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Journal articles on the topic 'Direct parasitological'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Magalhães, Juracy B., and Sonia G. Andrade. "Investigation on the possibility of spontaneous cure of mice infected with different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 36, no. 6 (December 1994): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651994000600001.

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Seventy Swiss mice chronically infected with different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi, with persistently negative parasitemia on routine blood examination were parasitologically investigated to find out whether spontaneous cure occurred. Duration of infection varied from 90 to 250 days in the initial phase of this investigation. Parasitological tests consisted of daily direct blood examination performed during at least 25 days, followed by xenodiagnosis and subinoculation of blood into newborn mice. Mice that persisted negative were treated with Cyclophosphamide with one dose of 250 mg/kg of body weight and then investigated by direct blood examination, xenodiagnosis and subinoculation. A second dose of 250 mg/kg b. w. was given to the persistently negative mice. With one single exception, all mice showed positive parasitological tests in the different stages of the present investigation and we conclude that spontaneous cure did not occur in this group, which is representative of the chronic infection with different strains of T cruzi.
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2

Neimeister, R., A. L. Logan, J. H. Egleton, and B. Kleger. "Evaluation of direct wet mount parasitological examination of preserved fecal specimens." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28, no. 5 (1990): 1082–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.28.5.1082-1084.1990.

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3

Barbosa, Alynne da Silva, Otilio Machado Pereira Bastos, Claudia Maria Antunes Uchôa, Alcides Pissinatti, Augusto César Machado Pereira Bastos, Igo Vieira de Souza, Laís Verdan Dib, et al. "Comparison of five parasitological techniques for laboratory diagnosis of Balantidium coli cysts." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 25, no. 3 (August 25, 2016): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016044.

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Abstract Balantidium coli is a protozoon that can cause dysentery in humans, pigs and nonhuman primates, with zoonotic potential. In the literature, there is still little information on the effectiveness of different laboratory techniques for diagnosing this disease. This study compared and evaluated the performance of the Lutz, modified Ritchie, Faust, modified Sheather and direct examination techniques for detecting cysts of this protozoon. Between 2012 and 2014, 1905 fecal samples were collected from captive animals in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Of these, 790 were obtained from the rectum of pigs and 1115 from enclosures occupied by nonhuman primates. B. coli cysts were most evident through direct examination (22.4% of the samples) and the Lutz technique (21%). Fair agreement (Kappa = 0.41; p < 0.05) was observed only between direct examination and Lutz. The flotation techniques (Faust and modified Sheather) did not show good recovery of cysts. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the frequency of cysts between pigs and nonhuman primates could only be observed through direct examination and the Lutz technique. The most efficient method for diagnosing this parasitosis was seen to an association between direct examination and the spontaneous sedimentation technique.
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Watson, Barbara, Mark Blitzer, Harvey Rubin, and Irving Nachamkin. "Direct Wet Mounts versus Concentration for Routine Parasitological Examination: Are Both Necessary?" American Journal of Clinical Pathology 89, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/89.3.389.

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5

Mafuyai, H., C. Uneke, M. Njoku, and G. Chuga. "DOT-ELISA and parasitological examination for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Nigeria." Helminthologia 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-006-0003-3.

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AbstractSchistosoma mansoni infection constitutes significant economic and public health consequences. Accurate diagnosis of the infection is imperative in order to identify subjects needing care in the broadest sense. In this study the dot-ELISA and direct parasitological method were compared in the diagnosis of S. mansoni infection in Jos, Nigeria. Of the 106 subjects studied 64.2 % were S. mansoni positive serologically while only 10.4 % of them were found to have the parasite’s egg in their stools. Individuals aged 20–29 years of both sexes had highest prevalence of 73.9 % and 21.7% by serological and parasitological diagnosis respectively. Prevalence of infection among males was 13.5 % and 7.4 % among females by parasitology. By serology the corresponding figures were 59.6 % and 68.5 % respectively. No significant difference was observed by parasitology (χ2=4.534, P ≤ 0.05) and by serology (χ2=2.00, P ≤ 0.05). Results advocate for serodiagnostic technique over parasitological method in S. mansoni surveillance and epidemiological studies.
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6

Almirall, Pedro, Angel A. Escobedo, Idalia Ayala, Maydel Alfonso, Yohana Salazar, Roberto Cañete, Sergio Cimerman, et al. "Mebendazole Compared with Secnidazole in the Treatment of Adult Giardiasis: A Randomised, No-Inferiority, Open Clinical Trial." Journal of Parasitology Research 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/636857.

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To compare the efficacy and safety of mebendazole and secnidazole in the treatment of giardiasis in adult patients, a single-centre, parallel group, open-label, randomized non-inferiority trial was carried out. One-hundred and 26 participants who had symptomaticGiardiamono-infection took part in the study. Direct wet mount and/or Ritchie concentration techniques and physical examinations were conducted at the time of enrolment and at the follow-up visit. The primary outcome measure was parasitological cure, performed at 3, 5, 10 days post-treatment. Negative faecal specimens forGiardiawere ensured by the same parasitological techniques. At follow up (day 10) the parasitological cure rate for theper protocolpopulations was 88.7% (55/62) for MBZ and 91.8% (56/61) for SNZ. For the intention to treat populations the cure rate at the end of treatment was 85.9% (55/64) for MBZ and 90.3% (56/62) for SNZ. Both analyzes showed there was not significant statistical difference between MBZ and SNZ treatment efficacy. Both drugs were well tolerated, only mild, transient and self-limited side effects were reported and did not require discontinuation of treatment. A 3-day course of mebendazole seems to be as efficacious and safe for treatment of giardiasis as a single dose of secnidazole in adults.
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7

Zijlstra, E. E., M. Siddig Ali, A. M. El-Hassan, Isam A. El-Toum, Maria Satti, H. W. Ghalib, and P. A. Kager. "Kala-azar: a comparative study of parasitological methods and the direct agglutination test in diagnosis." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86, no. 5 (September 1992): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(92)90086-r.

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8

Duarte, S. C., J. A. Parente, O. J. Silveira Neto, V. S. Jayme, T. S. A. Bastos, and G. F. C. Linhares. "Molecular diagnosis of Hepatozoon canis in symptomatic dogs in the city of Goiania, Goiás, Brazil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 68, no. 6 (December 2016): 1431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8855.

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ABSTRACT More than 300 species have been described in the genus Hepatozoon, occurring in different vertebrates. Among these, only Hepatozoon canis and Hepatozoon americanum are seen in dogs. Different methods may be used for laboratory diagnosis. The most common of these is direct parasitological examination of parasite stages in blood smears. The aim of this investigation was to conduct a phylogenetic study on Hepatozoon isolates from symptomatic dogs in the city of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Blood samples were obtained from 40 symptomatic dogs that had been referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Goiás. Among these, only two samples were positive for Hepatozoon spp. using the direct parasitological method. These samples were then subjected to a DNA extraction process and amplification of a fragment of the 18S rRNA by means of PCR. Subsequently, the PCR products from each sample were purified and sequenced. The sequences obtained were then analyzed using the BLASTn algorithm, which identified both sequences of this study as Hepatozoon canis. By applying the Mega4 software, it was confirmed that these isolates of H. canis from dogs in Goiânia are similar to other reference isolates of the same species from other regions of Brazil and worldwide.
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9

Juthong, Siriporn, Alan F. Geater, Paron Dekumyoy, Thanaporn Hortiwakul, Boonjing Siripaitoon, Duangkamol Aiewruengsurat, and Nannapas Thongbun. "Prevalence and risk factors of strongyloidiasis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Southern Thailand." Lupus 29, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203320911091.

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Background Strongyloidiasis can be fatal in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, but few epidemiological studies have investigated the burden of this tropical disease among the SLE population. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of strongyloidiasis among SLE patients in Southern Thailand. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 180 SLE patients attending the Rheumatology Clinic at Songklanagarind Hospital. Stool specimens were collected and examined using the direct smear technique and agar plate culture technique. Serum anti- Strongyloides stercoralis IgG was measured by IgG-ELISA. Results The overall prevalence of strongyloidiasis by combined parasitologyl and/or serology was 15.6%. The prevalence of strongyloidiasis by parasitological methods was 2.2%. Positive parasitology and/or serology was associated with male sex and a SLE disease duration of less than two years. Conclusion Strongyloidiasis is highly prevalent among the SLE population. A combination of serological and parasitological methods increases the rate of diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in SLE patients.
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10

Dacal, E., J. M. Saugar, T. Soler, J. M. Azcárate, M. S. Jiménez, F. J. Merino, and E. Rodríguez. "Parasitological versus molecular diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in serial stool samples: how many?" Journal of Helminthology 92, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x17000050.

