Relevant bibliographies by topics / Direct method of standardization

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Academic literature on the topic 'Direct method of standardization'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Direct method of standardization"

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He, Kevin. "Indirect and direct standardization for evaluating transplant centers." Journal of Hospital Administration 8, no. 1 (December 9, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v8n1p9.

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To assess the quality of health care, patient outcomes associated with medical providers are routinely monitored in order to identify poor (or excellent) provider performance. To avoid confounding by risk factors, both indirect and direct standardization have been used for comparing outcome rates or prevalence for different providers. There has been an ongoing debate as to which standardization method is more appropriate. To compare the performance of indirect and direct standardization for the purpose of ranking transplant centers, we analyzed post-transplant mortality using the national kidney transplant data. Included in our analysis were 116,601 patients (from 230 transplant centers) who underwent kidney transplantation between January 2006 and December 2012. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to model the 30-day mortality, which were estimates of failures (grant failure or death) in the 30 days after the transplant surgery. Concordance indexes, kappa coefficients and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were computed. The estimated values from these statistics for the indirect standardized method were similar to the direct standardization. The results suggest that both indirect and direct standardized methods provide similar ability to distinguish center effects.
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Wu, Xiaoting, Min Zhang, Ruyun Jin, Gary L. Grunkemeier, Charles Maynard, Ravi S. Hira, Todd MacKenzie, et al. "A Comparison of statistical methods for hospital performance assessment." Journal of Hospital Administration 10, no. 3 (May 24, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v10n3p32.

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During hospital quality improvement activities, statistical approaches are critical to help assess hospital performance for benchmarking. Current statistical approaches are used primarily for research and reimbursement purposes. In this multiinstitutional study, these established statistical methods were evaluated for quality improvement applications. Leveraging a dataset of 42,199 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery from 2014 to 2016 across 90 hospitals, six statistical approaches were applied. The non-shrinkage methods were: (1) indirect standardization without hospital effect; (2) indirect standardization with hospital fixed effect; (3) direct standardization with hospital fixed effect. The shrinkage methods were: (4) indirect standardization with hospital random effect; (5) direct standardization with hospital random effect; (6) Bayesian method. Hospital performance related to operative mortality and major morbidity or mortality was compared across methods based on variation in adjusted rates, rankings, and performance outliers. Method performance was evaluated across procedure volume terciles: small (< 96 cases/year), medium (96-171), and large (> 171). Shrinkage methods reduced inter-hospital variation (min-max) for mortality (observed: 0%-10%; adjusted: 1.5%-2.4%) and major morbidity or mortality (observed: 2.6%-35%; adjusted: 6.9%-17.5%). Shrinkage methods shrunk hospital rates toward the group mean. Direct standardization with hospital random effect, compared to fixed effect, resulted in 16.7%-38.9% of hospitals changing quintile mortality ranking. Indirect standardization with hospital random effect resulted in no performance outliers among small and medium hospitals for mortality, while logistic and fixed effect methods identified one small and three medium outlier hospitals. The choice of statistical method greatly impacts hospital ranking and performance outlier’ status. These findings should be considered when benchmarking hospital performance for hospital quality improvement activities.
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Little, R. R., H. M. Wiedmeyer, J. D. England, A. L. Wilke, C. L. Rohlfing, F. H. Wians, J. M. Jacobson, V. Zellmer, and D. E. Goldstein. "Interlaboratory Standardization of Measurements of Glycohemoglobins." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.12.2472.

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Abstract The diversity of methods used to measure glycohemoglobins (GHb) makes it difficult to compare patients' results among laboratories. We reported previously the feasibility of providing comparable results from different assays by use of common calibrators. We here compare results from seven different GHb methods calibrated by use of hemolysates assayed by a precise ion-exchange high-performance liquid-chromatographic (HPLC) method for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Thus, regardless of the GHb species measured by the seven methods, results were referenced to the HbA1c content of the calibrators. Without this calibration, GHb values for single samples varied, e.g., from 4.0% to 8.1% and from 10% to 14.2% in the normal and high ranges, respectively. Calibration decreased between-method variability (single sample ranges of, e.g., 4.8% to 5.4% and 9.4% to 10.2% in the normal and high ranges, respectively) and improved interassay precision. We conclude that this approach to calibration of GHb measurements allows direct comparison of results obtained by different methods and improves precision.
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Du, Qiang, Bao Dong Bai, and Li Ke. "A Data Standardization and Reconstruction Method for Magnetic Induction Tomography." Advanced Materials Research 647 (January 2013): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.560.

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Magnetic induction tomography (MIT) is a biologic tomography technology, which is to obtain the conductivity distribution by detecting the data on the boundary of the imaging area based on the eddy current principle. The small impedance difference between biological tissues makes the eddy current weak, and it leads to a direct effect on the biological impedance measurement and imaging sensitivity. A measured data standardization method is presented in this paper for enhancing the measured data sensitivity, and combined with the back-projection reconstruction algorithm to get reconstruction image. It is applied to a variety of measurement and the simulation experiment based on the calculation results of finite-element methods. The reconstructed images indicate that the method can improve the image resolution and sensitivity, and which provides an effective data standardization and reconstruction algorithm for the magnetic induction tomography.
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Huang, Hui, Shuchang Liu, Junaid Ullah, Zehao Sun, Caicai Liu, Zhao Zhang, and Hangzhou Wang. "Model Maintenance of RC-PLSR for Moisture Content Measurement of Dried Scallop." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 4 (2020): 891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13728.

