Academic literature on the topic 'Direct Operating Cost'
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Journal articles on the topic "Direct Operating Cost"
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Dalzell, G. "Is Operating Cost a Direct Measure of Inherent Safety?" Process Safety and Environmental Protection 81, no. 6 (2003): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758203770866584.
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Tian, Wan, Ye, and Xing. "Cruise Flight Performance Optimization for Minimizing Green Direct Operating Cost." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (2019): 3899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143899.
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To cope with the environmental impact of aviation and pollution problems in the future, airlines need to assess environmental impacts and offer countermeasures in advance. In order to measure the influence of environment on the airlines’ operational costs, this paper establishes an aircraft green direct operating cost (GDOC) model to quantify adverse environmental effects, such as air pollution and greenhouse effects, into the direct operating cost (DOC). Furthermore, fuel consumption, flight time, and distance in the cruising stage account for about 80% of the entire flight mission, and optimizing cruise flight performance can contribute greatly to reduce GDOC. Therefore, this paper sets up an optimal control model to minimize GDOC, establishes a discrete time dynamic system for optimizing the cruise altitude and speed profiles, and searches the optimal results by using dynamic programming. Besides, as meteorological conditions affect aircraft aerodynamics, fuel flow rate, contrail formation, and so on, this paper analyzes meteorological uncertainty by using historic meteorological data. Finally, a route is selected as an example, and the rationality of the optimal results is proven by comparing GDOC with DOC. The results and discussion of the numerical test also show that environmental effects on aircraft operation can be reduced significantly by adopting GDOC as the optimization objective, especially the contrail cost, and the step-climb cruise mode can further reduce GDOC effectively.
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Curran, R., A. Kundu, S. Raghunathan, D. Eakin, and R. McFadden. "Influence of manufacturing tolerance on aircraft direct operating cost (DOC)." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 138, no. 1-3 (2003): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(03)00073-6.
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Majstorovic, Branislava, Dragana Kastratovic, Dragan Vucovic, Branko Milakovic, and Biljana Milicic. "Operating cost analysis of anaesthesia: Activity based costing (ABC analysis)." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 139, no. 7-8 (2011): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1108501m.
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Introduction. Cost of anaesthesiology represent defined measures to determine a precise profile of expenditure estimation of surgical treatment, which is important regarding planning of healthcare activities, prices and budget. Objective. In order to determine the actual value of anaestesiological services, we started with the analysis of activity based costing (ABC) analysis. Methods. Retrospectively, in 2005 and 2006, we estimated the direct costs of anestesiological services (salaries, drugs, supplying materials and other: analyses and equipment.) of the Institute of Anaesthesia and Resuscitation of the Clinical Centre of Serbia. The group included all anesthetized patients of both sexes and all ages. We compared direct costs with direct expenditure, ?each cost object (service or unit)? of the Republican Health-care Insurance. The Summary data of the Departments of Anaesthesia documented in the database of the Clinical Centre of Serbia. Numerical data were utilized and the numerical data were estimated and analyzed by computer programs Microsoft Office Excel 2003 and SPSS for Windows. We compared using the linear model of direct costs and unit costs of anaesthesiological services from the Costs List of the Republican Health-care Insurance. Results. Direct costs showed 40% of costs were spent on salaries, (32% on drugs and supplies, and 28% on other costs, such as analyses and equipment. The correlation of the direct costs of anaestesiological services showed a linear correlation with the unit costs of the Republican Healthcare Insurance. Conclusion. During surgery, costs of anaesthesia would increase by 10% the surgical treatment cost of patients. Regarding the actual costs of drugs and supplies, we do not see any possibility of costs reduction. Fixed elements of direct costs provide the possibility of rationalization of resources in anaesthesia.
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Hashmi, M. Anaam. "Determinants Of Success In International Involvement Of Large U.S. Corporations." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 1 (2011): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i1.6677.
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The findings of this study help to identify factors explaining success in international operations of large U.S. corporations. Successful foreign direct investment (FDI) and continuous involvement of large U.S. corporations is crucial for economic development of a country and social uplifting of many citizens of the world. Data were collected on selected U.S. corporations perception of the success variables in their international operation. Results indicate that large market size, geographical diversification, and low production/operating cost are the three most important success determinants of international operations.
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Valeri, Sandro Giovanni. "Design to doc framework: a model to support aircraft direct operating cost reduction." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 37, no. 4 (2015): 1183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40430-014-0236-x.
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Beckerman, Daniel, Melissa Esparza, Sun Ik Lee, et al. "Cost Analysis of Single-Level Lumbar Fusions." Global Spine Journal 10, no. 1 (2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2192568219853251.
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Study Design: Cost analysis of a retrospectively identified cohort of patients who had undergone primary single-level lumbar fusion at a single institution’s orthopedic or neurosurgery department. Objective: The purpose of this article is to analyze the determinants of direct costs for single-level lumbar fusions and identify potential areas for cost reduction. Methods: Adult patients who underwent primary single-level lumbar fusion from fiscal years 2008 to 2012 were identified via administrative and departmental databases and were eligible for inclusion. Patients were excluded if they underwent multiple surgeries, had previous surgery at the same anatomic region, underwent corpectomy, kyphectomy, disc replacement, surgery for tumor or infection, or had incomplete cost data. Demographic data, surgical data, and direct cost data in the categories of supplies, services, room and care, and pharmacy, was collected for each patient. Results: The cohort included 532 patients. Direct costs ranged from $8286 to $73 727 (median = $21 781; mean = $22 890 ± $6323). Surgical approach was an important determinant of cost. The mean direct cost was highest for the circumferential approach and lowest for posterior instrumented spinal fusions without an interbody cage. The difference in mean direct cost between transforaminal lumbar interbody fusions, anterior lumbar interbody fusions, and lateral transpsoas fusions was not statistically significant. Surgical supplies accounted for 44% of direct costs. Spinal implants were the primary component of supply costs (84.9%). Services accounted for 38% of direct costs and were highly dependent on operative time. Comorbidities were an important contributor to variance in the cost of care as evidenced by high variance in pharmacy costs and length of stay related to their management. Conclusion: The costs of spinal surgeries are highly variable. Important cost drivers in our analysis included surgical approach, implants, operating room time, and length of hospital stay. Areas of high cost and high variance offer potential targets for cost savings and quality improvements.
