Journal articles: 'Direct planting'

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Walworth, J. L., D. E. Carling, and G. J. Michaelson. "Nitrogen Sources and Rates for Direct-seeded and Transplanted Head Lettuce." HortScience 27, no. 3 (March 1992): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.3.228.

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Head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Salinas was produced in field trials in southcentral Alaska with varying planting dates, planting methods, N sources, and N application rates. Variables measured included head weight and diameter and harvest date. Nitrogen source had little effect on head weight. Direct-seeded lettuce produced heaviest beads from early plantings; transplants produced heaviest heads when planted in mid- to late season. Transplanting generally produced heavier heads than direct-seeding. Head weight of transplanted and direct-seeded lettuce was maximized with ≈112 kg N/ha. The data suggest that 112 kg N/ha may be suitable for lettuce direct-seeded or transplanted throughout the growing season.

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Bevacqua, Robert F., and Dawn M. VanLeeuwen. "Planting Date Effects on Stand Establishment and Yield of Chile Pepper." HortScience 38, no. 3 (June 2003): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.3.357.

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Chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) yields are highly variable and are strongly influenced by disease and weather. The goal of two field experiments was to evaluate crop management factors, especially planting date, that could contribute to improved and more consistent crop production. Current practice in New Mexico is to direct seed the crop from 13 to 27 Mar. In the first experiment, chile pepper was direct seeded on three planting dates, 13, 20, and 27 Mar. 2000, without or with a fungicide treatment of pentachloronitrobenzene and mefenoxam for the control of damping off. The results indicate planting date had no effect on stand establishment or yield. Fungicide treatment, significantly reduced stand, but had no effect on yield. In the second experiment, chile pepper was direct seeded on six planting dates, 13, 20, 27 Mar. and 3, 10, 17, Apr. 2001, with or without an application of phosphorus fertilizer, P at 29.4 kg·ha-1, banded beneath the seed row. During the growing season, this experimental planting suffered, as did commercial plantings in New Mexico, from high mortality and stunting due to beet curly top virus, a disease transmitted by the beet leafhopper. The results indicate planting date had a significant effect on crop performance. The best stand establishment and highest yield were associated with the earliest planting date, 13 Mar. This date also resulted in the least viral disease damage. Phosphorus fertilizer had no effect on stand establishment or yield. Chemical names used: pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB); (R)-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-methoxyacetylamino]-propionic acid methyl ester (mefenoxam).

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DALE, A. E., and D. S. H. DRENNAN. "Transplanted maize (Zea mays) for grain production in southern England. I. Effects of planting date, transplant age at planting and cultivar on grain yield." Journal of Agricultural Science 128, no. 1 (February 1997): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859696003875.

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Agroclimatic conditions in the UK are not ideally suited to maize (Zea mays L.) as a grain crop. An alternative growing technique to direct-seeded maize was investigated at Reading University over three growing seasons, using four cultivars (Bastion, Ace, Anko and Mirna) of different FAO maturity ratings. In the main trials conducted in 1989 and 1990, seedlings were raised for 15–45 days in a glasshouse and planted in the field between early May and mid-June, at 10 plants/m2. On each planting date, maize kernels of the same cultivars were also sown in the field. At the end of each growing season, transplanted and direct-seeded crops were assessed for grain maturity and grain yield components. Averaged over year and cultivar, transplants matured significantly earlier than direct-seeded maize and tended to give higher grain yields. Their grain dry weights (86% DM) averaged 7·0 t/ha in a preliminary study in 1988, 9·0 t/ha in 1989 and 6·1 t/ha in 1990, whereas those of direct-seeded maize averaged 4·0, 8·0 and 3·0 t/ha, respectively. The highest grain weights resulted from May plantings using 15-day-old seedlings of the late cv. Mirna, and from June plantings using 30-day-old seedlings. Yield benefits from transplanting were not significant in 1989, suggesting that in a very warm season transplants may not necessarily outyield direct-seeded crops. Differences in grain weight between transplanted and direct-seeded maize are discussed with respect to grain moisture content, 1000-grain weight, ear length, and number of grains and grain rows per ear; and applications of maize transplanting for cropping systems are outlined. It is concluded that suitable combinations of cultivar, transplant age at planting and planting date can meet the thermal time requirement for a grain harvest in southern England.

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Boyhan, George E., Juan Carlos Diaz-Perez, Reid L. Torrance, Ronald H. Blackley, and C. Randell Hill. "DIRECT SEEDING VIDALIA ONIONS." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 885d—885. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.885d.

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The majority of Vidalia onions are produced as a transplanted crop. Seeding in high density plantings in September is followed 8 to 10 weeks later by transplanting to final spacing. This practice is labor intensive and expensive. Direct seeding would save on labor, cost, and time. Traditionally, transplanting has been done because of better winter survival, more uniform stands, and better irrigation management during seedling emergence. Beginning 5 years ago, we began evaluating direct seeding onions. Initially, seedstems (bolting) and lack of uniform stand establishment were the main problems. Sowing in September resulted in almost 100% seedstems and using a belt planter with raw seed resulted in poor singulation for uniform stand establishment. Mid-October ultimately proved to be the best time for sowing Vidalia onion seed. Earlier sowing resulted in more seedstems and later planting did not give the plants sufficient time to grow resulting in later stand loss during cold winter temperatures. Using polymer coated seed and a precision vacuum planter resulted in uniform, even stand establishment. Fertilizer requirements are almost half with direct seeded onions compared to transplanted onions with a reduction in the need for fungicides and herbicides. We have established direct seeded onions both with drip irrigation and overhead irrigation. There was concern that center-pivot irrigation would not be able to sufficiently irrigate fields during seedling establishment with the frequent hot fall days we experience. Since this work was initiated several growers have successfully produced direct seeded onions under center-pivot systems. Direct seeding Vidalia onions requires attention to detail because there is only one opportunity to get it right. Timing is also critical particularly with planting date and herbicide application.

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Walsh, C. S., A. J. Barton, M. Newell, and G. R. Welsh. "Long-term Performance of Asian Pear Trees in Maryland." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 548b—548. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.548b.