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HighlightsThe RC-PLSR model for Haiwan scallop can be transferred to Xiayi scallop.The direct standardization method is suggested for model maintenance.The VSWS-PDS method can be further improved in precision.Abstract. A prediction model for evaluating the moisture content in dried Haiwan scallops was established using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology in a previously published study. The accuracy of such models is usually affected by differences in sample species, different environmental conditions such as temperature or humidity, and aging of instruments. In this study, the prediction ability of the RC-PLSR model is improved by correcting the spectra of the tested species of dried scallop (i.e., Xiayi) to solve the problem of model failure caused by sample differences. The results of model maintenance by direct standardization (DS) are compared with those of variety sensitive wavelength selection - piecewise direct standardization (VSWS-PDS). The results showed that after using VSWS-PDS to modify the spectral data of the dried scallop samples, the correlation coefficient of prediction (Rp) of the updated model increased from 0.0890 to 0.9190. However, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) also increased, indicating a need for improved precision. The RC-PLSR model based on DS correction showed Rp of 0.790 and RMSEP of 9.7481%. Model maintenance using the DS method is suggested because DS generally outperformed VSWS-PDS, even with a lower correlation coefficient. Future work on error reduction and sample input is suggested for VSWS-PDS optimization. Keywords: Direct standardization, Hyperspectral images, Model maintenance, Scallop, VSWS-PDS.
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Vink, K. L., W. Schuurman, and R. van Gansewinkel. "Use of the caffeine reagent in direct spectrophotometry of bilirubin." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.7.1389.

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Abstract The molar absorptivity of unconjugated bilirubin in caffeine reagent is independent of the protein matrix. This finding, together with the simplicity of a dilution step for direct spectrophotometry, will improve the calibration methods of bilirubin and make them more nearly accurate. This is encouraging for the development of a new method for bilirubin determination in neonates; moreover, the caffeine reagent has a clearing influence on the turbidity of human sera. These findings should also be important for standardization, especially because the method of Jendrassik and Gróf is also protein-independent. Therefore, the introduction of one reliable, inexpensive, "universal" standard of bilirubin in bovine serum albumin will be of importance for both methods.
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He, Kevin, and Douglas E. Schaubel. "Methods for comparing center-specific survival outcomes using direct standardization." Statistics in Medicine 33, no. 12 (January 17, 2014): 2048–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.6089.

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Fomin, Vladislav V., Hanah Zoo, and Heejin Lee. "Understanding the Technology Development Process at the Early Standardization Stage." International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research 12, no. 2 (July 2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitsr.2014070101.

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This research is aimed at developing a document content analysis method to be applied in studies of standardization and technology development. The proposed method integrates two theoretical frameworks: the co-evolutionary technology development framework and the “D-N-S” (Design, Negotiation, Sense-making) framework for anticipatory standardizing. At the backdrop of complex and diversified landscape of science and R&D efforts in the technology domain, and the repeated criticism of the weak link between R&D initiatives and standardization, it is argued that the method offered in this work helps to better understand the internal dynamics of the technology development process at the early stage of standardization or pre-standardization, which, in turn, can help mobilize and direct the R&D initiatives. To demonstrate the practical usefulness of the proposed method, this paper conducts a content analysis of the research contributions presented in the COST Action IC0905 “Techno-Economic Regulatory Framework for Radio Spectrum Access for Cognitive Radio/ Software Defined Radio” (COST-TERRA).
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Yoon, Hyeon, Mi Young Shin, Cheol Ho Yoon, Jae Chun Lee, and Kang Sup Chung. "Preparation and Standardization of Method for Valuable Metals Analysis in Seawaters." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.593.

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A direct analytical technique was developed and tested for correct estimation of recovery of Eco-elements such as Li, B, Br, in the seawater, and three processed seawaters from Hanjoo Co. Ltd. The reliability of recovery technique and the correct estimation of total recoveries become a major interest before the launch of pilot plant. High matrix solutions are frequently affected in analyte response during instrumental analysis as the concentration of major component changed drastically. To overcome such a complication during standard sample preparation and a better application in pilot plant, a modified matrix matching standard addition method was developed and the reliability was checked. The detection limit of elements in several seawaters analyzed by applying the modified matrix matching standard addition method were 0.144 – 0.258-g/dm3 for lithium, 0.0.013 – 0.18mg/dm3 for boron, and 4.23 – 17.8mg/dm3 for bromine. The instrumental analysis was carried by AAS for lithium and ICP-AES for boron and bromine.
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Gosselin, Robert, Dorothy Adcock, Shannon Bates, Jonathan Douxfils, Emmanuel Favaloro, Isabelle Gouin-Thibault, Cecilia Guillermo, Yohko Kawai, Edelgard Lindhoff-Last, and Steve Kitchen. "International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) Recommendations for Laboratory Measurement of Direct Oral Anticoagulants." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 118, no. 03 (February 12, 2018): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1627480.

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AbstractThis guidance document was prepared on behalf of the International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) for providing haemostasis-related guidance documents for clinical laboratories. This inaugural coagulation ICSH document was developed by an ad hoc committee, comprised of international clinical and laboratory direct acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC) experts. The committee developed consensus recommendations for laboratory measurement of DOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban), which would be germane for laboratories assessing DOAC anticoagulation. This guidance document addresses all phases of laboratory DOAC measurements, including pre-analytical (e.g. preferred time sample collection, preferred sample type, sample stability), analytical (gold standard method, screening and quantifying methods) and post analytical (e.g. reporting units, quality assurance). The committee addressed the use and limitations of screening tests such as prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time as well as viscoelastic measurements of clotting blood and point of care methods. Additionally, the committee provided recommendations for the proper validation or verification of performance of laboratory assays prior to implementation for clinical use, and external quality assurance to provide continuous assessment of testing and reporting method.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Direct method of standardization"

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Štefaňáková, Michaela. "Porovnání potratovosti v zemích střední Evropy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205944.

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The objective of this diploma thesis is the analysis and comparison of abortion in selected countries of Central Europe - Czech republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. In the thesis is analyzed in detail the controversial topic of abortions in terms of the various factors that affect it. For a detailed comparison of the differences between countries are used the indicators of abortion and direct method of standardization, through which is possible to compare the countries and eliminate the influance of age structure. The analysis showed that even though it is the neighboring countries of Central Europe, the situation regarding abortions is significantly different, especiall due to legislative changes and other important factors.
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Hensley, Eric Charles. "The Direct Method of Teaching Latin." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579266.

