after combine ripeness (KWC 174 g kg−1). Natural shattering losses and cutting losses were measured at each cutting time, while combine pick-up losses were determined after combining of windrows cut at KWCs greater than 174 g kg−1. Cutting and pick-up losses were independent of harvest time when KWC at cutting was greater than 174 g kg−1. Cutting loss increased after combine ripeness, but was not related to cultivar shattering susceptibility. Combine pick-up losses ranged from 0.4 to 4.3% of yield, and were greater in low-yielding crops than in high-yielding crops. Total harvesting losses for direct combining ranged from 0.1 to 2.8% of yield compared to 0.8–7.7% for windrowing prior to combining in crops harvested at or before combine ripeness. Direct combining 1 and 2 wk later caused increased harvest losses (0.3–20% of yield) which were proportional to cultivar shattering susceptibility. Windrowed barley dried to combine ripeness from 0 to 3 d (mode 1 d) faster than standing barley.Key words: Barley, shattering susceptibility, cutting loss, combine pick-up loss, harvest losses, harvest methods
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37

MAGNE, PASCAL, RAMIN MAHALLATI, PANAGHIOTIS BAZOS, and WOONG-SEUP SO. "Direct Dentin Bonding Technique Sensitivity When Using Air/Suction Drying Steps." Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 20, no. 2 (April 2008): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2008.00164.x.

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38

Savoiskyi, Oleksandr, Valerii Yakovliev, and Viktor Sirenko. "Determining the kinetic and energy parameters for a combined technique of drying apple raw materials using direct electric heating." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 11 (109) (February 27, 2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.224993.

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The development of technology and drying equipment tackles a triune task: to intensify drying processes, to save energy, to ensure that proper product quality is achieved. This issue is resolved by modern advancements by supplying thermal energy throughout the entire sample volume. The simplest option among the known techniques is to heat wet raw materials by passing an electric current directly, with an external blowing by a hot heat carrier. This paper reports an experimental study of the combined process of drying apple raw materials using direct electric heating. The influence of control factors such as the field intensity and a heat carrier temperature on the kinetic parameters of the process has been determined, namely: the duration of the combined drying of apples, the rate of moisture removal, and a change in the temperature of the sample. It was established that the application of additional electric heating with an electric field intensity of 20–40 V/cm during convective drying with a heat carrier temperature of 25–55 °C reduces the duration of apple dehydration by 3‒5 times. Permissible limits for changing the combinations of basic technological parameters have been determined, as well as the rational modes for treating raw materials in order to ensure the predefined quality of finished products. Such combinations of technological parameters of heating, in particular the intensity of the electric field and air in the dryer, are 30 V/cm+40 °C, and 25 V/cm+55 °C. The energy parameters of the proposed combined technique of drying apple raw materials have been determined. It was established that the specific energy consumption for the removal of 1 kg of moisture at direct electric heating is 2,350–2,400 kJ/kg (0.66 kWh/kg). The study performed could provide a prerequisite for devising an energy-efficient technique for the combined drying of fruit and vegetable raw materials using direct electric heating
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39

Shellito, Peter J., Eric E. Small, and Ben Livneh. "Controls on surface soil drying rates observed by SMAP and simulated by the Noah land surface model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 3 (March 6, 2018): 1649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1649-2018.

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Abstract. Drydown periods that follow precipitation events provide an opportunity to assess controls on soil evaporation on a continental scale. We use SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) observations and Noah simulations from drydown periods to quantify the role of soil moisture, potential evaporation, vegetation cover, and soil texture on soil drying rates. Rates are determined using finite differences over intervals of 1 to 3 days. In the Noah model, the drying rates are a good approximation of direct soil evaporation rates, and our work suggests that SMAP-observed drying is also predominantly affected by direct soil evaporation. Data cover the domain of the North American Land Data Assimilation System Phase 2 and span the first 1.8 years of SMAP's operation. Drying of surface soil moisture observed by SMAP is faster than that simulated by Noah. SMAP drying is fastest when surface soil moisture levels are high, potential evaporation is high, and when vegetation cover is low. Soil texture plays a minor role in SMAP drying rates. Noah simulations show similar responses to soil moisture and potential evaporation, but vegetation has a minimal effect and soil texture has a much larger effect compared to SMAP. When drying rates are normalized by potential evaporation, SMAP observations and Noah simulations both show that increases in vegetation cover lead to decreases in evaporative efficiency from the surface soil. However, the magnitude of this effect simulated by Noah is much weaker than that determined from SMAP observations.
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40

Ogunleye, I. O., and O. Awogbemi. "Methods of Preserving and Improving the Quality of Locust Beans." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.226.