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AbstractStrongyloidiasis is usually an asymptomatic disease in immunocompetent patients, caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. However, in immunocompromised patients it can produce a severe clinical profile. Therefore, a correct diagnosis is necessary in these cases and in those chronic asymptomatic patients. The low sensitivity of classical parasitological techniques requires the analysis of multiple serial stool samples. Molecular diagnostic techniques represent an improvement in the detection of the parasite. The objective of this study was to evaluate the minimum number of samples necessary to achieve maximum sensitivity by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 116 stool samples from 39 patients were analysed by direct microscopic observation, agar culture, Harada–Mori and real-time PCR, in one, two, three and four or more consecutive samples. After two serial samples, 6 out of 39 patients were positive by parasitological and molecular techniques, while 16 of them were real-time PCR positive, and all the patients detected by parasitology were also detected by the molecular technique, reaching 100.00% sensitivity versus 83.00% when analysing a single sample. These data also reflect apparently low specificity (51.52%) and positive predictive value (PPV) (27.27 %) values, due to the high number of cases detected by real-time PCR and not by parasitological techniques. These cases were confirmed as true positives when analysing three, four or more samples from the same patient. In conclusion, the application of molecular techniques decreases the number of serial stool samples necessary to give a diagnosis with the maximum sensitivity.
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11

Ilic, Tamara, Maja Mandic, Predrag Stepanovic, and Sanda Dimitrijevic. "Dog and cat respiratory capilariasis - clinical, parasitological and epidemiological significance." Veterinarski glasnik 69, no. 5-6 (2015): 417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1506417i.

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Respiratory capillariasis is a disease of domestic and wild carnivores as well as of people, caused by nematode Eucoleus aerophilus syn. Capillaria aerophila, which lives as a parasite in mucosa of trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, rarely in nasal and frontal sinuses of the host. This parasite has either direct or indirect development cycle which includes optional transition hosts - earthworms. Clinical picture is manifested in the form of a very severe respiratory disease, which is accompanied by an increased bronchovesicular sound, sneezing, gasping and chronic dry cough. Despite the fact that this nematode is widespread in all the parts of the world, that it causes a disease followed by a severe clinical picture and has a zoonotic potential as well, it has been insufficiently investigated and moreover from clinical and parasitological aspect it has not been given enough attention so far. The reason for this is the fact that C. aerophila had been considered to be a strain of very low level of pathogenicity causing only sporadic respiratory infections in dogs and cats. The interest of scientific community for this parasitosis increased the moment when its causative agent spread outside the endemic areas. From the standpoint of monitoring and health protection of both carnivores and peorle, knowledge of basic epizootiological and epidemiological characteristics of these nematodes is of crucial importance, having in mind that its prevalence has significantly increased in dogs and cats in the last ten years, both in Europe and worldwide.
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12

Camargo, JB, H. Langoni, MZ Troncarelli, JG Machado, SB Lucheis, and CR Padovani. "Performance of IFAT, ELISA, direct parasitological examination and PCR on lymph node aspirates for canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis." Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases 16, no. 3 (2010): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-91992010000300007.

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13

Amer, A. S., A. E. Saad, S. N. Antonios, and E. A. Hasby. "Prevalence of parasitic infections in surgically removed appendices: parasitological and histopathological studies." Helminthologia 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helm-2017-0056.

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Summary Intestinal parasites may cause symptoms similar to acute appendicitis. Moreover, the diagnosis of parasitic infections is only done by post-operative histopathological examination of the appendices. Therefore, our aims are to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among patients who were be appendectomized at Tanta Hospitals, Egypt and to investigate the possible association between these parasitic infections and appendicitis. To achieve these objectives, we performed a cross-sectional study including 65 patients chosen randomly who had undergone appendectomy over a period of one year from Oct 2015 to Oct 2016. Demographic data were retrieved. Complete blood picture was done. Moreover, appendiceal faecolith were examined macroscopically then by direct smear examination, formol-ether concentration technique, modified Ziehl-Nelseen stain and rapid immunochromatographic test. Histopathological examination of resected appendices was done. We found that parasitic infections were detected in 24.6 % of examined cases. Most of parasitic infections were prevalent in patients belonging to the school age group. Different parasitic infections were detected in the faecolith specimens. Moreover, Enterobious vermicularis adult female and Schistosoma mansoni granuloma were detected in histopathological sections. Also, a spectrum of pathological changes in the appendices was found ranging from lymphoid hyperplasia to acute inflammation with peritonitis. In conclusion, intestinal parasites may cause clinical picture similar to that of acute appendicitis. Therefore, careful attention to clinical history, stool examination and high eosinophilia may aid diagnosis and avoid unnecessary appendectomy. Moreover, the presence of different parasitic stages in the narrow lumen of the appendix may have a role in the development of appendicitis and this needs further studies.
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14

Gressler, Lucas Trevisan, Jéssica Caroline Gomes Noll, Ítallo Barros de Freitas, and Silvia Gonzalez Monteiro. "Multiparasitism in a wild cat (Leopardus colocolo) (Carnivora: Felidae) in southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 25, no. 3 (August 25, 2016): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016047.

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Abstract Parasitic diseases reflect the health and balance of ecosystems, affecting not only individuals but also entire populations or communities. The aim of this study was to report on the diversity of parasitic helminths detected in the feces of a wild feline in southern Brazil. Parasites were obtained from fecal samples, and four techniques were used for parasitological examination: direct examination, centrifugal flotation with zinc sulfate (Faust technique), simple sedimentation (Hoffman technique) and Baermann-Moraes. The parasites were identified through micrometry and morphology, as follows: Ancylostoma sp., Toxocara sp., Trichuridae, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Alaria sp., and Spirometra sp. We recorded the genus Ancylostoma parasitizing L. colocolo for the first time.
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Cantanhêde, Lilian Motta, Cristiane Batista Mattos, Camila de Souza Ronconi, Camila Patrício Braga Filgueira, Cipriano Ferreira da Silva Júnior, Claudino Limeira, Helen Paula de Jesus Silva, et al. "First report of Leishmania (Viannia) lindenbergi causing tegumentary leishmaniasis in the Brazilian western Amazon region." Parasite 26 (2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019030.

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Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (TL) in the Brazilian Amazon region is associated with several Leishmania species. In this report, we describe two cases of TL related to Leishmania lindenbergi occurring in different locations of Rondônia state. After clinical diagnosis, lesion samples were collected for parasitological diagnoses via direct microscopic visualization, parasite isolation, and PCR. PCR reactions were positive in both clinical samples. Parasite isolation was possible for both patients, and isolates were submitted to species identification by isoenzyme electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. This report is the first to describe human infections caused by L. lindenbergi since the initial description and record of human infection by this species in 2002.
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TIYO, Rogerio, Carla Zangari de SOUZA, Letícia NISHI, Camila Fernanda BRUSTOLIN, Bianca Altrão RATTI, and Ana Lucia FALAVIGNA GUILHERME. "WATER FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES USED FOR THE IRRIGATION OF VEGETABLES TO BE MARKETED: RESEARCH ON Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., AND COLIFORMS IN PARANA, BRAZIL." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 57, no. 4 (August 2015): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652015000400010.

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SUMMARY The aim of this work was to compare, from a parasitological ( Cryptosporidiumspp. and Giardia duodenalis), bacteriological (total and thermotolerants coliforms) and physicochemical perspective, water sources used for drinking and irrigation of vegetables intended to be sold for human consumption. From January 2010 to May 2011, samples of different water sources from vegetable producing properties were collected; 100 liters for parasitological analysis, 200 mL for bacteriological analysis, and five liters for physicochemical analysis. Water samples were filtered under vacuum with a kit containing a cellulose acetate membrane filter, 1.2 µm (Millipore(r), Barueri, SP, Brazil). The material retained on the membrane was mechanically extracted and analyzed by direct immunofluorescence (Merifluor(r)kit). From 20 rural properties investigated, 10 had artesian wells (40 samples), 10 had common wells (40 samples), and one had a mine (four samples), the latter contaminated by Cryptosporidiumspp. In samples from artesian wells, 90 to 130 meters depth, 42.5% were positive for total coliforms and 5.0% were identified to have abnormal coloration. From the samples of common wells, 14 to 37 meters depth, 87.5% were contaminated with total coliforms, 82.5% were positive for thermotolerant coliforms, and 12.5% had color abnormalities. We did not detect the presence of Giardiaspp. or Cryptosporidiumspp. in artesian and common wells. The use of artesian or common wells is an important step in the control of the spreading of zoonoses, particularly Cryptosporidiumspp. and Giardiaspp., as well as artesian wells for coliform control in local production of vegetables to be marketed.
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Reckendorf, A., E. Ludes-Wehrmeister, P. Wohlsein, R. Tiedemann, U. Siebert, and K. Lehnert. "First record of Halocercus sp. (Pseudaliidae) lungworm infections in two stranded neonatal orcas (Orcinus orca)." Parasitology 145, no. 12 (April 25, 2018): 1553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000586.