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Three Asian pear plantings were set during the past decade. Plantings included an initial cultivar planting on OH × F rootstock, the SE Zonal planting, and a rootstock by cultivar factorial. Fireblight susceptibility and survival were assessed in the first two plantings following a summer hailstorm. Trees were compared to Magness, a blight-tolerant buttery pear. Shin Li, Daisu Li, Shinsui, and Olympic were more resistant than Magness, while Chojuro and Niitaka were nearly as tolerant. Eleven other cultivars showed greater field-susceptibility. The most-susceptible cultivars were Ya Li and Ts'e Li. The third planting, which was managed “organically,” was set at a different University farm. Trees there were precocious and productive. A high percentage of marketable fruit was picked from that planting over a 4-year period. Fireblight damage in this planting was low, despite its “organic” production. Limited damage was attributed to early bloom date, ground cover management, and a lack of insect vectors to transmit the bacteria. Hosui, Seuri and Ts'e Li produced large-sized fruit. Shinko, 20th Century, Ya Li and Shinseiki fruit were too small to be marketable without heavy hand-thinning. Asian pears are an interesting alternative crop which are suited to direct-market enterprises or to specialty growers interested in producing organic fruit in the mid-Atlantic region.

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Bullard, Steven, John D. Hodges, Robert L. Johnson, and Thomas J. Straka. "Economics of Direct Seeding and Planting for Establishing Oak Stands on Old-Field Sites in the South." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/16.1.34.

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Abstract On old-field sites in the South, oak stands may be established by direct seeding of acorns, or by planting seedlings. Planting seedlings costs approximately 2 1/2 times the cost of direct seeding on a per acre basis, and based on our study of overall costs and returns, we conclude that in most cases the additional costs of planting are not justified by the additional benefits. Direct seeding is therefore an economically viable alternative to planting, although success with seeding requires careful selection of species/site combinations and proper seed handling and storage. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):34-40.

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Kimura, A., A. Kondo, and K. Mochizuki. "A STUDY ON THE SAR DATA OBSERVATION TIME FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTING CONDITION OF PADDY FIELDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-927-2016.

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In recent years, cultivation methods of rice have been diversified due to the low cost of rice-growing techniques. For example, there is direct sowing of seed rice in paddy field in addition to the practice of usual paddy field to flooding at the time of planting. The yield of the usual paddy field and the direct sowing is different even though the same varieties are grown in the same area. It is necessary to grasp by performing classification for the usual paddy field or direct sowing for the management of agricultural crops. The main objective of this study was to select the observation time for the classification of paddy fields’ planting conditions by utilizing Synthetic Aperture Radar TerraSAR-X satellite. The planting conditions included the usual planting of rice, the direct sowing of rice and the soybean. We selected the observation time by the statistical distance of the microwave backscattering in each paddy field for maximizing the planting condition classification. In addition, the satellite data observation timing considered the processing time of the analysis and the acquisition costs. The acquisition was performed 4 periods from 2 periods in the rice growing season and the planting phase. In the current study, we were able to classify the usual planting of rice, the direct sowing of rice and the soybean by TerraSAR-X data for the later planting of rice during mid-May and initial growth of rice in early June.

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Kimura, A., A. Kondo, and K. Mochizuki. "A STUDY ON THE SAR DATA OBSERVATION TIME FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTING CONDITION OF PADDY FIELDS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-927-2016.

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In recent years, cultivation methods of rice have been diversified due to the low cost of rice-growing techniques. For example, there is direct sowing of seed rice in paddy field in addition to the practice of usual paddy field to flooding at the time of planting. The yield of the usual paddy field and the direct sowing is different even though the same varieties are grown in the same area. It is necessary to grasp by performing classification for the usual paddy field or direct sowing for the management of agricultural crops. The main objective of this study was to select the observation time for the classification of paddy fields’ planting conditions by utilizing Synthetic Aperture Radar TerraSAR-X satellite. The planting conditions included the usual planting of rice, the direct sowing of rice and the soybean. We selected the observation time by the statistical distance of the microwave backscattering in each paddy field for maximizing the planting condition classification. In addition, the satellite data observation timing considered the processing time of the analysis and the acquisition costs. The acquisition was performed 4 periods from 2 periods in the rice growing season and the planting phase. In the current study, we were able to classify the usual planting of rice, the direct sowing of rice and the soybean by TerraSAR-X data for the later planting of rice during mid-May and initial growth of rice in early June.

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Harivandi, M. Ali, William L. Hagan, M. Zak Mousli, and Lin Wu. "Establishing Hard Fescue from Sod." HortTechnology 14, no. 1 (January 2004): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.1.0088.

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Stand establishment of direct-seeded hard fescue (Festuca longifolia) is slow. Sodding could speed establishment in landscape plantings. This study looked at the effects of two sod thicknesses and different rates of nitrogen fertilization before and after sodding, on stand establishment and overall turf quality. Evaluations 2, 4 and 8 weeks after sodding assessed rooting and overall turf quality. Thicker sod showed better rooting 4 weeks after planting; after 8 weeks, rooting of both thicknesses was similar. Nitrogen fertilization before or after sodding did not affect rooting. More nitrogen led to better overall turf quality up to 4 weeks after planting; however, this quality difference disappeared 8 weeks after sodding.

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Stanturf, John A., and Harvey E. Kennedy. "Survival and Growth of Planted and Direct-Seeded Cherrybark Oak in South Carolina." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 4 (November 1, 1996): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/20.4.194.

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Abstract Five treatments were used to evaluate the survival and growth of planted 2-0 cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) seedlings and seedlings grown from direct-seeded acorns of cherrybark oak. The treatments included: (1) deep-planted, top-pruned, (2) deep-planted, not top-pruned, (3) shallow-planted, top-pruned, (4) shallow-planted, not top-pruned, and (5) acorns direct-seeded. Survival was not affected by treatments. Planting depth and pruning did not affect survival of planted seedlings. The root collar of seedlings was placed about 1 ft below the groundline in the deep-planted treatments; however, after 5 yr these seedlings had survived as well as those in the shallow-planting treatments where the root collar was set at or near the groundline. Seedlings from the irect-seeded acorns were significantly smaller after 5 yr than planted seedlings. There were no differences in the size of seedlings in the planting treatments. Seedlings were 1.0 to 1.5 ft shorter when pruned after planting than the unpruned seedlings and grew more in height during the 5 yr period than the unpruned seedlings. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):194-196.

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Wosal, Rian Jetsi, Nordy Fritsgerald Lucky Waney, and Audrey Julia Maria Maweikere. "PERBANDINGAN PENDAPATAN USAHA TANI PADI SAWAH ANTARA METODE TANAM PINDAH (TAPIN) DAN TANAM BENIH LANGSUNG (TABELA) DI DESA MEKARUO KECAMATAN DUMOGA BARAT KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 16, no. 3 (October 23, 2020): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.16.3.2020.31099.

