Relevant bibliographies by topics / Direct propane fuel cells

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Academic literature on the topic 'Direct propane fuel cells'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Direct propane fuel cells"

1

Khakdaman, Hamidreza, Yves Bourgault, and Marten Ternan. "A Mathematical Model of a Direct Propane Fuel Cell." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/102313.

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A rigorous mathematical model for direct propane fuel cells (DPFCs) was developed. Compared to previous models, it provides better values for the current density and the propane concentration at the exit from the anode. This is the first DPFC model to correctly account for proton transport based on the combination of the chemical potential gradient and the electrical potential gradient. The force per unit charge from the chemical potential gradient (concentration gradient) that pushes protons from the anode to the cathode is greater than that from the electrical potential gradient that pushes them in the opposite direction. By including the chemical potential gradient, we learn that the proton concentration gradient is really much different than that predicted using the previous models that neglected the chemical potential gradient. Also inclusion of the chemical potential gradient made this model the first one having an overpotential gradient (calculated from the electrical potential gradient) with the correct slope. That is important because the overpotential is exponentially related to the reaction rate (current density). The model described here provides a relationship between the conditions inside the fuel cell (proton concentration, overpotential) and its performance as measured externally by current density and propane concentration.
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Zhang, Yapeng, Fangyong Yu, Xiaoqiang Wang, Qian Zhou, Jiang Liu, and Meilin Liu. "Direct operation of Ag-based anode solid oxide fuel cells on propane." Journal of Power Sources 366 (October 2017): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.111.

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Vafaeyan, Shadi, Alain St-Amant, and Marten Ternan. "Nickel Alloy Catalysts for the Anode of a High Temperature PEM Direct Propane Fuel Cell." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/151638.

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High temperature polymer electrode membrane fuel cells that use hydrocarbon as the fuel have many theoretical advantages over those that use hydrogen. For example, nonprecious metal catalysts can replace platinum. In this work, two of the four propane fuel cell reactions, propane dehydrogenation and water dissociation, were examined using nickel alloy catalysts. The adsorption energies of both propane and water decreased as the Fe content of Ni/Fe alloys increased. In contrast, they both increased as the Cu content of Ni/Cu alloys increased. The activation energy for the dehydrogenation of propane (a nonpolar molecule) changed very little, even though the adsorption energy changed substantially as a function of alloy composition. In contrast, the activation energy for dissociation of water (a molecule that can be polarized) decreased markedly as the energy of adsorption decreased. The different relationship between activation energy and adsorption energy for propane dehydrogenation and water dissociation alloys was attributed to propane being a nonpolar molecule and water being a molecule that can be polarized.
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Parackal, Bhavana, Hamidreza Khakdaman, Yves Bourgault, and Marten Ternan. "An Investigation of Direct Hydrocarbon (Propane) Fuel Cell Performance Using Mathematical Modeling." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2018 (December 2, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5919874.

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An improved mathematical model was used to extend polarization curves for direct propane fuel cells (DPFCs) to larger current densities than could be obtained with any of the previous models. DPFC performance was then evaluated using eleven different variables. The variables related to transport phenomena had little effect on DPFC polarization curves. The variables that had the greatest influence on DPFC polarization curves were all related to reaction rate phenomena. Reaction rate phenomena were dominant over the entire DPFC polarization curve up to 100 mA/cm2, which is a value that approaches the limiting current densities of DPFCs. Previously it was known that DPFCs are much different than hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This is the first work to show the reason for that difference. Reaction rate phenomena are dominant in DPFCs up to the limiting current density. In contrast the dominant phenomenon in hydrogen PEMFCs changes from reaction rate phenomena to proton migration through the electrolyte and to gas diffusion at the cathode as the current density increases up to the limiting current density.
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Lo Faro, Massimiliano, Sabrina Campagna Zignani, and Antonino Salvatore Aricò. "Lanthanum Ferrites-Based Exsolved Perovskites as Fuel-Flexible Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143231.

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Exsolved perovskites can be obtained from lanthanum ferrites, such as La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3, as result of Ni doping and thermal treatments. Ni can be simply added to the perovskite by an incipient wetness method. Thermal treatments that favor the exsolution process include calcination in air (e.g., 500 °C) and subsequent reduction in diluted H2 at 800 °C. These processes allow producing a two-phase material consisting of a Ruddlesden–Popper-type structure and a solid oxide solution e.g., α-Fe100-y-zCoyNizOx oxide. The formed electrocatalyst shows sufficient electronic conductivity under reducing environment at the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) anode. Outstanding catalytic properties are observed for the direct oxidation of dry fuels in SOFCs, including H2, methane, syngas, methanol, glycerol, and propane. This anode electrocatalyst can be combined with a full density electrolyte based on Gadolinia-doped ceria or with La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 (LSGM) or BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-δ (BYCO) to form a complete perovskite structure-based cell. Moreover, the exsolved perovskite can be used as a coating layer or catalytic pre-layer of a conventional Ni-YSZ anode. Beside the excellent catalytic activity, this material also shows proper durability and tolerance to sulfur poisoning. Research challenges and future directions are discussed. A new approach combining an exsolved perovskite and an NiCu alloy to further enhance the fuel flexibility of the composite catalyst is also considered. In this review, the preparation methods, physicochemical characteristics, and surface properties of exsoluted fine nanoparticles encapsulated on the metal-depleted perovskite, electrochemical properties for the direct oxidation of dry fuels, and related electrooxidation mechanisms are examined and discussed.
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Savadogo, Oumarou. "On the materials issues for pefc applications." Chemical Industry 58, no. 6 (2004): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0406286s.

