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1

Kamarudin, M. Z. F., S. K. Kamarudin, M. S. Masdar, and W. R. W. Daud. "Review: Direct ethanol fuel cells." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 22 (2013): 9438–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.07.059.

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2

Reeb, B. B. L., N. Kluy, O. Schneider, and U. Stimming. "Ethanol Oxidation in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 53, no. 28 (2013): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05328.0023ecst.

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3

Zakaria, Khalid, Matthew McKay, Ravikumar Thimmappa, Maksudul Hasan, Mohamed Mamlouk, and Keith Scott. "Direct Glycerol Fuel Cells: Comparison with Direct Methanol and Ethanol Fuel Cells." ChemElectroChem 6, no. 9 (2019): 2578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.201900502.

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4

Antolini, Ermete. "Catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 170, no. 1 (2007): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.009.

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5

Kim, In, Oc Hee Han, Seen Ae Chae, et al. "Catalytic Reactions in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells." Angewandte Chemie 123, no. 10 (2011): 2318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201005745.

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6

Kim, In, Oc Hee Han, Seen Ae Chae, et al. "Catalytic Reactions in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, no. 10 (2011): 2270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201005745.

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7

Niwa, Koichi, Ryuichi Murata, Kentaro Arai, and Yasuro Ikuma. "Intermediate Oxidation in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells." Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan 39, no. 1 (2014): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14723/tmrsj.39.43.

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8

Oliveira, V. B., J. P. Pereira, and A. M. F. R. Pinto. "Modeling of passive direct ethanol fuel cells." Energy 133 (August 2017): 652–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.152.

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9

Taneda, Kento, and Yohtaro Yamazaki. "Study of direct type ethanol fuel cells." Electrochimica Acta 52, no. 4 (2006): 1627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.093.

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10

Bartrom, A. M., G. Ognibene, J. Ta, J. Tran, and J. L. Haan. "Catalysts for Alkaline Direct Ethanol and Direct Formate Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 50, no. 2 (2013): 1913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05002.1913ecst.

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11

Armstrong, Eric N., Jae-Woo Park, and Nguyen Q. Minh. "High-Performance Direct Ethanol Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 15, no. 5 (2012): B75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.010206esl.

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12

Lan, Aidong, and Alexander Mukasyan. "Perovskite-Based Catalysts for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 2, no. 24 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2424309.

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13

An, L., Z. H. Chai, L. Zeng, P. Tan, and T. S. Zhao. "Mathematical modeling of alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 32 (2013): 14067–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.080.

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14

Zakaria, Z., S. K. Kamarudin, and S. N. Timmiati. "Membranes for direct ethanol fuel cells: An overview." Applied Energy 163 (February 2016): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.124.

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15

Bayer, Domnik, Florina Jung, Birgit Kintzel, et al. "On the Use of Potential Denaturing Agents for Ethanol in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/154039.

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Acidic or alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) can be a sustainable alternative for power generation if they are fuelled with bio-ethanol. However, in order to keep the fuel cheap, ethanol has to be exempted from tax on spirits by denaturing. In this investigation the potential denaturing agents fusel oil, tert-butyl ethyl ether, and Bitrex were tested with regard to their compatibility with fuel cells. Experiments were carried out both in sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide solution. Beside, basic electrochemical tests, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) and fuel c
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16

Zheng, Yun, Xiaojuan Wan, Xin Cheng, Kun Cheng, Zhengfei Dai, and Zhihong Liu. "Advanced Catalytic Materials for Ethanol Oxidation in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells." Catalysts 10, no. 2 (2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020166.

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Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) have emerged as promising and advanced power systems that can considerably reduce fossil fuel dependence, and thus have attracted worldwide attention. DEFCs have many apparent merits over the analogous devices fed with hydrogen or methanol. As the key constituents, the catalysts for both cathodes and anodes usually face some problems (such as high cost, low conversion efficiency, and inferior durability) that hinder the commercialization of DEFCs. This review mainly focuses on the most recent advances in nanostructured catalysts for anode materials in DEFCS. F
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17

Srichai, S., and S. Heng. "The Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Performance." Advanced Materials Research 979 (June 2014): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.979.79.

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The effect on performance of single direct ethanol cell due to ethanol solution concentrations (5%, 10% and 15% by volume, ambient temperature (and), continuously changing of ambient temperature ( and), load resistance ( and) and air circulation through the cell were investigated experimentally in this research. The results showed that fuel cells have a high performance at high concentration of ethanol solution, high ambient temperature or operated in the wide range of continuously changing of ambient temperature. The performance was measured by the amount of the initial voltage, current and p
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18

Zhou, W. "Pt based anode catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 46, no. 2 (2003): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(03)00218-2.

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19

ZHOU, W. "Pt-based anode catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells." Solid State Ionics 175, no. 1-4 (2004): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2004.09.055.