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This paper examines the Direct Method of language instruction and how it has been implemented in Latin pedagogy. It shows that the method has been used in Latin instruction throughout history and that it has been proven as an effective method. A section of textbook reviews also shows how the Direct Method has evolved and is used today in the classroom. Further, a study was conducted where direct methodology was used in a classroom setting which showed it as an effective means of instruction.
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Capetillo, Pascal, and Jonathan Hornewall. "Introduction to the Hirota Direct Method." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297554.

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The primary subject matter of the report is the Hirota Direct Method, and the primary goal of the report is to describe and derive the method in detail, and then use it to produce analytic soliton solutions to the Boussinesq equation and the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. Our hope is that the report may also serve as an introduction to soliton theory at an undergraduate level. The report follows the structure of first introducing Hirota's bi-linear operator and giving an account of its relevant properties. The properties of the operator are then used to find soliton solutions for differential equations that can be expressed in a "bilinear" form. Thereafter, a set of methods for finding the bilinear form of a more general non-linear differential equation are presented. Finally, we apply the tools to the Boussinesq and KdV equations respectively to derive their soliton solutions.
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Kang, Sangwoo. "Direct sampling method in inverse electromagnetic scattering problem." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS417/document.

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Le problème de l'imagerie non itérative dans le cadre de la diffraction électromagnétique inverse utilisant la méthode d'échantillonnage direct (DSM) est considéré. Grâce à une combinaison de l'expression asymptotique du champ proche ou du champ lointain diffracté et de l'hypothèse de petits obstacles, les expressions analytiques de la fonction d'indicateur DSM sont présentées dans diverses configurations telles que des configurations 2D/3D, mono-/multi-configurations statiques, à vue limitée/complète et fréquence unique/ diversité en fréquence. Une fois l'expression analytique obtenue, sa structure est analysée et des améliorations proposées. Notre approche est validée à l’aide de données de simulation, et d’expériences le cas échéant. Premièrement, la structure mathématique du DSM à fréquence fixe en 2D dans divers problèmes de diffusion est établie, permettant une analyse théorique de son efficacité et de ses limites. Pour surmonter les limitations connues, une méthode alternative d'échantillonnage direct (DSMA) est proposée. Puis le cas multi-fréquence est investigué en introduisant et en analysant le DSM multi-fréquence (MDSM) et le DSMA multi-fréquence (MDSMA). Enfin, notre approche est étendue aux problèmes de diffraction électromagnétique inverse 3D pour lesquels le choix de la polarisation du dipôle de test est un paramètre clé. De par notre approche analytique, ce choix peut être effectué sur la base de la polarisation du champ incident
The non-iterative imaging problem within the inverse electromagnetic scattering framework using the direct sampling method (DSM) is considered. Thanks to the combination of the asymptotic expression of the scattered near-field or far-field and of the small obstacle hypothesis the analytical expressions of the DSM indicator function are presented in various configurations such as 2D/3D configurations and/or mono-/multi-static configurations and/or limited-/full-view case and/or mono-/multi-frequency case. Once the analytical expression obtained, its structure is analyzed and improvements proposed. Our approach is validated using synthetic data and experimental ones when available. First, the mathematical structure of DSM at a fixed frequency in 2D various scattering problems is established allowing a theoretical analysis of its efficiency and limitations. To overcome the known limitations an alternative direct sampling method (DSMA) is proposed. Next, the multi-frequency case is investigated by introducing and analyzing the multi-frequency DSM (MDSM) and the multi-frequency DSMA (MDSMA).Finally, our approach is extended to 3D inverse electromagnetic scattering problems for which the choice of the polarization of the test dipole is a key parameter. Thanks to our analytical analysis it can be made based on the polarization of the incident field
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Clark, Matthew. "Direct-search method for the computer design of holograms." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301220.

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Armour, Jessica D. "On the Gap-Tooth direct simulation Monte Carlo method." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72863.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation for Design and Optimization Program, February 2012.
"February 2012." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. [73]-74).
This thesis develops and evaluates Gap-tooth DSMC (GT-DSMC), a direct Monte Carlo simulation procedure for dilute gases combined with the Gap-tooth method of Gear, Li, and Kevrekidis. The latter was proposed as a means of reducing the computational cost of microscopic (e.g. molecular) simulation methods using simulation particles only in small regions of space (teeth) surrounded by (ideally) large gaps. This scheme requires an algorithm for transporting particles between teeth. Such an algorithm can be readily developed and implemented within direct Monte Carlo simulations of dilute gases due to the non-interacting nature of the particle-simulators. The present work develops and evaluates particle treatment at the boundaries associated with diffuse-wall boundary conditions and investigates the drawbacks associated with GT-DSMC implementations which detract from the theoretically large computational benefit associated with this algorithm (the cost reduction is linear in the gap-to-tooth ratio). Particular attention is paid to the additional numerical error introduced by the gap-tooth algorithm as well as the additional statistical uncertainty introduced by the smaller number of particles. We find the numerical error introduced by transporting particles to adjacent teeth to be considerable. Moreover, we find that due to the reduced number of particles in the simulation domain, correlations persist longer, and thus statistical uncertainties are larger than DSMC for the same number of particles per cell. This considerably reduces the computational benefit associated with the GT-DSMC algorithm. We conclude that the GT-DSMC method requires more development, particularly in the area of error and uncertainty reduction, before it can be used as an effective simulation method.
by Jessica D. Armour.
S.M.
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Ng, Jack Hoy-Gig. "Development of a direct metalisation method for micro-engineering." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2690.

