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Journal articles on the topic 'Direct pulp protection'
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1
Menezes, Renato, Clóvis Monteiro Bramante, Roberto Brandão Garcia, Ariadne Letra, Vanessa Graciela Gomes Carvalho, Everdan Carneiro, Sérgio Brunini, Rodrigo Cardoso Oliveira, Giovana Calichio Canova, and Fernanda Gomes de Moraes. "Microscopic analysis of dog dental pulp after pulpotomy and pulp protection with mineral trioxide aggregate and white Portland cement." Journal of Applied Oral Science 12, no. 2 (June 2004): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572004000200004.
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Considering previous studies on the similarity between the chemical composition of the mineral trioxide aggregate and the Portland cement, the purpose of this study was to investigate the pulp response of dog's teeth after pulpotomy and direct pulp protection with MTA Angelus and white Portland cement. Thirty eight pulp remnants were protected with these materials. One hundred and twenty days after treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens removed and prepared for histological analysis. Both materials demonstrated the same results when used as pulp capping materials, inducing hard tissue bridge formation and maintaining pulp vitality in all specimens. The MTA Angelus and the white Portland cement showed to be effective as pulp protection materials following pulpotomy.
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Asgary, Saeed, Masoud Parirokh, Mohammad Jafar Eghbal, Jamileh Ghoddusi, and Ali Eskandarizadeh. "SEM evaluation of neodentinal bridging after direct pulp protection with mineral trioxide aggregate." Australian Endodontic Journal 32, no. 1 (April 5, 2006): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4477.2006.00004.x.
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Arandi, Naji Ziad, and Tarek Rabi. "TheraCal LC: From Biochemical and Bioactive Properties to Clinical Applications." International Journal of Dentistry 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3484653.
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Background. Direct pulp capping is a popular treatment modality among dentists. TheraCal LC is a calcium silicate-based material that is designed as a direct/indirect pulp capping material. The material might be very attractive for clinicians because of its ease of handling. Unlike other calcium silicate-based materials, TheraCal LC is resin-based and does not require any conditioning of the dentine surface. The material can be bonded with different types of adhesives directly after application. There has been considerable research performed on this material since its launching; however, there are no review articles that collates information and data obtained from these studies. This review discusses the various characteristics of the material with the aim of establishing a better understanding for its clinical use. Methods. A search was conducted using search engines (PubMed and Cochrane databases) in addition to reference mining of the articles that was used to locate other papers. The process of searching for the relevant studies was performed using the keywords pulp protection, pulp capping, TheraCal, and calcium silicates. Only articles in English published in peer-reviewed journals were included in the review. Conclusion. This review underlines the fact that further in vitro and in vivo studies are required before TheraCal LC can be used as a direct pulp capping material.
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Tonoli, Gustavo Henrique Denzin, Sérgio Francisco dos Santos, José Antonio Rabi, Wilson Nunes dos Santos, and Holmer Savastano Junior. "Thermal performance of sisal fiber-cement roofing tiles for rural constructions." Scientia Agricola 68, no. 1 (February 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162011000100001.
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Roofing provides the main protection against direct solar radiation in animal housing. Appropriate thermal properties of roofing materials tend to improve the thermal comfort in the inner ambient. Nonasbestos fiber-cement roofing components reinforced with cellulose pulp from sisal (Agave sisalana) were produced by slurry and dewatering techniques, with an optional addition of polypropylene fibers. Nonasbestos tiles were evaluated and compared with commercially available asbestos-cement sheets and ceramic tiles (frequently chosen as roofing materials for animal housing). Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of tiles were determined by the parallel hot-wire method, along with the evaluation of the downside surface temperature. Cement-based components reinforced with sisal pulp presented better thermal performance at room temperature (25ºC), while those reinforced with sisal pulp added by polypropylene fibers presented better thermal performance at 60ºC. Non-asbestos cement tiles provided more efficient protection against radiation than asbestos corrugated sheets.