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20

Fujiwara, Naoko, Zyun Siroma, Shin-ichi Yamazaki, Tsutomu Ioroi, Hiroshi Senoh, and Kazuaki Yasuda. "Direct ethanol fuel cells using an anion exchange membrane." Journal of Power Sources 185, no. 2 (2008): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.09.024.

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21

Li, Y. S., T. S. Zhao, and R. Chen. "Cathode flooding behaviour in alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 1 (2011): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.111.

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22

An, L., T. S. Zhao, and Y. S. Li. "Carbon-neutral sustainable energy technology: Direct ethanol fuel cells." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50 (October 2015): 1462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.074.

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23

Armstrong, E. N., J. W. Park, and N. Q. Minh. "(Invited) High-Performance Direct Ethanol Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 45, no. 1 (2012): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3701341.

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24

Chetty, Raghuram, and Keith Scott. "Direct ethanol fuel cells with catalysed metal mesh anodes." Electrochimica Acta 52, no. 12 (2007): 4073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.11.043.

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25

Park, Namsin, Takeyuki Shiraishi, Kazuyoshi Kamisugi, et al. "NiCoFe/C cathode electrocatalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 38, no. 3 (2007): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-007-9445-7.

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26

SONG, Shuqin, Yi WANG, and Peikang SHEN. "Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations for Ethanol Electrooxidation in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells." Chinese Journal of Catalysis 28, no. 9 (2007): 752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2067(07)60063-1.

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27

Wnuk, Paweł, Rafał Jurczakowski, and Adam Lewera. "Electrochemical Characterization of Low-Temperature Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells using Direct and Alternate Current Methods." Electrocatalysis 11, no. 2 (2019): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12678-019-00559-w.

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Abstract Here, we report for the first time the results of systematic characterization of a low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane direct ethanol fuel cell using DC and AC electrochemical methods. Model catalysts (carbon supported Pt nanoparticles) painted on carbon paper are used as anode and cathode. Influence of physical parameters, such as cell temperature, current density, and ethanol concentration, and anode fuel flow rate on overall cell impedance is studied. Analysis of the obtained impedance spectra in connection with DC measurements allows us to comment on cell properties and t
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28

Grimmer, Ilena, Paul Zorn, Stephan Weinberger, et al. "Ethanol tolerant precious metal free cathode catalyst for alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells." Electrochimica Acta 228 (February 2017): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.087.

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29

Li, Y. S., T. S. Zhao, and Z. X. Liang. "Performance of alkaline electrolyte-membrane-based direct ethanol fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 187, no. 2 (2009): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.10.132.

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30

Bredol, Michael, Michał Kaczmarek, and Hans-Dieter Wiemhöfer. "Electrocatalytic activity of ZnS nanoparticles in direct ethanol fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 255 (June 2014): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.142.

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31

Zhao, T. S., Y. S. Li, and S. Y. Shen. "Anion-exchange membrane direct ethanol fuel cells: Status and perspective." Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China 4, no. 4 (2010): 443–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11708-010-0127-5.

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32

Nakagawa, Nobuyoshi, Takashi Watanabe, Masatsugu Wagatsuma, and Takuya Tsujiguchi. "Carbon-Supported PtRuRh Nanoparticles as a Catalyst for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells." Key Engineering Materials 497 (December 2011): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.497.67.

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Carbon-supported PtRuRh nanoparticles, PtRuRh/C, were prepared by an impregnation method as a new anode catalyst with a high activity for ethanol oxidation in a direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC). PtRuRh (2:1:1)/C, of which the metal loading and the metal particle diameter was 40 wt% and 6.7 nm, respectively, with the metal composition of 2:1:1 for Pt:Ru:Rh, showed a higher oxidation current at a certain electrode potential compared to that of PtRu (1:1)/C and Pt/C prepared in a similar manner. The DEFC with PtRuRh (2:1:1)/C as the anode catalyst generated about a 1.5 times and 3 times higher ele
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33

Ma, Liang, Hui He, Andrew Hsu, and Rongrong Chen. "PdRu/C catalysts for ethanol oxidation in anion-exchange membrane direct ethanol fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 241 (November 2013): 696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.051.

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34

Cremers, Carsten, Domnik Bayer, Birgit Kintzel, et al. "Investigation on Denaturing Agents for Use with Ethanol in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (DEFC)." ECS Transactions 17, no. 1 (2019): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3142783.

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35

Silva, Júlio C. M., Rodrigo F. B. De Souza, Mayara A. Romano, et al. "PtSnIr/C anode electrocatalysts: promoting effect in direct ethanol fuel cells." Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 23, no. 6 (2012): 1146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-50532012000600021.

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36

Kuriganova, Alexandra, Daria Chernysheva, Nikita Faddeev, Igor Leontyev, Nina Smirnova, and Yury Dobrovolskii. "PAC Synthesis and Comparison of Catalysts for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells." Processes 8, no. 6 (2020): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060712.

