Journal articles: 'Direct evaporative cooler'

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Kettleborough, C. F., D. G. Waugaman, and M. Johnson. "The Thermal Performance of the Cross-Flow Three-Dimensional Flat Plate Indirect Evaporative Cooler." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 3 (1992): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905939.

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Evaporative coolers consist of two main types: (a) the direct evaporative cooler in which water mixes with the air to be cooled; and (b) the indirect evaporative cooler in which water is sprayed into alternate passages cooling the secondary airflow, which in turns cools the primary flow which then passes to the building to be cooled. A three-dimensional numerical evaluation of the indirect cooler is given. Energy and mass balance equations are derived for the primary and secondary flows and the effectiveness is calculated for different variable inlet velocities and compared with experimental values.

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Yu, F. W., and K. T. Chan. "Application of Direct Evaporative Coolers for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Air-Cooled Chillers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, no. 3 (2005): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1866144.

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This paper describes how direct evaporative coolers can be used to improve the energy efficiency of air-cooled chillers in various operating conditions and with different strategies for staging condenser fans. These coolers are installed in front of air-cooled condensers to precool outdoor air before entering the condensers. A simulation analysis on an air-cooled chiller equipped with a direct evaporative cooler showed that when head pressure control is used, the cooler enables the condensing temperature to drop by 2.1–6.2°C, resulting in a 1.4-14.4% decrease in chiller power and a 1.3–4.6% increase in the refrigeration effect. When the chiller with the cooler operates under condensing temperature control, where condenser effectiveness is enhanced by staging all condenser fans, there is a savings in chiller power of 1.3-4.3% in some operating conditions in which the drop in compressor power exceeds the additional condenser fan power due to the pressure drop across the cooler.

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Pisal, Prof Mr N. S. "Design and Development of Solar Powered 360degree Automatic Air Cooler." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (2022): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45370.

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Abstract: Evaporative coolers lower the temperature of air using the principle of evaporative cooling, unlike typical air conditioning systems which use vapor-compression refrigeration or absorption refrigerator. Evaporative cooling is the conversion of liquid water into vapor using the thermal energy in the air, resulting in a lower air temperature. The energy needed to evaporate the water is taken from the air in the form of sensible heat, which affects the temperature of the air, and converted into latent heat, the energy present in the water vapor component of the air, whilst the air remains at a constant enthalpy value. Vapor-compression refrigeration uses evaporative cooling, but the evaporated vapor is within a sealed system, and is then compressed ready to evaporate again, using energy to do so. Simple evaporative coolers water is evaporated into the environment, and not recovered. In an interior space cooling unit, the evaporated water is introduced into the space along with the now-cooled air; in an evaporative tower the evaporated water is carried off in the airflow exhaust. To Develop the Energy efficient, environment friendly direct evaporative air conditioning system having low operating cost suitable for hot and dry regions To Manufacture advanced 360-degree Rotating air cooler which rotates and provide air cooling in all directions. It can be used for domestic as well as Industrial applications. The temperature of dry air can be dropped significantly through the phase transition of liquid water to water vapor (evaporation). This can cool air using much less energy than refrigeration. In extremely dry climates, evaporative cooling of air has the added benefit of conditioning the air with more moisture for the comfort of building occupants

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Jahidul, Haque Chaudhuri, Deb Rohan, and De Jhinuk. "Innovative Way to Decrease the Water Consumption of Direct Evaporative Air-Cooler." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 9, no. 3 (2022): 115–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5842807.

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In the present study the existing direct evaporative coolers (DEC) is modified in such a way that DEC consume less amount of water and provide better cooling effect. In desert area, water consumption by air cooler is a serious problem. Therefore, the present study addressed this issue and primary objective of the study is to minimize the consumption of water. For this purpose, the property of the endothermic reaction is utilized. There are few salts that produce endothermic reaction if it is diluted in water. Those salt crystals absorb heat from the surrounding environment (water) and ultimately the temperature of the overall solution gets reduced. This cold solution is then passed through honeycomb cooling pad, as a result more amount of air can be cooled using the same volume of water as compared to the traditional air-cooler. Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl), Ammonium Nitrite (NH4NO3) salts satisfy the basic criteria for the endothermic reaction but NH4Cl will be more useful to use in the air-coolers, as Ammonium Nitrite is costlier and also hazardous. A salt water separator arrangement also attached with modified air-cooler which will help to regenerate Ammonium Chloride crystal from solution with the help of solar energy. In this study, firstly discussed about proposed design of an air-cooler system, which is able to nicely handle chemical solution. Then compared the study with experimental outcome which have been carried out with and without using salt. From the result it has been observed that modified design of air cooler has great potential to improve the traditional air cooler in terms of cooling effect and water consumption.

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Liu, Su, and Jae-Weon Jeong. "Energy Performance Comparison between Two Liquid Desiccant and Evaporative Cooling-Assisted Air Conditioning Systems." Energies 13, no. 3 (2020): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030522.