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Chisini, Luiz Alexandre, Marcus Cristian Muniz Conde, Marcos Britto Correa, Raquel Venâncio Fernandes Dantas, Adriana Fernandes Silva, Fernanda Geraldes Pappen, and Flávio Fernando Demarco. "Vital Pulp Therapies in Clinical Practice: Findings from a Survey with Dentist in Southern Brazil." Brazilian Dental Journal 26, no. 6 (December 2015): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201300409.
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Studies based on dentists' clinical practice possess vital relevance to understand factors leading the clinicians to choose by a specific technique over another. This study investigated which clinical conduct therapies are adopted by dentists in front of deep caries. Was evaluated how the place of work, post-graduate training and years since complete graduation influenced their decisions. A cross-sectional study was performed using a self-applied questionnaire with dentists (n=276) in Southern Brazil. Information regarding post-graduation training (specialization, master's or PhD), clinical experience (years since completing graduation) and place of work were investigated. The information regarding pulp vital therapies (materials for direct pulp capping; techniques for caries removal in deep cavities and strategies for indirect pulp capping) were collected by specific questions. Data were submitted to descriptive analysis and Exact Fischer Test. Response rate was 68% (187). The majority of dentists selected the calcium hydroxide (CH) as first material for direct (86.3%) and indirect (80.3%) pulp protection. Partial caries removal was reported by 61.9% of dentists. Less experienced clinical dentists choose partial caries removal more frequently (p=0.009), if compared with dentists graduated 10 years and up ago. The use of MTA was more common among professionals working at academic environment. Besides, MTA was not mentioned by professionals working exclusively in the public health service (p=0.003). In conclusion, the time since graduation influenced the clinical conduct related to caries removal. The choice of liner materials was influenced by dentists' workplace.
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Jeya Gopika, G., Sathyanarayanan Ramarao, Carounanidy Usha, Bindu Meera John, and N. Vezhavendhan. "Histological evaluation of human pulp capped with light-cured calcium based cements: a randomized controlled clinical trial." International Journal of Scientific Reports 3, no. 5 (April 29, 2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20171926.
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<p><strong>Background: </strong>Calcium hydroxide has traditionally been used as the pulp capping material for pulpal exposures in permanent teeth. The tunnel defects in the barrier and the tendency for dissolution, however, fails to provide permanent protection to the pulp. Light curable resin based cements have been introduced to enable a better marginal seal and lesser dissolution. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the response of human pulp following direct pulp capping with the new resin based Calcium silicate (TheraCal LC) and Calcium hydroxide with hydroxyapatite (Septocal LC) cements compared with calcium hydroxide (Dycal). <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>72 intact human premolars scheduled for orthodontic extractions were exposed to direct pulp capping procedures using three different pulp capping agents. Teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups, Group A: Dycal, Group B: TheraCal LC, Group C: Septocal LC. The teeth were extracted at the end of 15 and 40 days’ and were evaluated histologically. They were scored for reparative dentin formation and inflammatory response. Inferential statistics was done using Chi square test<strong>. </strong><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Majority of the specimens in all three groups at the end of 15 days’ showed partial to lateral deposition of hard tissue. There was continuous deposition of hard tissue and severe inflammatory response at the end of 40 days’ in Dycal. There was partial deposition of hard tissue and reduced inflammatory response at the end of 40 days’ in TheraCal LC and Septocal LC. However, the results were not statistically significant between the three groups at two different time periods. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Light cured,<strong> </strong>Calcium silicate (TheraCal LC) and Calcium hydroxide with hydroxyapatite (Septocal LC) cements were as effective as calcium hydroxide (Dycal) in inducing the formation of reparative dentin and evoking inflammatory response.</p>
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Baerle, Alexei. "MICROENCAPSULATION OF FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS IN THE FOOD TECHNOLOGY: PARTIALLY OPTIMISTIC VIEW." Journal of Engineering Science 28, no. 3 (September 2021): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/jes.utm.2021.28(3).12.