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This study aims to determine how much difference the income of lowland rice farming with the Moving Planting Method (Tapin) and Direct Seed Planting (Tabela) in Mekaruo Village, Dumoga Barat District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The research was conducted from March to May 2019. The data sources in this study used primary and secondary data. Primary data is through direct interviews with respondent farmers using a questionnaire. Secondary data is data obtained through the agencies involved in this study. Respondents in this study were lowland rice farmers in the village of Mekaruo. The data analysis used in this research is quantitative descriptive analysis through the calculation of gross income, total costs, and fixed costs incurred during one growing season. The results showed that the income of lowland rice farming with direct seed planting method was greater than the income of transplanted lowland rice. Comparison of farm income that applies the transplanting method (Tapin) with the average value. Rp. 7,851,083 and farmers who applied the direct seed planting method (Tablea) with an average value. Rp. 11,083,767 in Mekaruo Village, seen from the comparison of the average farm income cultivated.*eprm*

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Zaczek, James J., Kim C. Steiner, and Todd W. Bowersox. "Performance of Northern Red Oak Planting Stock." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/10.3.105.

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Abstract Northern red oak planting trials were established in three clearcuts in Pennsylvania to evaluate field performance in relation to type of planting stock (1-0, 2-0, 1-1, 2-1, containerized direct-seeded) and other treatments (undercutting in the nursery, top-clipping at planting time, hormone treatment of roots). All treatments were planted simultaneously, and most employed the same genetic material. After 3 yr in the field, seedlings that had been grown for 2 yr in 7.9-1 pots were tallest and had the best survival, but this stock was expensive to produce and difficult to plant. The 2-0 bareroot stock performed best among remaining treatments, especially if the seedlings had been undercut in the nursery. Undercutting was not beneficial to the performance of 1-0 seedlings. Top-clipping and a hormone treatment had little effect on performance. Seedlings from direct-seeding were as tall as those from 1-0 stock. The advantage of 2-0 stock over 1-0 stock was partly, but not entirely, attributable to its larger size. North. J. Appl. For. 10(3):105-111.

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NeSmith, D. S. "Root Distribution and Yield of Direct Seeded and Transplanted Watermelon." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 5 (September 1999): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.5.458.

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Transplanting generally results in more rapid stand establishment than direct seeding for cucurbit crops. A 2-year field study was conducted to examine the pattern of rooting of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nak.] following usage of different planting methods, and to determine subsequent effects on crop yield. Root length was assessed by obtaining soil cores three times per growing season to a depth of 75 cm. Transplanted watermelons generally had greater root length density in the upper 30 cm of soil 4 to 7 weeks after planting (WAP). However, by 11 to 12 WAP root distribution was similar over the entire 75 cm soil profile for the two planting methods. Total marketable yields were comparable for direct seeded and transplanted watermelons during 1995, but transplanted watermelon yield exceeded direct seeded yield by 40% in 1996. In both years, 90% to 100% of the marketable yield of transplanted watermelons was obtained at the first harvest, compared to 0% to 55% for direct seeded watermelons. These findings suggest that rapid root proliferation of transplanted watermelons may be an important factor in their earlier establishment and increased early yields as compared to direct seeded watermelons.

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Wien, H. C., B. S. Orenstein, and L. A. Ellerbrock. "338 Timing of Onion Bulb Formation under Field Conditions in New York in Relation to Temperature, Photoperiod, and Cultivar." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 501C—501. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.501c.

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Although it has been known since the 1930s that long photoperiods and high temperatures hasten bulb formation in onions, the time at which onion cultivars under field conditions in New York start forming bulbs has not been previously reported. In the 1997 and 1998, onion cultivars were seeded in three commercial onion production areas at normal early spring planting dates. In 1998, a time-of-planting study was carried out in Ithaca, N.Y., in which three transplanted crops and three direct-seeded crops were established at monthly intervals beginning at the end of March. Bulb ratios (bulb diameter: neck diameter) were measured at 2-week intervals during the season in all plantings. Initiation of bulbs (assumed to occur 3 weeks before bulb ratio reached 2) was then related to the photoperiod and air temperature up to that point. A comparison of early, mid-season, and late cultivars indicated that bulbs are initiated in commercial plantings in New York at close to the longest day of the year (15.6 h), at a time when mean temperature is still rising. In the time of planting study, delay of planting resulted in fewer days from emergence to bulb initiation and a reduction in growing degree-day accumulation. If planted later than 15 June, some cultivars failed to initiate bulbs, but others, such as `Quantum' and `Winner', initiated bulbs but did not mature them. The results indicate that photoperiod appears to be the primary factor for the initiation of bulbs, but that bulb initiation can be modified strongly in some cultivars by temperature.

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Ibrahim, M. M., H. N. Abd El-Mageed, and T. H. Abd- Alla. "DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION A SMALL MACHINE FOR SOAKED RICE DIRECT PLANTING." Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 25, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 655–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2008.190772.

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Bracy, Regina P., and Richard L. Parish. "Evaluation of Presswheels and Seed Coverers for Direct Seeding of Brassica." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 599E—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.599e.

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Improved stand establishment of direct-seeded crops has usually involved seed treatment and/or seed covers. Planters have been evaluated for seed/plant spacing uniformity, singulation, furrow openers, and presswheel design; however, effects of presswheels and seed coverers on plant establishment have not been widely investigated. Five experiments were conducted in a fine sandy loam soil to determine effect of presswheels and seed coverers on emergence of direct-seeded cabbage and mustard. Seed were planted with Stanhay 870 seeder equipped with one of four presswheels and seed coverers. Presswheels included smooth, mesh, concave split, and flat split types. Seed coverers included standard drag, light drag, paired knives, and no coverer. Soil moisture at planting ranged from 8% to 19% in the top 5 cm of bed. Differences in plant counts taken 2 weeks after planting were minimal with any presswheel or seed coverer. Visual observation indicated the seed furrow was more completely closed with the knife coverer in high soil moisture conditions. All tests received at least 14 mm of precipitation within 6 days from planting, which may account for lack of differences in plant emergence.

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Scaloppi, Julie Christine, and Andréa Lúcia Teixeira de Souza. "Simultaneous effects of reintroduction strategy and seed size on the initial development of two tropical tree species in an abandoned eucalyptus plantation." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 6 (2020): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20093.

