Relevant bibliographies by topics / Direct Effect and Indirect Effect

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Direct Effect and Indirect Effect'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Direct Effect and Indirect Effect"

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Timmermans, Christiaan. "Horizontal Direct/Indirect Effect or Direct/Indirect Horizontal Effect: What’s in a Name?" European Review of Private Law 24, Issue 3/4 (2016): 673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2016040.

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Abstract: In private law doctrine, suggestions have been made to introduce a terminology relating to the phenomenon of horizontal effects of EU law that is different from the terminology used by EU lawyers. That terminology is designed better to accommodate the specificities of private law. By subtly changing the word order, private lawyers aim to cover under the label ‘direct horizontal effect’ only those cases in which EU law can be invoked with the consequence of directly affecting or modifying a private law relationship. Invoking European law to review national law in terms of its compatib
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Zhao, Hanyi, Yixiang Tian, Xiangyun Zhou, Luping Zhang, and Wei Meng. "Rating Regulatory Mechanism Effect Promotion under the Environmental Issuance Effects: Based on the Incentive Difference Hotelling Model." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (2021): 5368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105368.

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Issuance effects are regarded as one of the most important aspects referring to the regulatory guidelines of green corporate bond ratings. This paper developed a new incentive difference Hotelling model, considering four major factors, i.e., the direct effect of issuance, the indirect effect of issuance, the reputation of rating agencies and the regulatory penalties. In this model, how the direct effect and the indirect effect impact the dual rating mechanism and the integrated rating mechanism was discussed. Numerical experiments were conducted to explore the regulatory effects on the two def
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Oh, Juhyun. "The Effects of Local Government Expenditures on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence from Republic of Korea." Sustainability 15, no. 20 (2023): 14913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152014913.

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This study analyzes the direct and indirect effects of local government expenditure for air quality on CO2 emissions using a two-stage dynamic panel model. The results of the first-stage empirical analysis show that local government expenditure for air quality has a positive effect on per-capita GRDP. In the second-stage empirical analysis, an inverse U-shaped relationship between the per-capita GRDP and CO2 emissions is observed. The average direct and indirect effects of local government expenditure for air quality on CO2 emissions indicate that local government expenditure directly reduces
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Siregar, Baldric. "Direct and indirect effects of investment on community welfare." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 3 (2019): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(3).2019.19.

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Despite the fact that the government is the main actor of economic development, it also invites private parties to be actively involved in the economic development. The main objective of public and private investment is economic development. But the ultimate goal of investment and economic development itself is to improve the welfare of the community. This study seeks to investigate the effect of private and public investment on economic growth. Furthermore, it also investigates the impact the investment on the community welfare either directly or indirectly through economic growth by way of a
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Li, Jie, Stacie Furst-Holloway, Larry Gales, Suzanne S. Masterson, and Brian D. Blume. "Not All Transformational Leadership Behaviors Are Equal: The Impact of Followers’ Identification With Leader and Modernity on Taking Charge." Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 24, no. 3 (2016): 318–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548051816683894.

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This study investigates how each dimension of transformational leadership directly and indirectly influences followers’ change-oriented behaviors. Using a sample of 329 independent leader–follower dyads from a wide range of Chinese organizations, we examine followers’ identification with leader as an intervening variable between the four dimensions of transformational leadership (“core” transformational behaviors, high-performance expectations, individualized support, and intellectual stimulation) and followers’ taking charge behaviors. Results showed that intellectual stimulation had the high
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Chen, Mengni, Shah Md Atiqul Haq, Khandaker Jafor Ahmed, A. H. M. Belayeth Hussain, and Mufti Nadimul Quamar Ahmed. "The link between climate change, food security and fertility: The case of Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (2021): e0258196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258196.

