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Journal articles on the topic 'Direct Operating Cost'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Dalzell, G. "Is Operating Cost a Direct Measure of Inherent Safety?" Process Safety and Environmental Protection 81, no. 6 (2003): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758203770866584.

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Tian, Wan, Ye, and Xing. "Cruise Flight Performance Optimization for Minimizing Green Direct Operating Cost." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (2019): 3899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143899.

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To cope with the environmental impact of aviation and pollution problems in the future, airlines need to assess environmental impacts and offer countermeasures in advance. In order to measure the influence of environment on the airlines’ operational costs, this paper establishes an aircraft green direct operating cost (GDOC) model to quantify adverse environmental effects, such as air pollution and greenhouse effects, into the direct operating cost (DOC). Furthermore, fuel consumption, flight time, and distance in the cruising stage account for about 80% of the entire flight mission, and optim

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Curran, R., A. Kundu, S. Raghunathan, D. Eakin, and R. McFadden. "Influence of manufacturing tolerance on aircraft direct operating cost (DOC)." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 138, no. 1-3 (2003): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(03)00073-6.

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Majstorovic, Branislava, Dragana Kastratovic, Dragan Vucovic, Branko Milakovic, and Biljana Milicic. "Operating cost analysis of anaesthesia: Activity based costing (ABC analysis)." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 139, no. 7-8 (2011): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1108501m.

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Introduction. Cost of anaesthesiology represent defined measures to determine a precise profile of expenditure estimation of surgical treatment, which is important regarding planning of healthcare activities, prices and budget. Objective. In order to determine the actual value of anaestesiological services, we started with the analysis of activity based costing (ABC) analysis. Methods. Retrospectively, in 2005 and 2006, we estimated the direct costs of anestesiological services (salaries, drugs, supplying materials and other: analyses and equipment.) of the Institute of Anaesthesia and Resusci

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Hashmi, M. Anaam. "Determinants Of Success In International Involvement Of Large U.S. Corporations." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 1 (2011): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i1.6677.

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The findings of this study help to identify factors explaining success in international operations of large U.S. corporations. Successful foreign direct investment (FDI) and continuous involvement of large U.S. corporations is crucial for economic development of a country and social uplifting of many citizens of the world. Data were collected on selected U.S. corporations perception of the success variables in their international operation. Results indicate that large market size, geographical diversification, and low production/operating cost are the three most important success determinants

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Valeri, Sandro Giovanni. "Design to doc framework: a model to support aircraft direct operating cost reduction." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 37, no. 4 (2015): 1183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40430-014-0236-x.

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Beckerman, Daniel, Melissa Esparza, Sun Ik Lee, et al. "Cost Analysis of Single-Level Lumbar Fusions." Global Spine Journal 10, no. 1 (2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2192568219853251.

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Study Design: Cost analysis of a retrospectively identified cohort of patients who had undergone primary single-level lumbar fusion at a single institution’s orthopedic or neurosurgery department. Objective: The purpose of this article is to analyze the determinants of direct costs for single-level lumbar fusions and identify potential areas for cost reduction. Methods: Adult patients who underwent primary single-level lumbar fusion from fiscal years 2008 to 2012 were identified via administrative and departmental databases and were eligible for inclusion. Patients were excluded if they underw

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Dreyer, Christian, Nadja Guenster, and Jakob Koegst. "Empirical Evidence on Environmental Performance and Operating Costs." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (2019): 3600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133600.

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Theoretical arguments suggest that better environmental performance can lead to cost advantages through a more efficient use of resources and higher labor productivity. To provide empirical support for these arguments, we investigate how environmental performance affects operating costs using a sample of 785 U.S. firms for the period 2006–2014. We find that better environmental performance is negatively associated with direct production costs, but increases overhead costs. Because direct production costs have a larger impact than overhead costs, aggregate operating costs decline as environment

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Rios, John, Rodrigo Linfati, Daniel Morillo-Torres, Iván Derpich, and Gustavo Gatica. "Optimal placement design for picking and packing in distribution centers." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 4 (2021): 168781402110106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211010657.

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An efficient distribution center (DC) is one that receives, stores, picks and packs products into new logistics units and then dispatches them to points of sale at the minimal operating cost. The picking and packing processes represent the highest operating cost of a DC, and both require a suitable space for their operation. An effective coordination between these zones prevents bottlenecks and has a direct impact on the DC’s operational results. In the existing literature, there are no studies that optimize the distribution of the picking and packing areas simultaneously while also reducing o

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Chai, Xiao, Xiongqing Yu, and Yu Wang. "Tradeoff Study between Cost and Environmental Impact of Aircraft Using Simultaneous Optimization of Airframe and Engine Cycle." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2468535.