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Dreyer, Christian, Nadja Guenster, and Jakob Koegst. "Empirical Evidence on Environmental Performance and Operating Costs." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (2019): 3600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133600.
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Theoretical arguments suggest that better environmental performance can lead to cost advantages through a more efficient use of resources and higher labor productivity. To provide empirical support for these arguments, we investigate how environmental performance affects operating costs using a sample of 785 U.S. firms for the period 2006–2014. We find that better environmental performance is negatively associated with direct production costs, but increases overhead costs. Because direct production costs have a larger impact than overhead costs, aggregate operating costs decline as environmental performance improves. To deal with endogeneity and to interpret the results causally, we use an instrumental variables approach.
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Rios, John, Rodrigo Linfati, Daniel Morillo-Torres, Iván Derpich, and Gustavo Gatica. "Optimal placement design for picking and packing in distribution centers." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 4 (2021): 168781402110106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211010657.
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An efficient distribution center (DC) is one that receives, stores, picks and packs products into new logistics units and then dispatches them to points of sale at the minimal operating cost. The picking and packing processes represent the highest operating cost of a DC, and both require a suitable space for their operation. An effective coordination between these zones prevents bottlenecks and has a direct impact on the DC’s operational results. In the existing literature, there are no studies that optimize the distribution of the picking and packing areas simultaneously while also reducing operating costs. This article proposes an integer nonlinear integer programming model that minimizes order preparation costs. It does so by predicting customer demand based on historical data and defining the ideal area for picking and packing activities. The model is validated through a real case study of seven clients and fifteen products. It achieves a [Formula: see text] reduction in operating costs when the optimal allocation of the picking and packing areas is made.
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Chai, Xiao, Xiongqing Yu, and Yu Wang. "Tradeoff Study between Cost and Environmental Impact of Aircraft Using Simultaneous Optimization of Airframe and Engine Cycle." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2468535.
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To investigate more efficient aircraft configurations which have less environmental impact, this paper develops a multidisciplinary analysis framework integrated with the airframe and propulsion analysis modules. The characteristics for propulsion, aerodynamics, weight, performance, cost, emissions, and noise can be rapidly predicted by the framework. The impact of propulsion installation with large diameter engines on aircraft weight and drag are considered in the framework. A wide-body aircraft was taken as an example for the optimization to investigate the tradeoffs between the cost metric and the environmental performance metrics. Several cases for single objective and multiobjective optimizations were performed. In the single objective optimizations, the direct operating cost, the cumulative noise, the oxides of nitrogen emissions during landing-takeoff cycle, and the mission oxides of nitrogen emissions were considered as an objective and minimized, respectively. The different objectives resulted in designs with different airframe parameters and engine cycle parameters. In the multiobjective optimizations, the direct operating costs and environmental performances were considered as the objectives simultaneously. The optimization results were the Pareto fronts for the minimum direct operating costs and environmental performances, which illustrate the quantitative relationships between the economic metric and the environmental performances.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Direct Operating Cost"
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Kundu, Ajoy Kumar. "A multi-disciplinary study of aerodynamic surface smoothness requirements of aircraft based on V2500 turbofan nacelle data to reduce operating cost." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300609.
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Caers, Brecht. "Conditions for Passenger Aircraft Minimum Fuel Consumption, Direct Operating Costs and Environmental Impact." Master's thesis, Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO), Department of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1204494622.
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Purpose - Find optimal flight and design parameters for three objectives: minimum fuel consumption, Direct Operating Costs (DOC), and environmental impact of a passenger jet aircraft. ---
Approach - Combining multiple models (this includes aerodynamics, specific fuel consumption, DOC, and equivalent CO2 mass) into one generic model. In this combined model, each objective's importance is determined by a weighting factor. Additionally, the possibility of further optimizing this model by altering an aircraft's wing loading is analyzed. ---
Research limitations - Most models use estimating equations based on first principles and statistical data. ---
Practical implications - The optimal cruise altitude and speed for a specific objective can be approximated for any passenger jet aircraft. ---
Social implications - By using a simple approach, the discussion of optimizing aircraft opens up to a level where everyone can participate. ---
Value - To find a general answer on how to optimize aviation, operational and design-wise, by using a simple approach.
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Kaufmann, Markus. "Cost Optimization of Aircraft Structures." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Lättkonstruktioner, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11482.
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Composite structures can lower the weight of an airliner significantly. Due to the higher process complexity and the high material cost, however, the low weight often comes with a significant increase in production cost. The application of cost-effective design strategies is one mean to meet this challenge. In this thesis, a simplified form of direct operating cost is suggested as a comparative value that in combination with multidisciplinary optimization enables the evaluation of a design solution in terms of cost and weight. The proposed cost optimization framework takes into account the manufacturing cost, the non-destructive testing cost and the lifetime fuel consumption based on the weight of the aircraft, thus using a simplified version of the direct operating cost as the objective function. The manufacturing cost can be estimated by means of different techniques. For the proposed optimization framework, feature-based parametric cost models prove to be most suitable. Paper A contains a parametric study in which a skin/stringer panel is optimized for a series of cost/weight ratios (weight penalties) and material configurations. The weight penalty (defined as the specific lifetime fuel burn) is dependent on the fuel consumption of the aircraft, the fuel price and the viewpoint of the optimizer. It is concluded that the ideal choice of the design solution is neither low-cost nor low-weight but rather a combination thereof. Paper B proposes the inclusion of non-destructive testing cost in the design process of composite components, and the adjustment of the design strength of each laminate according to inspection parameters. Hence, the scan pitch of the ultrasonic testing is regarded as a variable, representing an index for the guaranteed material quality. It is shown that the cost for non-destructive testing can be lowered if the quality level of the laminate is assigned and adjusted in an early design stage. In Paper C and Paper D the parameters of the manufacturing processes are upgraded during the cost optimization of the component. In Paper C, the framework is extended by the cost-efficient adaptation of parameters in order to reflect the situation when machining an aluminum component. For different weight penalties, the spar thickness and stringer geometry of the provided case study vary. In addition, another cutter is chosen with regard to the modified shape of the stringer. In Paper D, the methodology is extended to the draping of composite fabrics, thus optimizing not only the stacking layup, but also the draping strategy itself. As in the previous cases, the design alters for different settings of the weight penalty. In particular, one can see a distinct change in fiber layup between the minimum weight and the minimum cost solution. Paper E summarizes the work proposed in Papers A-D and provides a case study on a C-spar component. Five material systems are used for this case study and compared in terms of cost and weight. The case study shows the impact of the weight penalty, the material cost and the labor rate on the choice of the material system. For low weight penalties, for example, the aluminum spar is the most cost-effective solution. For high weight penalties, the RTM system is favorable. The paper also discusses shortcomings with the presented methodology and thereby opens up for future method developments.<br>QC 20100723<br>European Framework Program 6, project ALCAS, AIP4-CT-2003-516092<br>Nationella flygtekniska forskningsprogrammet (NFFP) 4, project kostnadseffektiv kompositstruktur (KEKS)
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Kaufmann, Markus. "Cost/Weight Optimization of Aircraft Structures." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Farkost- och flyg, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4645.