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This work deals with the use of microencapsulation of biologically active compounds (BAC) as an alternative method of protection and prolongation of their functional properties in the food products. The main methods for the formation of microcapsules (MC) are considered. Biopolymer materials, suitable for MCs production, are outlined. Some technological solutions, suitable for microencapsulation and successfully used in other industries, present interest only for laboratory researches in the food science, but are not suitable for industrial scale food production. It is discussed why the methods of simple and complex coacervation, liposomal entrapment are thermodynamically advantageous for obtaining microcapsules in comparison with others. To achieve further progresses of microencapsulation in food technologies, the direct integration of the microencapsulation into the food production technological cycle is necessary. Products should initially have a texture and consistency that allow microcapsules to be resistant to premature aggregation. MCs should not exfoliate or break down, while execute their functions of protection and targeted delivery of biologically active compounds. Only high viscous colloidal systems, as traditional fermented dairy products (kefir, yoghurts, ice cream, curd and cheese) and fruit juices with pulp, are mostly suitable for supplementation of them by BACs using microencapsulation.
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Zaki, Harith Mohammed, Shakir Ahmed Salih, and Iqbal Naeem Gorgis. "Characteristics of Paper-cement Composite." Journal of Engineering 25, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2019.04.09.
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This study “discusses the benefit of “addition waste paper as a “new cellulose material “in mortar mixes. A partial addition of waste paper by cement weight was achieved to produce cement composite mortar. Pulp and paper is the third major industrial dumper of air, soil and water. In recent year, paper and paperboard constitute a greater portion of many countries’ urban solid discarded generation. Beside, it increases characteristic “strength due to existence “of hydrogen links “in the microstructure of “paper. Furthermore, it consume “better thermal protection. The addition percentages “of waste paper used “in this work were (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) by “mass of cement to measure and evaluate some “properties of the mortar produced (compressive“, direct “tensile, and flexural) strength, thermal “properties such as (thermal conductivity), and “microstructure investigation “like (scanning electron microscope “(SEM)). The results indicated that the fresh mortar “properties affected expressively with higher wastepaper percent. The mechanical properties (compression, direct tensile and flexural strength) were “reduced by increasing the content of waste paper, it reduces to (74%, 50%, and 86%) respectively, with (20%) addition of waste paper than the reference mix. Moreover, using waste “paper with different percentages “led to noticeable “decrease in thermal “conductivity, especially with increasing addition percentages.
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Oliferenko, G. L., A. N. Ivankin, A. V. Ustyugov, and A. N. Zarubina. "Issue of technological equipment corrosion at chemical wood processing enterprises (review)." FORESTRY BULLETIN 25, no. 3 (June 2021): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-3-142-151.
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The review is devoted to the problem of corrosion in the chemical processing of wood. Corrosion processes of technological equipment at enterprises of the pulp and paper, hydrolysis and wood chemical industries are considered. The influence of the main chemical substances involved in the technological process or formed during the chemical processing of wood is discussed. The importance of using alloyed, corrosion-resistant steels of grades 10Kh17N13M2T, 10Kh17N13M3T, 08Kh17N15M3T in the processes of chemical transformation is shown. The information on methods of protection of structural materials from corrosion at enterprises in recent years is presented. The prospects of industrial use of the method of anodic protection, which consists in creating a passivating film on the surface of the protected structure by anodic polarization from an external source of direct current, is noted. The importance of using inhibitors in the composition of technological media is discussed, as one of the most effective ways to combat metal corrosion in aggressive media. It is noted that in addition to the well-known inhibitors of acid corrosion KI-1, PB-5, PKU-3, KhOSP-10, urotropin, KPI-3, I-1-V, BA-6, the use of green chemistry advances is promising, in particular, the use of as anticorrosive agents for waste processing of both wood itself and corrosion inhibitors based on plant extracts.
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Kim, Kyeong-Jin, and Ick-Tae Yeom. "Analysis of the contributions of pollution to industrial discharge categories in Korea using the Modified Toxic Weighting Factor." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 5 (March 1, 2012): 859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.883.