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This study investigated the annual energy saving potential and system performance of two different evaporative cooling-based liquid desiccant and evaporative cooling-assisted air conditioning systems. One system used an indirect and direct evaporative cooler with a two-stage package to match the target supply air point. The other was equipped with a single-stage, packaged dew-point evaporative cooler that used a portion of the process air, which had been dehumidified in advance. Systems installed with the two evaporative coolers were compared to determine which one was more energy efficient and which one could provide better thermal comfort for building occupants in a given climate zone, using detailed simulation data. The detailed energy consumption data of these two systems were estimated using an engineering equation solver with each component model. The results showed that the liquid desiccant and dew-point evaporative-cooler-assisted 100% outdoor air system (LDEOAS) resulted in approximately 34% more annual primary energy consumption than that of the liquid desiccant and the indirect and direct evaporative-cooler-assisted 100% outdoor air system (LDIDECOAS). However, the LDEOAS could provide drier and cooler supply air, compared with the LDIDECOAS. In conclusion, LDIDECOAS has a higher energy saving potential than LDEOAS, with an acceptable level of thermal comfort.

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Yuliasari, Hikmah, Kavadya Syska, and Ropiudin Ropiudin. "Disain dan Uji Kinerja Pendingin Evaporatif Tipe Aliran Searah Menggunakan CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 10, no. 3 (2021): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v10i3.338-350.

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After harvesting, fruits will change due to physiological, physical, chemical, and microbiological influences, and they are living materials. Therefore, it is necessary to know how to harvest and handle fresh fruits and their storage conditions to handle the fruits after harvesting so that the quality of the products can be maintained. One of the first treatments in the fruit cold chain is evaporative cooling. In order to get an evaporative cooling system that has an even temperature distribution, it is necessary to make a spatial model when designing an evaporative cooling system using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The objectives of this research are: (1) design of direct flow type evaporative cooling systems and (2) test the performance of direct flow type evaporative coolers. This research method uses design methods, experiments, and computer simulations. The results showed the performance of the evaporative cooler system in the scenario with the roof on, the highest effectiveness value was 1.198, the highest approximation value was 2.832, and the highest range value was 4.589. In the scenario without a roof on the evaporative cooler system, the highest effectiveness value was 1.767, the highest approach value was 2.139, and the highest range value was 4.835. The CFD analysis in the scenario with a roof had the highest temperature value of 25.9 ° C and the lowest temperature of 21.9 ° C, while the CFD analysis in the scenario without roof had the highest temperature of 23.7 ° C and the lowest temperature of 20.4 ° C. Keywords: CFD, direct flow type, evaporative cooler, quality, fruit

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Camargo, J. R., C. D. Ebinuma, and S. Cardoso. "A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 2, no. 2 (2003): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v2i2.3473.

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Air conditioning systems are responsible for increasing men's workefficiency as well for his comfort, mainly in the warm periods of the year.Currently, the most used system is the mechanical vapor compressionsystem. However, in many cases, evaporative cooling system can be aneconomical alternative to replace the conventional system, under severalconditions, or as a pre-cooler in the conventional systems. It leads to areduction in the operational cost, comparing with systems using onlymechanical refrigeration. Evaporative cooling operates using inducedprocesses of heat and mass transfer, where water and air are the workingfluids. It consists in water evaporation, induced by the passage of an airflow, thus decreasing the air temperature. This paper presents the basicprinciples of the evaporative cooling process for human thermal comfort,the principles of operation for the direct evaporative cooling system andthe mathematical development of the equations of thermal exchanges,allowing the determination of the effectiveness of saturation. It alsopresents some results of experimental tests in a direct evaporative coolerthat take place in the Air Conditioning Laboratory at the University ofTaubaté Mechanical Engineering Department, and the experimental resultsare used to determinate the convective heat transfer coefficient and tocompare with the mathematical model.

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El-Ghalban, A. R., M. A. Habib, A. H. Farag, and T. A. Shalma. "PERFORMANCE OF A DIRECT EVAPORATIVE AIR COOLER." ERJ. Engineering Research Journal 28, no. 3 (2005): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/erjm.2005.69962.

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Kovačević, Igor, and Maarten Sourbron. "The numerical model for direct evaporative cooler." Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (February 2017): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.025.

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Cichoñ, Aleksandra, Anna Pacak, Demis Pandelidis, and Sergey Anisimov. "Application of the counter- and cross-flow indirect evaporative cooler for heat recovery under different climate conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000010.

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This paper investigates the potential of applying an indirect evaporative cooler for heat recovery in air-conditioning system under various climate conditions. The counter- and cross-flow configurations of the indirect evaporative exchanger are addressed in this study in terms of their performance and applicability for different climate zones. Presented analyses are carried out with original ε-NTU model considering condensation from the product airflow and validated against experimental data. It was stated that both configurations of the indirect evaporative exchanger have a high application potential to be employed as a heat recovery device under most climatic parameters. Additionally for each climate zone considered in this paper, the air-conditioning system that consists of either the indirect evaporative exchanger and vapor-compression cooler or indirect evaporative exchanger and direct evaporative cooler is proposed.

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Kim, MH, JH Kim, OH Kwon, AS Choi, and JW Jeong. "Energy conservation potential of an indirect and direct evaporative cooling assisted 100% outdoor air system." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 32, no. 4 (2011): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624411402637.

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This study aims to present the fundamentals in which operation of a 100% outdoor air system integrates with indirect and direct evaporative cooling systems and to estimate its energy saving potential. The simulation of the proposed system is performed using a commercial equation solver program, and the annual operation energy saving potential with respect to a conventional variable air volume system is determined. This paper shows that significant operation energy savings (i.e. 21–51% less energy consumption) is possible principally by the pre-conditioning of supply air due to the waste heat recovery using the indirect evaporative cooler and the sensible heat exchanger units. By components, the proposed system shows a 16–25% less annual cooling coil load and an 80–87% reduced annual heating coil load with respect to the conventional variable air volume system, while there is no fan energy savings expected. Practical applications: This paper provides practical insight on how the evaporative cooling based 100% outdoor air system operates and how each essential component, such as the indirect evaporative cooler, cooling coil, direct evaporative cooler, heating coil and sensible heat exchanger should be controlled during the seasons for realising energy conservation benefits. The sequence of operation presented in this paper can be implemented to actual control logic.