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This research concentrates on the establishment of a metalisation and micro-patterning technique that eliminates metal evaporation and/or photoresist molding procedures. The process design is chosen from the analysis of the broad field of direct metalisation techniques where novel photocatalysts or photoreducing agents are increasingly employed to create new processes. The new photolithographic process in this study introduces two novel photoreducing agents for additive metal thin film fabrication: methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) and photosystem I. This work proves the concept of using light energy to directly reduce metal ions incorporated within an ion-exchanged polyimide substrate to produce metal thin films. The patterning step can be operated at atmospheric pressure, in a dry environment, using a coating of the photoreducing agent. This process offers a significant improvement to prior related work that relied on a water layer to enable the metalisation. Of particular importance for this process is the influence of light energy dose and heat treatment, which promote silver nanoparticles growth at the cost of degradation of the substrate polymer. The investigation was carried out thoroughly by laser writing experiments for a selected range of laser power and scan speed. To complement the phenomenon observed in the laser experiments, prolonged UV light exposure time and heat treatment experiments were carried out to confirm the hypothesis postulated in this thesis. The morphology of the silver nanoparticles produced, the changes of the substrate surface and the adhesion of electroless plating were characterised. Results indicate that UV irradiation with the energy density required for reasonable production speed causes inevitable molecular damage to the polymer substrate. Photosystem I was found to be able to catalyse the production of visually similar silver thin film by light sources in the blue region. Using a similar light intensity, the exposure time was reduced by an order of magnitude whilst the degradation phenomenon observed during the UV process appears to be eradicated. With the fundamentals of the process established in this thesis, future optimization is suggested for the transition from a proof of concept to industrial implementation.
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Català, i. Castro Frederic. "Implementation of the direct force measurement method in optical tweezers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665757.

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Mechanics is the branch of physics that studies movement and force, and plays an evident role in life. The swimming dynamics of bacteria in search of nutrients, organelle transport by molecular motors or sensing different kinds of stimuli by neurons, are some of the processes that need to be explained in terms of mechanics. At a human scale, distance and force can be measured with a ruler and a calibrated spring. However, assessing these magnitudes may become an important challenge at a micron scale. Among several techniques, optical tweezers stand out as a non-invasive tool that is capable of using light to grab micron-sized particles and measuring position and force with nanometer (10(-9) and femto-Newton (10(-15) accuracy. Small specimens, such as a bacterium or a cell membrane, can be trapped and effectively manipulated with a focused laser beam. Light momentum exchanged with the trapped sample can be used for eventually measuring the otherwise inaccessible forces that govern biological processes. Optical tweezers have enabled, after trapping cell vesicles in vivo, to measure the pulling force exerted by molecular motors, such as kinesin. Flagellar propulsion forces and energy generation have been investigated by optically trapping the head of a bacterium. Cell membranes have been deformed with optical tweezers and the underlying tension determined. However, the exact forces exerted by optical tweezers are difficult to measure beyond the in vitro approach. In order to calibrate the optical traps, the trapped samples often need to be spherical or present some degree of symmetry, it is important to bear information on the experimental parameters, and one needs high control of several variables that determine the trapping dynamics, such as medium homogeneity and temperature. A cutting-edge method, developed in the Optical Trapping Lab – BiOPT, from the Universitat de Barcelona, targets the light-momentum change as a direct reading of the force exerted by an optical trap. This frees experiments from the necessity of calibrating the optical traps, and makes possible to perform accurate force measurement experiments in vivo and involving irregular samples. In my PhD thesis, the direct force detection method for optical tweezers has been implemented and tested in some of such situations. I first give a technical description of the set-up used for the experiments. The use of a spatial light modulator (SLM) for holographic optical tweezers (HOTs), a piezo-electric platform to induce drag forces, and the trapping laser emission characteristics, are explained in detail. The light-momentum set-up is tested against certain situations deviating from the ideal performance and some steps for optimization of several effects are analyzed. Backscattering light loss is quantified through experiments and numerical simulations and finally assessed to account for an average ±5% uncertainty in force measurements. Then, the method is used to measure forces on irregular samples. First, arbitrary systems composed of microspheres of different kinds are collectively treated as irregular samples, in which the global momentum exchanged with the trapping beam coincides with the total Stokes-drag force. Second, pairs of optical tweezers are used to stably trap cylinders of sizes from 2 milimicras to 50 milimicras and measure forces in accordance with slender-body hydrodynamic theory. Another aspect of the thesis deals with the temperature change induced by water absorption of IR light, which is one of the major concerns within the optical trapping community. As main reasons, accurate knowledge of local temperature is needed for understanding thermally-driven processes, as well as eventual damage to live specimens. Here we use direct force measurements to detect changes in viscosity that are due to laser heating, and compare the results with heat transport simulations to discuss the main conclusions on this effect. The last goal of my thesis has been the implementation of the method inside tissue. The laser beam is affected by the scattering structures present in vivo, such as refractive index mismatches throughout different cells, nuclei, cell membranes or vesicles. As a primary result, despite the trapping beam is captured beyond 95%, I quantified this effect to result in an increase in the standard deviation of force measurements around ±20%. The approach has consisted in comparing the trapping force profiles of spherical probes in vitro (water) and in vivo (zebrafish embryos). To conclude, I here demonstrate that the direct force measurement method can be applied in an increasing number of experiments for which trap calibration becomes intricate or even impossible. Quantitative measurements become feasible in samples with unknown properties, the more important examples being arbitrary, non-spherical samples and the interior of an embryonic tissue.
Les pinces òptiques són una eina que permet la manipulació d'objectes de mida micromètrica mitjançant llum làser. En no ser necessari el contacte mecànic directe sobre una mostra, els dóna la característica de ser una eina no invasiva, fet que obre moltes aplicacions en nombrosos camps de la biologia, com ara en estudis de mecànica cel·lular en teixits. A més a més, una pinça o trampa òptica pot emprar-se per tal de realitzar mesures quantitatives, com ara posicions i forces amb precisió de nanòmetres (10-9) i femto- Newtons (10-15). D'aquesta manera, magnituds que altrament foren inaccessibles, com ara la força en un contacte cel·lular, poden obtenir-se i engegar així una nova dimensió en la recerca en biomecànica. El mètode de mesura directa de forces analitza els canvis en el moment lineal dels fotons que conformen el feix per tal de mesurar forces òptiques. Aquest mètode permet de mesurar forces sense dependre d’un alt control experimental, cosa que fa possible la mesura de forces, per exemple, en objectes irregulars. Per contra, això és gràcies a un disseny experimental capaç de capturar tota la llum que crea la pinça òptica i de mesurar-ne els canvis de moment. En la meva tesi doctoral, demostrem l’aplicabilitat del mètode en situacions en què la força no es pot obtenir de manera indirecta a partir de tècniques de calibració. En primer lloc, analitzem les millores tècniques que fan del mètode de detecció de moment una eina robusta per tal de realitzar mesures de força en un ampli ventall de situacions experimentals. Seguidament, emprem pinces òptiques controlades hologràficament per tal d’atrapar objectes irregulars, com ara sistemes de múltiples esferes i micro-cilindres, i mostrem la capacitat de mesurar l’intercanvi de moment entre el feix i les partícules que dóna lloc a les forces òptiques. Un altre aspecte àmpliament analitzat gràcies a aquesta tècnica de mesura és l’escalfament que origina una pinça òptica sobre el medi que envolta la partícula atrapada. Finalment, ens endinsem en la biologia de teixits per esbrinar com la dispersió a través d’aquests afecta el moment del feix i, per tant, les mesures. Les meves conclusions demostren l’aplicabilitat del mètode de mesura en situacions en què la calibració in situ pot esdevenir-se molt complicada o, fins i tot, impossible. Podem considerar que, per tant, el camp d’aplicació de les pinces òptiques anirà creixent i trobarà nous experiments en què s’elucidaran alguns dels interrogants més importants de la biologia.
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Ashrafizadeh, Ali. "A direct shape design method for thermo-fluid engineering problems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/NQ53484.pdf.