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In 2007, 45,163 domestic industrial direct/indirect discharge sources were registered in Korea, which have been categorized into 82 divisions based on the characteristics of their products, raw materials and wastewaters. The purpose of this study was to set priorities using a risk assessment of pollutants toxic weighting for each industrial category with respect to pollution prevention and control. This study developed the upgraded Modified Toxic Weighting Factors (MTWFs) rather than the Toxic Weighting Factors (TWFs) suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) with respect to domestic environmental regulations, and the assessment of existing databases of domestic industrial wastewater characteristics for the 82 categorized industries in Korea. Finally, priority of industrial categories and pollutants were established to determine the target industries and pollutants requiring controls. High contributing categories in order of their pollution loads were pulp, paper and paper products manufacturing, dyeing and processing facilities, etc. The top 10 industrial category loads accounted for 76.0% of the total effluent equivalent kilograms of pollution. High contributing categories, in order of their toxic level were synthetic resins and other plastics manufacturing, leather and fur processing and manufacturing.
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Siqueira, Viviane Da Silva, Aury Elianny Sanchez Castillo, Jose Francisco Mateo-Castillo, Lidiane De Castro Pinto, Daniela Garib, and Cláudia Ramos Pinheiro. "Dental hypersensitivity in individuals with cleft lip and palate: Origin and therapies." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 15, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/joddd.2021.008.
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Background. Dental hypersensitivity is due to the exposure of the dentin layer after wear of enamel or cementum, exposing the dentinal tubules and the nerve endings of odontoblasts within these tubules. The present study aimed to assess the factors related to dental hypersensitivity in individuals with cleft lip and palate and the most common therapy received. Methods. The medical records of 536 patients with cleft lip and/or palate (281 males, 255 females) with a mean age of 18 were analyzed in a single center. The inclusion criterion was patients reporting dental hypersensitivity from May 2015 to October 2019. The origin of dental hypersensitivity was evaluated considering orthodontic movement, periodontal diseases, and reversible and irreversible pulpitis. The therapy indicated by the dental professionals for dental hypersensitivity were recorded. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results. Of 61 teeth with dental hypersensitivity, 10 were attributed to orthodontic movement, 21 to periodontal problems, 27 to reversible pulpitis, and three to irreversible pulpitis. The most used therapies were the application of fluoride varnish and prophylaxis, dentifrice indication for dental sensitivity, free gingival grafts, pulpectomy, desensitizing agent application, conservative endodontic treatment (direct pulp protection), and restoration of non-carious cervical lesions. Conclusion. Reversible pulpitis was the most prevalent etiologic factor of dental hypersensitivity in individuals with cleft lip and palate. Dentifrices for dental sensitivity and fluoride varnish application were frequently recommended.
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Ipposhi, Keita, Atsushi Tomokiyo, Taiga Ono, Kozue Yamashita, Muhammad Anas Alhasan, Daigaku Hasegawa, Sayuri Hamano, et al. "Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1 Promotes Odontoblastic Differentiation and Reparative Dentin Formation in Dental Pulp Cells." Cells 10, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092491.
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Direct pulp capping is an effective treatment for preserving dental pulp against carious or traumatic pulp exposure via the formation of protective reparative dentin by odontoblast-like cells. Reparative dentin formation can be stimulated by several signaling molecules; therefore, we investigated the effects of secreted frizzled-related protein (SFRP) 1 that was reported to be strongly expressed in odontoblasts of newborn molar tooth germs on odontoblastic differentiation and reparative dentin formation. In developing rat incisors, cells in the dental pulp, cervical loop, and inner enamel epithelium, as well as ameloblasts and preodontoblasts, weakly expressed Sfrp1; however, Sfrp1 was strongly expressed in mature odontoblasts. Human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) showed stronger expression of SFRP1 compared with periodontal ligament cells and gingival cells. SFRP1 knockdown in hDPCs abolished calcium chloride-induced mineralized nodule formation and odontoblast-related gene expression and decreased BMP-2 gene expression. Conversely, SFRP1 stimulation enhanced nodule formation and expression of BMP-2. Direct pulp capping treatment with SFRP1 induced the formation of a considerable amount of reparative dentin that has a structure similar to primary dentin. Our results indicate that SFRP1 is crucial for dentinogenesis and is important in promoting reparative dentin formation in response to injury.
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Wen, Guang Lian. "Application Analysis of Heating Mode of Geothermal Direct Supply Combined with Water Source Heat Pump in Bohai Oil Base." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.659.