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AbstractOrca (Orcinus orca) strandings are rare and post-mortem examinations on fresh individuals are scarce. Thus, little is known about their parasitological fauna, prevalence of infections, associated pathology and the impact on their health. During post-mortem examinations of two male neonatal orcas stranded in Germany and Norway, lungworm infections were found within the bronchi of both individuals. The nematodes were identified as Halocercus sp. (Pseudaliidae), which have been described in the respiratory tract of multiple odontocete species, but not yet in orcas. The life cycle and transmission pathways of some pseudaliid nematodes are incompletely understood. Lungworm infections in neonatal cetaceans are an unusual finding and thus seem to be an indicator for direct mother-to-calf transmission (transplacental or transmammary) of Halocercus sp. nematodes in orcas.
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Cantanhêde, Lilian Motta, Cristiane Batista Mattos, Ana Karoline Cruz, Yoda Janaina Ikenohuchi, Flavia Gonçalves Fernandes, Enmanuella Helga Ratier Terceiro Medeiros, Cipriano Ferreira da Silva-Júnior, Elisa Cupolillo, Gabriel Eduardo Melim Ferreira, and Ricardo de Godoi Mattos Ferreira. "Overcoming the Negligence in Laboratory Diagnosis of Mucosal Leishmaniasis." Pathogens 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091116.

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The northern region of Brazil, which has the largest number of cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) in the country, is also the region that has the highest diversity of species of vectors and Leishmania parasites. In this region, cases of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), a clinical form of TL, exceed the national average of cases, reaching up to 12% of the total annual TL notifications. ML is associated with multiple factors, such as the parasite species and the viral endosymbiont Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1). Being a chronic parasitological disease, laboratory diagnosis of ML poses a challenge for health services. Here, we evaluated more than 700 clinical samples from patients with clinical suspicion of TL, including patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis, comparing the results of parasitological tests—direct parasitological examination by microscopy (DP) and conventional PCR (cPCR) targeting of both kDNA and hsp70. The DP was performed by collecting material from lesions through biopsies (mucosal lesions) or scarification (cutaneous lesions); for PCR, a cervical brush was used for sample collection. Blood samples were tested employing standardized real-time PCR (qPCR) protocol targeting the HSP70 gene. PCR tests showed higher sensitivity than DP for both CL and ML samples. Considering ML samples only (N = 89), DP showed a sensitivity of 49.4% (N = 44) against 98.8% (N = 88) for kDNA PCR. The qPCR hsp70 for blood samples from patients with ML (N = 14) resulted in superior sensitivity (50%; N = 7) compared to DP (21.4%; N = 3) for samples from the same patients. Our results reinforced the need to implement a molecular test for the diagnosis of ML, in addition to proposing methods less invasive for collecting material from TL patients. Sample collection using a cervical brush in lesions observed in CL and ML patients is easy to perform and less invasive, compared to scarification and biopsies. Blood samples could be a good source for qPCR diagnosis for ML patients. Thus, we propose here a standardized method for collection and for performing of molecular diagnosis of clinical samples from suspicious ML patients that can be applied in reference services for improving ML diagnosis.
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Wolmarans, Corrie, and Kenné De Kock. "The influence of health education on the prevalence of schist some infected learners in aschistosome endemic area in the Limpopo Province." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, no. 2 (September 16, 2008): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i2.84.

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During this study selected direct and indirect educational methods were evaluated as a means of decreasing the prevalence of schist some infections in school children living in a schistosomeendemic area. Two direct (puppet show and flip chart) and three indirect (notice board, poster and education via parents or guardians) educational methods were evaluated. Schist some infected learners were identified by means of parasitological methods, their knowledge concerningschistosomiasis was tested in a questionnaire and information regarding water and sanitation facilities at their disposal was collected. Local health authorities facilitated treatment for this disease, while local teachers were involved in conveying the various educational programmes. Anoticeable increase in the learner’s knowledge regarding schistosomiasis was evident after only two educational opportunities, while a significant decrease in the cumulative prevalence of infection was recorded during the investigation among all the groups receiving education. Statistical analyses revealed that the puppet show, flipchart and poster were the most effective methods used to lower the prevalence of infection, while involving parents or guardians in the process proved to be the least effective method employed during the study.
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Braga, Juliana Fortes Vilarinho, Francisco de Assis Leite Souza, Lucilene dos Santos Silva, Luciano Santos da Fonseca, Flaviane Alves de Pinho, Wesley Luzetti Fotoran, Eduardo Milton Ramos-Sanchez, Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior, Múcio Flávio Barbosa Ribeiro, and Silvana Maria Medeiros de Sousa Silva. "Molecular, serological, and parasitological detection of Babesia vogeli in dogs in the state of Piauí, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6Supl2 (September 30, 2019): 3035. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl2p3035.

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Studies on canine babesiosis in northeastern Brazil are scarce, although the weather conditions in this region are favorable for the development of the tick vector. This study determined the prevalence of Babesia vogeli in dogs sampled in Teresina, state of Piauí, northeast Brazil, using direct and indirect diagnostic methods and performed a phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA sequences. A total of 315 dogs were screened during routine care regardless of clinical suspicion. Blood was collected by jugular venipuncture to perform indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for parasite screening in peripheral blood smears. Positivity was 2.2% (7/315) by microscopy, 4.8% (15/315) by PCR, and 48.6% (153/315) by IFA. PCR amplified a 602-bp fragment of the piroplasmid 18S rRNA gene, and sequence alignment and analysis revealed 99% homology with B. vogeli isolates from other regions of Brazil and other countries. In addition, there was high variability among sequences from other northeast states of Brazil. This study is the first to perform the molecular analysis of B. vogeli in Piauí. The results demonstrate that canine babesiosis is endemic in dogs sampled in Teresina and that PCR may be the method of choice to perform parasite screening in this region.
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Oliveira, Elisangela de, Elisa Teruya Oshiro, Rebeca Vieira Pinto, Bruna Corrêa de Castro, Karla Borges Daniel, Janaina Michelle de Oliveira, Manoel Sebastião da Costa Lima Júnior, Euripedes Batista Guimarães, Jesiel Mamedes Silva, and Maria Elizabeth Cavalheiros Dorval. "Presence of amastigotes in the central nervous system of hamsters infected with Leishmania sp." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 20, no. 2 (June 2011): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612011000200002.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe chronic disease caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Better knowledge on the effects caused by this disease can help develop adequate clinical management and treatment. Parasitological and immunohistochemical studies were performed golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus infected with bone marrow from individuals with VL in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, central-west Brazil. The effects of parasitism in the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain of the animals were examined. Eighteen hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally, and six healthy animals were used as negative controls. The animals were kept in the animal house and checked for clinical signs. Specimens of each organ were examined for the presence of amastigotes. Immunohistochemical technique was performed in all brain specimens and organs negative on the direct examination of parasites. Direct examination of amastigotes was positive in the spleen and liver of all infected animals; 33.3% showed the parasite in the kidneys and lungs, and 16.7% in the heart. Parasitic forms were seen in 83.3% (15/18) of the brain examined. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the results of the direct examination, except in two specimens of lung tissue and in the brain specimens. Other studies are needed to further clarify the effect of the parasite in the central nervous system.
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Bastos, Thiago Souza Azeredo, Adriana Marques Faria, Darling Mélany de Carvalho Madrid, Luciana Cardoso de Bessa, Guido Fontgalland Coelho Linhares, Otavio Luiz Fidelis Junior, Paulo Henrique Sampaio, et al. "First outbreak and subsequent cases of Trypanosoma vivax in the state of Goiás, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, no. 3 (June 29, 2017): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017019.

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Abstract Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma vivax has increased the reports in Brazil in the last decade. An outbreak is herein first reported in the state of Goiás, from May 2016 to January 2017. The outbreak start occurred in the city of Ipameri (Goiás) after the introduction of 18 auctioned cows from the state of Minas Gerais. Direct parasitological test (blood smears) and polymerase chain reactions targeting the catL genes diagnosed T. vivax infection. Fifty six cows from a herd of 161 were infected; 12 died during the outbreak and 44 animals persistently positive (by blood smears) even after chemical treatment were discarded. After this first case, five other cases were detected in state of Goiás. The spread of this disease can be linked to the commercialization of animals carrying T. vivax, allied to the iatrogenic transmission practice, using a single needle and syringe for all cows, during oxytocin administration before each milking.
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Cunha, Aloísio Sales da, J. Romeu Cançado, and Getúlio Leonel de Rezende. "Therapeutical evaluation of different dose regimens of praziquantel in schistosomiasis mansoni, based on the quantitative oogram technique." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 29, no. 5 (October 1987): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651987000500006.