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Kranich, Niklas Brüge Felix. "Wartungskosten von Passagierflugzeugen bei verschiedener Triebwerksanzahl berechnet nach DOC-Methoden." Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO), Department of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1175283754.
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Diese Projektarbeit versucht zu erklären,
warum Flugzeuge mit drei oder vier Triebwerken kaum noch verkauft werden.
Dabei wird insbesondere der Vermutung nachgegangen, dass Flugzeuge mit einer größeren Anzahl an Triebwerken höhere Wartungskosten haben könnten.
Zur Beantwortung der Frage werden sechs verschiedene Methoden zur Berechnung von Betriebskosten (Direct Operating Costs, DOC)
von Passagierflugzeugen herangezogen, die u.a. auch die Kosten der Triebwerkswartung abschätzen.
Vier dieser DOC-Methoden sind von Organisationen: Air Transport Association of America (ATA 1967), Deutsche Lufthansa (DLH 1982),
Association of European Airlines (AEA 1989), Airbus Industrie (AI 1989).
Zwei DOC-Methoden wurden an Universitäten entwickelt und sind von Jenkinson bzw. von Thorbeck (TU Berlin, TUB).
Weiterhin werden grundsätzliche flugmechanische Überlegungen angestellt und die Literatur durchgesehen,
die aber nur wenige Hinweise zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung enthält.
Die Gleichungen zur Berechnung der Triebwerkswartungskosten aller sechs Methoden werden dargelegt und erklärt.
Die Methoden unterscheiden sich stark in ihrer Komplexität.
Da die Methoden sich auf unterschiedliche Jahre beziehen werden die Kosten mit einem Inflationsfaktor auf das Jahr 2017 umgerechnet
und somit vergleichbar gemacht. Zum Vergleich werden weiterhin die Gleichungen zur Berechnung der Wartungskosten der Flugzeugzelle angegeben.
Zur Berechnung der Triebwerkswartungskosten wurden vier in der Größe vergleichbare Mittelstreckenflugzeuge ausgewählt:
B737-800, A318 (zwei Triebwerke), Jak-42 (drei Triebwerke), BAE 146-300 (vier Triebwerke).
Weiterhin wurden vier in der Größe vergleichbare Langstreckenflugzeug ausgewählt:
A330-300 (zwei Triebwerke), MD11-ER, TriStar (drei Triebwerke), A340-300 (vier Triebwerke).
Zum Vergleich eignen sich besonders der A330 und der A340 da die Technik, das Alter und die Abmaße sehr eng bei einander liegen.
Im Ergebnis wurde festgestellt, dass sich die Aufteilung der Wartungskosten zwischen Zelle und Triebwerken uneinheitlich zeigt.
Die AI-Methode ergibt im Vergleich viel zu hohe Triebwerkskosten.
Der Grund dafür ist die direkte Multiplikation von Schub mit den Lohnkosten.
Die AI-Methode muss daher bei der Endanalyse unberücksichtigt bleiben.
Bei den Mittelstreckenflugzeugen lieferten die Methoden nach AEA, DLH und TUB ähnliche Ergebnisse.
Bei den Langstreckenflugzeugen lieferten die AEA-Methode, DLH-Methode und die Methode nach Jenkison ähnliche Ergebnisse.
Empfohlen werden kann damit eine Berechnung mit der AEA-Methode, die auch öffentlich ist.
Für einen Endvergleich wurden für die Mittel- bzw. Langstrecke zu jeder Triebwerksanzahl nur jeweils ein Flugzeug einbezogen.
Mit dieser bereinigten Auswahl bei Flugzeugen und Methoden ergab sich für die Mittelstrecke eine leichte Abnahme der Triebwerkswartungskosten
mit der Triebwerksanzahl von nur 6,1 US$ pro Flugstunde pro Triebwerk (Zunahme von -6,1 US$/FH/Triebwerk).
Für die Langstrecke ergab sich eine leichte Zunahme der Triebwerkswartungskosten mit der Triebwerksanzahl von nur 32,5 US$ pro Flugstunde pro Triebwerk.
Damit konnte die eingangs genannte Vermutung über eine Zunahme der Triebwerkswartungskosten mit der Anzahl der Triebwerke nur zum Teil bestätigt werden.
Die Analyse zeigte, dass die Triebwerkswartungskosten von vielen Parametern abhängen, die Triebwerksanzahl ist nur ein Parameter von vielen.
Selbst ähnliche Flugzeuge liefern bei gleicher Triebwerkszahl daher Triebwerkswartungskosten,
die sich stark unterscheiden und die Abhängigkeit von der Triebwerkszahl wenig sichtbar werden lassen.
Es werden Vorschläge gemacht, welche anderen methodischen Ansätze hier Abhilfe schaffen könnten.
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Patel, R. "Fluid mechanics of direct gravure roll coating : coat thickness and uniformity in direct gravure roll coating and their relation to operating conditions; an experimental and theoretical study." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329261.