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Based on the geothermal resources condition and the situation of original heating system in Bohai oil base, this paper presents the application analysis of heating mode of geothermal direct supply combined with water source heat pump from the aspects of energy saving, environmental protection, operation cost reduction, and protection of resources. It is found that the new heating mode is applicable. Furthermore, this paper provides the suggestion for further energy saving.
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Zhang, Xi Ming, and Xue Li. "Analysis of Operating Condition on a Solar Direct Heating." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1959–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1959.
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Solar energy is a clean energy, nowadays promoting environmental protection and energy conservation. Solar technology has been rapid development. Research group develop solar heat pump heating system. Solar heating was carried out in direct operation conditions. During the test, the average amount of solar radiation during the day is 47.7kWh and the average of the heat collection is 22.41kWh. Power consumption of system changes between 8.46kWh and 8.52kWh and the mean is 8.49kWh. The average of system efficiency is 0.35. During the test, room temperature meets the requirements.
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Boschini, Luca. "Home management of crown fractures of two central incisors complicated by exposure of the pulp." Giornale Italiano di Endodonzia 32, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/j.gien.2018.6.
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Aim: As dental trauma is an unpredictable event, the patient is sometimes unable to receive dental care immediately in case of tooth fracture complicated by exposure to the pulp. It is conceivable that a long wait may favor bacterial contamination that can lead to necrosis of the pulp. The aim of this paper is to present a clinical case in which the pulp has been protected domiciliary to reduce post-traumatic hypersensitivity and the risk of pulpal necrosis. Materials and methods: In the presented clinical case, the nail polish was used as an emergency material for the direct capping of the pulp of two fractured incisors. In thisway itwas possible to protect the pulp and seal the dentinal tubules for 5 days, such it is the time between trauma and therapy. Results: application of the nail polish led to a reduction in hypersensitivity; at 2-year follow-up both teeth were still vital. Conclusions: Based on this experience, it is suggested the possibility to recommend the use of nail polish as a protective material for the pulp and for reducing symptoms in case of complicated and uncomplicated fractures, if the dentist is consulted by telephone and the patient is not in condition to reach it quickly.
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Myasoedova, K. A., I. V. Firsova, S. V. Krajnov, and A. N. Popova. "Morphological rationale of the optimum material searching for the conservative treatment of pulp inflammation (literature review)." Endodontics Today 19, no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36377/1683-2981-2021-19-2-101-106.
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Pulpitis is one of the most prevalence complication of dental caries. In the structure of visits for dental care, the diagnosis of pulpitis accounts for 14 – 20%. Preservation of the vitality of the pulp is very important for the tooth and for the body as a whole. Since the death of the neurovascular bundle leads to a abnormalities of the protective, trophic and plastic functions of the tooth, causing the loss of its functional signifcance, the development of complications and, as a consequence, removal of a tooth. So, conservative methods of pulpitis treatment must be used to prevent the spread of inflammation in the dental pulp. The success of both direct and indirect biological methods for treating pulpitis in more than 50% of cases depends on the drugs and materials used for the pulp. In the arsenal of dentists there are appropriate new generation drugs with a suffciently high evidential base, however, the problem of fnding the "ideal" material is still crucial.
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Couto, Roberta Souza D’Almeida, Maria Fernanda Setubal Destro Rodrigues, Leila Soares Ferreira, Ivana Márcia Alves Diniz, Fernando de Sá Silva, Talita Christine Camilo Lopez, Rafael Rodrigues Lima, and Márcia Martins Marques. "Evaluation of Resin-Based Material Containing Copaiba Oleoresin (Copaifera Reticulata Ducke): Biological Effects on the Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells." Biomolecules 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10070972.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze in vitro the biological effects on human dental pulp stem cells triggered in response to substances leached or dissolved from two experimental cements for dental pulp capping. The experimental materials, based on extracts from Copaifera reticulata Ducke (COP), were compared to calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), materials commonly used for direct dental pulp capping in restorative dentistry. For this, human dental pulp stem cells were exposed to COP associated or not with Ca(OH)2 or MTA. Cell cytocompatibility, migration, and differentiation (mineralized nodule formation (Alizarin red assay) and gene expression (RT-qPCR) of OCN, DSPP, and HSP-27 (genes regulated in biomineralization events)) were evaluated. The results showed that the association of COP reduced the cytotoxicity of Ca(OH)2. Upregulations of the OCN, DSPP, and HSP-27 genes were observed in response to the association of COP to MTA, and the DSPP and HSP-27 genes were upregulated in the Ca(OH)2 + COP group. In up to 24 h, cell migration was significantly enhanced in the MTA + COP and Ca(OH)2 + COP groups. In conclusion, the combination of COP with the currently used materials for dental pulp capping [Ca(OH)2 and MTA] improved the cell activities related to pulp repair (i.e., cytocompatibility, differentiation, mineralization, and migration) including a protective effect against the cytotoxicity of Ca(OH)2.