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Current limitations related to the development of effective, durable and reliable MEA components for PEFC applications are addressed. Advancements made in the development of materials (catalysts, high temperature membranes, bipolar plates, etc.) for PEFC are shown. The effect of the catalyst on PEFC performances based on cells fed by hydrogen, direct methanol, direct propane, or direct acetal fuels are presented. The progress in cell performance and cathode research are discussed. Perspectives related to CO tolerance anodes are indicated. The effect of the membranes on the cell performance are shown and parameters which may help the development of appropriate membranes depending on the fuel are suggested. Openings for the future in materials processing and development for PEFC mass production are discussed. The development of New Materials is the key factor to meet those requirements. The aim of this paper is to present challenges related to the development of new materials for PEFC applications and perspectives related to components cost issues are discussed.
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Abu-Saied, M. A., Emad Ali Soliman, Khamael M. Abualnaj, and Eman El Desouky. "Highly Conductive Polyelectrolyte Membranes Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid) (PVA/PAMPS) for Fuel Cell Application." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 8, 2021): 2638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162638.

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In this study, chemically cross-linked PVA/PAMPS membranes have been prepared to be used in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The structural properties of the resultant membrane were characterized by use FTIR and SEM. Additionally, their thermal stability was assessed using TGA. Moreover, the mechanical properties and methanol and water uptake of membrane was studied. The obtained FTIR of PVA/PAMPS membranes revealed a noticeable increase in the intensity of adsorption peaks appearing at 1062 and 1220 cm−1, which correspond to sulfonic groups with the increasing proportion of PAMPS. The thermograms of these polyelectrolyte membranes showed that their thermal stability was lower than that of PVA membrane, and total weight loss gradually decreased with increasing the PAMPS. Additionally, the functional properties and efficiency of these polyelectrolyte membranes were significantly improved with increasing PAMPS proportion in these blends. The IEC of polymer blend membrane prepared using PVA/PAMPS ratio of 1:1 was 2.64 meq/g. The same membrane recorded also a methanol permeability coefficient of 2.5 × 10−8 cm2/s and thus, its efficiency factor was 4 × 105 greater than that previously reported for the commercial polyelectrolyte membrane, Nafion® (2.6 × 105). No significant increase in this efficiency factor was observed with a further amount of PAMPS. These results proved that the PVA:PAMPS ratio of 1:1 represents the optimum mass ratio to develop the cost-effective and efficient PVA/PAMPS blend membranes for DMFCs applications.
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Potemkin, Dmitriy I., Vladimir N. Rogozhnikov, Sergey I. Uskov, Vladislav A. Shilov, Pavel V. Snytnikov, and Vladimir A. Sobyanin. "Coupling Pre-Reforming and Partial Oxidation for LPG Conversion to Syngas." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10091095.

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Coupling of the pre-reforming and partial oxidation was considered for the conversion of liquefied petroleum gas to syngas for the feeding applications of solid oxide fuel cells. Compared with conventional two step steam reforming, it allows the amount of water required for the process, and therefore the energy needed for water evaporation, to be lowered; substitution of high-potential heat by lower ones; and substitution of expensive tubular steam reforming reactors by adiabatic ones. The supposed process is more productive due to the high reaction rate of partial oxidation. The obtained syngas contains only ca. 10 vol.% H2O and ca. 50 vol.% of H2 + CO, which is attractive for the feeding application of solid oxide fuel cells. Compared with direct partial oxidation of liquefied petroleum gas, the suggested scheme is more energy efficient and overcomes problems with coke formation and catalyst overheating. The proof-of-concept experiments were carried out. The granular Ni-Cr2O3-Al2O3 catalyst was shown to be effective for propane pre-reforming at 350–400 °C, H2O:C molar ratio of 1.0, and flow rate of 12,000 h−1. The composite Rh/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2-δ–ƞ-Al2O3/FeCrAl catalyst was shown to be active and stable under conditions of partial oxidation of methane-rich syngas after pre-reforming and provided a syngas (H2 + CO) productivity of 28 m3·Lcat−1·h−1 (standard temperature and pressure).
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Yang, Hye-Min, Won-Ki Nam, and Dong-Wha Park. "Production of Nanosized Carbon Black from Hydrocarbon by a Thermal Plasma." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.003.