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This research work presents two methods of preserving and improving the quality of locust beans namely: salting and drying. 80g of non-salted sample of locust beans and the same quantity of the sample with 5g of salt and 10g salt were subjected to direct sunlight drying for 5 days. Proximate analysis showed that dried salted sample contains 67.65% of protein while dried non-salted sample has 66.82% of protein. The non-salted sample has a microbial load of 1.02×107cfu/g while the salted sample has 1.42×105cfu/g at the end of the fifth day of drying. The non-salted has the greatest drying rate while the 10g salted sample has the least drying rate.
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41

Ali, Majid Khan Majahar, Ahmad Fudholi, Jumat Sulaiman, Mohd Hafidz Ruslan, and Suhaimi Md Yasir. "Sauna Technique, Drying Kinetic Modeling and Effectiveness on Solar Drying Compared with Direct Drying in Drying Process of <i>Kappaphycus striatum</i> in Selakan Island Malaysia." Energy and Power Engineering 06, no. 09 (2014): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2014.69026.

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42

Sun, Yu, Yuhan Zhang, Wei Xu, and Xianzhe Zheng. "Analysis of the Anthocyanin Degradation in Blue Honeysuckle Berry under Microwave Assisted Foam-Mat Drying." Foods 9, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9040397.

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Changes in nutrient content and bioactivity are important indicators to evaluate the quality of products. Berries are rich in antioxidant anthocyanins, which are prone to degradation during drying. The effects of different variables on the stability of anthocyanins in berry puree during microwave assisted foam-mat drying (MFD) was investigated by path analysis and degradation kinetics analysis. The experimental results showed that the degradation of anthocyanins mainly occurred in the last drying stage. The temperature and the moisture content have both direct and indirect effects on the anthocyanin stability. The direct path coefficient of the moisture content on anthocyanins was 0.985, and the direct path coefficient of temperature on anthocyanins was −0.933. The moisture content to temperature ratio (M/T) was first put forward to estimate the anthocyanin degradation. The results of the regression analysis confirmed that the anthocyanins were stable at M/T of 0.96–3.60. A finite element simulation model was established to predict the anthocyanin degradation rate and content. These research results could provide a theoretical reference for use in optimizing the MFD processing technologies.
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43

Hukka, Antti. "The Effective Diffusion Coefficient and Mass Transfer Coefficient of Nordic Softwoods as Calculated from Direct Drying Experiments." Holzforschung 53, no. 5 (September 10, 1999): 534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.088.

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Summary The effective diffusion coefficient and mass transfer coefficient of Scot's pine and Norway spruce heartwood are calculated from the measured development of the internal moisture profiles of sawn timber during drying. Measurement is made using the oven-dry method. Calculation of both coefficients is based on using an existing timber drying simulation model to iteratively optimise the parameter values for the diffusion and mass transfer coefficients of prescribed functional form. The results show that the procedure employed is a feasible method to obtain numerical values for the internal and external transfer coefficients as functions of wood moisture content and temperature. The resulting diffusion coefficient and mass transfer coefficient are applicable in the whole moisture range between green and dry states in temperatures 20–80°C thus covering the whole process of medium-temperature wood drying.
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44

Daller, Sarah, Wolfgang Friess, and Rudolf Schroeder. "Energy Transfer in Vials Nested in a Rack System During Lyophilization." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12010061.