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Climate change is likely to worsen the food security situation through its impact on food production, which may indirectly affect fertility behaviour. This study examines the direct and indirect effects of climate change (e.g., temperature and precipitation) via the production of major crops, as well as their short- and long-term effects on the total fertility rate (TFR) in Bangladesh. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to perform path analysis and distinguish the direct influence of climate change on fertility and its indirect influence on fertility through food security. We also app
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Niamat, Ullah Khan, Ullah Sami, khan Shitab, Ahmad khan Aftab, Ullah Imran, and Abbas Khan Azhar. "Phentypic and Genotypic Correlation Coefficiences and Path Ciefficient Analysis Studies of Upland Cotton." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 4, March & April 2020 (2020): 19–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3986571.

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<em>the present study contained 16 testing genotypes that were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications at Cotton Research Station, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan with an objective of determining association of traits. Days to emergence, number of sympodial branches plant-1, number of nodes to first fruiting branch, Plant height, boll number plant-1, boll weight, seed cotton yield plot-1,Seed cotton yield ha-1,ginning percentage, lint yield plot-1 and ha-1, hundred seed weight, micronaire, upper half mean length, short fiber content, fiber Strength, degree of re
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Cai, Jing, and Adam Szeidl. "Indirect Effects of Access to Finance." American Economic Review 114, no. 8 (2024): 2308–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20220711.

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We created experimental variation across markets in China in the share of firms having access to a new loan product. Access to finance had a large positive direct effect on the performance of treated firms but a similar-sized negative indirect effect on that of firms with treated competitors, leading to nondetectable gains in producer surplus. Access to finance had a positive direct effect on business quality and consumer satisfaction and a negative effect on price, which were not offset by indirect effects, implying net gains in consumer surplus. We document other indirect effects and combine
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Sagala, Tamado Simon, Rasmulia Sembiring, and Siti Normi. "Analysis of the Influence of Compensation, Organizational Culture, and Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Their Impact on Employee Performance at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara II Kebun Bandar Klippa." International Journal of Business and Applied Economics 2, no. 4 (2023): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ijbae.v2i4.5375.

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This study aims to find out how much influence compensation, organizational culture, and leadership have on employee performance at PT. Nusantara Pekebunan II Bandar Klippa Garden, both partially and simultaneously, and how Work Satisfaction mediates it. The research method used was descriptive-quantitative. Research results Indirectly, compensation, organizational culture, and leadership's influence on performance can be mediated by job satisfaction. where the direct effect of compensation on employee performance is 0.261 while the indirect effect is 0.078, so it can be concluded that the dir
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Chen, Han, and Jun Dai. "Does Gender Moderate the Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Different Sources of Social Support and Adolescents’ Physical Activity?" Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no. 8 (2016): 874–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0547.

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Background:Using the social cognitive theory, this study aims to examine how gender moderates the direct and indirect relationships of various sources of social support on Chinese adolescents’ physical activity (PA).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted. The final data includes 396 students (55.8% are boys) who were randomly selected from 2 middle schools and 4 high schools in Fuzhou city located in southeast China. Family support, peer support, and self-efficacy (SE) were measured using validated questionnaires. Participants’ PA was assessed using the International Physical Activity Q
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Direct Effect and Indirect Effect"

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Baker, Mike, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Role of epigenetic changes in direct and indirect radiation effects." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2008, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/650.

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For over 100 years, cancer radiation therapy has provided patients with increased survival rates. Despite this success, radiation exposure poses a threat to the progeny of exposed parents. It causes transgenerational genome instability that is linked to transgenerational carcinogenesis. The exact mechanisms in which this instability occurs have yet to be discovered. Current evidence points to their epigenetic nature, specifically changes in DNA methylation. Using mouse and rat models, this thesis investigated the transgenerational effects of radiation in the offspring from parents who received
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Shay, Gemma. "The anti-tumour effect of bisphosphonates : a direct or indirect mechanism?" Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186676.