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Bougleux, P. A. F., F. E. M. Saboya, R. Pitanga Marques, and J. A. R. Parise. "Simulation of a Direct Evaporative Cooler and a Cooling Tower by the Effectiveness—NTU Method." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 35, no. 3 (2007): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijmee.35.3.5.

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A direct evaporative cooler and a counter-flow cooling tower were simulated by the effectiveness–NTU method. One-dimensional energy and mass balance as well as heat and mass transfer equations were applied. The resulting algebraic equations were solved numerically. To validate the simulation model, numerical results of the evaporative cooler and cooling tower were compared with available experimental data. This simple application of the effectiveness–NTU method to such important heat transfer devices may prove pedagogically useful to undergraduate mechanical engineering students attending heat transfer courses.

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Elgendy, E., A. Mostafa, and M. Fatouh. "Performance enhancement of a desiccant evaporative cooling system using direct/indirect evaporative cooler." International Journal of Refrigeration 51 (March 2015): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.12.009.

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Mahmudi, Muhammad, and Moh Mafatih Al Jinan. "RANCANG ALAT PENINGKATAN EFISIENSI PENDINGIN DIRECT EVAPORATIVE DENGAN ANYAMAN SERAT ALAM BATANG PISANG." Rekayasa Sistem Energi dan Manufaktur (ReSEM) 3, no. 1 (2025): 140–47. https://doi.org/10.30651/resem.v3i1.21898.

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Pada era sekarang ini kenyamanan menjadi suatu kebutuhan hidup. Kenyamanan di dalam beraktivitas didapatkan dengan tersedianya lingkungan yang bersih, sejuk, dan bebas polusi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat cooling pad berbahan yang ramah lingkungan yaitu serat alam batang pisang, sebagai pad untuk alat evaporative cooler, juga untuk mengetahui peningkatan efisiensi dan kelembapan relatif dari cooling pad. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap cooling pad yang dianyam dengan variasi anyaman vertikal horisontal berdasarkan kerapatan 3 mm, 5 mm, 8 mm. untuk fluida air cooler menggunakan air, kondisi udara di kisaran suhu 34°C – 40°C, , air cooler dia ambil data dengan pengambilan data yang dilakukan pada waktu 5 menit, 10 menit, 15 menit, Kerapatan 3mm uji 15 menit RH(%) adalah RH(%) = 49,80 %, Kerapatan 5mm uji 15 menit RH(%) adalah RH(%) = 41,80 %, Kerapatan 8mm uji 15menit RH(%) adalah RH(%) = 40,20 %, Nilai Kelembapan Udara (RH) pada penenelitian pada cooling pad menunjukkan nilai yang ideal. Kelembapan relatif berada pada rentang 40% - 60% pada perhitungan rumus standart Kelembapan Relatif (RH) yang tercantum pada Perka BMKG Nomor 04 tahun 2016 tentang Pengamatan dan Pengelolaan Iklim Kata Kunci: pendingin, serat alam, evaporative cooler, cooling pad

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Singh, S. P., T. R. Tulsidasani, R. L. Sawhney, and M. S. Sodha. "Recent researches in indirect evaporative cooler V: relative thermal performance of buildings coupled to direct and indirect evaporative cooler." International Journal of Energy Research 21, no. 15 (1997): 1413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(199712)21:15<1413::aid-er354>3.0.co;2-r.

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Rachman, Arfidian, and Lisa Nesti. "Experimental Study to Performance Improvement of Vapor Compression Cooling System Integrated Direct Evaporative Cooler and Condenser." MATEC Web of Conferences 215 (2018): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821501017.

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For areas with very hot and humid weather condition increased latent and sensible load are a major problem in cooling systems that will increase compressor work so that electricity consumption will also increase. Combined condenser with direct evaporate cooling will increase the heat removal process by using an evaporative cooler effect that will increase the efficiency of energy use. This paper presents the study of the use of evaporator cooling and condenser. This paper mainly calculated energy consumption in steam compression cooling systems and related problems. From the results of this study, the use of condensers with evaporative cooling, power consumption can be reduced to 46% and performance coefficient (COP) can be increased by about 12%, with 1,2 kW cooling capacity.

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HARUNA, IBRAHIM USMAN, IBRAHIM AHMAD RUFAI, and BALARABE YAHAYA. "NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF EVAPORATIVE COOLER SUPPLY AIR OUTLET HEIGHT ON THERMAL COMFORT." Journal of Engineering Studies and Research 28, no. 2 (2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/jesr.v28i2.002.

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Thermal comfort in a space equipped with a direct evaporative cooler is a function of the height of the cooler's supply air outlet. This article attempts to numerically investigate the impact of hybrid downdraft evaporative cooler (HDEC) supply outlet height on occupant thermal comfort in an office building. DesignBuilder CFD parametric simulations was carried out by varying the height of the HDEC supply outlet from 0.1m to 2.4 m, step 0.1 m above ground level, using Predictive Mean Vote (PMV) as an objective function. The results show that the best PMV of -0.27 was obtained at 0.4m above the floor level.