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To investigate more efficient aircraft configurations which have less environmental impact, this paper develops a multidisciplinary analysis framework integrated with the airframe and propulsion analysis modules. The characteristics for propulsion, aerodynamics, weight, performance, cost, emissions, and noise can be rapidly predicted by the framework. The impact of propulsion installation with large diameter engines on aircraft weight and drag are considered in the framework. A wide-body aircraft was taken as an example for the optimization to investigate the tradeoffs between the cost metric

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Jamaludin, Jamaludin, and Septiana Widi Astuti. "Study of Railway Operating Costs." Jurnal Perkeretaapian Indonesia 2, no. 1 (2018): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37367/jpi.v2i1.46.

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This research discusses the calculation of railroad operating costs, the railroad operating costs are very important because it is related to determining the level of profit from setting a railroad transportation service tariff. The current train operating costs are indicated to be not yet competitive compared to the same mode operating costs in other countries, this study looks at the constituent components of train operating costs based on predetermined regulations. Based on the results of the analysis of the calculation of railroad operating costs at present the percentage of railroad direc

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Valeri, Sandro Giovanni, and Luís Gonzaga Trabasso. "Erratum to: Design to doc framework: a model to support aircraft direct operating cost reduction." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 37, no. 4 (2015): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40430-015-0366-9.

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Kim, Sungki, Jinseop Kim, Dongkeun Cho, and Sungsig Bang. "Quantitative Cost-Benefit Analysis of Direct Disposal and Pyroprocessing in Korea’s Nuclear Fuel Cycle." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147789.

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The purpose of this study is to compare the economic viability of direct disposal and pyroprocessing. This is because the selection of an alternative cannot be justified without a guarantee of economic feasibility. This paper sets the KRS (Korea Reference System) spent fuel repository and KAPF+ (Korea Advanced Pyroprocess Facility plus) as the cost objects, administers a cost-benefit analysis, and presents the results on the net cost. The results of the calculation demonstrate that the net costs of direct disposal and pyroprocessing are USD 17,719,319,040 and USD 19,329,252,755, respectively.

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Dorward, D. W. "A Low Cost Configuration for Internetwork Telemicroscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (2000): 1146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600038228.

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Advances in internetwork data transmission rates and reductions in the cost of imaging components and applications have facilitated real-time sharing of video, still images, and microscope operating systems with collaborators or observers at remote locations. Specialized direct and web-based systems for transmission electron microscopy have been described previously. However, in order to develop a generic and flexible means of sharing live images and data from light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscope instruments, a telemicroscopy system was configured using readily availa

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Yang, Yong. "Model Predictive Control for Direct-Drive Wind Power Generation Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 2170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.2170.

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Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) are commonly used in direct-drive wind power generation systems, which produce high efficiency, high reliability and low cost in wind power generation. This paper presents a new and simple control scheme using predictive control, which is used in PMSGs and grid-connected inverters. The controller uses the models of PMSGs and grid-connected inverters to predict on each sampling interval. A cost function defines the desired behavior of the system. The switching state that minimizes the cost function is selected and applied during the next sampling in

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Puetpaiboon, Asamaporn, Sunisa Chatmongkolchart, Osaree Akaraborworn, and Yupin Apisitthiwong. "Direct Cost of Anesthesia in Traumatic Patients with Massive Bleeding: a Prospective Micro-Costing Study." PSU Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31584/psumj.2021246254.

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Objective:This study aimed to quantify the direct cost as well as cost-to-charge ratio of anesthetic care in traumatic patients with intraoperative massive bleeding.Material and Methods: This study was a prospective observational cost analysis study, conducted in Songklanagarind Hospital, Thailand. Traumatic patients from any mechanisms were recruited. Massive bleeding was defined as estimated blood loss of at least one blood volume in 24 hours or a half of blood volume in 3 hours. The cost components were valued by the bottom-up approach. The direct cost was divided into 4 categories; the lab

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Wijantini, Wijantini. "The Indirect Costs of Financial Distress in Indonesia." Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 9, no. 2 (2007): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5599.