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Thermal plasma conditions (optimal heat and radical sources for the thermal decomposition) can be used to accelerate thermodynamically favorable chemical reactions or provide the energy required for endothermic reforming processes. Direct thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon (methane, acetylene, and propane) was carried out using a thermal plasma system which is an environmentally favorable process. In case of thermal decomposition, high purity of the hydrogen and solidified nano-sized carbon can be achieved without any contaminant. The main product carbon produced by thermal decomposition can be either sequestered or used as a raw material and it can be applied for the varieties of industry fields. The morphology of the carbon was characterized by SEM and the particle size was determined by a particle size analyzer. It was observed that the carbon black particles were sphere particles with mainly several tens of nano-sized diameters, those are about 10–80 nm. It can be expected to be used as a raw material of laser printer toner which requires small sized carbon black particles; An average primary particle size of PRINTEX® L (Degussa Fillers & Pigment) used in a part of printing inks is 23 nm. In case of the XRD pattern of the produced carbon black from acetylene is of higher crystalline than the commercialized carbon black used for fuel cells. Also carbon species produced were characterized by EA and TGA.
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Yang, Hye-Min, Won-Ki Nam, and Dong-Wha Park. "Production of Nanosized Carbon Black from Hydrocarbon by a Thermal Plasma." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18064.

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Thermal plasma conditions (optimal heat and radical sources for the thermal decomposition) can be used to accelerate thermodynamically favorable chemical reactions or provide the energy required for endothermic reforming processes. Direct thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon (methane, acetylene, and propane) was carried out using a thermal plasma system which is an environmentally favorable process. In case of thermal decomposition, high purity of the hydrogen and solidified nano-sized carbon can be achieved without any contaminant. The main product carbon produced by thermal decomposition can be either sequestered or used as a raw material and it can be applied for the varieties of industry fields. The morphology of the carbon was characterized by SEM and the particle size was determined by a particle size analyzer. It was observed that the carbon black particles were sphere particles with mainly several tens of nano-sized diameters, those are about 10–80 nm. It can be expected to be used as a raw material of laser printer toner which requires small sized carbon black particles; An average primary particle size of PRINTEX® L (Degussa Fillers & Pigment) used in a part of printing inks is 23 nm. In case of the XRD pattern of the produced carbon black from acetylene is of higher crystalline than the commercialized carbon black used for fuel cells. Also carbon species produced were characterized by EA and TGA.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Direct propane fuel cells"

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Parackal, Bhavana. "An Investigation of Low Temperature Direct Propane Fuel Cells." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35896.

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This research is directed toward the investigation of a low temperature direct propane fuel cell (DPFC). Modeling included a parametric study of a direct propane fuel cell using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), specifically FreeFem++ software. Polarization curves predicted by the CFD model were used to understand fuel cell performance. The predictions obtained from the computational fluid dynamics mathematical model for the fuel cell were compared with experimental results. The computational work identified some critical parameters (exchange current density, pressure, temperature) for improving the overall performance of the fuel cell. The model predictions clearly highlighted the role of catalysts in significantly enhancing the overall performance of a DPFC. Experiments were performed using commercial Nafion-Pt based membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) to obtain a basis for comparison. It is the first report in the literature that a Pt-Ru (Platinum-Ruthenium) MEA was used in the investigation of a DPFC. Also, it was the first study that fed liquid water continuously to a DPFC by using interdigitated flow field (IDFF) at the anode to humidify the dry propane feed gas. During the experiments oscillations were observed at very low current densities i.e. in nA/cm2, which is a rare case and not reported in the literature to date. This observation has raised serious concerns about the existence of absolute open-circuit cell potential difference for a DPFC. The cycling behaviour observed with DPFC indicated the presence of a continuous degradation-regeneration process of the catalyst surface near open-circuit potential. The experimental work further evaluated the performance of fuel cell by measurement of polarization curves.
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Khakdaman, Hamidreza. "A Two Dimensional Model of a Direct Propane Fuel Cell with an Interdigitated Flow Field." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22732.