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Ramkumar, R., M. Kesavan, and A. Ragupathy. "Experimental Evaluation of Evaporative Cooler Using Agro Materials." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, no. 04 (2015): 1550028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500285.

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The purpose of the study is to investigate the direct evaporate cooler in hot and humid regions with two different types of agro-based materials. In our experimental study, the locally available agro materials luffa (Sponge Gourd), zizanioides (Vetiver) were used with various thickness and the experimental results were compared with mathematical values. The operating parameters of pad thickness, air velocity, were changed and the performance of the cooler was analyzed. A test rig was designed and fabricated to collect experimental data. The performance of the evaporative cooler was evaluated based on the ambient condition. The analysis of the data indicated that cooling saturation efficiency improve with decrease of air velocity and higher pad thickness. It was shown that zizanioides-based pad with 160[Formula: see text]mm thickness has the higher performance (88%) at 4.5[Formula: see text]m/s air velocity in comparison with luffa pad materials. The experimental results of outlet air temperature and number of transfer units (NTU) were compared with mathematical model. The test results were within the limit of 15% and 10% to mathematical values.

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Wilkins, Michael, and Nelson Fumo. "A Review of Models on Direct Evaporative Cooling." American Journal of Undergraduate Research 20, no. 2 (2023): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2023.086.

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Direct evaporative cooling (DEC) is a technology that is continuously expanding into different areas of study. The foundation of this process has been built through expansive research efforts and physical experimental data. The ability to accurately model and predict the performance of DEC systems allows the energy-efficient process to gain traction in HVAC applications, however, the inconsistencies present among research efforts created discontinuities in the reproduction of a system. By reviewing current literature, the discrepancies in the defining methodologies of how DEC systems are defined and predicted can provide insight to future research. This review depicts the different approaches taken in recent research to define the equations that govern the thermodynamic processes, the different materials used in the process, and the models used to predict the performance of DEC systems. By identifying the most common practices in current research, the gaps in literature can be recognized and overcome in further efforts. KEYWORDS: Direct Evaporative Cooling; Evaporative Cooler; Evaporative Cooling Media; HVAC; Cooling Effectiveness

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Abdel-Fadeel, Waleed A., and Soubhi A. Hassanein. "CALCULATIONS OF THE OUTLET AIR CONDITIONS IN THE DIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLER." JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences 40, no. 5 (2012): 1351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2012.114509.

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Hosoz, M., H. M. Ertunc, and A. F. Ozguc. "Modelling of a direct evaporative air cooler using artificial neural network." International Journal of Energy Research 32, no. 1 (2007): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.1336.

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Kim, Beom-Jun, Junseok Park, and Jae-Weon Jeong. "Indoor Air Quality Enhancement Performance of Liquid Desiccant and Evaporative Cooling-Assisted Air Conditioning Systems." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (2019): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041036.

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The main objective of this study is to investigate the indoor air quality enhancement performance of two different liquid desiccant and evaporative cooling-assisted air conditioning systems, such as the variable air volume (VAV) system with the desiccant-enhanced evaporative (DEVap) cooler, and the liquid desiccant system with an indirect and direct evaporative cooling-assisted 100% outdoor air system (LD-IDECOAS), compared with the conventional VAV system. The transient simulations of concentration variations of carbon dioxide (CO2), coarse particles, and fine particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in a model office space served by each system were performed using validated system models that were found in the literature. Based on the hourly thermal loads of the model space predicted by the TRNSYS 18 program, each air conditioning system was operated virtually using a commercial equation solver program (EES). The results indicated that the LD-IDECOAS provided the lowest annual indoor CO2 concentration among all the systems considered in this research, while the VAV system with DEVap cooler exceeded the threshold concentration (i.e., 1000 ppm) during the cooling season (i.e., July, August, and September). For the indoor particulate contaminant concentrations, both liquid desiccant and evaporative cooling-assisted air conditioning systems indicated lower indoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations compared with the reference system. The LD-IDECOAS and the VAV with a DEVap cooler demonstrated 33.3% and 23.5% lower annual accumulated indoor PM10 concentrations than the reference system, respectively. Similarly, the annual accumulated indoor PM2.5 concentration was reduced by 16% using the LD-IDECOAS and 17.1% using the VAV with DEVap cooler.

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Zulkurnain Hassan, Mohd Suffian Misaran@Misran, and Nancy Julius Siambun. "Performance of The Direct Evaporative Cooler (DEC) Operating in A Hot and Humid Region of Sabah Malaysia." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 93, no. 2 (2022): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.93.2.1727.

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In the last decade, energy consumption for air conditioning applications has been dramatically rising because of the growing global population and increasing comfort demand. Consequently, direct evaporative cooling (DEC) technology is emerging as an alternative to vapour compression air conditioners due to its lower environmental impacts, less energy consumption, and lower operating costs. This paper aims to verify the experimental results of a direct evaporative cooling system operating under hot and humid climate conditions city of Sabah, Malaysia. The study's aim is to evaluate the efficiency of direct evaporators in hot, humid environments like Malaysia. Inlet and outlet temperatures, saturation efficiency, cooling capability, and feasibility index are all used to evaluate results. The cooling medium was a rectangular honeycomb cooling pad with a length of 34 cm, a width of 25 cm, and a thickness of 3.5 cm. The temperature and humidity during the analysis were between 31 and 35oC and 47.5 and 65.5%, respectively. The results showed that the air output temperature varied between 28.4°C and 31.7°C, while the cooling capacity between 0.29 kW and 0.64 kW as well as the saturation efficiency between 46% to 80% could be achieved. The result also shows that feasibility index between 19 to 24. Due to the high value of the feasibility index, this evaporative cooling does not work well in the territory of Malaysia. A direct evaporative cooler may be made to work in humid places like Malaysia by drying the air before the evaporative process using the desiccant dehumidification concept.