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Schlottke-Lakemper, Michael [Verfasser]. "A Direct-Hybrid Method for Aeroacoustic Analysis / Michael Schlottke-Lakemper." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135596190/34.

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Books on the topic "Direct method of standardization"

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Curtin, Lester R. Direct standardization (age-adjusted death rates). [Hyattsville, Md.] (6525 Belcrest Rd., Hyattsville 20782): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 1995.

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J, Klein Richard, and National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), eds. Direct standardization (age-adjusted death rates). [Hyattsville, Md.] (6525 Belcrest Rd., Hyattsville 20782): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 1995.

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Hirota, Ryōgo. The direct method in soliton theory. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Method of testing direct evaporative air coolers. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 2001.

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Handbook of direct mail: The dialogue method of direct written sales communication. New York: Prentice Hall, 1992.

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Laboratory, Occupational Medicine and Hygiene. Quartz in respirable airborne dusts: Laboratory method using infra-red spectroscopy (direct method). Bootle: Health and Safety Executive, 1987.

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Potschka, Andreas. A Direct Method for Parabolic PDE Constrained Optimization Problems. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04476-3.

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Stewart, Marilyn. The Canadian direct marketing handbook: The definitive guide to Canada's most powerful marketing method. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1992.

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Direct public offerings: The new method for taking your company public. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 1997.

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Carlson, Leland A. A direct-inverse method for transonic and separated flows about airfoils. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Direct method of standardization"

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Tichý, Milík. "Direct Method." In Topics in Safety, Reliability and Quality, 200–205. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1948-1_12.

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LaSalle, J. P. "Liapunov’s Direct Method." In The Stability and Control of Discrete Processes, 7–12. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1076-4_2.

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Okereke, M., and S. Keates. "Direct Stiffness Method." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 47–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67125-3_3.

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Nagarajan, Praveen. "Direct Stiffness Method." In Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis, 255–340. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351210324-5.

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Tokovyy, Yuriy V. "Direct Integration Method." In Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses, 951–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2739-7_621.

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Giles, Ian, and Richard Kendall. "Method Standardization in Cellular Analysis." In Laboratory Hematology Practice, 59–65. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444398595.ch6.

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Mukhopadhyay, Madhujit. "Dynamic Direct Stiffness Method." In Structural Dynamics, 395–423. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69674-0_10.

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Korzyńska, Anna, Urszula Neuman, Carlos Lopez, Marylene Lejeun, and Ramon Bosch. "The Method of Immunohistochemical Images Standardization." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 213–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16295-4_24.

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Peng, Heng, Yinghua Liu, and Haofeng Chen. "Stress Compensation Method for Shakedown Analysis and Its Engineering Applications." In Direct Methods, 137–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48834-5_8.

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Brumback, Babette A. "Adjusting for Confounding: Backdoor Method via Standardization." In Fundamentals of Causal Inference with R, 99–132. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003146674-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Direct method of standardization"

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Sered, Yuval, and Yoram Reich. "Standardization and Modularization Driven by Minimizing Overall Process Effort." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dtm-48640.

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Faster Product development is a major goal for companies in competitive markets. Product platform architectures support planning for addressing diverse markets and fulfilling future market desires. Applying standardization or modularization on product platform components leverages current product design effort across future products, reducing overall development costs. This work introduces a method for focusing engineering effort when applying standardization or modularization on product platform components. The method calculates the total design effort from current to future generations of the platform, as obtained by standardization or modularization of components. By comparing the total design cost of different simulations, we can direct the design team to standardization or modularization opportunities. This process has been successfully applied to two different product platforms. One is External-Drum Plate-setter for the digital prepress printing market (introduced here) and the other is TOW anti-tank missile launching system for the military market.
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Kashiwagi, Makoto, Mike Garamszeghy, Bertrand Lantès, Sébastien Bonne, Lucien Pillette-Cousin, Jose Luis Leganes, Ben Volmert, and David W. James. "ISO Standardization of Theoretical Activity Evaluation Method for Low and Intermediate Level Activated Waste Generated at Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96025.