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This paper presents quantitative estimates of the indirect cost of financial distress and its determinants. In order to measure the cost, this study estimates the annualized changes in industry-adjusted operation profit and sales from a year before the onset of distress to the resolution year. Using those approaches, the median of indirect financial distress cost is estimated between three and 11 percent annually. To the extent that the direct cost of financial distress reduces reported operating income, the estimated costs are overstated. The simple regressions analysis suggest that the indir

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18

Bruynseels, Liesbeth, W. Robert Knechel, and Marleen Willekens. "Turnaround Initiatives and Auditors' Going-Concern Judgment: Memory for Audit Evidence." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 32, no. 3 (2013): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-10346.

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SUMMARY: This study uses an experiment to investigate how management turnaround initiatives influence auditors' going-concern decisions for financially distressed firms. Using mediation analysis, we are able to distinguish between a direct effect of strategic and operating turnaround initiatives on going-concern judgment and a mediated effect through auditors' evaluation of subsequent financial evidence. Results from the experiment indicate that operating turnaround initiatives (e.g., cost cutting) are associated with lower relative recall of positive financial evidence and a higher likelihood

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19

Goswami, Veena, and G. B. Mund. "Optimal Thresholds of an Infinite Buffer Discrete-Time Two-Server System with Triadic Policy." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 2, no. 4 (2011): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsds.2011100105.

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This paper analyzes a discrete-time infinite-buffer Geo/Geo/2 queue, in which the number of servers can be adjusted depending on the number of customers in the system one at a time at arrival or at service completion epoch. Analytical closed-form solutions of the infinite-buffer Geo/Geo/2 queueing system operating under the triadic (0, Q N, M) policy are derived. The total expected cost function is developed to obtain the optimal operating (0, Q N, M) policy and the optimal service rate at minimum cost using direct search method. Some performance measures and sensitivity analysis have been pre

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Mohd Yunos, Siti Nur Mariani, Mohammad Fahmi Abdul Ghafir, and A. A. Wahab. "An Evaluation of Economic Model for Assessing Aviation Environmental Impacts towards Airline Operations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 629 (October 2014): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.629.338.

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Environmental concerns due to aviation emissions and noise have resulted in introduction of emission and noise charges imposed by airports to airline operators. In order to assess the impact of emission and noise towards the airline's operating costs, this paper presents the initial work in developing an economic model and explains the validation and application of the direct operating cost (DOC) estimation used by the model. A comparison with another two DOC estimation methods has also been performed. The results indicate that the estimated cost is in a good agreement with the data from the p

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Song, Young Sun, and Hong Tae Park. "Analysis of Excavation Speed and Direct Construction Cost Based on the Operating Productivities of TBM Method Site." Journal of The Korean Society of Civil Engineers 32, no. 6D (2012): 637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2012.32.6d.637.

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LEE, Minwoo, Larry K. B. LI, and Wenbin SONG. "Analysis of direct operating cost of wide-body passenger aircraft: A parametric study based on Hong Kong." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 32, no. 5 (2019): 1222–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2019.03.011.

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23

Strokova, Valeriya, Viktoriya Nelyubova, and Marina Rykunova. "Investigation of fungicidal activity of biocides by method of direct contact with test cultures." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825101018.

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The article substantiates the possibility of using the method of direct contact with test cultures as an express method for assessing the quality of biocidal substances. This technique allows to test soluble biocidal preparations, while reducing the time of biocide selection, which eliminates the need for large-scale full-scale testing of structures under real operating conditions, providing cost savings.

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Carr, Logan W., Brad Morrow, Brett Michelotti, and Randy M. Hauck. "Direct Cost Comparison of Open Carpal Tunnel Release in Different Venues." HAND 14, no. 4 (2018): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944718755476.

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Background: The increased efficiency and cost savings have led many surgeons to move their practice away from the traditional operating room (OR) or outpatient surgery center (OSC) and into the clinic setting. With the cost of health care continuing to rise, the venue with the lowest cost should be utilized. We performed a direct cost analysis of a single surgeon performing an open carpal tunnel release in the OR, OSC, and clinic. Methods: Four treatment groups were prospectively studied: the hospital OR with monitored anesthesia care (OR-MAC), OSC with MAC (OSC-MAC), OSC with local anesthesia

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Li, Shuo, Huili Zhang, Jiapei Nie, Raf Dewil, Jan Baeyens, and Yimin Deng. "The Direct Reduction of Iron Ore with Hydrogen." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 8866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168866.