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A clinical trial involving 80 patients of both sexes, from ages 15 to 55, with chronic intestinal or hepatointestinal schistosomiasis mansoni, was carried out to evaluate the therapeutical efficacy of different dose regimens of praziquantel. The patients were randomly allocated into four groups with an equal number of cases and were then treated with one of the following dosages: 60 mg/kg for 1 day; 60 mg/kg daily for 2 days; 60 mg/kg daily for 3 days; and 30 mg/kg daily for 6 days. The assessment of parasitological cure was based on the quantitative oogram technique through rectal mucosa biopsies which were undertaken prior to, as well as, 1,2,4 and 6 months post-treatment. Concurrently, stool examinations according to the qualitative Hoffman, Pons & Janer (HPJ) and the quantitative Kato-Katz (K-K) methods were also performed. The best tolerability was observed with 30 mg/kg daily for 6 days whereas the highest incidence of side-effects (mainly dizziness and nausea) was found with 60 mg/kg daily for 3 days. No serious adverse drug reaction has occurred. The achieved cure rates were: 25% with 60 mg/kg for 1 day; 60% with 60 mg/kg daily for 2 days; 89.5% with 60 mg/kg daily for 3 days; and 90% with 30 mg/kg daily for 6 days. At the same time there has been a downfall of 64%, 73%, 87% and 84% respectively, in the median number of viable S. mansoni ova per gram of tissue. Thus, a very clear direct correlation between dose and effect could be seen. The corresponding cure rates according to stool examinations by HPJ were 39%, 80%, 100% and 95%; by K-K 89%, 100%, 100% and 100%. This discrepancy in results amongst the three parasitological methods is certainly due to their unequal accuracy. In fact, when the number of viable eggs per gram of tissue fell below 5,000 the difference in the percentage of false negative findings between HPJ (28%) and K-K (80%) became significative. When this number dropped to less than 2,000 the percentage of false negative results obtained with HPJ (49%) turned significant in relation to the oogram as well. In conclusion, it has been proven that praziquantel is a highly efficacious agent against S. mansoni infections. If administered at a total dose of 180 mg/kg divided into either 3 or 6 days, it yields a 90% cure rate. Possibly, one could reach 100% by increasing the total dose to 240 mg/kg. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the quantitative oogram technique is the most reliable parasitological method when evaluating the efficacy of new drugs in schistosomiasis mansoni.
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Forrester, Sarah, Karin Siefert, Helen Ashwin, Najmeeyah Brown, Andrea Zelmar, Sally James, Dimitris Lagos, et al. "Tissue-specific transcriptomic changes associated with AmBisome® treatment of BALB/c mice with experimental visceral leishmaniasis." Wellcome Open Research 4 (December 10, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15606.1.

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Background: Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome®) as a treatment modality for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has had significant impact on patient care in some but not all regions where VL is endemic. As the mode of action of AmBisome® in vivo is poorly understood, we compared the tissue-specific transcriptome in drug-treated vs untreated mice with experimental VL. Methods: BALB/c mice infected with L. donovani were treated with 8mg/kg AmBisome®, resulting in parasite elimination from liver and spleen over a 7-day period. At day 1 and day 7 post treatment (Rx+1 and Rx+7), transcriptomic profiling was performed on spleen and liver tissue from treated and untreated mice and uninfected mice. BALB/c mice infected with M. bovis BCG (an organism resistant to amphotericin B) were analysed to distinguish between direct effects of AmBisome® and those secondary to parasite death. Results: AmBisome® treatment lead to rapid parasitological clearance. At Rx+1, spleen and liver displayed only 46 and 88 differentially expressed (DE) genes (P<0.05; 2-fold change) respectively. In liver, significant enrichment was seen for pathways associated with TNF, fatty acids and sterol biosynthesis. At Rx+7, the number of DE genes was increased (spleen, 113; liver 400). In spleen, these included many immune related genes known to be involved in anti-leishmanial immunity. In liver, changes in transcriptome were largely accounted for by loss of granulomas. PCA analysis indicated that treatment only partially restored homeostasis. Analysis of BCG-infected mice treated with AmBisome® revealed a pattern of immune modulation mainly targeting macrophage function. Conclusions: Our data indicate that the tissue response to AmBisome® treatment varies between target organs and that full restoration of homeostasis is not achieved at parasitological cure. The pathways required to restore homeostasis deserve fuller attention, to understand mechanisms associated with treatment failure and relapse and to promote more rapid restoration of immune competence.
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Muleta, Birhanu K., Asmare M. Wube, Yeabkal D. Teka, Mistre W. Gebre, and Biruk Z. Zerfu. "Prevalence of intestinal parasites and its association factors, knowledge, attitude and practice about intestinal parasite Saint Peter TB specialized hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Scientific Reports 7, no. 9 (August 21, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20213259.

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Intestinal parasitic infections and HIV/AIDS have been the leading and persisting public health problems in the world. There vital causes of morbidity and mortality are remarkably high in Sub-Saharan Africa.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending Saint Peter hospital from December 2019 to May 2020. A total of 328 participants were select by using convenient sampling method. Socio-demographic data and knowledge, attitude and practice were collected using a structured questioner. Stool specimen was collected using clean container and processed and analyzed for parasitological examination using direct wet mount, formal-ether sedimentation and modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining techniques. Venous blood was collected and the CD4+ T-lymphocyte and hemoglobin analyzed by Presto instrument. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 23 and p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 328 HIV-positive individuals (59.8% female) of age ranging from 13-72 years (mean=41.8, SD=10.8) participated in this study. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites among the study participants was 26.2% (86/328), from this 88.4% (76/86) was infected by single parasite. IP was significantly associated with CD4 count &lt;200 AOR (4.736 CI: 2.338-9.594; p&lt;0.001) and also anemia AOR (3.271 CI: 1.069-10.010).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Intestinal parasitic infections are still common health problems among HIV/ADIS patients in the study area, so the health professionals need to give attention to parasitological examinations in the routine treatment of HIV/AIDS patients and also give education on these three parts knowledge, attitude and practice, but more focus and follow up on the practice of HIV/AIDS patients on transmission, prevention and control mechanisms of intestinal parasitosis.</p>
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Hancke, D., G. Navone, and O. Suarez. "Endoparasite community of Rattus norvegicus captured in a shantytown of Buenos Aires City, Argentina." Helminthologia 48, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-011-0025-3.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) as a potential reservoir of zoonotic parasites in an urban area of Argentina. A parasitological survey in 40 brown rats trapped in a shantytown of Buenos Aires City was carried out. 97.5 % of the analyzed rats were parasitized with at least one of the 12 species of helminth or protozoan species recorded. Among the species identified, Hymenolepis nana is recognized as one of the most common human helminthes parasites. The average number of parasite species was higher in males than females rats, and in the last case, a direct relationship between parasite species richness and host’s body size was recorded. Variations in endoparasite community throughout the year seasons were recorded, probably related to environmental factors, which limits the performance of the life cycle of different parasite species. The presence of zoonotic endoparasites confirms R. norvegicus as a reservoir for different types of pathologies, which, therefore, represents a risk to the public health in an overcrowded urban area.
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Asif Raza, Muhammad, Zafar Iqbal, Abdul Jabbar, and Muhammad Yaseen. "Point prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in ruminants in southern Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Helminthology 81, no. 3 (September 2007): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x07818554.

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AbstractThe present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in ruminants in an irrigated area of lower Punjab (Pakistan). For this purpose, 100 faecal samples were collected from sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes. Parasitological procedures including direct and indirect methods (sedimentation and floatation) and coproculture were used for the identification of helminths. The overall prevalence of helminthiasis was 51% in cattle, 47% in buffaloes, 62% in sheep and 52% in goats, with nematodes being the most common helminths. The prevalence of helminths was higher in young animals compared with adults in cattle (P < 0.0001), buffaloes (P < 0.0001), sheep (P < 0.059) and goats (P = 0.010). The prevalence of different species of helminths also varied in different age groups, with Toxocara vitulorum being higher in calves than adults both in cattle (P = 0.017) and buffaloes (P < 0.0001). Sex-wise prevalence of helminths was higher in males than females for buffaloes (P < 0.0001) and sheep (P = 0.014) in contrast to cattle and goats.
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Relic, Tijana, Hranislav Kacarevic, Nevenka Ilic, Dara Jovanovic, Zoran Tambur, Radoje Doder, and Ivana Lazarevic. "Intestinal parasitosis in asylum seekers from Middle East and South Asia." Vojnosanitetski pregled 75, no. 11 (2018): 1101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp161118032r.