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Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are the standard treatment in cancerassociated bone disease due to their ability to inhibit osteoclast-mediated resorption. However, beyond their anti-resorpitive activity there is increasing evidence from preclinical studies to demonstrate that N-BPs can also have an anti-tumour effect, although the mechanism is still unclear. In vitro studies suggest that anti-tumour effects may be due to direct effects on tumour cells (by inhibiting protein prenylation) or via indirect effects on other cell types. The studies described in this thesis sought to ans
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Huang, Yan. "Assessments of the Direct and Indirect Effects of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Regional Precipitation over East Asia Using a Coupled Regional Climate-Chemistry-Aerosol Model." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6870.

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An aerosol module is developed and coupled to a regional climate model to investigate the direct and indirect effect of anthropogenic aerosols (sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols) on climate with a focus on precipitation over East Asia. This fully coupled regional climate-chemistry-aerosol model is capable of understanding the interactions between the aerosol perturbation and climate change. The simulated aerosol spatial and seasonal distributions are generally consistent with the observations. The magnitude of the simulated total aerosol concentration and optical depth is about 2/3 of the obse
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Boustani, Shaun. "Does Testing-Potentiate New Learning Because of Semantic Processing and Apply to Educationally Relevant Materials?" Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25098.

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Test-potentiated new learning (TPNL) is the finding that retrieving information from memory via a test or quiz can enhance subsequent learning. Recent research and a meta-analysis have highlighted that TPNL is a robust effect in which the new learning of many different types of materials is enhanced. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this effect and how it applies to complex, educationally relevant information. A growing body of research has suggested that semantic processing of the new information may play a significant role. Two such accounts were evaluated in this the
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Wasserman, Ryan John. "Direct and indirect effects of zooplanktivorous predators on the estuarine plankton community." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012938.

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Although predation has been identified as a potentially important driver in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, estuarine planktonic research has focused largely on the so-called "bottom-up" drivers of community assemblages. As such, this thesis focuses on the direct and indirect effects of zooplanktivorous predators on the planktonic community in an estuarine environment. By using a suite of in situ mesocosm experiments, a number of hypotheses, pertaining to the major research themes associated with predator-prey interactions, are tested. These themes included trophic cascading, risk effec
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Brajkovic, Dragan. "Effect of direct and indirect hand heating on hand comfort and finger dexterity during cold exposure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ45654.pdf.

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Kelly, Michael J. "Simplified Model for Rubber Friction to Study the Effect of Direct and Indirect DMA Test Results." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1627592247173898.

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Hough, Ashley Rose. "The indirect and direct effects of temperature and host plant resistance on population growth of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) biotype 1." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32584.

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Master of Science<br>Department of Entomology<br>James R. Nechols<br>Temperature has an important indirect impact on pest populations. Direct effects occur, but also may result from temperature-induced changes in plant quality, including the expression of host plant resistance traits. Therefore, I examined both indirect and direct effects of temperature on biotype 1 soybean aphids (SBA), Aphis glycines, on a Rag1-resistant soybean variety and compared the effects with a susceptible variety to gain a better understanding of how temperature impacts SBA. Four aphid responses were evaluated: preim
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Rutkūnas, Tauras. "Europos Sąjungos teisės tiesioginio veikimo doktrina ir jos plėtojimosi tendencijos Europos Teisingumo Teismo praktikoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20061212_134829-66548.

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This master’s final thesis is purposive to analyze the doctrine of direct effect of Community law, which is enlarged in the practice of the European Court of Justice. There are discussed the stages of the formation of the current doctrine identifying the concrete premises, which have been determined the enlargement of the principle of direct effect on the various sorts of forms of Community law. The main attention goes to the question of the direct effect of directives verifying the correctness of the position of the European Court of Justice not to recognize the horizontal direct effect of di
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Murray, Cameron Keith. "New insights into rebound effects : theory and empirical evidence." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/27655/1/Cameron_Murray_Thesis.pdf.