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Seedling planting is the most common strategy used to reintroduce tropical native tree species; however, direct sowing has simplicity and operational ease advantages. Functional traits such as seed size and growth rates have been shown to be relevant for better plant performance. We evaluated the effects of intraspecific variation in seed size and the reintroduction strategy simultaneously on the development of Hymenaea courbaril (L.) and Enterolobium timbouva (Mart.) introduced in an abandoned eucalyptus plantation over 462 days. Plants from small, medium and large seeds were reintroduced by planting seedlings and direct seeding. Both species achieved high rates of emergence and survival was high in the two reintroduction strategies. Seed size was not related to emergence and mean time to emergence for either species. The survival of both species was higher than 74% in the field, and seed size had little effect on survival rates. In general, H. courbaril plants introduced by direct sowing had higher growth, and seed size correlated positively with stem size. In contrast, the growth of E. timbouva plants introduced by seedling planting was higher than in plants introduced by direct sowing regardless of seed size. The light requirements of this species seem higher than for H. courbaril. Our results suggest the feasibility of reintroducing species by direct sowing in eucalyptus understory, but since plant growth varies between species, there may be a balance between the advantage of the initial plant size provided by planting seedlings and the advantage of a better root development provided by direct sowing.

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DALE, A. E., and D. S. H. DRENNAN. "Transplanted maize (Zea mays) for grain production in southern England. II. Effects of planting date, transplant age at planting and cultivar on growth, development and harvest index." Journal of Agricultural Science 128, no. 1 (February 1997): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859696003887.

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Maize seedlings (cultivars Bastion, Ace, Anko and Mirna) were raised for 15, 30 or 45 days in a glasshouse and planted in the field between early May and mid-June in 1989 and 1990, at 10 plants/m2. Samples of transplants and direct-seeded crops of the same cultivars were taken at regular intervals throughout the growing season for growth analyses. In both years, the 15-day-old transplants established more rapidly in the field than older transplants, and the patterns of leaf production of these young transplants were similar to those of direct-seeded maize. Transplants flowered earlier than direct-seeded maize from the same planting date. At most harvests, transplants showed significantly higher dry weights than their direct-seeded counterparts, and May-planted maize had significantly higher dry weights than June-planted crops, while cultivar effects were small. Final biomass yields were consistently higher in 1989 (17 t/ha) than in 1990 (11 t/ha). In both seasons, particularly in 1990, there was a trend for a lower harvest index in direct-seeded maize which reflected its immaturity at final harvest. The lowest harvest index (0·07) in 1990 was recorded for direct-seeded maize of the late cultivar, Mirna (June planting), the highest harvest index (0·65) for 30-day-old Mirna transplants (May-planted). A comparison of the experienced effective temperature sums during the vegetative, reproductive and grain-filling phases suggested that the transplant nursery period provides an advancement in thermal time which can affect grain-filling and crop maturity. Year to year variation in climate seems to be of primary importance for yield advantages of transplanted over direct-seeded maize.

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Jo, Hyun-Kil, Hye-Mi Park, and Jin-Young Kim. "Carbon Offset Service and Design Guideline of Tree Planting for Multifamily Residential Sites in Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 3543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133543.

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Multifamily residential sites (MRS) are practical alternatives for securing a carbon uptake source in urban areas where hardscape is dominant, as trees must be planted in the lot area, according to the current landscape-related ordinances in Korea. Tree planting contributes to sustainability of residential sites through carbon reduction. This study quantified direct and indirect carbon reduction from tree planting in MRS in Korea and explored sustainable design guidelines to maximize the carbon offset service of MRS. The total annual direct and indirect carbon reduction through tree planting in all the MRS was estimated to be about 101.1 kt/year. This carbon reduction equaled 3.3% of the total annual carbon emissions from the heating and cooling energy consumption of multifamily buildings. This study considered both direct and indirect carbon reduction from trees in MRS which was insufficient in previous studies. The results of this study can be useful internationally by sharing the information of sustainable residential design in enhancing carbon offset service.

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Irizarry-Morales, J., L. Wessel-Beaver, D. Maynard, and G. Elmstrom. "Response of Long- and Short-vine Tropical Pumpkins to Varying Cultural Practices." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 884A—884. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.884a.

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Three field experiments were carried out in Lajas, Puerto Rico, to compare the effects of planting method (direct and transplant), plastic mulch (with and without), and planting density (1.8 x 1.8 m, 3.6 x 0.9 m, 1.8 x 0.9 m between and within rows) on production of short-and long-vined tropical pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata). The long-vine genotype produced greater yields and larger but fewer fruit than the short-vine genotype. However, most of the planting densities tested were probably not optimum for short-vine cultivars. Direct seeding of pumpkin was more efficient than transplanting and resulted in the same early and total yield as transplanting. Yields with plastic-covered banks were similar to yields without the use of plastic. However, use of plastic mulch increased the number of fruit and decreased the average fruit weight in the plots. The best planting distance depended on the type of genotype used. The long-vine genotype had the highest yields at 1.8 x 1.8 m, while the short-vine cultivar performed best with half that amount of space per plant (1.8 x 0.9 m). Production of short-vine cultivars might be improved by using even narrower planting distances.

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Aquino, Antônio Marcos de Souza, Eduardo Pacca Luna Mattar, Luís Henrique Ebling Farinatti, Leandro Roberto Da Cruz, Alen Patric de Oliveira Costa, Elizio Ferreira Frade Junior, Edson Alves de Araújo, and Walter Jose Rodrigues Matrangolo. "Establishing Cratylia argentea in an Ultisol in the West of Acre, Southwestern Amazon, Brazil." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(8)289-294.

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Cratylia argentea is a multi-purpose shrub with potential as a source of protein for livestock, but is rarely used in production units. This study aimed to monitor the establishment of a stand of this plant in a sandy Ultisol (Red-Yellow Argisol), in an area of 4,000 m2 on a rural property in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil, comparing 2 planting methods: (i) transplanting seedlings (78 in total); and (ii) direct seeding (3,820 seeds in 1,910 pits). The existing pasture was sprayed with glyphosate before planting C. argentea. Subsequently, herbicide and mechanical methods were used to control weeds, while fertilizer was applied and the area was mulched. In the first year after planting, activities performed and inputs were recorded along with costs in order to create a reference model for those intending to cultivate this species in the humid tropics. At 10 months after planting, average height of plants was 162 cm (range 70‒240 cm) with no effect of planting method. Ninety-seven per cent of plants established from seedlings survived, while 81% of pits established from direct seeding in the field had surviving plants. The cost of establishing a hectare of C. argentea was US$ 1,654.17, with 85.8% of the cost for labor and only 14.2% for other inputs, although costs of producing seedlings and hand-planting them were not considered. Studies to develop planting systems using less labor seem warranted.