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C. BENNETT, DAVID. "Duplex and ferritic stainless steel sheet linings versus weld overlay and other metallic corrosion-resistant barriers." July 2015 14, no. 7 (August 1, 2015): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.7.491.
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Sheet linings made from stainless steel can protect carbon steel substrates at lower initial direct cost for installation and subsequent direct inspection than weld overlay and thermal sprayed coating. Closely matched thermal expansion coefficients of ferritic and duplex stainless steel grades with carbon steel allow large “tile pieces” in reliable, leak-proof linings compared to linings from austenitic grades, simplifying and speeding installation. Sheet linings with ferritic and duplex grades typically have lower unit costs than weld overlay and thermal sprayed coatings. Ferritic and lean duplex grades resist corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in most alkaline pulping and liquor recovery environments. Super-duplex grades can replace acid-resistant brick linings in D-stage bleaching equipment, including pre-retention tubes and towers. Carefully specified sheet linings of ferritic and duplex stainless steels, professionally installed in accordance with longstanding industry standards, are reliable and economical protective barriers, especially compared with weld overlay, in many applications in modern pulp
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Tamplin, Mark L. "The Application and Suitability of Microbiological Tests for Fecal Bacteria in Pulp Mill Effluents: A Review." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.016.
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Abstract Tests for fecal (thermotolerant) and total coliforms applied to drinking and recreational waters are convenient but not necessarily accurate indicators of the presence of pathogens originating from the intestines of warm-blooded animals. These tests may be inappropriate for analyses of complex industrial effluents such as pulp mill effluents, which may contain bacteria that yield a positive result in fecal and total coliform tests, even though no fecal source exists. Consequently, other more specific indicators for the presence of potential pathogens are needed. In cases where the sources of, or validity of, fecal responses are problematic, the direct examination of pathogens, and/or the use of new source-tracking techniques, such as DNA fingerprinting, may be better approaches for protecting public health.
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Kumar, Premlata, Qian Wu, Ken L. Chambliss, Ivan S. Yuhanna, Susanne M. Mumby, Chieko Mineo, Gregory G. Tall, and Philip W. Shaul. "Direct Interactions with Gαi and Gβγ Mediate Nongenomic Signaling by Estrogen Receptor α." Molecular Endocrinology 21, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 1370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2006-0360.
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Abstract Estrogen induces G protein-dependent nongenomic signaling in a variety of cell types via the activation of a plasma membrane-associated subpopulation of estrogen receptor α (ERα). Using pull-down experiments with purified recombinant proteins, we now demonstrate that ERα binds directly to Gαi and Gβγ. Mutagenesis and the addition of blocking peptide reveals that this occurs via amino acids 251–260 and 271–595 of ERα, respectively. Studies of ERα complexed with heterotrimeric G proteins further show that estradiol causes the release of both Gαi and Gβγ without stimulating GTP binding to Gαi. Moreover, in COS-7 cells, the disruption of ERα-Gαi interaction by deletion mutagenesis of ERα or expression of blocking peptide, as well as Gβγ sequestration with β-adrenergic receptor kinase C terminus, prevents nongenomic responses to estradiol including src and erk activation. In endothelial cells, the disruption of ERα-Gαi interaction prevents estradiol-induced nitric oxide synthase activation and the resulting attenuation of monocyte adhesion that contributes to estrogen-related cardiovascular protection. Thus, through direct interactions, ERα mediates a novel mechanism of G protein activation that provides greater diversity of function of both the steroid hormone receptor and G proteins.