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Rodrigo, Clinton. "Basic Comparison of Three Aircraft Concepts: Classic Jet Propulsion, Turbo-Electric Propulsion and Turbo-Hydraulic Propulsion." Master's thesis, Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO), Department of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1204558019.
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Purpose - This thesis presents a comparison of aircraft design concepts to identify the superior propulsion system model among turbo-hydraulic, turbo-electric and classic jet propulsion with respect to Direct Operating Costs (DOC), environmental impact and fuel burn. --- Approach - A simple aircraft model was designed based on the Top-Level Aircraft Requirements of the Airbus A320 passenger aircraft, and novel engine concepts were integrated to establish new models. Numerous types of propulsion system configurations were created by varying the type of gas turbine engine and number of propulsors. --- Findings - After an elaborate comparison of the aforementioned concepts, the all turbo-hydraulic propulsion system is found to be superior to the all turbo-electric propulsion system. A new propulsion system concept was developed by combining the thrust of a turbofan engine and utilizing the power produced by the turbo-hydraulic propulsion system that is delivered via propellers. The new partial turbo-hydraulic propulsion concept in which 20% of the total cruise power is coming from the (hydraulic driven) propellers is even more efficient than an all turbo-hydraulic concept in terms of DOC, environmental impact and fuel burn. --- Research Limitations - The aircraft were modelled with a spreadsheet based on handbook methods and relevant statistics. The investigation was done only for one type of reference aircraft and one route. A detailed analysis with a greater number of reference aircraft and types of routes could lead to other results. --- Practical Implications - With the provided spreadsheet, the DOC and environmental impact can be approximated for any commercial reference aircraft combined with the aforementioned propulsion system concepts. --- Social Implications - Based on the results of this thesis, the public will be able to discuss the demerits of otherwise highly lauded electric propulsion concepts. --- Value - To evaluate the viability of the hydraulic propulsion systems for passenger aircraft using simple mass models and aircraft design concept.
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Benegas, Jayme Diego. "Evaluation of the Hybrid-Electric Aircraft Project Airbus E-Fan X." Master's thesis, Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO), Department of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1204685894.
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Purpose - This master thesis evaluates the hybrid-electric aircraft project E-Fan X with respect to its economical and environmental performance in comparison to its reference aircraft, the BAe 146-100. The E-Fan X is replacing one of the four jet engines of the reference aircraft by an electric motor and a fan. A turboshaft engine in the cargo compartment drives a generator to power the electric motor. --- Methodology - The evaluation of this project is based on standard aircraft design equations. Economics are based on Direct Operating Costs (DOC), which are calculated with the method of the Association of European Airlines (AEA) from 1989, inflated to 2019 values. Environmental impact is assessed based on local air quality (NOx, Ozone and Particulate Matter), climate impact (CO2, NOx, Aircraft-Induced Cloudiness known as AIC) and noise pollution estimated with fundamental acoustic equations. --- Findings - The battery on board the E-Fan X it is not necessary. In order to improve the proposed design, the battery was eliminated. Nevertheless, due to additional parts required in the new configuration, the aircraft is 902 kg heavier. The turboshaft engine saves only 59 kg of fuel. The additional mass has to be compensated by a payload reduced by 9 passengers. The DOC per seat-mile are up by more than 10% and equivalent CO2 per seat-mile are more than 16% up in the new aircraft. --- Research limitations - Results are limited in accuracy by the underlying standard aircraft design calculations. The results are also limited in accuracy by the lack of knowledge of some data of the project. --- Practical implications - The report contributes arguments to the discussion about electric flight. --- Social implications - Results show that unconditional praise given to the environmental characteristics of this industry project are not justified.
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Aryal, Jagannath. "Optimisation of a buyer’s sourcing strategy in the mixed auction/direct supply of New Zealand wool." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1548.
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The New Zealand Wool Industry (NZWI) contributes over a billion dollars a year to NZ gross output. However, this industry is at a crossroads and the incumbent practitioners are looking for ways to increase the value of the New Zealand wool clip. The value of the industry to the economy is directly related to the price which buyers are prepared to pay for wool, primarily as a result of the marketing approaches used, physical parameters of wool as well as intra and inter-fibre competition. The inflation adjusted price has steadily decreased over recent years and understanding of its dynamics is a fundamental problem for the stakeholders. Among the stakeholders, buyers / exporters, heavily involved in the process of price formation currently face a real time problem of sourcing strong wool from two parallel but different marketing systems operated simultaneously – auction and direct supply. The underlying mathematics which governs the decision making of buyers on the price dynamics in these sourcing options is poorly understood. This study developed system models for price formation in both auction and direct supply sourcing and an associated optimization model for the buyer / exporter of the New Zealand wool clip. All three of these models were original and none appear to have been described previously. It is hoped that these three models will be of quite general utility and also be useful therefore for other agricultural commodities that are traded simultaneously via auction and direct supply. The average price for a given wool type, which is the output from this new modelling exercise is precisely what is required as input data for solving the minimization problem in wool blending models.
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Voleš, Jakub. "Řízené odvlhčování v letním období." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372115.
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The subject of the diploma thesis is the design and the assessment of two variants of existing HVAC system, that serves the microelectronic laboratory premises of GL Electronic company, which are situated in JIC INMEC center. The aim of the designing process is to find the optimal solution of the problem, which is concerned of excessive air humidity gains in the clean rooms. The first proposed approach is the installation of controlled dehumidification in the form of direct cooling into the yet existing device. The second considered approach is a complete deconstruction of implemented air conditioning unit and subsequent reinstalling of the brand new unit, which would meet all the requirements. Both two variants will be in the beginning outlined in a form of pre-study, selected option will be later on processed as project documentation for construction. The winning solution will be designed in the way that will satisfie the criteria of hygiene, function, and economy. The next section of the text will be dedicated to the research regarding the topic of the physical nature of air humidity, of the transportation of humidity, dehumidification of the space, also. Last but not least, the heat recovery efficiency will be measured (in the form of thermal glycol tubes). The experiment provides evidence of the system's real-time performance.