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Bruel, Betina O., Márcia C. M. Marques, and Ricardo M. Britez. "Survival and Growth of Tree Species under Two Direct Seedling Planting Systems." Restoration Ecology 18, no. 4 (March 12, 2010): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00634.x.

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Gonzalez, Mariaelena, Pamela M. Ling, and Stanton A. Glantz. "Planting trees without leaving home: tobacco company direct-to-consumer CSR efforts." Tobacco Control 21, no. 3 (December 21, 2011): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050219.

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Sahardi, Abdul Wahid Rauf, M. Basir Nappu, Idaryani, Kartika Fauziah, Nurlaila, Repelita Kallo, and Amiruddin Syam. "Prospects for the development of direct seed planting technology (Tabela) in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130604014.

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Prospect for the development of direct seed planting technology (Tabela) in Indonesia. This paper is a review that aims to reveal the development of technological innovations for direct seed rice cultivation (Tabela) and the prospects for its development in Indonesia. Rice is the main source of food, which cannot be substituted with other foodstuffs. The need for rice will continue to increase, along with the rate of increase in population growth every year. Therefore, the main program for agricultural development in periods 2015-2019 is to increase productivity and cropping indexes in all rice agro-ecosystems. The main problems in the current rice cultivation business today are; the need for labor is large, while the availability of labor in the agricultural sector is decreasing, farm labor wages and the price of production facilities are getting more expensive, the area of rice fields is decreasing, the availability of water is increasingly limited. Direct seed cultivation of jajar legowo is one of the solutions for lowland rice farming that can solve the problem of labor shortages in the production process of rice cultivation. Supporting technology in Tabela rice cultivation is quite available including superior varieties, seed technology, biological fertilizers, fertilization, weed control, water management, pest and disease control, and planting tools. Tabela technology has the prospect to be widely developed in Indonesia because it is suitable for irrigated and rain fed rice fields, harvest faster, increases production, is more labor efficient, easy and practical to implement.

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Lluz, Eunice L., and Madelyn Yruma. "COST AND RETURN ANALYSIS OF SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION OF Brassica Napus L. Varchinensis (PECHAY) USING DIFFERENT METHODS OF CULTIVATION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i6.2019.733.

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A Cost and return analysis of small scale production of Brassica napus L. varchinensis (Pechay) production using different methods of cultivation was evaluated based on the growth and yield performance of Brassica napus L. varchinensis (Pechay) from field trial. An experiment was undertaken involving four treatments with two methods of planting and two levels of plant density and layed out in Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with replications. Results showed that the survival rate and growth of Brassica napus L. varchinensis (Pechay) based on the actual number of plants, transplanted plant with high density plants was significantly higher compared to other treatments indicating that transplanted Pechay at high density planting is favorable than other methods. The fresh weight of Pechay after 30 days of cultivation using direct seeding (T1 and T2) was significantly higher compared to T3 and T4. Partial cost and return analysis in direct seeded Pechay at high planting density were the most profitable while transplanting Pechay seedling at low density planting was the least profitable.

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Stubblefield, Robert, and Robert Wiedenfeld. "EFFECTS OF GROUND COVER, PLANTING METHOD AND IRRIGATION LEVELS ON CANTALOUPE PRODUCTION." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 488b—488. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.488b.

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A field study was conducted in south Texas in the spring 1990 to determine the effects of ground cover, planting method and drip irrigation rates on cantaloupe growth, yield and quality. Transplanting vs. direct seeding enhanced early vine growth with earlier yields, although direct seeding later caught up resulting in comparable final cumulative yields. Black polyethylene mulch also improved earliness but at the loser irrigation rate total yields were reduced due to deflection of rainfall by the mulch. Irrigation at .1, .3, .5, .7 and .9 times pan evaporation had little effect on final cumulative yields with exception to the .1 and .3 rates. Melon sugar content was highest for transplants with direct seeded melons becoming comparable only at mid to final harvest. The combined practices of transplanting and black polyethylene mulch resulted in a 14 day earliness advantage over the treatments that were direct seeded on bare soil although final yields were unaffected. No appreciable increase in soil salinity were found as a result of drip irrigation usage.

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Oliveira, L. B. de, M. A. Coelho Filho, S. S. Arriero, F. A. Gomes Júnior, A. M. W. Cova, W. S. Soares Filho, and A. S. Gesteira. "Ability of Citrus Root System to Overcome a Strong Wax Layer." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 10 (September 15, 2018): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n10p213.

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The present work aimed to investigate the effects of mechanical impedance of wax layer (wax discs were installed 0.1 m deep) on root system deepening of citrus seedlings growing in columns with sand and nutrient solution. Two planting systems were evaluated: direct seeding (DS) and planting of seedlings (PS) (plants obtained from seed germination in tubes). Two experiments were carried out in a sequence: first to investigate the wax layer resistance levels (0.14 to 2.7 MPa) on root system penetration and two planting systems (DS and PS). The second evaluated the root and plant development of the two planting systems and two resistance of wax layer to root penetration: control (0.14 MPa) and a strong wax layer (1.06 MPa). The experimental design was randomized blocks, the first experiment in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme with 4 replications and the second a 2 × 2 factorial scheme with 6 replications. Resistance level ≥ 1.52 MPa (60% hard wax and 40% soft wax) completely limited root penetration in the artificial strong layer. The presence of strong wax disc reduced the citrus root system in both planting systems. PS was associated with greater root and shoot vigor, indicating that, in soils with good physical structure and porosity or allowing root deepening beyond the cohesive layer, this planting system is fully adequate, despite the possible benefit of not cutting the pivoting root in direct sowing.

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Bondareva, L. L., and A. N. Kalinin. "Cabbage cultivation without seedling growing stage in Nonchernozem area." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2009-3-46-48.

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To reduce the expenses on plantlet cultivation stage the several vegetable production centers apply the direct planting into the soil without separate seedling cultivation. This paper describes the study concerning the interaction between early spring planting and output volume of vegetables. The Slava 1305 the cultivar of mid-maturing and Parus cultivar of mid-late maturing were also taken for the study.

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McNab, W. Henry, Thomas Miller, and Ernst V. Brender. "Growth and Fusiform Rust Responses of Piedmont Loblolly Pine After Several Site Preparation and Regeneration Methods." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/14.1.18.