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Increasing environmental concerns as well as diminishing fossil fuel reserves call for a new generation of energy conversion technologies. Fuel cells, which convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly to electrical energy, have been identified as one of the leading alternative energy conversion technologies. Fuel cells are more efficient than conventional heat engines with minimal pollutant emissions and superior scalability. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) which produce electricity from hydrogen have been widely investigated for transportation and stationary applications. The focus of this study is on the Direct Propane Fuel Cell (DPFC), which belongs to the PEMFC family, but consumes propane instead of hydrogen as feedstock. A drawback associated with DPFCs is that the propane reaction rate is much slower than that of hydrogen. Two ideas were suggested to overcome this issue: (i) operating at high temperatures (150-230oC), and (ii) keeping the propane partial pressure at the maximum possible value. An electrolyte material composed of zirconium phosphate (ZrP) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was suggested because it is an acceptable proton conductor at high temperatures. In order to keep the propane partial pressure at the maximum value, interdigitated flow-fields were chosen to distribute propane through the anode catalyst layer. In order to evaluate the performance of a DPFC which operates at high temperature and uses interdigitated flow-fields, a computational approach was chosen. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to create two 2-D mathematical models for DPFCs based on differential conservation equations. Two different approaches were investigated to model species transport in the electrolyte phase of the anode and cathode catalyst layers and the membrane layer. In the first approach, the migration phenomenon was assumed to be the only mechanism of proton transport. However, both migration and diffusion phenomena were considered as mechanisms of species transport in the second approach. Therefore, Ohm's law was used in the first approach and concentrated solution theory (Generalized Stefan-Maxwell equations) was used for the second one. Both models are isothermal. The models were solved numerically by implementing the partial differential equations and the boundary conditions in FreeFEM++ software which is based on Finite Element Methods. Programming in the C++ language was performed and the existing library of C++ classes and tools in FreeFEM++ were used. The final model contained 60 pages of original code, written specifically for this thesis. The models were used to predict the performance of a DPFC with different operating conditions and equipment design parameters. The results showed that using a specific combination of interdigitated flow-fields, ZrP-PTFE electrolyte having a proton conductivity of 0.05 S/cm, and operating at 230oC and 1 atm produced a performance (polarization curve) that was (a) far superior to anything in the DPFC published literature, and (b) competitive with the performance of direct methanol fuel cells. In addition, it was equivalent to that of hydrogen fuel cells at low current densities (30 mA/cm2).
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Psofogiannakis, George. "A mathematical model for a direct propane phosphoric acid fuel cell." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26424.

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In direct hydrocarbon fuel cells, a hydrocarbon fuel is oxidised in the anode electrode. This thesis presents a mathematical model to predict the performance of a unit cell that utilises propane as the fuel, oxygen as the oxidant, phosphoric acid as the electrolyte, and platinum as the catalyst, supported on porous carbon electrodes. The phenomena considered include the electrochemical reactions of propane oxidation and oxygen reduction on platinum, the diffusion of the gases in gas-filled electrode pores, the dissolution and diffusion of dissolved gases in liquid-filled electrode pores as well as ionic conduction of protons. The model was based on the multi-layered physical structure of a modern unit fuel cell. The model was first applied to a phosphoric acid fuel cell cathode electrode. Subsequently, the model was applied to a direct propane-oxygen cell. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Vafaeyan, Shadi. "A Density Functional Theory of a Nickel-based Anode Catalyst for Application in a Direct Propane Fuel Cell." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23316.

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The maximum theoretical energy efficiency of fuel cells is much larger than those of the steam-power-turbine cycles that are currently used for generating electrical power. Similarly, direct hydrocarbon fuel cells, DHFCs, can theoretically be much more efficient than hydrogen fuel cells. Unfortunately the current densities (overall reaction rates) of DHFCs are substantially smaller than those of hydrogen fuel cells. The problem is that the exchange current density (catalytic reaction rate) is orders of magnitude smaller for DHFCs. Other work at the University of Ottawa has been directed toward the development of polymer electrolytes for DHFCs that operate above the boiling point of water, making corrosion rates much slower so that precious metal catalysts are not required. Propane (liquefied petroleum gas, LPG) was the hydrocarbon chosen for this research partly because infrastructure for its transportation and storage in rural areas already exists. In this work nickel based catalysts, an inexpensive replacement for the platinum based catalysts used in conventional fuel cells, were examined using density functional theory, DFT. The heats of propane adsorption for 3d metals, when plotted as a function of the number of 3d electrons in the metal atom, had the shape of a volcano plot, with the value for nickel being the peak value of the volcano plot. Also the C-H bond of the central carbon atom was longer for propane adsorbed on nickel than when adsorbed on any of the other metals, suggesting that the species adsorbed on nickel was less likely to desorb than those on other metals. The selectivity of the propyl radical reaction was examined. It was found that propyl radicals
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Sultan, Jassim. "Direct methanol fuel cells /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,162066.

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Joseph, Krishna Sathyamurthy. "Hybrid direct methanol fuel cells." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44777.