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Pt/C, PtMOn/C (M = Ni, Sn, Ti, and PtX/C (X = Rh, Ir) catalyst systems were prepared by using the pulse alternating current (PAC) technique. Physical and electrochemical parameters of samples were carried out by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and CO stripping. The catalytic activity of the synthesized samples for the ethanol electrooxidation reaction (EOR) was investigated. The XRD patterns of the samples showed the presence of diffraction peaks characteristic for Pt, NiO, SnO2, TiO2, Rh, and Ir. The TEM images indicate that the Pt, Rh, and PtIr (alloys
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37

Wang, Yi, Shuqin Song, George Andreadis, Hong Liu, and Panagiotis Tsiakaras. "Understanding the electrocatalytic activity of PtxSny in direct ethanol fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 11 (2011): 4980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.069.

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38

WAKISAKA, Tomouki, Kojiro NISHIOKA, George KOIKE, Kohei NAGAHARA, and Yogo TAKADA. "218 Performance of Ethanol Direct-Generation Type Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2004.79 (2004): _2–37_—_2–38_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2004.79._2-37_.

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39

Pittayaporn, Navapon, Apichai Therdthianwong, Supaporn Therdthianwong, and Roongrojana Songprakorp. "Dynamic modeling of direct ethanol fuel cells upon electrical load change." International Journal of Energy Research 43, no. 7 (2018): 2615–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.4289.

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40

SONG, S., W. ZHOU, Z. ZHOU, et al. "Direct ethanol PEM fuel cells: The case of platinum based anodes." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 30, no. 9 (2005): 995–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.11.006.

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41

Wu, Xiu-Wen, Nan Wu, Chun-Qing Shi, Zhi-Yuan Zheng, Hong-Bin Qi, and Ya-Fang Wang. "Proton conductive montmorillonite-Nafion composite membranes for direct ethanol fuel cells." Applied Surface Science 388 (December 2016): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.171.

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42

Gomes, Aílton de Souza, and José Carlos Dutra Filho. "Hybrid membranes of PVA for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) applications." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, no. 7 (2012): 6246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.002.

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43

Gomes, Ranon S., Marcelo M. De Souza, and Álvaro L. De Bortoli. "Development of analytical and numerical solutions for direct ethanol fuel cells." Heat and Mass Transfer 55, no. 11 (2019): 3301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02666-2.

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44

Abdullah, S., S. K. Kamarudin, U. A. Hasran, M. S. Masdar, A. S. A. Aziz, and N. Hashim. "Parametric investigation and optimization of passive direct ethanol alkaline fuel cells." Materials Today: Proceedings 42 (2021): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.279.

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45

Ye, X., C. Yuan, Y. P. Chen, C. Y. Zhong, Z. Zhan, and S. Wang. "Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Their Stacks Running on Direct Ethanol Fuels." ECS Transactions 57, no. 1 (2013): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05701.0351ecst.

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46

Ye, X. F., C. Yuan, Y. P. Chen, C. Y. Zhong, Z. L. Zhan, and S. R. Wang. "Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Their Stacks Running on Direct Ethanol Fuels." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 161, no. 9 (2014): F894—F898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0591409jes.

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47

Chaiburi, Chakkrapong, Bernd Cermenek, Birgit Elvira Pichler, Christoph Grimmer, Alexander Schenk, and Viktor Hacker. "Ethanol - Tolerant Pt-free Cathode Catalysts for the Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 19, no. 4 (2017): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v19i4.282.

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The structure and electrochemical activity of carbon supported Pt-free cathode catalysts (Ag/C, Mn3O4/C and AgMnO2/C) are investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The catalysts display ethanol-tolerance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte containing ethanol at different temperatures. Because crossover of ethanol from anode to cathode through the membrane can occur in alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells (ADEFCs), selectivity of the cathode catalyst
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48

Vourdoubas, John, and Vasiliki K. Skoulou. "Possibilities of Upgrading Solid Underutilized Lingo-cellulosic Feedstock (Carob Pods) to Liquid Bio-fuel: Bio-ethanol Production and Electricity Generation in Fuel Cells - A Critical Appraisal of the Required Processes." Studies in Engineering and Technology 4, no. 1 (2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v4i1.2170.

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The exploitation of rich in sugars lingo-cellulosic residue of carob pods for bio-ethanol and bio-electricity generation has been investigated. The process could take place in two (2) or three (3) stages including: a) bio-ethanol production originated from carob pods, b) direct exploitation of bio-ethanol to fuel cells for electricity generation, and/or c) steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production and exploitation of the produced hydrogen in fuel cells for electricity generation. Surveying the scientific literature it has been found that the production of bio-ethanol from carob pods a
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49

Shen, S. Y., T. S. Zhao, J. B. Xu, and Y. S. Li. "Synthesis of PdNi catalysts for the oxidation of ethanol in alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 195, no. 4 (2010): 1001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.079.

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50

Sahin, Ozlem, Derya Duzenli, and Hilal Kivrak. "An ethanol electrooxidation study on carbon-supported Pt-Ru nanoparticles for direct ethanol fuel cells." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 38, no. 5 (2016): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2013.809391.

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