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Disposal of low- and intermediate-level activated waste generated at nuclear power plants is being planned or carried out in many countries. The radioactivity concentrations and/or total quantities of long-lived, difficult-to-measure nuclides (DTM nuclides), such as C-14, Ni-63, Nb-94, α emitting nuclides etc., are often restricted by the safety case for a final repository as determined by each country’s safety regulations, and these concentrations or amounts are required to be known and declared. With respect to waste contaminated by contact with process water, the Scaling Factor method (SF method), which is empirically based on sampling and analysis data, has been applied as an important method for determining concentrations of DTM nuclides. This method was standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and published in 2007 as ISO21238 “Scaling factor method to determine the radioactivity of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste packages generated at nuclear power plants”. However, for activated metal waste with comparatively high concentrations of radioactivity, such as may be found in reactor control rods and internal structures, direct sampling and radiochemical analysis methods to evaluate the DTM nuclides are limited by access to the material and potentially high personnel radiation exposure. In this case, theoretical calculation methods in combination with empirical methods based on remote radiation surveys need to be used to best advantage for determining the disposal inventory of DTM nuclides while minimizing exposure to radiation workers. Pursuant to this objective a standard for the theoretical evaluation of the radioactivity concentration of DTM nuclides in activated waste, is in process through ISO TC85/SC5 (ISO Technical Committee 85: Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection; Subcommittee 5: Nuclear fuel cycle). The project team for this ISO standard was formed in 2011 and is composed of experts from 11 countries. The project team has been conducting technical discussions on theoretical methods for determining concentrations of radioactivity, and has developed the draft International Standard of ISO16966 “Theoretical activation calculation method to evaluate the radioactivity of activated waste generated at nuclear reactors”. This paper describes the international standardization process developed by the ISO project team, and outlines the following two theoretical activity evaluation methods: — Point method — Range method
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Heki, H., M. Nakamaru, T. Maruyama, H. Hirai, and M. Aritomi. "Development of New Constraction Method for LSBWR." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22530.

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LSBWR (Long operating cycle Simplified BWR) is a modular, direct cycle, light water cooled, and small power (100–300MWe) reactor. The design considers requirements from foreign utilities as well as from Japanese. LSBWR is currently being developed by Toshiba Corporation and Tokyo Institute of Technology. Major characteristics of the LSBWR are: 1) Long operating cycle (target: over 15 years), 2) Simplified systems and building, 3) Factory fabrication in module. From the perspective of economic improvement of nuclear power plant, it is needed to shorten the plant construction period and to reduce building volume. In designing LSBWR building, a new building structure, where the hull structure of a ship is applied to floors and walls of LSBWR has been studied. Since the hull structure is manufactured at a shipyard, building module that includes plant equipment becomes possible. The application of the hull structure, which can make large modules at a shipyard, is an effective solution to the lack of laborer and economic improvement. LSBWR is a small size BWR, turbine is smaller size and lighter weight than medium or larger size plant. Then, it has been studied to install a reactor and a turbine in the same building for decreasing building volume. From the view point of standardization, whole building is supported by three dimensional seismic isolation mechanism.
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Rezaeifar, Ayat, Mojtaba Mesgari, and Bahar Mehmani. "Activities in Iran for Standardization of Nanotechnology." In ASME 4th Integrated Nanosystems Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nano2005-87025.

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The importance of nanotechnology standardization is to reach the main topic in developing standards, which is “uniformity in manufacturing and facilitating the commercialization of nano-products.” According to this goal, activities on standardization in nanotechnology have been started in Iran, where development of nanotechnology is assigned to National Nanotechnology Committee of Iran. This committee is working under direct supervision of presidency office. As written in the committee’s official website [http://www.nano.ir], one of the long term goals of this movement, according to the “fourth development program of Iran” is to reach appropriate share of world trade based on nanotechnology. For this purpose standard developing and quality management system is needed for facilitating industrial and technological cooperation and decreasing costs raised from quality unawareness. So our workgroup has selected nanotechnology standardization as one of its research topics. We have studied current state of different active countries in this field and find out that one can categorize these activities into two major groups, General and Specific. The general activities refer to those looking from the regulatory and nomenclature point of view. In the other side specific activities have done according to local contracts signed between manufacturers, organizations and business start-ups. As examples of the activities started in Iran we can mention: 1. Establishing National Laboratory Network for Nanotechnology by National Nanotechnology Committee of Iran. 2. Collaboration of the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI) with, International Standard Organization (ISO) for starting the new Nanotechnology TC (technical committee). Today, Iran is one of the 23 active members of ISO TC 229 on Nanotechnologies. 3. Academic research on standardization of measurement procedures used for nano-scale materials. We have gathered or proposed in our research some opportunities specifically for Iran, which may also be helpful for other developing countries to enhance their market position in the upcoming era of nanotechnology. These proposals can be listed as below: 1. Establishing a national committee for managing and regulating of nanotechnology standards; 2. Starting nanotechnology technical committee in Iranian Standard and Industrial Research Organization; 3. Actively collaborating with other countries and international standard institutes, insisting on the country’s core competencies; 4. Introducing Iran’s specific needs to international standard institutes; 5. Equipping national laboratories; 6. Collaborating with international laboratory networks; 7. Developing specific standards based on casual contracts; 8. Activation of researchers to focus on measurement procedures and methods; 9. Participation in regional seminars and workshops and initiation of such activities. With paying attention to these activities, we can find the opportunity of holding a highly referenced database and information center for nanotechnology related commerce. To organize the “nanotechnology technical committee” inside the ISIRI [http://www.isiri.org/], which is responsible for all standardization activities in Iran, we decided to follow the common inter organizational disciplines of this institute, but we suggested assigning 2 or 3 members of this committee, despite others, as full time members. These members would track international standardization activities, and would be the administrators of such activities within Iran. Actively collaboration with other countries and international standard institutes, insisting on the country’s core competencies, would have lots of benefits for country. Taking into consideration that, there is no comprehensive and global accepted nano-standard in the world, through these efforts we can introduce our main interested topics of standardization to international standard institutes (e.g. during our correspondences with Dr. Hatto from UK committee for standardization in Nanotechnologies, we received an offer to notice them our priorities in Nano-standards). To do so, ISIRI has announced his full support of new ISO TC on Nanostandards. To be able to play an appropriate role in this field, having laboratories with advanced equipments is something essential. Because of the reason that these facilities are costly, we decided to take the advantages of National Laboratory Network for Nanotechnology. The laboratories within this network can support nanostandardization process through measurement at nano scale, identifying characterization of nano structures and materials, and their physical and chemical properties (for more information about this network you can visit the following website http://nanolab.nano.ir). Having a well-known and advanced national laboratory network, Iran can provide services to other countries too, and also can become a member of international laboratory networks to develop it activities. The other activity that Iran is interested in is to take part in joint works with international standard making organizations to develop specific standards (e.g. characterization of nanoparticles in ceramics industry). After developing such standards they could be certified through authority standard making organization. Universities also can play an active role in nanotechnology standardization from different aspects. For instance they can do surveys to study priorities of country in this field, and also can study on measurement at nanoscale, characterization of nanomaterilas, test method subjects and etc. Also, some activities in this field have been done in some first rated universities in the country. Participating in regional seminars and making good connections between scientists who are working at this task is another way to have a good background about nano standardization and developing special standards in nano technology. Scientists can co-work in regional universities and laboratories and they can present their research results in such kind of seminars. The goal of such program is making a new task in science and a good relationship between researchers who are working at laboratories on nano standardization and governments. Developing specific standards based on casual contracts makes our universities, laboratories and industries strong for developing standards for special cases. Being strong in such contracts give our industries and universities a powerful goal for developing standards in special cases. Equipping national laboratories and Collaborating with international laboratory networks gives our industries and universities a wide range of abilities for making precision measurements and being in touch with other institutes. The researchers and engineers can use the results of each laboratory for their researches and measurements. In this way the special contracts can be stronger and appearance of Iran in seminars, workshops and commercial relations will be more effective. One of the most important decisions can be finding a proper industry in Iran which can compete in world trade. For this kind of industry using nano materials as the primary materials or in other steps of process and developing standards will be very helpful. This kind of researches will helpful for developing a long range policy for nanotechnology in Iran.
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Tiku, Sanjay, Nick Pussegoda, Morvarid Ghovanlou, W. R. Tyson, and Aaron Dinovitzer. "Standardization of SENT (or SE(T)) Fracture Toughness Measurement: Results of a Round Robin on a Draft Test Procedure." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64497.