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Abstract Cutover pine-hardwood sites in the Piedmont of central Georgia were prepared by prescribed burning or drum chopping and regenerated to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) by planting or direct-seeding. Site preparation had little effect on soil physical properties. After an average of 12 years, trees were larger in dbh and total height, the merchantable stand was greater, and distribution was more uniform on planted than on seeded areas. Regeneration from direct-seeding was enhanced more by intensive site preparation than was regeneration from planting. Neither fusiform rust incidence nor rust associated mortality was affected consistently by the intensity of site preparation, but both rust incidence and rust associated mortality were generally higher in the direct-seeded than in the planted plots. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):18-24.

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Amorim da Silva, Denysson, José de Anchieta Alves de Albuquerque, José Arcanjo, Paulo Ribeiro, Roberto Dantas de Medeiros, Everton Finoto, and Pedro Santos de Menezes. "Characterization of weed in rotated area of maize and cowpea in direct planting." Scientia Agropecuaria 9, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2018.01.01.

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Agbadje, Eustache T. A. E., Arnaud Agbidinoukoun, Martine Zandjanakou-Tachin, Gilles T. H. Cacaï, and Corneille Ahanhanzo. "Mass Production of Bananas and Plantains (Musa spp.) Plantlets through in vitro Tissue Culture Partway: A Review." European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2, no. 4 (August 15, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.4.229.

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Bananas and plantains are among the most important food crops in Central and West Africa. Their plantation is lead to many problems. In the recent decades, biotechnology tools using in vitro culture technics are used for the mass and free disease plantlets production in order to increase the bananas production and the yield. The main way of in vitro tissue culture at this end is the direct organogenesis i.e., the ability of plant tissues to form various organs de novo by shoots or roots induction to differentiate from a cell or cell clusters. This review aims to summarize the main results obtained in the organogenesis of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) under in vitro conditions and to identify the challenges during the process. The research articles used in this review show that micropropagation is a reliable alternative to conventional production system of bananas and plantains planting material. However, the use of the in vitro micropropagation for bananas and plantains entails choosing the optimal explant type and size according to objectives. Benzylaminopurine remains the preferred cytokinin for in vitro banana and plantain shoot proliferation, while the use of thidiazuron appears to be more and more common. Whichever cytokinin used, the optimal cytokinin concentration for shoot proliferation is genotype dependent. This review also focuses on the causes and control measures of the two major banana and plantain micropropagation constraints: lethal tissues browning/darkening and microbial contaminations. It showed that applying the suitable and available control measure, according to the evolution of culture, is necessary. All this available information on the in vitro conditions makes banana and plantain cultivars in vitro organogenesis possible.

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Pongeluppe, Leandro Simões, and Maria Sylvia Macchione Saes. "Planting the Flag: Why Institutional Void Entrepreneurship Can Foster Foreign Direct Investments Inflows." Modern Economy 05, no. 05 (2014): 552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2014.55052.

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Kanamori, Kenichi, Fumito Ishizu, Hideyuki Tanaka, and Toshiki Asao. "Strawberry Cultivation by Direct-planting Using Runner Plantlets Propagated from Fruit-harvested Plants." Horticultural Research (Japan) 18, no. 1 (2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/hrj.18.33.

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Raupp, Paola Pisetta, Maxmiller Cardoso Ferreira, Monique Alves, Eduardo Malta Campos-Filho, Paolo Alessandro Rodrigues Sartorelli, Hélder Nagai Consolaro, and Daniel Luis Mascia Vieira. "Direct seeding reduces the costs of tree planting for forest and savanna restoration." Ecological Engineering 148 (April 2020): 105788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105788.

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Yongdong, Zhao, Zhao Yang, and Wangyuanyuan. "Retraction Notice: Study on Direct Waterproof Construction of Basement Roof in Planting Area." Open Construction & Building Technology Journal 10, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801610010182.

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Egel, Daniel S., Ray Martyn, and Chris Gunter. "Planting Method, Plastic Mulch, and Fumigation Influence Growth, Yield, and Root Structure of Watermelon." HortScience 43, no. 5 (August 2008): 1410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.5.1410.

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A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the influence of planting method, i.e., transplanting or direct seeding, black plastic mulch, and soil fumigation on the vine growth, yield, and root structure of diploid hybrid watermelon. The experiment was a split-plot design with fumigation as the main plot and there were four replications. Methyl bromide (337 L·ha−1) was applied to the soil, which was then tarped. Black plastic mulch, 0.61 m wide × 2 mil (Visqueen 4020™) was applied to appropriate rows. Vine growth was measured during the season and yield was determined by the number and weight of fruit from each treatment. After fruit harvest, plant roots were excavated so that root structure was maintained with minimal damage and roots were photographed. Root systems were scored for tap root dominance and overall root distribution. Direct-seeded watermelon had more vine growth and higher yields in both years than transplanted watermelon. The advantage of direct seeding was likely the result of the growth and root expansion that occurred for these plants while the transplants were still in the greenhouse. Direct-seeded plants also displayed greater tap root dominance in each year than transplanted watermelon. Roots of both direct-seeded plants and transplants had a greater range in size distribution in both years under plastic mulch than those grown on bare ground. In late-planted watermelon, direct-seeded plants had more favorable vine growth and yield without the aberrant roots systems produced by transplants.

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Mupangwa, W., M. Mutenje, C. Thierfelder, and I. Nyagumbo. "Are conservation agriculture (CA) systems productive and profitable options for smallholder farmers in different agro-ecoregions of Zimbabwe?" Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000041.

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AbstractContinuous conventional tillage coupled with unsystematic cereal/legume rotations has promoted low crop productivity on smallholder farms. A multi-locational study was established in three agro-ecoregions (AEs) of Zimbabwe. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of four tillage systems (conventional plowing, planting basins, rip-line and animal traction direct seeding systems) on maize (Zea mays L.), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] yields, and evaluate the economic performance of the conservation agriculture (CA) systems relative to conventional plowing. Each farmer was a replicate of the trial over the three cropping seasons. In the high (750–1000 mm per annum) and low (450–650 mm) rainfall AEs, conventional practice and CA systems gave similar maize grain yield. Under medium rainfall conditions (500–800 mm) planting basins, rip-line and direct seeding systems gave 547, 548 and 1690 kg ha−1 more maize yield than the conventional practice. In the high and low rainfall AEs, conventional practice and planting basins had the lowest maize production risk. Cowpea yield was 35 and 45% higher in the rip-line and direct seeding than conventional practice. Soybean yield was higher in rip-line (36%) and direct seeding (51%) systems than conventional practice. Direct seeding system gave the highest net benefits in all AEs. A combination of long-term biophysical and socio-economic assessments of the different cropping systems tested in our study is critical in order to fully understand their performance under different AEs of Zimbabwe.