Books on the topic "Direct Operating Cost"
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Anand, Mukesh Kumar. Direct and indirect use of fossil fuels in farming: Cost of fuel price rise for Indian agriculture. National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, 2014.
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Appleby, Terry. A consensus of the comparative costs and returns of a 1920 acre direct seeding & conventional seeding operation in the Falher region. Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Economic Services Division, Production Economics Branch, 1993.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Authority to make direct contributions to FEHBP; FEGLI technical amendment: Report (to accompany H.R. 1805) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office and summary of oversight findings and recommendations of the Committee on Government Operations). U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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Effektivnost' tekhnicheskoi ekspluatatsii samoletov grazhdanskoi aviatsii. Vozdushnyĭ Transport, 2002.
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Fye, W. Bruce. Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Stimulates the Growth of Angiography. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199982356.003.0015.
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Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), reported by Cleveland Clinic surgeon René Favaloro in 1969, represented a new approach to treating angina pectoris that involved operating directly on a diseased coronary artery. The strategy involved inserting a vein segment between the aorta and a coronary artery. This bypass graft carried blood to heart muscle that would normally have been supplied by a blocked coronary artery. CABG caught on quickly because it seemed to improve angina in a significant percentage of patients and produced income for surgeons and hospitals. But controversy surrounded the value of the operation, and Mayo heart specialists joined others in calling for controlled clinical trials to evaluate it. The Cleveland Clinic group initially resisted trials, claiming that their institutional experience proved that the operation was beneficial. In less than a decade, coronary bypass surgery was associated with a total annual cost of about $1 billion in America.
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Patel, R. Fluid mechanics of direct gravure roll coating: Coat thickness and uniformity in direct gravure roll coating and their relation to operating conditions.... 1989.
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Ashton, David, Caroline Lloyd, and Chris Warhurst. Business Strategies and Skills. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.15.
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This chapter examines the link between business strategies and skill in the context of the the latter being regarded as key to economic growth and competitive advantage. A high-skilled workforce is viewed both as a driver of this approach and one of its outcomes. A number of countries have attempted to create more high-skilled jobs through raising the qualification levels of their workforces. The idea behind this supply-side intervention is that a high-skilled workforce will attract businesses that wish to or already do compete on quality and/or innovation or will encourage existing organisations to make better use of these skills and improve organisational performance. The problem is increasing evidence of growing levels of over-qualification amongst these workforces as too few high skilled jobs are created. Moreover many firms have remained successful operating with low skilled jobs competing on cost. Drawing on existing research, this chapter explores these developments and issues. It starts by making an important contextual distinction between skill levels and skill use, how they feature in firm business strategies, and their relevance to governments, employers and employees. It then presents the two key theories of skill and business strategies: the HRM Approach and the Institutional/Comparative Approaches. Questioning the determinism of these approaches, the chapter then seeks to move debate beyond assumptions of direct relationships between strategy and skill. The conclusion presents an alternative approach to developing the relationship between business strategies and skill that incorporates managerial agency.
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Bowman, Alan. The State and the Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0002.
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The main fiscal instruments the Roman government could use to affect economic behaviour and performance were currency, taxation, and regulation of markets. This chapter is primarily concerned with taxation, and considers the central features of the relationship between direct and indirect taxation and trade, taking Hopkins’s taxes-and-trade model as a point of departure. It argues that, before AD 300, taxation was fairly low, but not as low as Hopkins thought, when we consider the things he omitted. Various fiscal stimuli, the government use of coin, and taxation all affected trade positively in different ways. After Diocletian, by re-establishing the currency as central to government fiscal operations and by reducing the transaction costs that fell directly upon central government, rates of taxation could effectively be lowered without significant loss of revenue, and that institutionalization of the relationship between imperial and municipal taxation was broadly beneficial from a fiscal viewpoint.
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Fisher, Talia. Law and Economics of Alternative Dispute Resolution. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.008.
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Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) refers to a variety of private processes for resolving disputes, independent of trial before a court of law. Economists are interested in ADR for two main reasons. First, from an ex post perspective, the manner in which disputes are resolved or decided in society affects the operation of the legal system and its cost-efficiency. Second, from an ex ante perspective, the manner in which rights are vindicated impacts primary behavior and investments in prospective dispute avoidance. The literature relating to the economic analysis of ADR can be divided into two facets: one facet is dedicated to the interests of litigating parties to make use of ADR mechanisms; the other is directed at the social interest in ADR. This chapter identifies the conditions under which parties will be incentivized to enter into ADR proceedings, and then moves on to examine the social welfare implications of ADR.
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Ballistic missile defense: Strategic target system launches from Kauai : report to the Chairman, Legislation and National Security Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. The Office, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Direct Operating Cost"
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Pant, Shashank, Zahra Sharif Khodaei, and Mohamad Ghazi Droubi. "Monitoring Tasks in Aerospace." In Structural Health Monitoring Damage Detection Systems for Aerospace. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_2.
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AbstractApproximately up to one-fifth of the direct operating cost of a commercial civilian fixed-wing aircraft is projected to be due to inspection and maintenance alone. Managing aircraft health with minimal human intervention and technologies that can perform continuous or on-demand monitoring/evaluation of aircraft components without having to take the aircraft out of service can have a significant impact on increasing availability while reducing maintenance cost. The ambition of these monitoring technologies is to shift aircraft maintenance practice from planned maintenance (PM), where the aircraft is taken out of service for scheduled inspection/maintenance, to condition-based maintenance (CBM), where aircraft is taken out of service only when maintenance is required, while maintaining the required levels of safety. Structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques can play a vital role in progressing towards CBM practice. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide the reader with a brief overview of the different SHM techniques and their use, as well as, challenges in implementing them for aircraft applications.
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Sause, Markus G. R., Elena Jasiūnienė, and Rhys Pullin. "Introduction." In Structural Health Monitoring Damage Detection Systems for Aerospace. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_1.