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Purnomo, Yohanes Ragil, and Immawan Insani. "Karakteristik Efisiensi Air Cooler dengan Penambahan Sponge di Kabin Kapal Papua Jaya Karya." Saintara : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Maritim 7, no. 2 (2023): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52475/saintara.v7i2.240.

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Sistem direct evaporative cooling merupakan salah satu metode sangat sederhana yang dipergunakan untuk mendinginkan udara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik air cooler dengan membandingkan air cooler yang belum dimodifikasi dengan air cooler yang sudah dimodifikasi. Modifikasi dalam air cooler dengan menambahkan sponge yang diletakkan di depan cooling pad honey comb dengan dimensi p = 30 cm, l = 25 cm, t = 1,5 cm. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan air cooler dengan membandingkan fluida kerja yang digunakan berupa air dan air es serta dengan menggunakan 3 kecepatan udara yang berbeda. Karakteristik air cooler pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perbandingan air cooler dengan modifikasi penambahan sponge lebih baik daripada tidak dimodifikasi. Nilai efisiensi selama pengujian menunjukkan pada kecepatan Low dengan kondisi fluida berupa air es pada air cooler dengan modifikasi penambahan sponge memiliki nilai tertinggi yaitu h = 97,4%. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kontak udara dengan air pada cooling pad dengan kecepatan Low lebih lama dari pada kecepatan diatasnya yang menyebabkan penyerapan kalor pada udara dapat lebih efisien.

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Windnigda, ZOUNGRANA, BOUKAR Makinta, COULIBALY Ousmane, TUBREOUMYA Guy Christian, and BERE Antoine. "Performance Optimization of a Terracotta Tube-Based Direct Evaporative Cooling System." Physical Science International Journal 28, no. 5 (2024): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/psij/2024/v28i5850.

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This study presents the design and testing of a lab-scale Terracotta Flat Tubular direct evaporative cooler constructed from locally sourced materials. The key components of the system include a galvanized steel box, hollow baked clay tubes with a flat geometry, an axial fan, and a low-power submersible water pump. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of varying intake air velocity, and water temperature. The experiment was carried out between 2:30 PM and 5:00 PM where air temperature and humidity in the test room stabilize. The results demonstrated temperature reductions ranging from 5.9°C to 15.7°C, outlet relative humidity levels between 52% and 95%, and cooling effectiveness values from 0.41 to 1.11. The optimal performance of the cooler was achieved at air velocities of up to 1 m/s and water temperatures around 18°C, at which the Feasibility Index is less than 11, which is in the range of the recommended value. The prototype achieved a cooling capacity of 62 W, with a coefficient of performance ranging from 3.3 to 5.6. Recommendations for future work include scaling up the system and enhancing its compactness to improve performance, making it suitable for enhancing indoor air quality and thermal comfort in rural households, schools, and offices with limited power access, as well as assisting small-scale farmers in reducing postharvest losses of horticultural products.

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PAGAR., MR SHAILESH J. "DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF COOLING TOWER." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem31490.

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A cooling tower is a device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a coolant stream, usually a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature using radiators. The natural draft cooling tower is an open, direct-contact system. It works using a heat exchanger, allowing hot water from the system to be cooled through direct contact with fresh air. To increase the heat transfer surface area (and optimize the cooling process), hot water is sprayed from nozzles within the tower. Cooling towers in the 19th century through the development of condensers for use with the steam engine. Condensers use relatively cool water, via various means, to condense the steam coming out of the cylinders or turbines. Keywords: Cooling tower, Cooling system, Evaporative cooler, Coolant system.

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Abed, Fayadh M., and Maki Haj Zedan. "Three Stages of Indirect Evaporative Cooling: Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation Study." Journal of advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies 1, no. 3 (2018): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/jaset.v1i3.182.

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Economical energy, reduction of cost and utilization of clean energy are required to meet the human needs. Evaporative cooling units are considered as a solution for these requirements by transforming such systems into technologies that meet these needs. The equipment’s cost, installation and operating costs are simple and low compared with refrigeration systems. An effective design is obtained by employing three stages settlement that equipped with a cross flow heat exchanger, direct and indirect evaporative coolers. In order to assess the design performance, a program code is developed. Flow and design parameters namely, air flow rate, piping length and diameter are studied. In addition to that the inlet air-dry bulb temperature at several different time duration over day is studied. The study was conducted in Tikrit University, Iraq (34. 35N; 43.37 E). Readings are recorded in June, July and end of August for two days (24 hours a day). The results show that, saturation of direct evaporative cooler effectiveness varies in the range, 67% - 96% and overall effectiveness of the unit varies in the range, 80% - 120%. It is provided that the system is efficient in dry and hot areas, and an improvement in the performance of the current design is achieved successfully. © Copyright 2018 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association

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28

Szaszák, Norbert, and Attila Juhász. "Experimental indirect evaporative air conditioning system - a possible implementation." MATEC Web of Conferences 367 (2022): 00021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236700021.