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Fracture toughness of steels is conventionally measured using bend specimens and provides a conservative estimate of toughness when the actual loading is in tension. There has been widespread interest in characterizing the toughness that occurs with reduced constraint to better reflect constraint conditions typical of a relatively shallow girth weld flaw. There is currently a standardized approach to measure fracture toughness in tension loaded specimens, however, it requires testing of multiple specimens to generate a resistance curve. Recent developments in fracture toughness testing and analysis of tension loaded specimens have led to publications by CANMET and Exxon Mobil Upstream Research Company toward development of a single-specimen procedure. As part of an initiative to enhance the state of the art in strain based design and assessment methods, with the intent of providing support for the standardization of appropriate weld testing methods, BMT under a Pipeline research Council International (PRCI) project has combined the two single-specimen approaches and developed a recommended practice for fracture toughness testing using single-edge-notched tension SENT (or SE(T)) samples with fixed grip loading. The procedure has been assessed by means of a round robin test program involving laboratories from around the world. Girth welds were fabricated and base metal, heat affected zone and weld center line specimens were prepared and sent to round robin participants. For the round robin program all the participants used a double clip gauge arrangement for direct CTOD measurement and electric potential drop measurement or unloading compliance method for crack growth measurement. In this paper, the results of the round robin test program including comparison of J and CTOD resistance curves will be presented and discussed.
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Dati, F., U. Becker, and N. Heimburger. "APPLICATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE STANDARDIZATION OF PROTHROMBIN TIME IN ORAL ANTICOAGULANT CONTROL." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643261.

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The determination of prothrombin time (PT) in oral anticoagulant control is affected by a broad variation. The responsible factors are: type of thromboplastin incorporated in the PT reagents, procedure for use, clotting factors or heparin inhibitors added to the reagent, method of expression of PT results. Recently, joint recommendations have been issued by International Committees (ICSH/ICTH) taking into account the system of International Thromboplastins and the statistical model for thromboplastin calibration established by WHO. The aim is a standardization of commercial thromboplastins for PT tests in order to allow the use of the international scale of oral anticoagulant intensity (INR: Intern. Normalized Ratio). Following such recommendations we have standardized two new PT tests, based on coagulometric and photometric methods which rely on the same sensitive human placental thromboplastin. The coagulometric PT test (Thromborel®S) is performed with conventional coagulometers. The photometric PT assay (Chromoquick®) uses a new chromogenic substrate specific for thrombin. This method is based on the measurement of the time necessary to reach a fixed increase of absorbance (0.1 A) using a special microprocessor-controlled photometer.The two PT reagents were calibrated either directly against a reference preparation (BCT) or via an intermediate standard thromboplastin in two multicentric studies. The calibration procedure by the WHO method allows to assign the corresponding ISI (Intern. Sensitivity Index) to the PT reagent used and the transformation of the obtained prothrombin ratio (PR) into INR by the equation INR = PRISI. The calculated ISI values were 1.08 for the coagulometric PT reagent (n = 330) and 1.07 for the photometric reagent (n = 365), respectively.The reproducibility of the ISI value for the new human placental thromboplastin for 64 different batches amounts to 3.6 %, the mean ISI value being 1.12.Comparison with the reference thromboplastins in PR values gave a good correlation.A) Coagul. PT assay (x): r = 0.964; y = 1.03x ™ 0.1;B) Photom. PT assay (x): r = 0.940; y = 1.02x ™ 0.1.
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Valeriu Iancu, Valeriu, Laura Adriana Bucur, Verginica Schröder, and Manuela Rossemary Apetroaei. "PRELIMINARY STUDIES RELATED TO MICROSCOPY AND THE SEDEM EXPERT SYSTEM PROFILE ON FREEZED-DRIED EXTRACT OF LYTHRI HERBA." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/16.