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Background/Aim. It is estimated that about 230 million refugees and asylum seekers circulates worldwide. Parasitosis are diagnosed in recent years with increasing frequency both in Europe and other developed countries. International migration of population, as an inalienable part and a result of the process of globalization, has an increasing impact on health of the population of countries through which migrants pass or settle. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of intestinal parasitic diseases in asylum seekers on the territory of Belgrade. Methods. The study group included 97 asylum seekers from the Centre for Asylum seekers in Obrenovac, in the period December 2013? January 2014. Stool samples were taken less than seven days after arriving to the Center and sent to the Laboratory for Parasitological Diagnosis of the Public Health Institute of Belgrade. Detection of parasites in stool samples was performed by a direct native slide made of fresh sample and direct slide made after stool concentration applying "Mini Parasep" technique. Statistical analysis included application of ?2-test of matching and ?2-test of independence. Results. The study showed that the parasites were detected in 9.3% of cases, in the group of 15?24 years of age. Protozoa were found in 6.2% and helminthes in 3.1% of the samples. Conclusion. Most intestinal parasitosis were found in asylum seekers from Bangladesh. All parasitosis were found in males and the most frequently detected parasite was Giardia lamblia.
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WINCKER, P., J. TELLERIA, M. F. BOSSENO, M. A. CARDOSO, P. MARQUES, N. YAKSIC, C. AZNAR, et al. "PCR-based diagnosis for Chagas' disease in Bolivian children living in an active transmission area: comparison with conventional serological and parasitological diagnosis." Parasitology 114, no. 4 (April 1997): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182096008554.

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A large field study has been performed in the Cochabamba region of Bolivia with the aim of comparing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with other diagnostic methods for Chagas' disease. The amplification of Trypanosoma cruzi-specific kinetoplast DNA sequences in blood samples was compared with classical serological methods, specific IgM detection and direct parasite visualization for 268 school children in a single village where Chagas' disease transmission is active. Of 113 children positive by classical serology or buffy coat examination, 106 were detected by PCR (sensitivity: 93·8%). We did not observe any significant difference of PCR sensitivity between initial (IgM and/or buffy coat positive) and indeterminate stage (only IgG positive) patients. Among the remaining 155 children unconfirmed as chagasic (who were either only IgM positive, IgG-, IgM-, and buffy coat-negative) only 1 case was PCR positive. This case may be due to DNA contamination, or to a very recent infection not detected otherwise, or to specific immune depression. These results show that PCR is a very sensitive parasitological test for Chagas' disease in active transmission regions. The future follow-up of the possibly infected patients who were only IgM-positive should clarify the interest of PCR and IgM tests in the detection of starting infections.
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Trelis, María, Silvia Taroncher-Ferrer, Mónica Gozalbo, Vicente Ortiz, José M. Soriano, Antonio Osuna, and Juan F. Merino-Torres. "Giardia intestinalis and Fructose Malabsorption: A Frequent Association." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 2973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11122973.

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Nowadays, scientific studies are emerging on the possible etiological role of intestinal parasites in functional digestive disorders. Our study was carried out with healthy individuals (control group; n = 82) and symptomatic patients with lactose or fructose malabsorption, including positive (malabsorbers; n = 213) and negative (absorbers; n = 56) breath test, being analyzed for the presence of intestinal parasites. A high parasitic prevalence was observed in malabsorbers (41.8%), exclusively due to single-cell eukaryotes but not helminths. Giardia intestinalis was the predominant parasite in cases of abnormal absorption (26.5%), significantly associated with fructose malabsorption and doubling the probability of developing this pathology. Within controls, Blastocystis sp. (13.4%) was almost the only parasite, being the second among patients (12.6%), and Cryptosporidium parvum, the last species of clinical relevance, was detected exclusively in two malabsorbers (0.9%). The consumption of ecological food and professions with direct contact with humans arose as risk factors of parasitism. A diagnosis of carbohydrate malabsorption in adulthood is the starting point, making the search for the primary cause necessary. Accurate parasitological diagnosis should be considered another tool in the clinical routine for patients with recurrent symptoms, since their condition may be reversible with adequate therapeutic intervention.
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Souza, Clarissa P., Regina R. Ramadinha, Fabio B. Scott, and Maria Júlia S. Pereira. "Factors associated with the prevalence of Otodectes cynotis in an ambulatory population of dogs." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28, no. 8 (August 2008): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2008000800005.

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The objective was to evaluate the factors associated with the prevalence of Otodectes cynotis infestations in dogs assisted at the Dermatology Service of the Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. A total of 250 dogs were examined through direct smear of ear samples using a stereoscopic microscope, for the parasitological diagnostic. All dog owners were interviewed and data regarding the animals and their environments were individually recorded. Mite infestation was observed in 15 animals, with a prevalence of 6%. The variables were tested regarding their association with the mites, using the χ2 test and, when appropriate, the Fisher exact test. There were no evidences that age (p = 0,20), sex (p = 0,31), breed (p = 0,50), shape of ear (p = 0,66), type (p = 0,19) and length of hair (p = 0,14) and contact with other animals (p = 0,06) could act as potential risk factors for O. cynotis infestation. However, living environment (p = 0,03) and frequency of environmental cleaning (p = 0,005) may facilitate the infestation. The occurrence of pruritus was associated to the presence of mites (p<0,001), suggesting to be an effect of the parasitism.
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Villalba-Alemán, Evaristo, David L. Justinico, Mariáurea M. Sarandy, Rômulo D. Novaes, Mariella B. Freitas, and Reggiani V. Gonçalves. "Haematological alterations in non-human hosts infected withTrypanosoma cruzi: a systematic review." Parasitology 146, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 142–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018001294.

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AbstractAmerican trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease whose spectrum has not been quite understood, including the impact ofTrypanosoma cruziinfection on the haematological parameters of different vertebrate hosts. Thus, this study was designed to compare the pattern of haematological changes induced byT. cruziinfection in order to identify possible species-specific differences among taxons. We also aimed at evaluating the use of this parameter as a tool for diagnosis during the acute phase, when symptoms are usually masked. For this purpose, we performed a systematic search on PubMed and Scopus databases to retrieve original studies published until August 2016. Thirty-one studies were selected using Prisma strategy, which were then submitted to data extraction and methodological bias analysis. Half of the studies showed that the number of erythrogram decreased in infected animals, indicating anaemia. In 68.2% of the studies, the total amount of leukogram values increased, suggesting infection. The main methodological limitations were insufficient information forT. cruzistrains identification, inoculation routes and parasitological characterization. Most of the mammalian species analysed showed the same pattern of haematological changes followingT. cruziinfection, indicating that haematological parameters might direct the diagnosis of Chagas disease in the initial phase.
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Kayuni, S. A., P. L. A. M. Corstjens, E. J. LaCourse, K. E. Bartlett, J. Fawcett, A. Shaw, P. Makaula, et al. "How can schistosome circulating antigen assays be best applied for diagnosing male genital schistosomiasis (MGS): an appraisal using exemplar MGS cases from a longitudinal cohort study among fishermen on the south shoreline of Lake Malawi." Parasitology 146, no. 14 (August 27, 2019): 1785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019000969.

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AbstractWe provide an update on diagnostic methods for the detection of urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) in men and highlight that satisfactory urine-antigen diagnostics for UGS lag much behind that for intestinal schistosomiasis, where application of a urine-based point-of-care strip assay, the circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) test, is now advocated. Making specific reference to male genital schistosomiasis (MGS), we place greater emphasis on parasitological detection methods and clinical assessment of internal genitalia with ultrasonography. Unlike the advances made in defining a clinical standard protocol for female genital schistosomiasis, MGS remains inadequately defined. Whilst urine filtration with microscopic examination for ova of Schistosoma haematobium is a convenient but error-prone proxy of MGS, we describe a novel low-cost sampling and direct visualization method for the enumeration of ova in semen. Using exemplar clinical cases of MGS from our longitudinal cohort study among fishermen along the shoreline of Lake Malawi, the portfolio of diagnostic needs is appraised including: the use of symptomatology questionnaires, urine analysis (egg count and CCA measurement), semen analysis (egg count, circulating anodic antigen measurement and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis) alongside clinical assessment with portable ultrasonography.
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Andrade-Narvaez, Fernando J., Salvador Medina-Peralta, Alberto Vargas-Gonzalez, Silvia B. Canto-Lara, and Sergio Estrada-Parra. "The histopathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 47, no. 4 (August 2005): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652005000400003.