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The steel industry represents about 7% of the world’s anthropogenic CO2 emissions due to the high use of fossil fuels. The CO2-lean direct reduction of iron ore with hydrogen is considered to offer a high potential to reduce CO2 emissions, and this direct reduction of Fe2O3 powder is investigated in this research. The H2 reduction reaction kinetics and fluidization characteristics of fine and cohesive Fe2O3 particles were examined in a vibrated fluidized bed reactor. A smooth bubbling fluidization was achieved. An increase in external force due to vibration slightly increased the pressure drop

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Zygourakis, Corinna C., Seungwon Yoon, Victoria Valencia, et al. "Operating room waste: disposable supply utilization in neurosurgical procedures." Journal of Neurosurgery 126, no. 2 (2017): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.2.jns152442.

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OBJECTIVE Disposable supplies constitute a large portion of operating room (OR) costs and are often left over at the end of a surgical case. Despite financial and environmental implications of such waste, there has been little evaluation of OR supply utilization. The goal of this study was to quantify the utilization of disposable supplies and the costs associated with opened but unused items (i.e., “waste”) in neurosurgical procedures. METHODS Every disposable supply that was unused at the end of surgery was quantified through direct observation of 58 neurosurgical cases at the University of

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Mohamad, Taib Iskandar, and How Heoy Geok. "Combustion Characteristics of Compressed Natural Gas in a Direct Microchannel-Injection Engine under Various Operating Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.793.

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The combustion characteristics of compressed natural gas (CNG) in a direct microchannel-injection engine under various operating conditions were investigated. In this study, a novel idea for direct CNG microchannel injection was realized with spark plug fuel injector (SPFI). It is a device developed to convert engine to CNG direct injection (DI) operation with minimal cost and technical simplicity. It was installed and tested on a Ricardo E6 single cylinder engine with compression ratio of 10.5:1 without modification on the original engine structure. The engine test was carried out under vario

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Liu, Ye Feng, Qiang Su, Hua Zhang, and Cao Ping Cai. "Optimization of Photovoltaic-Electrolyzer System by Direct Coupling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 1578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.1578.

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Hydrogen fuel produced by photovoltaic-eletrolyzer system is a solution to solve problem of global warming, air pollution and fossil fuel crisis. The efficiency of photovoltaic-electrolyzer system can be promoted by the optimal matching between photovoltaic modules and electrolyzer. Based on experimental test and mathematical model, a certain series–parallel connection of photovoltaic cells is determined to match with electrolyzer. The aim is to match the voltage and the maximum power output of the photovoltaic modules to the operating voltage of the electrolyzer. So some auxiliaries such as D

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de Vries, I. E., M. Janssens, and S. J. Hulshoff. "A specialised delivery system for stratospheric sulphate aerosols (part 2): financial cost and equivalent CO2 emission." Climatic Change 162, no. 1 (2020): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02686-6.

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Abstract Temporary stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) using sulphate compounds could help avoid some of the adverse and irreversible impacts of global warming, but comprises many risks and uncertainties. Among these, the direct financial cost and carbon emissions of potential SAI delivery systems have hitherto received only modest attention. Therefore, this paper quantifies the initial and operating financial costs and initial and operating equivalent CO2 (CO2eq) emissions of the specialised aircraft-based SAI delivery system developed with relatively high-fidelity tools in part 1 of this s

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Jin, Yong Chao, Rui Wang, and Yu Zhang Lu. "Steel Channel Lifting Using Tubular Gin Pole-Assisted, Multi-Point, High-Position Whole Lifting Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 3153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.3153.

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Heavy-duty structure lifting operation involves a complicated lifting process, great technical difficulty and high safety requirements. Also, the material/human resources and time spent on heavy-duty structuring lifting operation have a direct impact on the safety, quality, progress and cost of the whole projects. Therefore, it has become a common critical concern of the construction engineering circle to adopt advanced, reasonable lifting methods, select proper lifting equipment, prepare pertinent safety & technical measures, minimize the duration of lifting operation and reduce project c

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Yachikov, Igor M., Irina V. Portnova, and Mikhail V. Bystrov. "Efficiency of Application of Evaporative Cooling of Graphite Electrodes to Reduce their Consumption in Arc Furnaces." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.444.