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Small batch sizes are a consequence of more personalized medicine and reflect a trend in the biopharmaceutical industry. Freeze drying of vials nested in a rack system is a tool used in new flexible pilot scale processing lines. Understanding of heat transfer mechanisms in the rack loaded with vials not in direct contact with each other is necessary to ensure high quality. Lyophilization in the rack vial system enables a homogeneous drying with a reduced edge-vial-effect and shielding against radiation from surrounding components, e.g., the chamber wall. Due to the separation effect of the rack, direct shelf contact contributes approx. 40% to the overall energy transfer to the product during primary drying. Hence overall the rack is a flexible, robust tool for small batch production, which ensures a controlled heat transfer resulting in a uniform product.
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45

Kang, Kyu-Young, Kyung-Ran Hwang, Ji-Yeon Park, Joon-Pyo Lee, Jun-Seok Kim, and Jin-Suk Lee. "Critical Point Drying: An Effective Drying Method for Direct Measurement of the Surface Area of a Pretreated Cellulosic Biomass." Polymers 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2018): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10060676.

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46

Itodo, Isaac N., Joshua O. Ijabo, Japheth A. Charles, Nathaniel N. Ezeanaka, and Solomon O. Akpa. "Performance of Desiccant Solar Crop Dryers in Makurdi, Nigeria." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 2 (2019): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12895.

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Abstract. Dryers in humid tropical locations like Makurdi, Nigeria (Lat. 7°7´N), have not performed significantly better than the open air sun drying of crops because of the high ambient relative humidity that is often not less than 70% all year round, hence the need to use desiccant augmented dryers. The performance of three types of non-regenerative desiccant solar crop dryers was undertaken to determine the best performing dryer configuration for further improvement and use in the location. The dryers developed were the indirect-active desiccant dryer (IADD), direct-active desiccant dryer (DADD), and the direct-passive desiccant dryer (DPDD). The dryers were designed, constructed, and their performance evaluated and compared to open air sun drying (OASD). The drying rate (kg/h) and Dryer Performance Coefficient (DPC) were used to evaluate the performance of the dryers. The active dryers were operated at a fan speed of 1.2 m/s. Moisture absorption rate and % moisture absorbed to its weight were used to evaluate the performance of the desiccant. The desiccant used was a composite of rice husk ash (RHA) and calcium chloride binded with cement in the ratio of 1:1:1 by weight. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p = 0.05 was used to determine if there was a significant difference in the measured parameters of the dryers. The Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at p = 0.05 was used to separate the means where there was a significant difference. The drying rates were 0.23, 0.19, 0.16, and 0.13 kg/h for the DADD, DPDD, IADD, and OASD, respectively. The drying rate of the OASD was not significantly different from that of the IADD. The DPC was 1.53, 1.40, and 1.15 for the DADD, DPDD, and IADD, respectively. The DPC of the dryers were significantly different. The direct active desiccant dryer had the highest temperature of 45°C, the lowest relative humidity of 50% at the drying unit and the highest rate of moisture absorbed by the desiccant of 0.24 kg/h. The non-regenerative RHA desiccant had maximum moisture absorption of 28% of its weight. The direct active desiccant dryer is recommended for further development for use in humid tropical locations. Keywords: Crop, Desiccant, Dryer, Humid tropic, Performance, Solar.
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47

Kolesnikov, Gennadiy, and Timmo Gavrilov. "Modeling the Drying of Capillary-Porous Materials in a Thin Layer: Application to the Estimation of Moisture Content in Thin-Walled Building Blocks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (October 4, 2020): 6953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196953.

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Drying, as a process of changing the moisture content and temperature of capillary-porous materials, is a necessary step in many technologies. When predicting moisture changes, it is necessary to find a balance between the complexity of a model and the accuracy of the simulation results. The purpose of this work was the development of a mathematical model for drying a capillary-porous material with direct consideration of its initial moisture content and drying temperature. Methods of mathematical modeling were used in the work. Using the developed model, an analysis of the features of the drying process of materials with high and low initial moisture content has been carried out. The analytical relationship for determining the time at which the extremum of the drying rate is reached has been substantiated. A model has been developed to directly take into account the influence of the initial material moisture content and drying temperature. The simulation results are consistent with the experiments on drying ceramic blocks for construction which are described in the literature. The obtained results can be taken into account in studies of the effect of drying modes on the energy consumption of a drying process.
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48

Sadadou, Ahmed, Salah Hanini, Maamar Laidi, and Ahmed Rezrazi. "Novel Approach for Predicting Direct and Open Solar Drying Using Artificial Neural Network for Medicinal Plant." Kemija u industriji 70, no. 3-4 (2021): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/kui.2020.049.