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AbstractThe aerospace industry is aiming for a cleaner means of transport. One way to achieve this is by making transportation lighter, thus directly improving fuel efficiency and reducing environmental impact. A further aim, of the industry, is to reduce maintenance time to lessen operating costs, which can result in a reduction of air transport costs, benefitting both passenger and freight services. Current developments to support these aims include using advanced materials, with the current generation of aerospace structures being 50% composite materials. These materials offer a weight reduction whilst maintaining adequate stiffness; however, their damage mechanics are very complex and less deterministic than those of metals. This results in an overall reduced benefit. Structures are manufactured thicker using additional material to accommodate unknown or unpredictable failure modes, which cannot be easily detected during maintenance. A way to overcome these issues is the adoption of a structural health monitoring (SHM) inspection system.
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Nelson, Ben. "A Novel Business and Operating Model." In Building the Intentional University. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037150.003.0027.
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Undergraduate education is rarely viewed from a business model perspective. University budgets are notorious for intermingling costs associated with graduate and undergraduate instruction, research, campus upkeep, administration, sports, and other endeavors. Tracking costs is made particularly difficult because the institution, for the sake of efficiency, wants to utilize its assets across several lines of business. For example, a lecture hall may be filled by undergraduates in the morning, graduate students in the afternoon and rented out to a student club for an event in the evening. Rather than trying to solve how to allocate those costs more effectively, Minerva is built around an operational philosophy of direct accountability. Three underlying principles allow us to succeed: First, where the market provides an efficient alternative, utilize that alternative rather than creating our own. Second, dollars paid by a constituent should not subsidize activities that are not in the service of that constituent. Third, natural incentives should be aligned only with successful delivery of the mission—incentives that encourage discriminatory behavior, reduction in quality of instruction, lowering of admission standards, or any other non-mission-aligned activity carry with them substantial inherent penalties that always outweigh any potential rewards.
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Cockrell, Susan, Terry Stringer Damron, Amye M. Melton, and Alan D. Smith. "Offshoring IT." In Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Business Operations and Management. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7362-3.ch086.
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Offshore outsourcing basically describes the practice of contracting to outside vendors in another country, especially in cases where the client company has no direct ownership. This operational strategy of low-cost, global expansion and the increased capability of vendors in India, China, the Philippines, South Korea has opened a great number of avenues of traditional organizational functions of IT. Such functions as software development, call centers, and accounting are typically offshored. Since the late 1990s, offshore outsourcing has included more sophisticated finance and accounting functions, beyond that of simple data input and transactions. Offshore finance and accounting outsourcing is especially becoming an attractive option for many companies. The obvious benefits are gaining access to scarce and valuable skills, cutting costs, and domestic and global achieving competitiveness. However, there are risks as well. A relatively balanced approach of benefits and risks are discussed in this chapter.
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Marwan, Mbarek, Ali Kartit, and Hassan Ouahmane. "A Cloud Based Solution for Collaborative and Secure Sharing of Medical Data." In Cloud Security. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8176-5.ch077.
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Healthcare sector is under pressure to reduce costs while delivering high quality of care services. This situation requires that clinical staff, equipment and IT tools to be used more equitably, judiciously and efficiently. In this sense, collaborative systems have the ability to provide opportunities for healthcare organizations to share resources and create a collaborative working environment. The lack of interoperability between dissimilar systems and operating costs are the major obstacle to the implementation of this concept. Fortunately, cloud computing has great potential for addressing interoperability issues and significantly reducing operating costs. Since the laws and regulations prohibit the disclosure of health information, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive study on security and privacy issues in cloud computing. Based on their analysis of these constraints, the authors propose a simple and efficient method that enables secure collaboration between healthcare institutions. For this reason, they propose Secure Multi-party Computation (SMC) protocols to ensure compliance with data protection legislation. Specifically, the authors use Paillier scheme to protect medical data against unauthorized usage when outsourcing computations to a public cloud. Another useful feature of this algorithm is the possibility to perform arithmetic operations over encrypted data without access to the original data. In fact, the Paillier algorithm is an efficient homomorphic encryption that supports addition operations on ciphertexts. Based on the simulation results, the proposed framework helps healthcare organizations to successfully evaluate a public function directly on encrypted data without revealing their private inputs. Consequently, the proposed collaborative application ensures privacy of medical data while completing a task.
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DuLong, Jessica. "“We have to tell us what to do.”." In Saved at the Seawall. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501759123.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses how, instead of establishing a top-down command and control structure, the Coast Guard — from the top brass down to the on-scene rank and file — allowed for the organic, needs-driven, decentralized response that played an enormous role in the ultimate success of the waterborne evacuation. This approach, in turn, allowed mariners to take direct action, applying their workaday skills to singular circumstances, without being stifled by red tape. No one had foreseen the sudden need for evacuating a huge swath of Manhattan Island. Yet as terrorized people continued to flee to the waterfront, more and more boats turned up to rescue them. As greater numbers of vessels and evacuees amassed along the shoreline, streamlining operations became the biggest challenge. The only solution was to get organized, and that organization was implemented in large part by Lieutenant Michael Day and the pilots operating aboard the New York, which continued its barrier patrol. Their efforts were made easier by the relationships that both the Coast Guard and the Sandy Hook Pilots had with the New York harbor community.
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Ammar Alzarrad, Mohammad. "Fuzzy Monte Carlo Simulation to Optimize Resource Planning and Operations." In Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93632.
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Resources planning and operations are essential concerns and specialty areas within industrial engineering and project management. Crew configuration plays a significant role in resource planning and operations. Crew configuration inefficiency is one of the most common reasons for the low productivity of manpower. Resources planning contains some inherent uncertainties and risks because it is an estimate of unknown values. Many factors affect resource planning. Some of these factors are fuzzy variables such as expert’s judgment, and some of them are random variables such as direct cost of equipment. The objective of this chapter is to present a method that combines fuzzy logic and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) for the selection of the best crew configuration to perform a certain task. The model presented in this chapter is a joint propagation method based on both the probability theory of MCS and the possibility theory of fuzzy arithmetic. The research outcomes indicate that the presented model can reduce the duration and cost of a certain task, which will help reduce the cost and duration of the project.
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Tomaiuolo, Michele, Monica Mordonini, and Agostino Poggi. "A P2P Architecture for Social Networking." In Applying Integration Techniques and Methods in Distributed Systems and Technologies. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8295-3.ch009.