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A new type of fuel cell that combines the advantages of a proton exchange membrane fuel cells and anion exchange membrane fuel cells operated with methanol is demonstrated. Two configurations: one with a high pH anode and low pH cathode (anode hybrid fuel cell (AHFC)),and another with a high pH cathode and a low pH anode (cathode hybrid fuel cell (CHFC)) have been studied in this work. The principle of operation of the hybrid fuel cells were explained. The two different hybrid cell configurations were used in order to study the effect of the electrode fabrication on fuel cell performance. Further, the ionomer content and properties such as the ion exchange capacity and molecular weight were optimized for the best performance. A comparison of the different ionomers with similar properties is carried out in order to obtain the best possible ionomer for the fuel cell. An initial voltage drop was observed at low current density in the AHFC, this was attributed to the alkaline anode and the effect of the ionomers with the new cationic groups were studied on this voltage drop was studied. These ionomers with the different cationic groups were studied in the CHFC design as well. Finally, the use of non platinum catalyst cathode with the CHFC design was also demonstrated for the first time.
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Kim, Hyea. "High energy density direct methanol fuel cells." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37106.

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The goal of this dissertation was to create a new class of DMFC targeted at high energy density and low loss for small electronic devices. In order for the DMFC to efficiently use all its fuel, with a minimum of balance of plant, a low-loss proton exchange membrane was required. Moderate conductivity and ultra low methanol permeability were needed. Fuel loss is the dominant loss mechanism for low power systems. By replacing the polymer membrane with an inorganic glass membrane, the methanol permeability was reduced, leading to low fuel loss. In order to achieve steady state performance, a compliant, chemically stable electrode structure was investigated. An anode electrode structure to minimize the fuel loss was studied, so as to further increase the fuel cell efficiency. Inorganic proton conducting membranes and electrodes have been made through a sol-gel process. To achieve higher voltage and power, multiple fuel cells can be connected in series in a stack. For the limited volume allowed for the small electronic devices, a noble, compact DMFC stack was designed. Using an ADMFC with a traditional DMFC including PEM, twice higher voltage was achieved by sharing one methanol fuel tank. Since the current ADMFC technology is not as mature as the traditional DMFCs with PEM, the improvement was accomplished to achieve higher performance from ADMFC. The ultimate goal of this study was to develop a DMFC system with high energy density, high energy efficiency, longer-life and lower-cost for low power systems.
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Yu, Eileen Hao. "Development of direct methanol alkaline fuel cells." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289171.

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Pereira, Joana Patrícia Carvalho. "Passive direct ethanol fuel cells: modeling studies." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11407.

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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de modelação de uma célula de combustível com injeção direta e passiva de etanol operando em condições ambientais. Este estudo foi desenvolvido tendo em conta a importância crescente dos sistemas com alimentação direta e passiva de etanol como solução para as aplicações portáteis. No decurso deste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático para a célula passiva, em estado estacionário e a uma dimensão, incorporando o transporte de calor e massa bem como as reações eletroquímicas que ocorrem no ânodo e no cátodo da célula de combustível. Este modelo simplificado pode ser rapidamente implementado usando métodos numéricos simples existentes no Excel, e reproduz de modo satisfatório os dados experimentais obtidos. Neste trabalho, foi também desenvolvida uma instalação laboratorial para determinação experimental das curvas de polarização e de potência da célula. Para esse fim, foi concebida e construída uma célula com uma área ativa de 25 cm2. Um estudo experimental detalhado para a célula passiva operando sob condições ambientais é apresentado nesta tese. As previsões do modelo foram comparadas com os resultados experimentais e verificou-se uma grande concordância entre ambos. Deste modo, o funcionamento da célula de combustível com injeção direta e passiva de etanol foi explicado à luz das previsões do modelo para o atravessamento de metanol e de água através da membrana. O efeito das condições de operação (tais como a concentração de etanol na alimentação ao ânodo e a densidade de corrente), bem como de parâmetros de configuração (materiais que constituem as camadas de difusão e espessura da membrana polimérica), no desempenho da célula foi estudado detalhadamente, e as previsões do modelo reproduziram satisfatoriamente os resultados obtidos. Dada a escassa informação existente sobre este tema na literatura atual, os resultados obtidos neste estudo são de elevado interesse e apresentam grande importância para o futuro desenvolvimento de células de combustível com injeção direta e passiva de etanol.
Bearing in mind that the passive feed Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) systems emerge as a solution for portable applications, the main objective of this thesis was the modelling study of a passive feed DEFC working under ambient conditions. A steady state, one dimensional and non-isothermal model was developed, accounting for coupled heat and mass transfer processes along with the electrochemical reactions occurring in the fuel cell. This simplified model was rapidly implemented using simple numerical tools as Excel, and reproduced with satisfactory accuracy the experimental data. An experimental set-up was implemented in order to determine the cell polarization and power density curves. For the experimental studies, an “inhouse” passive feed DEFC with an active area of 25 cm2 was designed, and a detailed experimental characterization of the cell working under ambient conditions was performed. The model predictions were compared with the experimental results, and a very successful accuracy was found. Therefore, the experimental results could be explained under the light of the model predictions concerning both ethanol and water crossover. Moreover, the effect of operating conditions (ethanol feed concentration and current density) and design parameters (anode diffusion layer material and thickness, anode catalyst loading and membrane thickness) on the fuel cell performance was intensively investigated. The model proved to predict accurately the trends of the effect of the different parameters on both ethanol and water crossover, and subsequently on the cell performance. Given the lack of information concerning this issue in the actual literature, the results achieved in this work provide very interesting and useful information for the future development of passive DEFCs.
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Ye, Qiang. "Spontaneous hydrogen evolution in direct methanol fuel cells /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202005%20YEQ.