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"The floral tips of the plant species Lythrum salicaria L. represent a rich source of total polyphenols, among which with the largest share we mention tannins, and this is why this plant material has a standardized monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0th edition. According to the literature accessed so far, the plant material has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, antibacterial and antifungal properties, along with modulatory action on carbohydrate metabolism. Powder microscopic examination is an important step in establishing the identity of the plant species used, highlighting elements specific to the aerial part such as spiral vessels of the stem, fragments of the spongy mesophyll with calcium oxalate clusters cells and anomocytic stomata. The application of the SeDeM method on dried plant extracts represents an innovative trend in pharmaceutical technology and contributes to the collection of data in a structured and standardized form. In this paper, the functions and applications of the SeDeM expert system are illustrated upon the freeze-dried extract of Lythri herba for the purpose of easier identification and standardization. Future applications may include obtaining chewable gums or tablets by direct compression."
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Kopriva, Radim, Petra Klatovska, Katerina Rusnakova, Petr Gal, Ivana Eliasova, and Dana Tonarova. "Optimization of Selected Parameters and Procedures in Small Punch Test Methodology." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21024.

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Abstract Assessment of reactor pressure vessels and other industrial components structural materials properties is currently based on the principles of using standardized and long-term employed methods of mechanical properties testing (e.g. impact tests, tensile tests). For the assessment of the current state and degradation prediction of an operated component, implementation of structural materials tests is nonetheless very complicated in terms of the availability of the material volume required to realization of tests in accordance with current normative documentation requirements. Due to the problematic material sampling from the operated component without affecting its integrity, more and more attention is paid to the implementation of perspective methods of evaluation of mechanical properties in processes of industrial component safe operation evaluation. These methods are mainly based on a semi-destructive approach allowing direct sampling of small volumes of material from the operated component and subsequent determination of mechanical properties using miniaturized test specimens. One of the most widespread perspective methods is the small punch test (SPT) - method based on the controlled deformation of thin sheets. The subject of the paper is the optimization of selected small punch test parameters, preparation technology of testing specimens and determination of suitable geometry of experimental fixtures, that are used for experiments in the testing laboratories. Within the experimental program attention is especially paid to the comparison of receiving hole edge configuration - radius/chamfer edge. The aim of the paper is to solve several open questions in the current state of small punch testing methodology and to obtain a comprehensive basis for the implementation of resulting recommendations into the process of currently ongoing standardization within the normative organizations ASTM and EN. This is achieved through a program of experimental tests and computational analyses (FEM) on the IAEA correlation material A533B (JRQ).
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Gutierrez, Pablo. "Standardization of direct drive servos in telescope applications." In Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, edited by Jacobus M. Oschmann and Larry M. Stepp. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.458237.

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Askestrand, Frode Tjelta, and Ove Tobias Gudmestad. "A Comparison Study of Pressure Vessel Design Using Different Standards." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10684.

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Several codes are currently available for design and analysis of pressure vessels. Two of the main contributors are the American Society of Mechanical Engineers providing the ASME VIII code, Ref /4/ and the Technical Committee for standardization in Brussels providing the European Standard, Ref /2/. Methods written in bold letters will be considered in the discussion presented in this paper. The ASME VIII code, Ref /4/, contains three divisions covering different pressure ranges: Division 1: up to 200 bar (3000 psi) Division 2: in general Division 3: for pressure above 690 bar (10000 psi) In this paper the ASME division 2, Part 5, “design by analysis” will be considered. This part is also referred to in the DNV-OS-F101, Ref /3/, for offshore pressure containing components. Here different analysis methods are described, such as: Elastic Stress Analysis Limit Load Analysis Elastic Plastic Analysis The Elastic Stress Analysis method with stress categorization has been introduced to the industry for many years and has been widely used in design of pressure vessels. However, in the latest issue (2007/2010) of ASME VIII div. 2, this method is not recommended for heavy wall constructions as it might generate non-conservative analysis results. Heavy wall constructions are defined by: (R/t ≤ 4) with dimensions as illustrated in Figure 1. In the case of heavy wall constructions the Limit Load Analysis or the Elastic-plastic method shall be used. In this paper focus will be on the Elastic-plastic method while the Limit Load Analysis will not be considered. Experience from recent projects at IKM Ocean Design indicates that the industry has not been fully aware of the new analysis philosophy mentioned in the 2007 issue of ASME VIII div.2. The Elastic Stress Analysis method is still (2012) being used for heavy wall constructions. The NS-EN 13445-3; 2009, Ref /2/, provides two different methodologies for design by analysis: Direct Route Method based on stress categories. The method based on stress categories is similar to the Elastic Stress Analysis method from ASME VIII div. 2 and it will therefore not be considered in this paper.
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Reports on the topic "Direct method of standardization"

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Wada, Hisayuki, Osamu Kurosawa, Fumitaka Ito, Shinichi Kitamura, Hirokazu Saitou, Tomotsugu Shiroi, Takahiro Tatani, and Kazuo Yamamori. Study of Standardization About Oxidation Test Method for Automotive Transmission Fluid. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0410.

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Mogi, Yasuhiro, Katsuhiro Yamada, Nobuaki Watanabe, Masao Seki, Hiroshi Kamikawa, Hideaki Mitsui, Etsukazu Asano, et al. Standardization of Test Method for Metal-on-Metal Friction Characteristics of Belt CVT Fluids. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0412.

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Cline, J. E. Characterization of decommissioned reactor internals: Direct-assay method assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10159708.

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Carasso, Alfred S. Direct blind deconvolution II. Substitute images and the BEAK method. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6570.

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Szalai, Jozsef. DIRECT BUCKLING ANALYSIS BASED STABILITY DESIGN METHOD OF STEEL STRUCTURES. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2018.p.066.

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Niall, Keith K., Jack D. Reising, Elizabeth L. Martin, and Marcus H. Gregory. Distance Estimation with Night Vision Goggles: A Direct Feedback Training Method. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328758.

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Boyd, Iain D. A Threshold Line Dissociation Model for the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada324950.

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Kevorkian, A. K. A Direct Decomposition Method for the Solution of Sparse Linear Least Squares Problems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada284060.

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Wang, J. A., J. Lubliner, and P. J. M. Monteiro. A modified direct method for the calculation of elastic moduli of composite materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/201789.

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Firpo, Rodolfo E. A Method to Easily Visualize and Solve a Convolution Integral by Direct Integration. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada602143.

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