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Social networking systems are usually huge centralized systems owned by a single company. However, this solution has many drawbacks (e.g., lack of privacy, lack of anonymity, risks of censorship, and operating costs). This chapter proposes a novel P2P system that leverages existing, widespread, and stable technologies such as DHTs and BitTorrent. In particular, it introduces a key-based identity system and a model of social relations for distributing content efficiently among interested readers. The proposed system, called Blogracy, is a micro-blogging social networking system focused on (1) anonymity and resilience to censorship, (2) authenticatable content, and (3) semantic interoperability using activity streams. This chapter presents the model and the implementation of the Blogracy system, discusses the experimentations to study its behavior, and presents their results regarding (1) communication delays for some simulations of node churn, (2) delays measured in test operations over PlanetLab in direct communication, and (3) through the I2P anonymizing network.
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Franchi, Enrico, Agostino Poggi, and Michele Tomaiuolo. "Blogracy." In Censorship, Surveillance, and Privacy. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7113-1.ch036.
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The current approach to build social networking systems is to create huge centralized systems owned by a single company. However, such strategy has many drawbacks, e.g., lack of privacy, lack of anonymity, risks of censorship and operating costs. In this paper the authors propose a novel P2P system that leverages existing, widespread and stable technologies such as DHTs and BitTorrent. In particular, they introduce a key-based identity system and a model of social relations for distributing content efficiently among interested readers. The system they propose, Blogracy, is a micro-blogging social networking system focused on: (i) anonymity and resilience to censorship; (ii) authenticatable content; (iii) semantic interoperability using activity streams. The authors have implemented the system and conducted various experiments to study its behaviour. The results are presented here, regarding (i) communication delays for some simulations of node churn, (ii) delays measured in test operations over PlanetLab, in direct communication, and (iii) through the I2P anonymizing network.
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Wells, Benjamin. "The PC-User’s Guide to Colossus." In Colossus. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192840554.003.0018.
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Personal computers (PCs) dominate today’s digital landscape. The two-letter name started with the 1981 IBM PC. Desktop machines based on single-chip microprocessors—and thus called microcomputers—were widely used before the IBM PC, but that is the name that has stuck. Many would consider a Packard-Bell tabletop computer of the early 1960s to be the first personal computer. But as far as single-user/operator commercial machines go, there is also the Bendix G15 from the mid-1950s, described in Chapter 9. PC users are likely to have forgotten or never known the atmosphere of early-generation computers. The ‘operating system’ was a schedule for the human staff who mounted large reels of tape, toggled inputs at the long control panel, pushed the load-and-run switch, and stacked punch cards and fanfold sheets of printed output. The numerous operators wore white lab jackets, worked in large air-conditioned spaces, and appeared to be high priests and acolytes in a vocational order. The users were supplicants. Apart from experimental machines at universities—such as MIT’s famed TX-0 (1955–6), which was controlled by the first computer hackers once it moved to the MIT campus in 1958—the users entreated the operators through written requests heading a card deck. Back then, the users as well as the general public stood behind a velvet rope, even a window wall. The operators continued to rule the machine long after users had electronic connection through time-sharing remote terminals. But those who had hacked the small machines like the TX-0 knew that the goal was the direct, immediate access of personal computers. Colossus already had that personal touch. Designed to be used by a single cryptanalyst assisted by one Wren, and later often run by the Wren solo, Colossus was in that sense a personal computer. But just how close was Colossus to being a PC? This chapter compares and contrasts the architecture of Colossus with that of today’s personal computers. An architect designs a building by balancing needs and functions with resources and aesthetics. The availability and cost of components constrain her work. Physical limitations and dynamics of use further impact on it. The building reflects the architect’s imagination and skill.
Conference papers on the topic "Direct Operating Cost"
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Swihart, John, and Robert Brown. "Low direct operating cost transPacific commercial transport family." In 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-1070.
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Zreet, M. Collin, Mike Neus, and Zhuoqi Chen. "Estimating and using direct operating cost as a design parameter." In 2015 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rams.2015.7105181.
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Pohya, Ahmad A., Kai Wicke, and Johannes Hartmann. "Comparison of Direct Operating Cost and Life Cycle Cost-Benefit Methods in Aircraft Technology Assessment." In 2018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-0282.
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Sun, Hong, Ganxiang Huang, Jiesong Zhou, and Yu Wang. "Wide-body Aircraft Trip Direct Operating Cost Model Based on Trans-log Function." In International Conference on Logistics Engineering, Management and Computer Science (LEMCS 2015). Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/lemcs-15.2015.143.
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Berman, Paul A., Dennis A. Horazak, and Paul W. Pillsbury. "Evaluation of Combustion Turbine Systems for the Direct Combustion of Coal." In ASME 1985 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-gt-8.
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A combustion turbine combined cycle that uses coal-derived dirty fuels can be economical if the fuel is processed at the plant site and cost of electricity (COE) is used as the criterion for configuring the power system and selecting its components. In a DOE/METC-sponsored study, 12 combinations of power components and conditioning components were evaluated for each of two fuels: a gas made from coal and a coal/water slurry. One baseline system was selected from each group of 12 systems, based on its potential to achieve a low COE. Each baseline system was then parametrically evaluated to show the effects of specific components on the COE of the power plant. In one of these studies, on-site coal conversion was shown as the key to reducing the COE and the operating cost of the plant, thus improving the chances of the plant being used for baseload operation.
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Pridmore, David H., and Stanley F. Rutkowski. "Reducing Furnace Operating Costs: IGBT/MFDC Technology Saves on Energy." In HT2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021exabp0018.
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Abstract Real power savings are observed in a case study comparing a VRT (Variable Reactance Transformer) and an IGBT/MFDC power supply in a furnace retrofit. The IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) is the power controller and MFDC (Mid Frequency Direct Current) is the transformer portion of the power supply. The VRT was replaced with a similarly sized IGBT/MFDC power supply. Other variables remained essentially equivalent and provided a good comparison between the power consumption of a VRT versus an IGBT/MFDC system in an equivalent furnace. IGBT/MFDC offers cost savings through less kilowatt usage, lower peak demand, and better power factor when compared to other power controls. From this case study, we will demonstrate a 40 percent reduction in kilowatt consumption, a 14 percent reduction peak demand, and a high displacement power factor throughout the cycle. All of this results in lower costs for furnace operation.