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Books on the topic "Direct propane fuel cells"

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Corti, Horacio R., and Ernesto R. Gonzalez, eds. Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7708-8.

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V, Baglio, and Antonucci V, eds. Direct methanol fuel cells. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Liang, Zhen-Xing, and Tim S. Zhao, eds. Catalysts for Alcohol-Fuelled Direct Oxidation Fuel Cells. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849734783.

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R, Narayanan S., Gottesfeld Shimshon, Zawodzinski Thomas A, Electrochemical Society. Energy Technology Division., Electrochemical Society. Physical Electrochemistry Division., Electrochemical Society Battery Division, and Electrochemical Society Meeting, eds. Direct methanol fuel cells: Proceedings of the international symposium. Pennington, NJ: Electrochemical Society, 2001.

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Liu, Hansan, and Jiujun Zhang. Electrocatalysis of direct methanol fuel cells: From fundamentals to applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2009.

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Workshop on Direct Methanol-Air Fuel Cells (1990 Georgetown University). Proceedings of the Workshop on Direct Methanol-Air Fuel Cells. Pennington, NJ: Electrochemical Society, 1992.

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Shizhong, Chen, ed. Zhi zi jiao huan mo ran liao dian chi de shui guan li yan jiu. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2011.

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Direct Liquid Fuel Cells. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2018-0-04168-7.

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Liu, Hansan, and Jiujun Zhang, eds. Electrocatalysis of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Wiley, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527627707.

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Nanomaterials for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2019-0-03784-3.

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Book chapters on the topic "Direct propane fuel cells"

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van den Bossche, Michael, and Steven McIntosh. "Direct Hydrocarbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In Fuel Cells, 31–76. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5785-5_3.

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Hsueh, Kan-Lin, Li-Duan Tsai, Chiou-Chu Lai, and Yu-Min Peng. "Direct Methanol Fuel Cells." In Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Storage and Conversion, 701–27. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527639496.ch15.

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Larminie, James, and Andrew Dicks. "Direct Methanol Fuel Cells." In Fuel Cell Systems Explained, 141–61. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118878330.ch6.

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Corti, Horacio R., and Ernesto R. Gonzalez. "Introduction to Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells." In Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells, 1–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7708-8_1.

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Gonzalez, Ernesto R., and Andressa Mota-Lima. "Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation." In Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells, 33–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7708-8_2.

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Solorza-Feria, O., and F. Javier Rodríguez Varela. "Pt and Pd-Based Electrocatalysts for Ethanol and Ethylene Glycol Fuel Cells." In Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells, 63–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7708-8_3.

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Gomes, Janaina Fernandes, Patricia Maria Patrizi Pratta, and Germano Tremiliosi-Filho. "Electro-oxidation of 3-Carbon Alcohols and Its Viability for Fuel Cell Application." In Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells, 79–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7708-8_4.

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Ticianelli, Edson A., and Fabio H. B. Lima. "Nanostrutured Electrocatalysts for Methanol and Ethanol-Tolerant Cathodes." In Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells, 99–119. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7708-8_5.

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Corti, Horacio R. "Membranes for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells." In Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells, 121–230. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7708-8_6.

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Bruno, Mariano M., and Federico A. Viva. "Carbon Materials for Fuel Cells." In Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells, 231–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7708-8_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Direct propane fuel cells"

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Bharath, Sudharsan. "Low-Temperature Direct Propane Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (DPFC)." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97001.