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Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (LCL) known as "chiclero's ulcer" in southeast Mexico, was described by SEIDELIN in 1912. Since then the sylvatic region of the Yucatan peninsula has been documented as an endemic focus of LCL. This study of 73 biopsies from parasitological confirmed lesions of LCL cases of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana infection was undertaken: 1) to examine host response at tissue level; and 2) to relate manifestations of this response to some characteristics of clinical presentation. Based on Magalhães' classification we found that the most common pattern in our LCL cases caused by L. (L.) mexicana was predominantly characterized by the presence of unorganized granuloma without necrosis, (43.8%). Another important finding to be highlighted is the fact that in 50/73 (68.5%) parasite identification was positive. There was direct relation between the size of the lesion and time of evolution (r s = 0.3079, p = 0.03), and inverse correlation between size of the lesion and abundance of amastigotes (r s = -0.2467, p = 0.03). In view of the complexity of clinical and histopathological findings, cell-mediated immune response of the disease related to clinical and histopathological features, as so genetic background should be studied.
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Olivieri, Bianca Perdigão, Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida, and Tania Araújo-Jorge. "Benznidazole Treatment following Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Triggers CD8+ T-Cell Expansion and Promotes Resistance to Reinfection." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 12 (December 2002): 3790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.12.3790-3796.2002.

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ABSTRACT Many studies have shed light on the mechanisms underlying both immunoprotection and immune dysregulation arising after Trypanosoma cruzi infection. However, little is known about the impact of benznidazole (N-benzyl-2-nitroimidazole acetamide), the drug available for clinical treatment of the infection, on the immune system in the infected host. In the present study we investigated the effect of benznidazole therapy on the lymphoid compartment during the course of experimental T. cruzi infection. Although amelioration of a variety of clinical and parasitological signs was observed in treated mice, amelioration of splenocyte expansion was not detected. Interestingly, this sustained splenomegaly observed in benznidazole-treated mice showed a preferential expansion of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, although benznidazole treatment blocked the expansion of recently activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells seen in infected hosts, benznidazole treatment led to a selective expansion of effector and memory CD8+ T lymphocytes in association with a lower rate of apoptosis. In addition, the surviving treated animals were protected from reinfection. Together, these data suggest that, in addition to its well-known direct role in blocking parasite replication in vivo, benznidazole appears to directly affect immune regulation in T. cruzi-infected hosts.
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Motamedi, Marjan, Lida Haghighi, Mostafa Omidian, and Bahador Sarkari. "Coinfection of Strongyloides stercoralis and Aspergillus sp." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2020 (May 26, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8649409.

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Background. Strongyloides stercoralis has the ability to proliferate in its hosts for a long time. In most patients with a competent immune system, the infection remains asymptomatic. Objectives. Herein, we report a case of concomitant infection of Strongyloides and Aspergillus. Similar cases reported previously were reviewed in the literature and discussed in terms of diagnosis, clinical presentation, and treatment. Methods. The patient was a 55-year-old man who had a medical history of two masses in his lung and was treated with corticosteroids six months before the presentation. Results. Using the parasitological methods, massive actively motile larvae of S. stercoralis were seen in the patient’s faecal sample. Aspergillus infection was isolated from his fresh bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample and confirmed by observing the septate, dichotomously branched hyphae in direct microscopic examination and also the isolation of the fungus from the culture medium. Molecular analysis revealed that the fungal species isolated from the patient are A. flavus and A. niger. Conclusion. The case highlights the features of concomitant infection of S. stercoralis and Aspergillus in immunocompromised patients and the importance of screening patients for strongyloidiasis before initiation of immunosuppressive therapy.
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WEBSTER, J. P., A. KOUKOUNARI, P. H. L. LAMBERTON, J. R. STOTHARD, and A. FENWICK. "Evaluation and application of potential schistosome-associated morbidity markers within large-scale mass chemotherapy programmes." Parasitology 136, no. 13 (June 15, 2009): 1789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009006350.

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SUMMARYA primary objective of schistosomiasis control programmes is to achieve, and hence also demonstrate, a quantifiable reduction in schistosome-associated morbidity as a consequence of chemotherapeutic intervention. Inherent within such an objective, it is necessary to define and validate direct and indirect indicators of schistosome-related morbidity. However, to define and thereby document such morbidity, and its reduction following treatment, may not be straightforward, particularly for intestinal schistosomiasis-induced morbidity, which is often not apparent in all but the most severe or chronic cases. Within all ‘Schistosomiasis Control Initiative’ activities, across selected sub-Saharan African countries since 2002, a range of standard and novel potential morbidity markers have been monitored and evaluated. Parasitological intensity measures, combined with haemoglobin/anaemia counts and ultrasonography, proved valuable schistosomiasis-related morbidity indicators, being both logistically practical and informative. Additional measures tested, such as albumin excretion profiles, were promising, and are subject to ongoing research, whilst some measures, such as distended stomach/umbilical circumference, anthropometrics and health questionnaires proved less reliable. These results serve to both illustrate the success of current control activities in reducing schistosome-induced morbidity, and to highlight key tools and techniques for continued application within ongoing and future mass drug administration programmes.
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ALONSO, MERCEDES, FÁTIMA C. LAGO, MARÍA GÓMEZ-REINO, JACOBO FERNÁNDEZ, IRIS MARTÍN, JUAN M. VIEITES, and MONTSERRAT ESPIÑEIRA. "Fast Real-Time PCR assay for detection of Tetramicra brevifilum in cultured turbot." Parasitology 140, no. 3 (October 15, 2012): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012001655.

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SUMMARYGlobal aquaculture production of turbot has rapidly increased worldwide in the last decade and it is expected to have even bigger growth in the next years due to new farms operating. The losses caused by pathogen infections have grown at the same time as the production of this species. Parasitological infections are among the main relevant pathologies associated with its culture and produce serious losses in aquaculture, reduce the growth rate in fish and may lead to unmarketable fish due to skeletal muscle abnormalities in cases with high intensity of infection. The microsporidian parasite Tetramicra brevifilum causes severe infections and generates major losses in farmed turbot. Infections are difficult to control due to spore longevity and its direct transmission. To facilitate the infection management, an effective tool for fast detection and identification of T. brevifilum is needed. This study provides a molecular methodology of fast Real-Time PCR for T. brevifilum detection to the aquaculture industry, useful for routine control of T. brevifilum at turbot farms. The method is characterized by its high specificity and sensitivity, and it can be applied to cultured turbot for parasite detection regardless of the life-cycle stage of the pathogen or the infection intensity.
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Abdel-Hakeem, Sara S., Ghada Abd-Elmonsef Mahmoud, and Hanan H. Abdel-Hafeez. "Evaluation and Microanalysis of Parasitic and Bacterial Agents of Egyptian Fresh Sushi, Salmo salar." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, no. 6 (November 13, 2019): 1498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761901506x.

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AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the quality of fresh sushi in Egypt. Fifty samples of sushi (Salmo salar) were collected from restaurants in Alexandria, Egypt. Paraffin, semi-thin and ultra-thin sections were used for parasitological analysis by light and transmission electron microscopy. Bacteria were isolated by the dilution plate and direct plate methods and identified by a Vitek system. Twenty (40%) of the total examined samples showed microsporidia and helminth metacercariae infections. Histochemical stains showed distinct pinkish-red pyriform microspores embedded in muscular tissue stained with Gram, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) stains. Semi-thin sections showed double membrane xenoma-inducing granulomas containing spores at different developmental stages. Empty sporophorous vesicles and free spores were observed in the electron microscopic images. A bacteriological assay showed forty samples (80%) contaminated with human pathogenic bacteria with the average total bacterial counts ranging from 32 to 526 CFU/g. Four species of human pathogenic bacteria were identified in the examined samples, namely Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Serratia plymuthica in 40, 38, 11, and 6 samples, respectively. These constitute the first record of fresh sushi product in Egypt and indicate the potential pathogenicity associated with raw seafood products.
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Kocis, J., Tamara Ilic, Horea Samanc, and Sanda Dimitrijevic. "Parasitic infections in cattle in North-Backa District." Veterinarski glasnik 67, no. 5-6 (2013): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1306405k.

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Because of indirect and direct damages, parasitic infections of cattle pose a threat to animals, so it is necessary to suppress them continuously. In order to carry out the action successfully, it is of crucial importance to deal with current data on their presence. The investigation was carried out in the region of North Backa District during 2009. and 2010., in 224 heads of cattle grown at farms of various hygienic status and housing conditions. In this study, there are presented the results relating to helminthosis and mange prevalence in different age categories of cattle. Positive parasitological findings were determined in 43.30% of tested animals. There were diagnosed cestodes of Moniezia and Dicrocoelium dendriticum strain, gastro intestinal strongilides as well as mites of Psoroptes strain. During two years? investigation, there was found out the greatest prevalence of infections caused by gastro intestinal strongilides (19.78% and 29.32%). On the basis of the obtained results, it will be possible to use modern antihelmintics more effectively, as well as to implement measures in order to prevent both growth and survival of preparasitic stadiums in the environment and animal infection. The ultimate goal is to help providing more economical cattle production in the investigated region.
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41

el Mutasim, Mohamed, Durria Mansour, Elfadil M. Abass, Wisam M. Hassan, and Abdallah el Harith. "Evaluation of a glycerol-preserved antigen in the direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis at rural level in eastern Sudan." Journal of Medical Microbiology 55, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 1343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46753-0.