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A significant part of the cost of released products in the smelting of steel is the cost of graphite electrodes, so reducing their specific consumption is an urgent task. The aim of the work is to study on a computer model and analyze the efficiency of using evaporative cooling to reduce the consumption of graphite electrodes in electric arc furnaces of three-phase alternating and direct current of small capacity. A computer simulation of the thermal state and fame of graphite electrodes for arc furnaces of three-phase and direct current with the capacity of 12 tons was performed. The efficien

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Mancini, Thomas, Peter Heller, Barry Butler, et al. "Dish-Stirling Systems: An Overview of Development and Status." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, no. 2 (2003): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1562634.

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Dish-Stirling systems have demonstrated the highest efficiency of any solar power generation system by converting nearly 30% of direct-normal incident solar radiation into electricity after accounting for parasitic power losses[1]. These high-performance, solar power systems have been in development for two decades with the primary focus in recent years on reducing the capital and operating costs of systems. Even though the systems currently cost about $10,000 US/kW installed, major cost reduction will occur with mass production and further development of the systems. Substantial progress has

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Bernacki, Dariusz, and Christian Lis. "Investigating the Sustainable Impact of Seaport Infrastructure Provision on Maritime Component of Supply Chain." Energies 14, no. 12 (2021): 3519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123519.

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The aim of the research is to identify and quantify the direct economic effects resulting from the improved seaport nautical access and capacity expansion. This case study considers a regional port located in the Baltic sea and relates to port users, i.e., shipping operators and shippers. The effects were identified for maritime transport by comparing transport performance in two scenarios: with-the-investment and without-the-investment. Incremental calculus addresses freights (containers, dry bulk, and cereals) traded to and from the given port, changes in size of vessels, and the shipping ro

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Kapela, Krzyszof, Marek Gugała, Marek Niewęgłowski, and Ewa Krasnodębska. "OPERATING COSTS OF TECHNICAL TRANSPORT MEANS IN A FARM." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 3 (2018): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1497.

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The main objective of the study was to present the costs of exploitation of transport means in an individual agricultural holding located in the Masovian province, specializing in crop production. The cost analysis was performed on the basis of a yearly record of transport operations on the farm and data obtained by direct interview. The scope of research covered the years 2015-2017. The analysis shows that the costs of using transport means, depending on the type of transport set and the year, ranged from 1197.46 PLN/ha UR to 1442.62 PLN/ha UR. The highest share in the structure of the operat

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Qian, Siyu, Xinlong Chen, Shiyu Jiang, et al. "Direct detection of charge and discharge process in supercapacitor by fiber-optic LSPR sensors." Nanophotonics 9, no. 5 (2020): 1071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0504.

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AbstractSupercapacitors with high power density, ultralong lifespan and wide range operating temperature have drawn significant attention in recent years. However, monitoring the state of charge in supercapacitors in a cost-effective and flexible way is still challenging. Techniques such as transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction can analyze the characteristics of supercapacitor well. But with large size and high price, they are not suitable for daily monitoring of the supercapacitors’ operation. In this paper, a low cost and easily fabricated fiber-optic localized surface plasm

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Vouros, Stavros, Mavroudis Kavvalos, Smruti Sahoo, and Konstantinos Kyprianidis. "Enabling the potential of hybrid electric propulsion through lean-burn-combustion turbofans." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 5 (September 16, 2021): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33737/jgpps/140592.

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Hybrid-electric propulsion has emerged as a promising technology to mitigate the adverse environmental impact of civil aviation. Boosting conventional gas turbines with electric power improves mission performance and operability. In this work the impact of electrification on pollutant emissions and direct operating cost of geared turbofan configurations is evaluated for an 150-passenger aircraft. A baseline two-and-a-half-shaft geared turbofan, representative of year 2035 entry-into-service technology, is employed. Parallel hybridization is implemented through coupling a battery-powered electr

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Cygańska, Małgorzata, and Magdalena Kludacz-Alessandri. "Incorporating clinical factors into medical procedures costing." Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości 2018, no. 98 (154) (2018): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1548.

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The aim of the study is to assess the effect of selected methods of allocating indirect costs to operating room medical procedures. When allocating indirect costs of operating room medical procedures, the following factors were taken into consideration: total direct costs, time of providing treatments and points reflecting, among others, procedure complexity and treatment intensity. For this purpose, the concept of quantitative description of patients' characteristics and hospitalization process was used based on the identified cost-generating factors of medical procedures. The conducted analy

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Morris, Matthew T., Jonathan Morris, Camari Wallace, et al. "An Analysis of the Cost-Effectiveness of Spinal Versus General Anesthesia for Lumbar Spine Surgery in Various Hospital Settings." Global Spine Journal 9, no. 4 (2018): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2192568218795867.