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In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to obtain a generalized model for predicting the direct and open sun drying process for some medicinal plants. Since the quality of the experimental dataset can lead to a very performant model, in this study the dataset was collected from previously published papers and divided randomly into three subsets, namely 70 %, 15 %, and 15 % for training, testing, and validation. Based on the complex solar drying behaviour, ten parameters were considered as inputs: time, global solar radiation (GSR), outside temperature, inclination, emissivity, altitude, longitude, latitude, inside temperature, and nutritional value, to predict moisture content (MC), and drying rate (DR). Based on a trial and error method, the best ANN model was found with a topology of 10-28-14-2, with regression coefficient and root mean square error of (R = 97.044 %. RMSE = 4.589 %) and (R = 99.968 %, RMSE = 1.185 %) for MC and DR, respectively. It can be concluded that the obtained ANN model provides the best method for solar dryer modelling which can be generalized for any location in the world.
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49

Tomic, Nikola, Ilija Djekic, Gerard Hofland, Nada Smigic, Bozidar Udovicki, and Andreja Rajkovic. "Comparison of Supercritical CO2-Drying, Freeze-Drying and Frying on Sensory Properties of Beetroot." Foods 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091201.

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The aim of this study was to compare the sensory quality and acceptance of dried ready-to-eat beetroot snacks as a result of different drying methods applied: supercritical CO2-drying (scCO2-drying), frying, and freeze-drying. Descriptive sensory analysis, quality rating (10 assessors), and consumer acceptance testing (n = 102) were performed. Mean overall quality scores within the range of “very good” quality were found only in non-precooked scCO2-dried samples which were characterized by typical magenta color, low level of shape and surface deformations, pronounced brittleness and crispiness, and good rehydration during mastication. The other samples were in the range of “good” quality. The pre-cooking step before scCO2-drying negatively influenced the sensory quality parameters, particularly appearance. Around 60% of tested consumers showed a preference for the fried and non-precooked scCO2-dried samples. The drivers of liking were mostly related to the characteristics of the product, which was salted, fried, and crispy, with an oily and overburnt flavor, i.e., the product most similar to commercial potato chips products. Freeze-drying had a negative effect primarily on appearance and flavor. According to the sensory evaluation conducted, direct scCO2-drying without a pre-cooking step showed itself as a promising alternative drying technology in the production of dried beetroot snacks.
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Sugandi, Wahyu Kristian, Boy Macklin P, Ahmad Thoriq, and Fikrialdis Rifki. "KAJIAN KEBUTUHAN ENERGI SPESIFIK DAN KAPASITAS KERJA MESIN PENGERING GABAH BERBAHAN BAKAR KAYU (Studi Kasus di Kelompok Tani Wargi Mekar, Desa Tegal, Kecamatan Karawang Timur, Kabupaten Karawang, Provinsi Jawa Barat)." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 10, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v10i1.16-25.

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Grain (Oryza sativa L) drying process is generally still done traditionally by direct sunlight. The drying process has several disadvantages such as it can only be done when sunlight is available, a longer drying time, a large area, requirement. An alternative that could be done to dry the grain in addition to using traditional drying was to use a grain dryer machines with do Wargi Mekar Farmer at Kerawang. There are several fuels that are used as heat sources for rice drying machines, one of them is firewood. This study aimed to measure the actual capacity of the wood-fired grain dryer, and also to analyzed the efficiency of drying and specific energy consumption to dry the grain. The research method used is descriptive analysis research method, namely data collection, data processing and data analysis. Research resulted that grain drying using a grain dryer as much as 761 kg.hr-1 . The yield of dry grain is 89.77%, and the value of weight loss is 10.33%. The moisture content of the material after drying is 13.06% wet basis. The drying efficiency in the process was 17.19% and the specific energy consumption was 15,318.24 KJ / Kg water vapor. Keywords: efficiency energy, grain drying, specific energy consumption
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