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The low-temperature Direct Propane Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (DPFC) based on low-cost modified membranes was demonstrated for the first time. The propane is fed into the fuel cell directly without the need for reforming. A PBI membrane doped with acid and a Nafion 117 membrane modified or non-modified with silicotungstic acid were used as the polymer membranes. The anode was based on Pt, Pt-Ru or Pt/CrO3 electro catalysts and the cathode was based on a Pt electro catalyst. For non-optimized fuel cells based on H2SO4 doped PBI membranes and Pt/CrO3 anode, the open circuit potential was 1.0 Volt and the current density at 0.40 Volt was 118 mA.cm-2 at 95°C. For fuel cells based on Nafion 117 membranes modified with silicotungstic acid and on Pt/CrO3, the open-circuit voltage was 0.98 Volt and the current density at 0.40 Volt was 108 mA.cm-2 while fuel cells based on non-modified Nafion 117 membranes exhibited an open-circuit voltage of 0.8 Volt and the current density at 0.40 Volt was 42 mA.cm-2. It was also shown that propane fuel cells using anodes based on Pt-Ru/C anode (42 mW.cm-2) exhibit a similar maximum power density to that exhibited by fuel cells based on Pt-CrO3/C-anode (46 mW.cm-2), while DPFC using a Pt/C-based anode exhibited lower maximum power density (18 mW.cm-2) than fuel cells based on the Pt-CrO3/C anode (46 mW.cm-2).
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Milcarek, Ryan J., and Jeongmin Ahn. "Micro-Tubular Flame-Assisted Fuel Cell Power Generation Running Propane and Butane." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7175.

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Direct use of propane and butane in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) is desirable due to the availability of the fuel source, but is challenging due to carbon coking, particularly on the commercially available Ni+YSZ anode. A novel dual chamber Flame-assisted Fuel Cell (FFC) configuration with micro-tubular SOFCs (mT-SOFCs) is proposed for direct use of higher hydrocarbon fuels. Combustion exhaust for propane and butane fuels is analyzed experimentally and compared with chemical equilibrium. mT-SOFC polarization and power density testing in the FFC configuration with propane and butane fuels is discussed. Peak power and electrical efficiency conditions are assessed by varying the fuel-rich combustion equivalence ratio and flow rate. Carbon deposition and soot formation on the Ni+YSZ anode is investigated with a scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that reasonable power density (∼289 mW.cm−2) can be achieved while limiting soot formation in the flame and carbon deposition on the anode. Electrical efficiency based on the higher heating value of the fuels is analyzed and future research is recommended. Possible applications of the technology include small scale power generation, cogeneration and combined cycle power plants.
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Czernichowski, Albin, Mieczyslaw Czernichowski, and Krystyna Wesolowska. "GlidArc-Assisted Production of Synthesis Gas Through Propane Partial Oxidation." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2003-1716.

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Commercial propane can contain up to 300 ppm of Sulfur so that reforming technologies based on catalytic processes can not be directly applied without prior cleaning of such a feed in order to avoid the reformer’s catalyst poisoning (while some Solid Oxide Fuel Cells can accept Sulfur-polluted syngas). We run our reforming process in a presence of high-voltage discharges (called GlidArc) that assist the Partial Oxidation of pure or polluted propane. Electric consumption for this non-catalytic reformer is less than 2% of a Fuel Cell electric output. Recycling such a small portion of the electric energy is, in our opinion, an acceptable compromise as our active (and also very simple) GlidArc discharges play a role of an igniter and homogeneous phase catalyst; they also stabilize a post-plasma zone of our reformer. Our 1-Liter reactor works at atmospheric pressure and needs less than 100 W of electric assistance to produce up to 3 m3(n)/h of pure syngas corresponding to about 10 kW of electric power of an ideal Fuel Cell. The propane is totally reformed at more than 70% energetic efficiency and at the total absence of soot.
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Czernichowski, Albin, Piotr Czernichowski, and Krystyna Wesolowska. "Plasma-Catalytical Partial Oxidation of Various Carbonaceous Feeds Into Synthesis Gas." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2537.

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We propose a sulfur-resistant process in which a gaseous or liquid carbonaceous matter is converted into the Synthesis Gas in a presence of high-voltage cold-plasma (“GlidArc”) that assists the exothermal Partial Oxidation. This process is performed in our 0.6 to 2-Liter reactors using atmospheric air. The reactants are mixed at the reactor entry without use of vaporizers or nozzles. Our process is initiated in the discharges’ zone in presence of active electrons, ions, and radicals generated directly in the entering mixture. Then the partially reacted steam enters a post-plasma zone of the same reactor. This zone is filled with a metallic and/or mineral material. We found several solids that present some catalytic properties enhanced by high temperatures and active species generated in the cold plasma. Atmospheric pressure reforming is presently studied. This paper recalls our earlier tests with natural gas, propane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, various gasolines, diesel oils (including logistic ones), and the Rapeseed oil. New experiments are then presented on the reforming of heavy naphtha and an aviation fuel. The synthesis gas issued from the last one has been successfully converted into electric energy in an on-line inserted Solid Oxide fuel Cell. All tested feeds are totally reformed into Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide and some Methane. Other components are Steam and Carbon Dioxide. All these products are diluted in Nitrogen coming from the air. No soot, coke or tars are produced even from highly aromatic liquids. The output Synthesis Gas power issued as the result of our tests can presently reach 11 kW (accounted as the Lower Heating Value of produced H2 + CO stream). Only 0.05–0.2 kW of electric power is necessary to drive such cold-plasma-assisted reformer. Up to 45 vol.% of H2 + CO mixture (dry basis) is produced in long runs. We obtain a better than 70% thermal efficiency of the process (defined as the output combustion enthalpy of H2 + CO at 25°C concerning the Lower Heating Value of the feed). However a large part of remaining percentage of the energy leaving the reformer (the sensitive heat and CH4 at 2–3 vol.% level) can be further reused in the high-temperature Fuel Cells.
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Kajitani, S., C. L. Chen, M. Oguma, M. Alam, and K. T. Rhee. "Direct Injection Diesel Engine Operated with Propane - DME Blended Fuel." In International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/982536.