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This article presents the principle of operation of an experimental indirect evaporative cooling system which applies liquid desiccant solution as a drying agent. This mobile system is going to be built for the investigation of the effects of different working parameters (e.g. regenerating temperature of the desiccant salt-solution, air flow rates, solution flow rates, droplet size and mixing path length, etc.) on the produced cooled and dehumidified air, as well as the effects of the initial hot-air parameters (temperature and humidity) on the effectiveness (cooling and dehumidification rate) of the system. In this paper the basic mechanisms of both the direct and indirect evaporative cooling systems are presented with their advantages and disadvantages. It is shown how the solar energy by means of solar collector(s) can be utilized as an energy source of the regeneration of the diluted desiccant solution. Besides the 3D drawing and the parts of the experimental cooler and air dryer system will be presented and explained.

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29

Hien LeVan and Long Hai Vo. "MODELING OF AIR COOLING BY EVAPORATIVE PROCESS." EPH - International Journal of Science And Engineering 2, no. 3 (2016): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijse.v2i3.173.

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Air conditioning systems are responsible for increasing men's worke efficiency as well for his comfort, mainly in the warm periods of the year. Currently, the most used system is the mechanical vapor compression system. Furthermore, the higher electricity demand for cooling causes summer peaks, which may lead to high electricity prices and grid connected problems as black-outs. However, in many cases, evaporative cooling system can be an alternative to replace the conventional system, under several conditions, or as a pre-cooler in the conventional systems. Also the remaining cooling demand must be covered with alternative, environmentally friendly cooling technologies.  Evaporative cooling operates using induced processes of heat and mass transfer, where water and air are the working fluids. It consists in water evaporation, induced by the passage of an air flow, thus decreasing the air temperature. This paper presents the basic principles of the evaporative cooling process for human thermal comfort, the principles of operation for the direct evaporative cooling system and the mathematical development of the equations of thermal exchanges, allowing the determination of the effectiveness of saturation to determine the convective heat transfer coefficient and to compare with the mathematical model.

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30

Anbarasu, Saranya, Wangda Zuo, Yangyang Fu, Yash Shukla, and Rajan Rawal. "Validated open-source Modelica model of direct evaporative cooler with minimal inputs." Journal of Building Performance Simulation 15, no. 6 (2022): 757–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2022.2092652.

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31

Bishoyi, Deepak, and K. Sudhakar. "Experimental performance of a direct evaporative cooler in composite climate of India." Energy and Buildings 153 (October 2017): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.08.014.

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32

Wu, J. M., X. Huang, and H. Zhang. "Theoretical analysis on heat and mass transfer in a direct evaporative cooler." Applied Thermal Engineering 29, no. 5-6 (2009): 980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.05.016.

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33

Sheng, Chenguang, and A. G. Agwu Nnanna. "Empirical correlation of cooling efficiency and transport phenomena of direct evaporative cooler." Applied Thermal Engineering 40 (July 2012): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.01.052.

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34

Abed, Fayadh M., and Maki Haj Zedan. "Three Stages of Indirect Evaporative Cooling: Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation Study." Journal of Advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies 1, no. 3 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/jaset.01.03.01.

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    Economical energy, reduction of cost and utilization of clean energy are required to meet the human needs. Evaporative cooling units are considered as a solution for these require -cements by transforming such systems into technologies that meet these needs. The equipment’s cost, installation and oper-acting costs are simple and low compared with refrigeration systems. An effective design is obtained by employing three stages settlement that equipped with a cross flow heat exchan-ger,direct and indirect evaporative coolers. In order to assess the design performance, a program code is developed. Flow and design parameters namely, air flow rate, piping length and diameter are studied. In addition to that the inlet air-dry bulb temperature at several different time duration over day is studied. The study was conducted in Tikrit University, Iraq (34.35N;43.37E).Readings are recorded in June, July and end of August for two days(24hours a day). The results show that, saturation of direct evaporative cooler effectiveness varies in the range,67%-96% and overall effectiveness of the unit varies in the range,80%-120%.It is provided that the system is efficient in dry and hot areas, and an improvement in the performance of the current design is achieved successfully. © 2018 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association   

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35

Yenenh, Kumlachew. "Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of Evaporative Cooling System for the Storage of Fruits and Vegetables." International Journal of Applied and Structural Mechanics, no. 34 (June 30, 2023): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/ijasm.34.9.22.

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Due to inadequate post-harvest storage facilities, post-harvest losses of horticultural crops (fruits, vegetables, and flowers) are quite high in Ethiopia. The loss has a detrimental effect on societal welfare, economic growth, and food security. A prototype of an evaporative cooling system was designed, built, and evaluated for its efficacy in the short-term storage of tomatoes in order to overcome these issues and decrease the perishability of the most economically viable crops. Technical advancements and reorganizations were made to the evaporative cooling system's architecture to make maintenance, operation, and handling easier. The design combines an indirect and direct evaporative cooling system to store horticulture products in a variety of locations with different environmental conditions. The cooler is portable and can hold 260 kg, which is the ideal amount of food for Ethiopia's majority of small-scale horticulture distributors. Temperatures dropped 9.6°C and 10.3°C, respectively, at a cabinet relative humidity of 85%, compared to traditional cooling systems. Tomatoes were the subject of a storage trial to compare its efficacy to the conventional method of merchant display in the open market for six days. The cooler used half as much energy as a normal vapour compression refrigerator with roughly the same amount of storage. It is found that integrated evaporative cooling systems may perform better in the majority of climatic situations.