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The main objective of the thesis is to seek insights into the theory, and provide empirical evidence of rebound effects. Rebound effects reduce the environmental benefits of environmental policies and household behaviour changes. In particular, win-win demand side measures, in the form of energy efficiency and household consumption pattern changes, are seen as ways for households and businesses to save money and the environment. However, these savings have environmental impacts when spent, which are known as rebound effects. This is an area that has been widely neglected by policy makers.
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Books on the topic "Direct Effect and Indirect Effect"

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1944-, Kerfoot W. Charles, and Sih Andrew, eds. Predation: Direct and indirect impactson aquatic communities. University Press of New England, 1987.

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Boehmke, Frederick J. The indirect effect of direct legislation: How institutions shape interest group systems. Ohio State University Press, 2006.

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Copp, Robert D. Direct and indirect human contributions to terrestrial carbon fluxes: A workshop summary. National Academies Press, 2004.

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Trethowan, M. O. D. Do environmental statements consider the 'significant effect', direct or indirect, of a proposed development upon archaeology?. Oxford Brookes University, 1995.

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Sinn, Hans-Werner. Can direct and indirect taxes be added for international comparisons of competitiveness? National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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McCall, Richard Hooshang. Insulin's direct and indirect effect on the suppression of hepatic glucose production in normal and diabetic dogs. National Library of Canada, 1995.

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Evans, R. W. Test report-direct and indirect lightning effects on composite materials. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1997.

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George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Test report--direct and indirect lightning effects on composite materials. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1997.

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Evans, R. W. Test report--direct and indirect lightning effects on composite materials. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1997.

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George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Test report--direct and indirect lightning effects on composite materials. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Direct Effect and Indirect Effect"

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Kutnjak, Zdravko, and Brigita Rožič. "Indirect and Direct Measurements of the Electrocaloric Effect." In Electrocaloric Materials. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40264-7_7.

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Cavieres, Lohengrin A. "The role of plant-plant facilitation in non-native plant invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0138.

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Abstract Biological invasions are one the most important drivers of the current environmental changes generating important biodiversity losses. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to understand the mechanisms underpinning biological invasions, most of them relate to negative interactions among native and invasive species, where the capacity for many invasive species to reduce diversity is often attributed to a greater competitiveness. However, neighbouring species can also show facilitative interactions, where the presence of one species can facilitate another directly by improving
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Heleno, Ruben H. "The effect of non-native plant invasions on the dispersal of native seeds." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0256.

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Abstract Non-native plants change the communities they integrate in multiple ways, including direct and indirect effects on co-occurring native vegetation. While direct effects are more obvious, indirect effects, i.e. those mediated by biotic interactions with other trophic levels, can also have pervasive consequences for long-term community persistence. Seed dispersal is a critical stage during the life cycle of most plants, as it lays the foundations for plant recruitment patterns and long-term vegetation dynamics. By interacting with seed-dispersing animals, primarily frugivorous birds and
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Yamaguchi, Shinji, Yujiro Kawata, Nobuto Shibata, and Masataka Hirosawa. "Direct and Indirect Effect of Hardiness on Mental Health Among Japanese University Athletes." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60822-8_15.

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Jensen, Christina. "Small Claims Procedures in the Scandinavian Countries." In Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74851-7_15.

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AbstractAll the Scandinavian countries have some form of special proceedings for small claims. Still, there has not been formal cooperation between the countries. This means that Sweden, Denmark and Norway have quite different approaches to some procedural questions concerning small claims. The goal of this article is to analyse whether the implementation of small claims procedures has had any effect on the Scandinavian civil procedure. There is no doubt that the introduction of small claims procedures has a direct effect purely by being an addition to the ordinary proceedings. The question of
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"DIRECT EFFECT, INDIRECT EFFECT AND STATE LIABILITY." In Text, Cases and Materials on European Union Law. Routledge-Cavendish, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843145134-15.

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"Direct Effect, Indirect Effect and State Liability." In EU Law, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108913225.019.

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Hargreaves, Sylvia, and Matthew Homewood. "Supremacy, direct effect, indirect effect, and state liability." In EU Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199654253.003.0002.