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Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Objective: To determine the relative cost-effectiveness of spinal anesthesia and general anesthesia for lumbar laminectomy and microdiscectomy surgery performed in an academic versus private practice hospital setting. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed charts of 188 consecutive patients who underwent lumbar laminectomy or microdiscectomy by a single surgeon from 2012 to 2016 at either an academic or a private practice hospital setting. Intraoperative and postoperative outcomes were recorded and direct variable costs were calculated. Results:

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Parker, Scott L., David N. Shau, Stephen K. Mendenhall, and Matthew J. McGirt. "Factors influencing 2-year health care costs in patients undergoing revision lumbar fusion procedures." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 16, no. 4 (2012): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.12.spine11750.

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Object Revision lumbar fusion procedures are technically challenging and can be associated with tremendous health care resource utilization and cost. There is a paucity of data regarding specific factors that significantly contribute to increased cost of care. In light of this, the authors set out to identify independent risk factors predictive of increasing 2-year direct health care costs after revision lumbar fusion. Methods One hundred fifty patients undergoing revision instrument-assisted fusion for adjacent-segment disease (50 cases), pseudarthrosis (47 cases), or same-level stenosis (53

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Rothermel, Shane D., Jesse L. King, Maegan Tupinio, Kempland C. Walley, Paul J. Juliano, and Michael C. Aynardi. "Cost Comparison of Synthetic Hydrogel Implant and First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis." Foot & Ankle Specialist 13, no. 4 (2019): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938640019850617.

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Background. First metatarsophalangeal (MTP) arthrodesis is the “gold standard” treatment for hallux rigidus. Recently, there has been increased interest in new synthetic cartilage implants to preserve joint motion while eradicating pain. With current health care economics, the cost of a treatment is gaining particular importance. This study set out to perform a cost comparison between MTP arthrodesis and synthetic hydrogel implant to determine which treatment modality is more cost-effective based on direct aggregate costs. Study design. Economic and decision analysis. Methods. Studies in the a

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Davis, M. A., and K. G. Provan. "A Cost-Constrained Model of Strategic Service Quality Emphasis in Nursing Homes." Health Services Management Research 9, no. 1 (1996): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148489600900103.

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This study employed structural equation modeling to test the relationship between three aspects of the environmental context of nursing homes; Medicaid dependence, ownership status, and market demand, and two basic strategic orientations: low cost and differentiation based on service quality emphasis. Hypotheses were proposed and tested against data collected from a sample of nursing homes operating in a single state. Because of the overwhelming importance of cost control in the nursing home industry, a cost-constrained strategy perspective was supported. Specifically, while the three contextu

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Duncombe, William, and John Yinger. "Does School District Consolidation Cut Costs?" Education Finance and Policy 2, no. 4 (2007): 341–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp.2007.2.4.341.

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Consolidation has dramatically reduced the number of school districts in the United States. Using data from rural school districts in New York, this article provides the first direct estimation of consolidation's cost impacts. We find economies of size in operating spending: all else equal, doubling enrollment cuts operating costs per pupil by 61.7 percent for a 300-pupil district and by 49.6 percent for a 1,500-pupil district. Consolidation also involves large adjustment costs, however. These adjustment costs, which are particularly large for capital spending, lower net cost savings to 31.5 p

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Ghosh, Avijit, and C. Samuel Craig. "An Approach to Determining Optimal Locations for New Services." Journal of Marketing Research 23, no. 4 (1986): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378602300405.

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Designing a network of service centers involves a tradeoff between the revenue likely to be generated by providing a high level of service and the cost of operating the service network. The authors develop a procedure for determining the location and design strategies for new services using a modified maximal covering location-allocation model. The network optimization procedure relies on direct assessment of consumer sensitivity to distance and nondistance factors through conjoint analysis and simultaneously determines the network size, location of outlets, price, and operating characteristic

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Lopez, Mario, Hendrik Fehr, Marcelo A. Perez, and Albrecht Gensior. "Pareto Frontier of the Arm Energy Ripple and the Conduction Losses of a Modular Multilevel Converter." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020392.