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Kapish Dhakulkar et al.,, Kapish Dhakulkar et al ,. "An Experimental Analysis of Direct Evaporative Cooler by Varying Materials of Cooling Pad." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 7, no. 6 (2017): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperddec201766.

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HS, Arunkumar, Madhwesh N, Shankar Shenoy, and Shiva Kumar. "Performance evaluation of an indirect-direct evaporative cooler using biomass-based packing material." International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 17, no. 1 (2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2024.2360451.

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38

Wu, J. M., X. Huang, and H. Zhang. "Numerical investigation on the heat and mass transfer in a direct evaporative cooler." Applied Thermal Engineering 29, no. 1 (2009): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.02.018.

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Antaryama, I. Gusti Ngurah, Sri Nastiti Nugrahani Ekasiwi, and Collinthia Erwindi. "Evaluation of evaporative cooler models using cotton-based fabric pads for tropical housing units." ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 7, no. 2 (2022): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v7i2.1449.

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Direct evaporative cooling (DEC) is a passive cooling strategy adopted in predominantly hot regions to restore building thermal comfort with less energy consumption and minimum impact on the environment. The implementation and studies of DEC in tropical housing are limited. Although DEC can reduce air temperature, an increase in relative humidity can still be seen as a disadvantage. Many materials were introduced for the cooling pads, but none was explicitly proposed for use in the housing unit. The present study explores different cotton-based fabrics to be used in the proposed evaporative cooler of the public housing unit in Surabaya. It analyses its ability to reduce air temperature and identify the increase in air humidity that may occur. A small-scale model of the housing unit that incorporates an evaporative cooling system is set, and internal air temperature and humidity are recorded. Results of the analysis show that different fabric specifications can lead to various thermal performances. A cotton-based blanket is found to be suitable for the proposed strategy.

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40

Saafan, Mohamed, A. Fouda, and A. Elbaz. "Heat and mass transfer in a direct evaporative cooler using new material. (Dept. M.)." MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal 38, no. 1 (2020): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfemu.2020.116709.

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41

Suranjan Salins, Sampath, Shiva Kumar, Ritu Kiran Kartik, and S. V. Kota Reddy. "Numerical analysis-based performance prediction in a direct evaporative cooler used for building cooling." Journal of Building Performance Simulation 15, no. 2 (2022): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2021.2025266.

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42

Fikri, Bintang, Evi Sofia, and Nandy Putra. "Experimental analysis of a multistage direct-indirect evaporative cooler using a straight heat pipe." Applied Thermal Engineering 171 (May 2020): 115133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115133.

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43

Camargo, José Rui, Carlos Daniel Ebinuma, and José Luz Silveira. "Experimental performance of a direct evaporative cooler operating during summer in a Brazilian city." International Journal of Refrigeration 28, no. 7 (2005): 1124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2004.12.011.

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44

Singh, Abhishek Pratap, Anuj Kumar Jain, Darpan Vashishtha, and Manveer Singh. "Development of Desert Cooler Design to Control Humidity and Temperature." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 4, no. 4 (2016): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.441613.

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Normal desert cooler works on the process of evaporative cooling and as a result moisture content of the air is increased. A normal desert cooler in the time of monsoon in humid regions are not very effective. So, aim is to develop an air cooler which doesn’t humidify the air and cools it sensibly and hence can be used during the monsoon season as well. This is a type of dual mode cooler which can Work Both As A Normal Desert Cooler And Can Be Switched To Non-humidifying whenever needed like in monsoon season or rainy days. In this mode, the water is made to pass through the tubes and water does not come in direct contact with the air and therefore no water is added into the air. It is found from the experiment a decrease of around 3-4 (°C) in room temperature. However this cooling effectiveness is a little lower than the conventional desert cooler. But the positive is that this cooling is without a significant increase in the humidity level of the air .This cooling can further be increased by using a material of higher thermal conductivity and also by increasing the area covered by the tubes.

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45

Zhou, Wenhe, Mengdie Liu, and Lin Duan. "Analysis of Airflow Organization in Buses Air-Conditioned by Direct Evaporative Coolers." Sustainability 17, no. 4 (2025): 1647. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041647.

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Considering the energy-saving advantages of the direct evaporative cooler (DEC) compared to the traditional air conditioning system (TAC), this study aims to indicate its ability to improve the thermal comfort and the indoor air quality of the bus compared to the bus air-conditioned by the traditional compressor system. Taking a bus in Lanzhou as the object, the numerical model and method were first verified by an experimental method. Then, numerical analyses were simultaneously carried out in both bus models, which were air-conditioned by TAC and DEC, respectively. The results showed that the thermal comfort of the bus air-conditioned by DEC is more satisfactory, and the indoor air quality is better. Additionally, the bus air-conditioned by DEC achieves a 43.7% improvement in the temperature efficiency and a 31.3% improvement in the ventilation efficiency compared to the bus air-conditioned by TAC. The conclusion will provide valuable insights into the application of DEC in buses in dry regions.

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46

Mumtaz, Haider, and Salman Hammdi. "Numerical simulation of integrating an air conditioner with an evaporative air cooler." Heritage and Sustainable Development 6, no. 1 (2024): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/hsd.v6i1.346.