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Three-hundred and eight patients with suspected visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were received at Doka Hospital (eastern Sudan) during the period September 2004 to October 2005. The sensitivity and specificity of a glycerol-preserved (GP) antigen for VL diagnosis was assessed against the results of repeated lymph node aspiration and readings from a direct agglutination test (DAT) employing standard formaldehyde-fixed (FF) or freeze-dried (FD) antigen. Despite 13 months of storage at ambient temperature (28–47 °C), the GP antigen mean titres obtained from these 308 patients were no different from those that were FD (P=0.945) and stored under similar conditions, but were significantly different (P=0.019) from those that were FF and kept continuously at the optimum temperature for storage (4–8 °C). Taking the parasitological result as the gold standard and using a pre-established titre of 1 : 3200 as the DAT cut-off, the GP antigen revealed a sensitivity (91/105, 86.7 %) and specificity (187/203, 92.1 %) comparable to that of FD antigen (92/105, 87.6 %, and 188/203, 92.6 %, respectively) and FF antigen (94/105, 89.5 %, and 188/203, 92.6 %, respectively). At a titre range of 1 : 400–1 : 800, statistically determined as the optimum cut-off for the three antigens, sensitivities of 92.4, 90.5 and 96.2 % and specificities of 90.6, 90.1 and 88.7 % were achieved for the GP, FD and FF antigens, respectively, at a peripheral hospital. Regardless of the antigen preparation used, DAT results obtained in the peripheral hospital were highly reproducible in the central laboratory in Omdurman (weighted kappa: GP=0.957, FD=0.979 and FF=0.936). With a diagnostic reliability comparable to formaldehyde fixation and stability under ambient conditions similar to freeze drying, glycerol preservation, by virtue of its high potential for reproduction, meets the requirements for the management of VL in developing countries.
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42

Parashar, Rahul, Lachhman Das Singla, Mayank Gupta, and Suresh Kumar Sharma. "Evaluation and correlation of oxidative stress and haemato-biochemical observations in horses with natural patent and latent trypanosomosis in Punjab state of India." Acta Parasitologica 63, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0087.

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Abstract The haemato-biochemical indices and oxidative stress markers in horses naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi were evaluated by analyzing the level of these parameters between T. evansi infected (microscopically positive patent group and PCR positive latent group) and infection free horses. To compare the hemato-biochemical indices and oxidative stress indicators, horses were divided into three categories based on diagnostic test employed and positive results obtained. These included Romanowsky stained slide positive group (Group I; n = 6), PCR positive group (group II; n = 28) and negative control group (group III, n = 30), revealing parasitologically positive patent, molecular positive latent and disease free status of horses. A significant reductions in total erythrocytes count (TEC, P = 0.01), haemoglobin (Hb, P = 0.01) and packed cell volume (PCV, P = 0.04) was noticed both in group I and group II while significant neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia was observed in group I when compared to negative control group. Substantial increase in creatinine (CRTN, P = 0.032) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT, P = 0.012) in group I while significant decrease in glucose (GLU, P = 0.04) and iron (Fe, P = 0.01) were noticed in both group I and group II in comparison to group III. A significant difference in lipid peroxides (LPO, P = 0.01) with highest level in patent group I (15.33 ± 0.53) followed by PCR positive latent group (14.09 ± 1.66) indicates higher lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes and oxidative stress in decreasing order when compared with infection free control horses (9.83 ± 0.97). Catalase (CAT, P = 0.01) was significantly lower in parasitological (0.82 ± 0.14) and molecular positive cases (1.27 ± 0.35) in comparison to control group (3.43 ± 0.96). The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD, P = 0.01), reduced glutathione (GSH, P = 0.01) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, P = 0.01) were significantly lower in parasito-molecular positive cases as compared to infection free control horses. An inverse correlation of RBC count with LPO and GSH and a direct correlation with catalase, SOD and FRAP was revealed. Overall, the observed substantial decreases in the oxidative parameters like catalase CAT, SOD, GSH and FRAP activities with remarkably elevated levels of LPO indicate high exposure of erythrocytes to oxidative damage in T.evansi infected horses.
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Thomaz, Caio, Cintia Xavier de Mello, Otávio de Melo Espíndola, Armando de Oliveira Shubach, Leonardo Pereira Quintella, Raquel Vasconcelos Carvalhaes de Oliveira, Adriane Corrêa Gomes Duarte, Maria Inês Fernandes Pimentel, Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra, and Mauro Celio de Almeida Marzochi. "Comparison of parasite load by qPCR and histopathological changes of inner and outer edge of ulcerated cutaneous lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): e0243978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243978.

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Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious vector-borne disease caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus that affects humans and animals. The distribution of parasites in the lesion is not uniform, and there are divergences in the literature about the choice of the better sampling site for diagnosis–inner or outer edge of the ulcerated skin lesion. In this context, determining the region of the lesion with the highest parasite density and, consequently, the appropriate site for collecting samples can define the success of the laboratory diagnosis. Hence, this study aims to comparatively evaluate the parasite load by qPCR, quantification of amastigotes forms in the direct exam, and the histopathological profile on the inner and outer edges of ulcerated CL lesions. Methods Samples from ulcerated skin lesions from 39 patients with confirmed CL were examined. We performed scraping of the ulcer inner edge (base) and outer edge (raised border) and lesion biopsy for imprint and histopathological examination. Slides smears were stained by Giemsa and observed in optical microscopy, the material contained on the smears was used to determine parasite load by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) with primers directed to the Leishmania (Viannia) minicircle kinetoplast DNA. The histopathological exam was performed to evaluate cell profile, tissue alterations and semi-quantitative assessment of amastigote forms in inner and outer edges. Principal findings Parasite loads were higher on the inner edge compared to the outer edge of the lesions, either by qPCR technique (P<0.001) and histopathological examination (P< 0.003). There was no significant difference in the parasite load between the imprint and scraping on the outer edge (P = 1.0000). Conclusion/Significance The results suggest that clinical specimens from the inner edge of the ulcerated CL lesions are the most suitable for both molecular diagnosis and direct parasitological examination.
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44

Nwaoha, Adanma Florence, Camelita Chima Ohaeri, and Ebube Charles Amaechi. "Prevalence of diarrhoea, and associated risk factors, in children aged 0-5 years, at two hospitals in Umuahia, Abia, Nigeria." UNED Research Journal 9, no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v9i1.1672.

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Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of infectious mor­bidity and mortality in children under five years of age. This study aimed at identifying the most common parasites and potential risk factors for diarrhoea among children 0-5 years attending Abia State Specialist hospital and Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, in south east­ern Nigeria. We used 400 faecal samples from children with diarrhoea –and 200 without– in combination with hospital-based case control and a questionnaire Stool samples were processed with direct normal saline and formal-ether sedimentation method for parasitological stud­ies. More males than females were infected in nearly all age groups in both diarrhoeal and control groups (X2=23.04, df=1, P<0.05: X2=11.52, df=1, P<0.05 respectively). Amachara had more infections (X2=0.15, df=1, P< 0.05). January had the highest rate of infection (22.5%). Main clinical features were watery depositions over 3 times a day, diarrhoea lasting for days, fever, vomiting, and dehydration. Mothers learned about the problem through health workers, television and in medical centers. Risk correlated with mother’s education, occupation, latrine type, waste water disposal, hand washing, kitchen cleaning; sources and storage of water; and bottle milk (P< 0.05).Ignorance greatly con­tributed to the spread of parasitic disease in the area: the government should improve education and other strategies to alleviate the spread of the disease..
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Ali, Magda A., Ali Khamesipour, Abdulsadah A. Rahi, Mehdi Mohebali, and Amir Ahmad Akhavan. "COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND MOLECULAR METHODS IN DIAGNOSIS OF LEISHMANIA SPECIES IN IRAQ." Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 3 (August 14, 2018): e69-e76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/1875-6859.14.3.10.