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Modular multilevel converters can achieve high power quality and voltage ratings, becoming a good alternative for high-voltage direct-current applications. However, the circulating current and capacitor voltage ripple remain significant drawbacks, mainly due to the impact on efficiency and power density. In this work, a stationary operation of a modular multilevel converter is optimized by calculating the Pareto frontier of the arm energy ripple and the conduction losses for different operating conditions. From the set of optimal solutions, the best trade-off between energy ripple and power lo

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da Cás, Pedro L. K., Carlos A. G. Veras, Olexiy Shynkarenko, and Rodrigo Leonardi. "A Brazilian Space Launch System for the Small Satellite Market." Aerospace 6, no. 11 (2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6110123.

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At present, most small satellites are delivered as hosted payloads on large launch vehicles. Considering the current technological development, constellations of small satellites can provide a broad range of services operating at designated orbits. To achieve that, small satellite customers are seeking cost-effective launch services for dedicated missions. This paper deals with performance and cost assessments of a set of launch vehicle concepts based on a solid propellant rocket engine (S-50) under development by the Institute of Aeronautics and Space (Brazil) with support from the Brazilian

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Mattsson, Ann, Glen Nivert, and Mari Heinonen. "Direct precipitation on demand at large Scandinavian WWTPs reduces the effluent phosphorus load." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 12 (2012): 2106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.126.

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On demand use of direct precipitation of wastewater has been successfully implemented at several large Scandinavian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as a cost-efficient method of treating wastewater bypassing secondary treatment. During wet weather situations or when the capacity of secondary treatment is reduced excess wastewater can be treated through efficient direct precipitation. This increases the total capacity of the WWTP to remove phosphorus during these periods. This treatment strategy allows the WWTPs to meet stringent effluent phosphorus limits without extending secondary treatm

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Kusumastuti, Ratih, Matin Matin, and Siti Rochanah. "The Influence of Planning, Reporting, Standard Operating Procedure on University Education Costs Management Accountability." AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan 13, no. 2 (2021): 927–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v13i2.816.

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The management of educational institutions requires accountability for managing education costs related to the management of school financing. Accountability is a concept of openness in education management. This study aimed to determine the effect of planning, reporting, and standard operating procedures on the accountability of the management of education costs. This research used quantitative research. Participants were employees of the University of Indonesia. Data in the form of a questionnaire was taken using a survey method. Data analysis used regression analysis. The results of the stu

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Chepurin, G. E., and A. P. Tsegelnik. "Methods of identifying grain production cost when threshing grain crops in view of the need in combine harvesters and combine operators." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 2 (2019): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-2-11.

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The paper presents substantiation of the rational use of combine harvesters’nominal throughput when threshing grain crops with the yield ranging from 0.8 to 5.0 t/ha and over. The main factors that determine nominal throughput of combine harvesters and their operational indicators are identified. The structure andcontents of thetechnological passport of combine harvesters are substantiated, and the algorithm of effective determination of their key operational indicators, based on the passport, are developed. These indicators depend on harvesting technology, grain crop yield, the share of non-g

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Dao, Van Quan, Jae-In Lee, Chang Soon Kim, Minwon Park, and Umberto Melaccio. "Design and Performance Analysis of a Saturated Iron-Core Superconducting Fault Current Limiter for DC Power Systems." Energies 13, no. 22 (2020): 6090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226090.

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A saturated iron-core superconducting fault current limiter (SI-SFCL) can significantly limit the magnitude of the fault current and reduce the stress on circuit breakers in direct current (DC) power systems. The SI-SFCL consists of three main parts: one magnetic iron-core, one normal conductive primary coil (CPC), and one superconducting secondary coil (SSC). This paper deals with the design options for the coil system of the SI-SFCL and confirms their operating characteristics through a physical experiment. The electromagnetic characteristics and operational features of the SI-SFCL was analy

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Loi-Brügger, A., S. Panglisch, P. Buchta, et al. "Ceramic membranes for direct river water treatment applying coagulation and microfiltration." Water Supply 6, no. 4 (2006): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.906.

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A new ceramic membrane has been designed by NGK Insulators Ltd., Japan, to compete in the drinking water treatment market. The IWW Water Centre, Germany, investigated the operational performance and economical feasibility of this ceramic membrane in a one year pilot study of direct river water treatment with the hybrid process of coagulation and microfiltration. The aim of this study was to investigate flux, recovery, and DOC retention performance and to determine optimum operating conditions of NGK's ceramic membrane filtration system with special regards to economical aspects. Temporarily, t

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