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Daly, Joseph M., and Mohammad Farooque. "Effective Sulfur Control for Fuel Cells: FCE Experience." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33192.

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Most of the fuel cell systems are designed to operate on commonly available gaseous hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas, propane and anaerobic digester gas. These fuels contain a myriad of sulfur compounds, some present as contaminants from the source and others added as odorant for notification of a gas leak. Sulfur is a known poison for the fuel cell anodes and reforming catalysts. Therefore, the sulfur compounds present in the fuel are required to be removed prior to entering the fuel cell system. FuelCell Energy has developed an ambient-temperature sulfur removal system with high sulfur capacity for fuel cell applications. The attractive features of the design are simplicity, small size, and long life resulting in a low-cost and compact sulfur control solution. The system has been proven on natural gas, liquefied natural gas, propane and ADG. The FCE system performance with different types of fuels (NG, LNG, and propane) will be discussed in this paper.
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Narayanan, S. R., Thomas Valdez, and Andrew Kindler. "Status of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells." In 1st International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC). Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-5943.

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Scott, K. "Direct methanol fuel cells for transportation." In IEE Seminar on Electric, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000263.

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Narayanan, S. R., T. Valdez, N. Rohatgi, W. Chun, G. Hoover, and G. Halpert. "Recent advances in direct methanol fuel cells." In Fourteenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of the Conference (Cat. No.99TH8371). IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bcaa.1999.795969.

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Polk, A. C., C. M. Gibson, N. T. Shoemaker, K. K. Srinivasan, and S. R. Krishnan. "Analysis of Ignition Behavior in a Turbocharged Direct Injection Dual Fuel Engine Using Propane and Methane as Primary Fuels." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60080.

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This paper presents experimental analyses of the ignition delay (ID) behavior for diesel-ignited propane and diesel-ignited methane dual fuel combustion. Two sets of experiments were performed at a constant speed (1800 rev/min) using a 4-cylinder direct injection diesel engine with the stock ECU and a wastegated turbocharger. First, the effects of fuel-air equivalence ratios (Φpilot ∼ 0.2–0.6 and Φoverall ∼ 0.2–0.9) on IDs were quantified. Second, the effects of gaseous fuel percent energy substitution (PES) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) (from 2.5 to 10 bar) on IDs were investigated. With constant Φpilot (> 0.5), increasing Φoverall with propane initially decreased ID but eventually led to premature propane autoignition; however, the corresponding effects with methane were relatively minor. Cyclic variations in the start of combustion (SOC) increased with increasing Φoverall (at constant Φpilot), more significantly for propane than for methane. With increasing PES at constant BMEP, the ID showed a nonlinear (initially increasing and later decreasing) trend at low BMEPs for propane but a linearly decreasing trend at high BMEPs. For methane, increasing PES only increased IDs at all BMEPs. At low BMEPs, increasing PES led to significantly higher cyclic SOC variations and SOC advancement for both propane and methane. Finally, the engine ignition delay (EID) was also shown to be a useful metric to understand the influence of ID on dual fuel combustion.
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Reports on the topic "Direct propane fuel cells"

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Hamdan, Monjid, and John A. Kosek. Advanced direct methanol fuel cells. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/807456.

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Florjanczyk, Zbignlew. Polymeric Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada379118.

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Adzic, Radoslav. New Catalysts for Direct Methanol Oxidation Fuel Cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/770455.

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Gurau, Bogdan. Improved Flow-Field Structures for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1114198.

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McGrath, James E. New Proton Exchange Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada440754.

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Narayanan, S. R., W. Chun, and T. I. Valdez. Recent advances in high-performance direct methanol fuel cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/460283.

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Lukehart, Charles M. Nanocomposites as Designed Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada414697.

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Carson, Stephen, David Mountz, Wensheng He, and Tao Zhang. Novel Materials for High Efficiency Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1170611.

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Lvov, S. N., H. R. Allcock, X. Y. Zhou, M. A. Hofmann, E. Chalkova, M. V. Fedkin, J. A. Weston, and C. M. Ambler. High temperature direct methanal-fuel proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/820976.

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Celik, Ismail B. Direct Utilization of Coal Syngas in High Temperature Fuel Cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1163485.

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