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Schütze, Robert. "5. Direct Effect." In An Introduction to European Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198858942.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on the direct effect of European law in the national legal orders. The European Union insists on a monistic relationship between European and national law. This, in particular, means that the EU will itself determine the effect of its law in the national legal orders. The chapter then looks at the direct effect of the European Treaties. The European Treaties are, however, mainly framework treaties; that is, they primarily envisage the adoption of European secondary law and especially EU legislation. This secondary law may take various forms, which are set out in Article 28
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Schütze, Robert. "5. Direct Effect." In An Introduction to European Law. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192885944.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on the direct effect of European law in the national legal orders. The European Union insists on a monistic relationship between European and national law. This, in particular, means that the EU will itself determine the effect of its law in the national legal orders. The chapter then focuses on the direct effect of the EU Treaties. The European Treaties are, however, mainly framework treaties; that is, they primarily envisage the adoption of European secondary law and especially EU legislation. This secondary law may take various forms, which are set out in Article 288 TF
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Conference papers on the topic "Direct Effect and Indirect Effect"

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Starr, F. "Corrosion Aspects in the Design and Operation of ODS Indirect Fired Heat Exchangers." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98197.

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Abstract ODS alloys are candidate materials for the critical section in the high temperature heater for indirect fired coal conversion systems, although little has been published on their corrosion characteristics in this situation. Salient features of indirect fired systems are described. Under a European Union COST 501 programme, a natural gas fired ODS alloy heater has been built and operated for a short period as part of a Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Demonstrator. Although the planned environment was clean, a number of critical oxidation related problems emerged during development work associ
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Hilgefort, Kyle. "Big Data Analysis Using Bayesian Network Modeling: a Case Study with WG-ICDA of a Gas Storage Field." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11267.

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Abstract With the increased use of automated sensor arrays, continuous online monitoring, and more-accessible data interfaces, lack of data is becoming a problem of the past. However, a new challenge is emerging: how to effectively utilize the large quantities of data, especially when complex systems or processes are involved. Internal corrosion in a natural gas storage pool is one such case, with internal corrosion susceptibility depending on interactions among a variety of fluid composition, flow, and material parameters. Bayesian network (BN) modeling was explored as a solution to this chal
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De Domenico, Francesca, Erwan O. Rolland, and Simone Hochgreb. "Measurements of the Effect of Boundary Conditions on Upstream and Downstream Noise Arising From Entropy Spots." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64378.

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Pressure fluctuations in combustors arise either directly from the heat release rate perturbations of the flame (direct noise), or indirectly from the acceleration of entropy, vorticity or compositional perturbations through nozzles or turbine guide vanes (indirect noise). In this work, the generation of synthetic entropy spots via the Joule effect produces direct noise, and their acceleration through orifice plates and nozzles produces indirect noise. These acoustic waves reverberate, reflecting several times at the boundaries to add up to the measured pressure. Single travelling pulses are i
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Crocher, Vincent, Justin Fong, Marlena Klaic, Ying Tan, and Denny Oetomo. "Direct versus Indirect Visual Feedback: the Effect of Technology in Neurorehabilitation." In 2019 9th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ner.2019.8716925.

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Li, Yonghong, Chaohui He, and Chunmei Xia. "Simulation of Heavy Ion Source-Drain Penetration Effect in SOI MOS and Bulk MOS." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29782.

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The Single Event Effects (SEE) of Silicon On Insulator (SOI) and bulk-silicon NMOS are simulated using the SENTAURUS-TCAD device simulator. The Source-Drain Penetration Effect, which is caused by a heavy ion, was shown. It is proved that when the feature size of device become less than a certain scale, both Direct Channel Effect and Indirect Channel Effect occur. By comparing the distributions of equipotential lines in the MOSFETs’ channels of the different feature size devices during the ion strikes indirectly, the Source-Drain-Penetration Effect occurs more evidently when the device feature
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Mafulah, Siti, and Yazid Basthomi. "The Effect of Direct and Indirect Corrective Feedback on Students’ Writing Quality." In 67th TEFLIN International Virtual Conference & the 9th ICOELT 2021 (TEFLIN ICOELT 2021). Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220201.036.