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Cavero, J., R. Gil Ortega, and C. Zaragoza. "Clear Plastic Mulch Improved Seedling Emergence of Direct-seeded Pepper." HortScience 31, no. 1 (February 1996): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.1.70.

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Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. `Piquillo de Lodosa') was seeded and then covered with clear plastic mulch, and various cultural practices to improve seedling emergence were compared. Planting dates (8, 12, and 25 Apr. 1991), seeding systems (raised bed vs. flat, 1991), and one or two rows per bed (1991 and 1992, respectively) were evaluated for their effects on stand establishment and yield. Plant stand was 60% when seed was under plastic mulch, compared to 0% when no mulch was used. Maximum plant stand was obtained 4 weeks after seeding in mulched soil. With plastic mulch, earlier (on or before 12 Apr.) season plantings were best because soil temperatures were so high (≥35C) later as to reduce plant stands. The risk of excessive high temperatures was greater when seeding was on a raised bed rather than flat ground; however, using plastic mulch, temperatures were higher, often resulting in acceptable plant stands regardless of bed arrangement. Higher yields were realized with raised beds compared to flat ground sowing. When two rows per bed were used, higher temperatures on the south side reduced emergence compared to the north side of the east–west-oriented beds. Direct seeding of pepper appears to be commercially acceptable in our Mediterranean conditions, provided seed is under plastic mulch and seeding is completed on or before 12 Apr.

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Dey, Daniel C., Douglass Jacobs, Ken McNabb, Gary Miller, V. Baldwin, and G. Foster. "Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature." Forest Science 54, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 77–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77.

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Abstract Although natural regeneration is often the best method for establishing new oak (Quercus spp.) stands, there are increasingly more situations in which high potential for oak regeneration failure dictates the use of artificial regeneration including direct seeding and planting seedlings. Additionally, afforestation planting programs frequently incorporate oak species. Artificial regeneration of oak stands is challenging for numerous reasons. In this article we synthesize the current state of knowledge regarding growing and planting the major oak species in the eastern United States, point out critical research gaps, and provide some general growing, planting, and stand tending guidelines and recommendations. Adequate site preparation, careful planting of healthy, genetically adapted seed or seedlings of high morphological and physiological quality, and subsequent control of competing vegetation and browse damage are necessary actions to assure regeneration success. Oak seedling survival in the early years after planting or seeding is a poor indicator of regeneration success. Successful regeneration may be defined as having a desired proportion of the oak planting stock reach dominant/codominant status in the stand. The costs of all activities required to produce a successful oak tree in the future stand should be considered in economic comparison of alternative prescriptions for oak regeneration.

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LaFlamme, Lucette, Marie-Hélène Michaud, and Nicholas Tremblay. "ESTABLISHMENT OF THYME (THYMUS VULGARIS L.) BY DIRECT SOWING OR TRANSPLANTING AT TWO DENSITIES." HortScience 29, no. 4 (April 1994): 248d—248. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.4.248d.

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Cultivation of thyme for medicinal purposes should result in high dry-matter yield and sufficient active principals concentrations. In this experiment two methods of crop establishment were compared: direct sowing (final plant density: 100,000 plants/ha) and planting at two densities: D-1 (100,000 plants/ha) and D-2 (166,000 plants/ha). The use of transplants promoted growth and resulted in yields three times higher than direct sowing (3340 vs. 1002 kg dry matter/ha). There were significant differences in biomass between the two densities evaluated. Plants under D-1 weighed 33 g dry matter/plant vs. 22 g dry matter/plant for D-2. Hence, dry-matter yield per hectare was not affected by planting density. Active principals concentrations were not affected by treatments. So far, it is recommended that cultivation of thyme under Quebec's conditions be based on transplanting at moderate (100,000 plants/ha) density.

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Graber, Raymond E. "Stem Quality of White Pine Established by Seeding in Furrows and by Planting." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/5.2.128.

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Abstract The quality of eastern white pine established by direct seeding is compared to that of a conventional 6 x 6 ft plantation. Tree density of the seeded pine was nearly three times that of the plantation. The seeded trees were the same height, had a smaller dbh, less stem injury due to the white pine weevil, and smaller branches. The result is a direct-seeded tree of higher quality at a lower establishment cost than a plantation tree. North. J. Appl. For. 5:128-129, June 1988.

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Nugroho, Cipto, Didik Raharjo, Muhammad Alwi Mustaha, and Muhammad Asaad. "Assessing disease severity of rice blast under different rates of nitrogen fertilizer and planting system." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130601034.

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The study aimed to determine the effect of nitrogen rates and planting systems on the incidence and severity of rice blast under naturally infected rice plants and their relationship to rice yield performance. Recommended nitrogen rate for both direct seeding was 93.2kg/ha. Treatments consisted of 75% recommended-N rate, 100% recommended-N rate, 150% recommended-N, and existing farmer’s practice. Treatments were applied in a three-way splitted-N application at 14, 30, and 45 days after planting, respectively. The results indicate that rates of N fertilization affected disease incidence of the rice blast where the low-N application was generally lower than recommended-N rate, high-N rate, and farmer’s practice, both on jajar legowo 2:1 and broadcasted direct seeding. This study revealed that recommended-N application, although has a higher disease incidence than low-N application, could tolerate yield loss due to rice blast by producing more productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, and reducing the number of unfilled grains. This study generally showed that jajar legowo 2:1 direct seeding gave lower disease incidence and severity to the rice blast than broadcasted direct seeding. The study suggested an appropriate recommended-N rate and jajar legowo 2:1 direct seeding (double row) was incorporated into the rice blast management strategies.

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Wszelaki, Annette, and Matthew D. Kleinhenz. "Yield and Relationships among Head Traits in Cabbage as Influenced by Planting Date and Cultivar. II. Processing." HortScience 38, no. 7 (December 2003): 1355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.7.1355.

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This is the second of two related reports dealing with the effects of cultivar × environment interactions on cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., Capitata Group) crop traits. This study examined planting date and cultivar effects on physical head traits of processing cabbage and compared these findings to those from a similar study of fresh market cabbage. Six cultivars of processing cabbage were planted in May and June-July of 1999 and 2000 at the OARDC Vegetable Crops Research Branch in Fremont, Ohio. Marketable yield for each crop was determined, and measurements were taken of head weight, diameter, density, and volume, and core length, base width, and volume on more than 450 individual heads. Head and core volume and head density were calculated from these direct measures. Year, planting date, and cultivar significantly affected the majority of head traits. May planting led to higher marketable yield and heavier heads with larger diameters than June-July planting. The most variable trait across cultivars was head volume, which was affected by planting date in all cultivars. Differences between processing and fresh market cabbage were found. Average head polar/equatorial diameter values were affected by planting date in the fresh market but not the processing study. In contrast, head density and core volume as a percent of head volume were affected by planting date in the processing but not the fresh market study.