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Background and Objective Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a serious public health concern in some parts of Iraq. The aims of this study to diagnose the Leishmania sp. causative agent of CL in some parts of Iraq, by different parasitological, cultural, and molecular methods. It was carried during the period October 2014 to February 2015. Materials and Methods One hundred-sixty one of skin samples were examined by direct Giemsa-smeared, culture on NNN medium and Nested – PCR methods in different age groups. Results The results of our study showed that 110 (68.3%) gave positives by Giemsa-smeared, 104 (64.6%) by culture and 67 (100%) by Nested – PCR. Our results appeared that there was slight gender predilection ; CL cases were more frequent in males (62.1%) than females (37.9%). Also, the type of infection showed that disease was in wet type 133(82.6%) more than in dry type 28 (17.4%). It was found that 98 (60.9%) of CL cases were in contact with rodents while 63(39.1%) of cases were not. Conclusions CL disease is endemic in many parts of Iraq with high incidence and expanding to new foci that is considered a public health threat which needs special attention. Women appeared to be better equipped than men to contain the infection and its clinical consequences, but the sex factor tended to lessen at higher levels of exposure.
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Miné, Júlio César, and João Aristeu da Rosa. "Frequency of Blastocystis hominis and other intestinal parasites in stool samples examined at the Parasitology Laboratory of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the São Paulo State University, Araraquara." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 41, no. 6 (December 2008): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822008000600004.

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Blastocystis homins is a protozoan that causes an intestinal infection known as human blastocystosis. This infection is diagnosed by means of parasitological examination of stools and by permanent staining techniques. The present study was developed to evaluate the frequency of Blastocystis hominis infection among inhabitants of the Araraquara region, State of São Paulo, and to compare different methods for investigating this protozoan in feces samples. Evaluations on 503 stool samples were performed by means of direct fresh examination and using the techniques of Faust et al., Lutz and Rugai et al. In addition, the iron hematoxylin, trichrome and modified Kinyoun staining techniques were used. Out of the 503 samples examined, 174 (34.6%) were found to be positive for the presence of intestinal parasites. The most frequent protozoa and helminths were Entamoeba coli (14.6%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (6.7%), respectively. Blastocystis hominis was present in 23 (4.6%) fecal samples, with a predominately pasty consistency and without characterizing a condition of diarrhea. Despite the low frequency of Blastocystis hominis found in the Araraquara region, compared with other regions of Brazil, it is important to perform laboratory diagnostic tests for this protozoan. Its finding in fecal material is indicative of food and drinking water contamination. Since the transmission route for this parasite is accepted to be oral-fecal, this implies that the population needs guidance regarding hygiene and basic sanitation measures as a means for controlling health problems caused by enteroparasites.
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Rodrigues, Valério Ladeira, Alba Otoni, Izabela Voieta, Carlos Maurício de Figueiredo Antunes, and José Roberto Lambertucci. "Glomerulonephritis in schistosomiasis mansoni: a time to reappraise." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 43, no. 6 (December 2010): 638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822010000600007.

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INTRODUCTION: The current prevalence of glomerulonephritis in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil was evaluated. METHODS: Sixty three patients (mean age 45.5±11 years) attending the outpatient infectious disease clinic of a University Hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, from 2007 to 2009, were consecutively examined and enrolled in the present investigation. Diagnosis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was based on epidemiological, clinical and parasitological data and imaging techniques. Eight patients, who presented >30mg/day albuminuria, were submitted to percutaneous ultrasound guided renal biopsy. Kidney tissue fragments were examined under light, direct immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. RESULTS: All patients showed mesangial enlargement. In five, mesangial hypercellularity was observed and four presented duplication of the glomerular basement membrane. Areas of glomerular sclerosis were diagnosed in four. Deposits of immunoglobulin M and C3 were present in six samples; deposits of IgG in four, IgA in three and C1q in two samples. In all patients, immunoglobulin A was reported in the lumen of renal tubules. Deposits of kappa and lambda were observed in six samples. Electron microscopy revealed dense deposits in the glomerular tissue of three patients. Arterial hypertension, small esophageal varices, slight increases in serum creatinine and decreases in serum albumin were associated with glomerular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Renal disease associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was verified in 12.7% of patients and type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was observed in 50% of them. Schistosomal glomerulopathy still is an important problem in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in Brazil.
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Girardi, Angela Ferronato, Amanda Noéli da Silva Campos, Caroline Argenta Pescador, Arleana Do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida, Adriane Jorge Mendonça, Luciano Nakazato, Anderson Castro Soares de Oliveira, and Valeria Régia Franco Sousa. "Quantitative analysis of bone marrow in pancytopenic dogs." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 6 (November 23, 2017): 3639. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3639.

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The pancytopenia can be associated with intra and extra medullary disorders. When the etiology is not obvious, the examination of bone marrow is necessary. The study aims to report and discuss quantitative amendments in bone marrow and their causes in dogs with pancytopenia. Bone marrow aspirate was obtained from 65 dogs with pancytopenia over a period of 13 consecutive months for preparation of smears stained by Giemsa and observed in light microscopy. Five hundred cells differential count was held; and assessed myeloid:erythroid ratio, cellularity, megakaryocytes and direct parasitological examination. The data were evaluated by the Chi-square statistical test. Blood tests of 3120 canines with several clinical changes were analyzed to identify pancytopenia, which accounted for 167 (5.4%) dogs. Interpretation of quantitative characteristics was carried out from the bone marrow smear in 65 pancytopenic dogs and the etiology was established in 40 (61.5%) of these, which included infection by E. canis and L. chagasi, idiopathic aplastic anemia, chronic renal failure and co-infections. In 17 (26.2%) animals were not observed medullary changes. The most bone marrow change was observed myeloid and erythroid hypoplasia in 17 (26.2%) dogs, followed by myeloid and erythroid hyperplasia (24.6%). The myelogram association to the blood cell count allowed the identification of medullary findings and its participation on the occurrence of pancytopenia cases. The number of cases resulting from infectious diseases was 38 (58.5%) in canine assessed: significant number due to its endemic characteristic of the study region.
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Zakaria, EL Alaoui, Amayour Abdelaziz, El Aasri Aziz, EL Kharim Khadija, and El Belghyti Driss. "Leishmaniose Cutanées À Ain Dfali, Aspects Épidémio-Cliniques Comparatifs De 132 Cas." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 12 (April 30, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n12p60.

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Since the end of the 19th century, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been regarded as a public health problem in our country, Morocco. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile and posttherapeutic evolution of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Ain Dfali’s health center. We carried out a study based on the use of records and the observation of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis between January 2006 and December 2015. Also, we collected 132 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The mean age of patients was 19.8 years with extremes from 6 months to 61 years. The sex ratio was 0.76 M / F. The mean duration of lesions was 1.6 months with extremes of 2 weeks to 10 months. Fall preponderance was noted (41.6%). The most frequent clinical appearance was that of a single ulcero-pulmonary nodule (61%) (71.9%) and was seated on the face (57.5%). The diagnosis was mentioned clinically and confirmed by direct parasitological examination. Glucantime® was the treatment of choice that was used intralesionally. The post-therapeutic evolution was favourable with almost a complete disappearance of lesions. This took place in a period varying from 3 to 8 weeks at the price of unsightly scars in 19 patients. Cutaneous leishmaniasis continues to pose a real public health problem in our country. The emergence of severe and resistant forms throughout the world should encourage the multiplication and strengthening of prophylactic measures.
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Britto, C., M. A. Cardoso, C. M. Monteiro Vanni, A. Hasslocher-Moreno, S. S. Xavier, W. Oelemann, A. Santoro, C. Pirmez, C. M. Morel, and P. Wincker. "Polymerase chain reaction detection ofTrypanosoma cruziin human blood samples as a tool for diagnosis and treatment evaluation." Parasitology 110, no. 3 (April 1995): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000080823.

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SUMMARYTrypanosoma cruzispecific sequences were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction from total blood of human chagasic patients and normal individuals. A 330 bp fragment originating from kinetoplast DNA was specifically detected in most chagasic individuals. We tested the sensitivity and specificity of this method in normal and affected individuals attending the Evandro Chagas Hospital, Rio de Janeiro. The results of these tests were compared with serological diagnosis performed using standard techniques, and in some cases with xenodiagnosis. We found that none of the serologically negative individuals gave any specific amplification product, whereas 55 out of 61 patients previously serodiagnosed as chagasic were positive using the PCR method (sensitivity: 90%). Xenodiagnosis, which is currently considered to be the most sensitive parasitological technique for Chagas' disease diagnosis, detected only 12 out of 28 serologically positive patients (sensitivity: 43%). The usefulness of the PCR method was further investigated with chagasic patients who had received anti-parasite treatment with benznidazole. It has always been difficult to evaluate the incidence of cure in such cases by serology, since a humoral response againstT. cruziantigens may remain for years even in the absence of the parasite. We observed a positive amplification result in only 9 out of 32 treated patients who remained reactive when tested using classical serology. These observations suggest that PCR is the most sensitive technique available for direct detection ofT. cruziin chagasic patients and that it can be a very useful instrument for the follow-up of patients after specific treatment.
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