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Rashid, Abdul, and Varsha Rokade. "Direct and Indirect Effects of CSR on Customer Reactions: PLS SEM Approach." In 3rd International Conference on Administrative & Financial Sciences. Cihan University - Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/afs2020/paper.207.

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Purpose- Study aims at finding the Direct Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Customer Satisfaction, Trust and Loyalty, together called as Customer Reactions (CR) and Indirect effects via Retailer Personality (RP). Design/methodology/approach- A Food and Grocery Retail customer intercept survey was conducted with sample size 410. Links were identified followed by development of a conceptual model. EFA was conducted through SPSS (23v) and CFA through Smart PLS (3.2.7v). Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Findings- It was found that perceived CSR Policy
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Zhang, Keping, Xia Shi, and Yuan Wang. "Mutual effect of the direct and indirect pathways on the basal ganglia network." In ICMAI 2020: 2020 5th International Conference on Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3395260.3395264.

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Saxena, V. K. "Direct and indirect effect of aerosols on the climate of the southeastern U.S." In The 15th international conference on nucleation and atmospheric aerosols. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1361931.

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Viteri-Pflucker, Valeria, and Jared K. Wahlstrand. "Spectroscopic measurements of the optical Kerr effect and two-photon absorption in GaP." In Frontiers in Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2022.jtu4a.35.

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Using supercontinuum spectral interferometry with a tight focus, we investigate the wavelength-dependent optical nonlinearity in gallium phosphide in the indirect to direct two-photon absorption regime.
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Reports on the topic "Direct Effect and Indirect Effect"

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Stucchi, Rodolfo, Alessandro Maffioli, Sofía Rojo, and Victoria Castillo. Knowledge Spillovers of Innovation Policy through Labor Mobility: An Impact Evaluation of the FONTAR Program in Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011534.

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Although knowledge spillovers are at the core of the innovation policy's justification, they have never been properly measured by any impact evaluation. This paper fills this gap by estimating the spillover effects of the FONTAR program in Argentina. We use an employer-employee matched panel dataset with the entire population of firms and workers in Argentina for the period 2002-2010. This dataset allows us to track the mobility of qualified workers from FONTAR beneficiary firms to other firms and, therefore, to identify firms that indirectly benefit from the program through knowledge diffusio
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Aizenman, Joshua, Gazi Salah Uddin, Tianqi Luo, Ranadeva Jayasekera, and Donghyun Park. Effect of Macroprudential Policies on Sovereign Bond Markets: Evidence from the ASEAN-4 Countries. Asian Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps230361-2.

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The paper investigates the effect of prudential policies on sovereign bond vulnerability to global spillover risk in ASEAN-4 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand). Using a risk network among sovereign bonds, the direct effect is that markets with tighter prudential policies have significantly smaller spillovers from the Treasury yield shocks of other regional and global economies. Combining with indirect effects, prudential policies reduce sovereign spillover risks in the long term. These findings suggest prudential policies have dual efficiency in sovereign risk regul
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Salazar, Lina, Sebastian Bernal Hernandez, and Luis Enrique Miranda Baez. Direct and Spillover Effects of an Agricultural Technology Adoption Program: Evidence from Bolivia. Inter-American Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013560.

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This study employs an experimental approach to estimate both the direct and indirect effects (i.e. spillovers) of an agricultural technology adoption program on small landholder farmers in Bolivia. Specifically, the evaluation focuses on the second phase of the "Creación de Iniciativas Agroalimentarias Rurales" (CRIAR) program, which aimed to increase agricultural productivity, income, and food security among smallholder farmers through technology adoption. Implementing a two-stage randomized experiment, the study uses instrumental variable (IV) analysis to measure the local average treatment
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Ahumada, Hildegart, Eduardo A. Cavallo, Santos Espina-Mairal, and Fernando Navajas. Research Insights: Can Better Infrastructure Offset the Negative Impacts That COVID-19 Has Had on Productivity in Different Economic Sectors? Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003682.