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Colmenares, Fernando, Daniele Pascovici, Stephen Ogaji, Pericles Pilidis, Alexander Garci´a, and Luis Latorre. "Future Aero-Engines’ Optimisation for Minimal Operating Costs." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50127.
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While aircraft environmental performance has been important since the beginnings of commercial aviation, continuously increasing passenger traffic and a rise in public awareness have made aircraft noise and emissions two of the most pressing issues hampering commercial aviation growth today. The focus of this study is to determine the feasibility of vey-high bypass ratio, geared and contra-rotating aero engines (see figures 2–4) for short range commercial aircraft in terms of economics and environment. This involves optimising the engines’ design point to minimise the direct operating cost and evaluating the economic and environmental impact. The results present a great potential benefit of the geared turbofan compared to high BPR one (baseline) to reduce DOC; however this may involve NOx penalties, that is an increase of 11.6% in comparison to the baseline. The CRTF engine seems to be, at least according to the simulations, a very promising solution in terms of environmental and economical performance. This is one on the series of work that would be carried out using the design tool proposed. Further work on the assessment of more radical turbofans at different economical and environmental scenarios would be published when completed.
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Brunschwiler, Thomas, Gerhard Ingmar Meijer, Stephan Paredes, Werner Escher, and Bruno Michel. "Direct Waste Heat Utilization From Liquid-Cooled Supercomputers." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23352.
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Chip microscale liquid-cooling reduces conductive and convective resistance thereby improving the efficiency of datacenters by allowing coolant temperatures above the free cooling limit in all climates. This eliminates the need for chillers and allows the thermal energy to be re-used in cold climates. Replacing the combustion processes for secondary users with recycled heat from the datacenter effectively eliminates carbon dioxide emission during the winter season and reduces operating cost throughout the year. The energy balance of emission-reduced datacenters is compared with a classical air cooled datacenter, a datacenter with free cooling in a cold climate zone, and a datacenter with chiller-mediated energy re-use. Hot water cooled datacenters reduce the effective energy cost by almost a factor of two compared to a current datacenter and reduce the carbon footprint by an even larger factor. Our energy re-use concept has been demonstrated in terms of cost and energy savings in a 60°C liquid cooled supercomputer. Additional alternative energy re-use schemes in hot climates for desalination and adsorption cooling allow close to full use of datacenter heat in all climates and all seasons. Output temperatures for these applications compared to space heating need to be 10–20°C higher which becomes possible through hotspot adapted cooling that eliminates mixing of fluids with different temperatures. In addition, interlayer cooled chip stacks allow double sided hotspot optimized cooling even closer to the heat source with low flow rates and low pumping power. This improves the large efficiency gain that becomes possible through 3D chip stacking.
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Morrow, C., G. Rochau, J. Cash, and D. King. "Conceptual Analysis of the Economic Feasibility of Fission Electric Cell Reactors." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22436.
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The United States Department of Energy, Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI) Direct Energy Conversion (DEC) project began in August of 1998 with the goal of developing a direct energy conversion process suitable for commercial development. With roughly two thirds of the project completed, we believe a viable direct energy device could be economic. This paper describes the financial basis behind that belief for one proposed DEC reactor, the magnetically insulated fission electric cell (FEC). It also illustrates the value of economic analysis even in these early phases of a research project. The financial basis consists of a conceptual level Economic Model comprised of five modules. The Design Model provides technical specification to other modules. The Fuel Cost Model estimates fuel expenses based on current spot market prices applied over a wide range of fuel enrichment. The Operating Cost Model uses published correlations to provide rough order of magnitude non-fuel operating costs. The Capital Cost model uses analogy and parametric estimating techniques to generate capital cost estimates for a DEC power plant. Finally, the financial model combines output from the other models to produce a Net Present Value analysis with cost of generation as the independent variable. Model results indicate that several FEC geometric configurations could be economic. Within these configurations, optimums exist. Finally, the model demonstrates that the most efficient design is not necessarily the most economic.
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Sampl, S. R., and M. E. Shank. "State of the Art in Aircraft Gas Turbine Technology." In ASME 1985 Beijing International Gas Turbine Symposium and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-igt-87.
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The new series of turbofan engines use advanced technology features which enhance their attractiveness through reductions in the cost of ownership, noise, and pollution. Improvements in aerodynamics, mechanics, electronics, and materials technology reduce the cost of ownership via such factors as cost, reliability, durability, and operability. Primarily, advanced technology addresses fuel consumption, a parameter with a very large effect on direct operating cost. In addition, these advances do not trade convenience of operation for environmental acceptability. The advanced technology concepts used in the new commercial aircraft turbine engines offer both economic and environmental benefits.
Reports on the topic "Direct Operating Cost"
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Killpack, John R. Comparison Of The Direct Costs, Length Of Recovery, And Incidence Of Post Operative Anti Emetic Use After Anesthesia Induction With Propofol Or A 1:1 Mixture Of Thiopental And Propofol. Defense Technical Information Center, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012143.
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Inter-American Development Bank Sustainability Report 2020. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003098.
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Sustainability is a core element of the IDBs work. Long-term economic growth, and the reduction of poverty and inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean depend on development that is economically, financially, environmentally, socially, and institutionally sustainable. The IDBs annual Sustainability Report presents our approach to sustainability and showcases operations and research that are contributing to the sustainable development of the region. The report also presents key data, detailing the greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint of our lending portfolio, the climate finance we provide, disaster and climate change risk in our projects, and the application of our environmental and social policies. The report also covers our corporate sustainability efforts and how we work to reduce our direct footprint where we live and work. The theme for the 2020 Sustainability Report is making the recovery from COVID-19 green and inclusive, exploring the IDBs work on digitalization, inclusive and sustainable infrastructure, developing next-generation skills and jobs, and Costa Ricas groundbreaking decarbonization efforts.