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During the summer, air conditioning is increasingly used in commercial and residential structures to provide thermal comfort. The elevated condenser pressure caused by high ambient temperatures has led to a significant increase in electricity consumption in dry, hot climates. Therefore, this article presents the results of a numerical simulation investigation into the feasibility of enhancing the performance of a conventional air conditioning unit by applying a direct evaporative cooling system. The objective is to increase the cooling capacity while decreasing power consumption. The program used a small window-type air conditioner configured to simulate various weather conditions. The numerical findings indicate that incorporating evaporative cooling aids improved the system's ability to overcome numerous obstacles, resulting in a 10–20% increase in refrigeration capacity. Additionally, power consumption was reduced by approximately 3%, and the discharge temperature fell by 6–10°C. The predicted mean vote standard (PMV) for thermal conditions for human occupants yielded favorable outcomes (normal-type). Despite the challenging climate conditions prevailing during the five sweltering summer months, water production demonstrated good results, particularly in September.

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Jakubowski, Tomasz, Sedat Boyacı, Joanna Kocięcka, and Atılgan Atılgan. "Determination of Performance of Different Pad Materials and Energy Consumption Values of Direct Evaporative Cooler." Energies 17, no. 12 (2024): 2811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17122811.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the performances of luffa and greenhouse shading netting (which can be used as alternatives to commercial cellulose pads, that are popular for cooling greenhouses), the contribution of external shading to the evaporative cooling performance, and the energy consumption of the direct evaporative cooler. In this experiment, eight different applications were evaluated: natural ventilation (NV), natural ventilation combined with external shading net (NV + ESN), cellulose pad (CP), cellulose pad combined with external shading net (CP + ESN), luffa pad (LP), luffa pad combined with external shading net (LP + ESN), shading net pad (SNP), and shading net pad combined with external shading net (SNP + ESN). The cooling efficiencies of CP, CP + ESN, LP, LP + ESN, SNP, and SNP + ESN were found to be 37.6%, 45.0%, 38.9%, 41.2%, 24.4%, 29.1%, respectively. Moreover, their cooling capacities were 2.6 kW, 3.0 kW, 2.8 kW, 3.0 kW, 1.7 kW, 2.0 kW, respectively. The system water consumption values were 2.9, 3.1, 2.8, 3.2, 2.4, 2.4 l h−1, respectively. The performance coefficients of the system were determined to be 10.2, 12.1, 11.3, 11.9, 6.6, 7.8. The system’s electricity consumption per unit area was 0.15 kWh m−2. As a result of the study, it was determined that commercially used cellulose pads have advantages over luffa and shading net materials. However, luffa pads can be a good alternative to cellulose pads, considering their local availability, initial cost, cooling efficiency, and capacity.

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48

Zaidan, Maki, Fayadh Abed, and Ali Farhad. "The Effect of Dry and Wet Bulb Temperature Variation on the Performance of the Indirect Evaporative Cooler." vol (26(, No. (4) 26, no. 4 (2019): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.26.4.02.

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The research is about designing and building up an evaporative cooling system, working by two- stages evaporative cooling system using outer air (pure air). The system is founded by designing and making a heat exchanger of orthogonal flow from Aluminum sheets of (30*60*40) cm, which represents the first stage of the system (indirect stage). The second stage (direct stage) of the system is represented by making an equipment of air washing (cylindrical) with (45 height, 60 width, 3 thickness) cm. The cooling system pulls outer air by a Centrifugal fan. The air passes through the heat exchanger pipes to be cooled tangibly (without moistening). Then it goes over the equipment of air washing to be cooled and cools the specified space. Computer software was designed by FORTRAN Language (FORTRAN 90) to predict the evaporative air cooler performance to know the proper environmental and design conditions of the system. Some variables were made to study their effect on the thermal performance of the system. The studied variable is to change the volumetric flow rate of air from (750 cfm) to (2000 cfm) of the dry side, and from (750 cfm) to (2500 cfm) of the wet side. The pipe length was changed from (20 cm) to (45 cm), and its diameter from (0.5 cm) to (3 cm). Those were the design changes. On the environmental changes, we studied the effect of changing the temperature on the dry or wet bulb of the system. The study is taken place in Tikrit University (34. 35N; 43.37 E), to determine the suitability of the weather conditions of the region for the work of the system. It was taken place in the late August for two consecutive days, with readings of 24 hours. The results show that the best quantity of the air supplied, which represent the best performance of the system (750 cfm) and (1000 cfm) for the wet side when the diameter (1-1.5 cm) and length is (45 cm). The results show also the possibility of the work of this system for the region mentioned because it is characterized by its hot and dry climate in the summer, as the efficiency of evaporative evaporator increases the hot and dry environment by 80%.

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Hamdoon, Omar M., and Burhan M. Al-Ali. "Modeling and Simulation of a Desiccant Evaporative Cooling System." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 3 (2019): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.26.3.02.

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This paper studies the performance of a proposed desiccant assisted air conditioning system operating under the hot and dry climate conditions of Mosul city, Iraq. The proposed system consists of three stages: indirect/direct evaporative cooler, an enthalpy wheel, and a traditional vapor compression system. The performance of the suggested system is compared with that of the vapor compression system operating at the same conditions. The simulation results showed that an optimum rotational speed of 12.5 rpm is required for the enthalpy wheel to achieve the best system performance. The simulation results also showed the ability of the proposed system to achieve a power consumption saving of 51.03%, in the ventilation mode, and 22.93%, in the mixing mode with a ventilation mixing ratio of 0.4 when compared to the vapor compression system.

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50

Kim, Beom-Jun, Su-Young Jo, and Jae-Weon Jeong. "Energy performance enhancement in air-source heat pump with a direct evaporative cooler-applied condenser." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 35 (July 2022): 102137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102137.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Direct evaporative cooler'

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