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The effects of COVID-19 have been stronger in service-related subsectors, where supply and/or demand were constrained by lockdowns and social distancing measures. The losses in these subsectors have had direct impacts-through their weight in countries GDP-and indirect impacts through their effect on other sectors. In Latin America, effects on the three most affected sectors-wholesale, retail, and hospitality services; construction; and manufacturing-add up to a 4.9 percent hit to economy-wide labor productivity through direct and indirect channels. Large productivity improvements in infrastruc
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Ahumada, Hildegart, Eduardo A. Cavallo, Santos Espina-Mairal, and Fernando Navajas. Research Insights: Can Better Infrastructure Offset the Negative Impacts That COVID-19 Has Had on Productivity in Different Economic Sectors? Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003682.

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The effects of COVID-19 have been stronger in service-related subsectors, where supply and/or demand were constrained by lockdowns and social distancing measures. The losses in these subsectors have had direct impacts-through their weight in countries GDP-and indirect impacts through their effect on other sectors. In Latin America, effects on the three most affected sectors-wholesale, retail, and hospitality services; construction; and manufacturing-add up to a 4.9 percent hit to economy-wide labor productivity through direct and indirect channels. Large productivity improvements in infrastruc
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6

Boybeyi, Zafer. Assesment of the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol-Effect During ISDAC Through Integrated Observational and Modeling Studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1158671.

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7

Kelly, Luke. Direct and Indirect Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women and Girls. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.141.

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This rapid literature review finds that women have been disproportionately affected by Covid-19 in several ways. As the Covid-19 pandemic began, it was widely predicted that women would face worse outcomes than men in many spheres. This was based on evidence of pre-existing inequalities (e.g. the high share of women in informal work) and evidence from earlier disease outbreaks such as Ebola. Evidence from the past year and a half supports the idea that women have been disproportionately affected by Covid-19 in many of the issues investigated for this report. A wide-ranging World Bank review of
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8

Pessino, Carola, Alejandro Rasteletti, Daniel Artana, and Nora Lustig. Distributional Effects of Taxation in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005230.

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This chapter analyzes the incidence on income distribution by a comprehensive array of direct and indirect taxes in ten Latin American countries circa 2018. The study finds that although there is a significant heterogeneity, the redistributive impact is equalizing for direct taxes and unequalizing for indirect taxes. Overall, redistribution through taxes, without accounting for spending effects and interactions, is slightly equalizing for some countries and unequalizing for others, but the burden on the poor is high and even higher than on the rich. This is mainly a consequence of the high sha
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Gandelman, Néstor, and Alejandro Rasteletti. Credit Constraints, Sector Informality and Firm Investments: Evidence from a Panel of Uruguayan Firms. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011452.

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This paper explores whether the extent of informality in a sector affects a firm's investment decision directly or indirectly through a credit availability channel. The dataset used in the estimation of the econometric models consists of an unbalanced panel of Uruguayan firms for the period 1997-2008. The results suggest that financial restrictions affect investment decisions in Uruguay, as an increase in credit to the private sector translates into higher investment rates. A one percentage point increase in overall credit growth translates into a one half percent increase in investment rates.
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10

Grijalva, Diego F., Carlos Uribe-Terán, and Iván Gachet. The Contractionary Effects of Protectionist Trade Policy in a Dollarized Economy. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005501.

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This study analyzes the firm-level impacts of temporary safeguard import tariffs implemented in Ecuador from 2015 to 2017. Employing a difference-in-differences methodology, we explore the policy's effects on a unique dataset combining firm- and product-level data. We focus on the direct effects on importing firms and indirect effects through the value chain. The analysis shows that, while the safeguards significantly reduced imports, they also resulted in short-run negative scale effects on firms. These include reduced sales, employment, labor costs, and material costs, without positive impac
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