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Islam, S. M. N., M. A. Islam, S. M. Asaduzzaman ., S. M. Zaman ., A. Karim ., and M. Khatun . "Performance of Direct Seeded Rice under Various Planting Distances of Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata L.)." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 11 (October 15, 2002): 1237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2002.1237.1239.

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UEKA, Yuko, Jun YAMASHITA, and Kazunobu SATO. "Development of a Cutting Apparatus and Electric Planter for Direct Planting of Sweet Potato." Japanese Journal of Farm Work Research 48, no. 3 (2013): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4035/jsfwr.48.103.

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Mehranzadeh, Mohammad, and Borzoo shikhi Rokrok. "Effects of Planter Type and Seeding Rate in No-tillage Systems on Wheat Yield in Pol- e Dokhtar." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 4, no. 3 (July 17, 2015): 500–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v4i3.4283.

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In the cropping year 2013-2014, a split plot experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in a field in Pol-e Dokhtar in Lorestan Province to study the effects of planter type and seeding rates used in direct and customary planting practices. Results showed there were significant differences between planters with respect to percentage of broken seeds at the 1% level. Comparison of the means indicated the highest percentage of broken seeds (5.1%) belonged to the Barzagar-e Hamadani planter and the lowest to the Gaspardo and Sfoggia direct planters. Type of planter also influenced precision in longitudinal distance at the 5% level. Moreover, comparison of the means revealed that the best uniformity in appropriate longitudinal distance between seeds in planted rows was that of the Gaspardo and Sfoggia direct planters and the worst that of the Barzegar-e Hamadani planter and that the effects of various planters were significant at the 5% level. The Gaspardo and Sfoggia direct planters, with 88.26 and 86.49%, respectively, had the maximum uniformity in depth of planting, and the Barzegar-e Hamadani with 79.03% the minimum. ANOVA suggested the various planters were not significantly different in wheat yield, while the effects of seeding rate treatments on wheat seed yield were significant at the 5% level. Nevertheless, comparison of the means showed that the Gaspardo direct planter raised seed yield by 1.32 and 11.13% compared to the Sfoggia direct planter and the Barzegar-e Hamadani planter, respectively, and that it enjoyed relative superiority over them. Moreover, comparison of the means related to seeding rates indicated the 200 kg/ha rate increased seed yield by 11.05 and 24.36%, respectively, compared to the 160 and 240 kg/ha rates. Results of this research suggested direct planting with the Gaspardo planter at the seeding rate of 200 kg/ha achieved maximum seed yield. Therefore, this combination was recommended for the region.

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Vavrina, Charles S., Thomas A. Obreza, and John Cornell. "Response of Chinese Cabbage to Nitrogen Rate and Source in Sequential Plantings." HortScience 28, no. 12 (December 1993): 1164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.12.1164.

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`Tropical Quick' Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L., Pekinensis Group) was planted three times at 2-week intervals in Spring 1991 (direct-seeded) and two times in Fall 1991 (transplanted) in double rows on polyethylene-mulched beds to evaluate N source and rates. Calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate solution (Uran), and urea-calcium solution (Nitro-Pius) were applied preplant at 67,112, and 157 kg N/ha. The two later spring planting dates, compared with the earliest date, resulted in greater head fresh weights and higher insect damage incidence, but lower tipburn and flowering incidence. The earlier fall planting resulted in greater head fresh weight but a much higher flowering incidence than the later planting. Irrespective of planting date, head fresh weight increased quadratically, and tipburn and flowering incidence decreased linearly with increasing N rate. Although N source affected head fresh weight and tipbum incidence, differences were too small to be of practical value.

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Sterrett, S. B., C. P. Savage, and K. M. McManus. "PLANT ESTABLISHMENT OF BROCCOLI AS INFLUENCED BY PLANTING METHOD AND PLANT TYPE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1076f—1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1076f.

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Studies were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to evaluate the influence of planting time and method on plant establishment and yield of fall broccoli. In 1988, plant establishment of direct-seeded broccoli was not improved with application of vermiculite (63 kg/ha). a cross-linked polyacrylamide polymer (17 kg/ha), or both as anti-crustants over the untreated check (37.6%, 32.2%, 24.6%, and 31% of target population, respectively). In 1989, transplants were compared with double-seeding (planting two seeds 25 mm apart). With seed. germination of 55% in the early planting (8 Aug.). plant populations of double-seeding and transplants were similar, but 42% germination of double-seeding in the late planting (28 Aug.) resulted in lower plant populations than from transplants. While yield reflected differences in plant populations, the percentage of marketable heads from transplants was significantly greater (90.6%) than from seedlings (78.9%). These data suggest that broccoli transplants are a viable option when high soil temperatures may be detrimental to seed germination.

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J. Fensham, R., and R. J. Fairfax. "Re-establishing the endangered grassland herb Trioncinia retroflexa (Asteraceae)." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 2 (2005): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050128.

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The endangered perennial herb Trioncinia retroflexa was re-established within suitable grassland habitat in central Queensland. The trial included direct seeding and transplanting nursery-grown seedlings during the wet season. Successful establishment may be contingent on moist surface soils at the time of planting and the maintenance of this moisture by adequate follow-up rain in the month after planting. Five years after planting there were a total of 22 mature plants and eight infertile plants within two small areas of the re-establishment trial. The established plants are now reproducing and several generations of seedlings have become established. Topographic position (ridges or swales) and post-planting fires had no significant effect on the density of the re-established population. There have been substantial fluctuations in the re-established population in concert with seasonal rainfall patterns. A patchy and small fe-established population could be expected given the patchiness of the largest natural population and the relatively low rainfall of the introduction site.

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Hipkins, P. Lloyd, and James S. Coartney. "A Case for Direct Seeding of Woody Species on Highway Roadsides." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 5, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-5.4.176.

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Abstract:

The use of woody species on highway rights-of-way is a long standing practice which is coming under closer scrutiny as costs of landscape materials and maintenance increase. Direct-seeding of woody species may be an option to help control establishment costs. The use of native species may help to reduce maintenance costs as well as the mortality experienced with exotic landscape cultivars. Past experience has shown that successful direct-seeding can be accomplished with proper site preparation and planting techniques.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Direct planting'

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