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White, Rob. "Corruption and the Securitisation of Nature." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 6, no. 4 (November 14, 2017): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v6i4.449.
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This article considers corruption in Australia in relation to the exploitation and preservation of natural resources. In doing so, it examines issues pertaining to a proposed pulp mill and the forestry industry in Tasmania, the development of mining and ports in Queensland, and international agreements pertaining to deep-sea oil drilling in the Timor Sea. Corruption relating to the environment is interpreted in this article as implying both moral corruption and/or direct corruption. Gaining unfair advantage, protecting specific sectoral interests and over-riding existing environmental regulations are all features of the types of corruption associated with the exploitation of natural resources. The result is lack of transparency, a substantial democratic deficit, and expenditure of public monies, time and resources in support of environmentally and socially dubious activities.
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Karim, Fahd AA, Asma Sultana, Hanann Shiekh, Md Ashif Iqbal, Puja Shrestha, Md Toufiqur Rahman, and Tarannum Tasnim Pia. "Comparison of efficacy of Ledermix and Calcium hydroxide in the management of deep caries." Update Dental College Journal 10, no. 1 (April 17, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v10i1.46685.
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Background:Pulp capping is a treatment that enables pulp to recover and maintain its vitality and function by applying a protective agent to an exposed pulp. Ca (OH)2 has been considered the gold standard for this procedure. Despite its wide use, Ca (OH)2 is not ideally suited for pulp capping. Recently ledermix cement used for indirect pulp capping material in the outer world broadly.
Objective: To assess the clinical and radiological evidence of the formation of secondary dentin and compare the degree of short time post operating pain after indirect pulp treatment.
Methods: A Randomized control trial in vivo study was directed in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University for one year (January 2012-January 2013). We took the patients with 40 deep carious permanent teeth as a sample. The selected teeth were divided into two test groups. All odd number teeth (20) were included in group-1(where pulp capping was done with ledermix cement). All even number teeth (20) were included in group-2(where pulp capping was done with Ca(OH)2). We assessed all the patients clinically and radiographically at the interval of 3, 6, and 12 months simultaneously for the assessment of dentinal bridge formation and also collected data was analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 17.
Results: Among the full scale 40 models, ledermix (20) and Ca(OH)2(20), minor to direct irritaion of the teeth was experienced premium to treatment and found comparable in the two gatherings. Regardless, after 24 hrs of treatment, this value was shockingly higher in the Ca(OH)2 (p<0.01)group than in the Ledermix gathering (p < 0.001, t-test). Following 7 days, there was no basic differentiation between them. Follow up evaluation revealed, failure of 3 teeth treated with Ca(OH)2 and 2 teeth treated with ledermix due to pain and swelling. The remaining 35 teeth radiated an impression of being clinically and radiologically successful a year postoperatively.
Conclusion: No post-operative pain was experienced in both groups in the long term. However, within the first hours after cementation, there was a sensation of pain significantly higher in the Ca(OH)2 group than in the Ledermix group. Ledermix can be considered a predictable treatment and may be an alternative to calcium hydroxide in indirect pulp capping.
Update Dent. Coll. j: 2020; 10 (1): 6-12
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Liu, Chang Rong, Han Qing Wang, Zhi Yong Wang, and Tian Yu Zhang. "Environmental Impact Evaluation and Economy Analysis of Air-Conditioning Cold and Heat Source Based on TEWI Index." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 1551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1551.
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TEWI (total equivalent warming impact) index, a comparatively scientific method to evaluate the environmental impact of air-conditioning cold and heat source, is introduced. Taking some engineering in Hunan Province for example, the TEWI analysis was performed on the environmental impact assessment of four air-conditioning cold and heat source plans. Also the first investment and energy consumption were analyzed. The results indicate that: water loop heat pump unit, due to investment recovery period with only 2.9 years and carbon emission reduction up to 22.68%, has significant economy and environmental protection, which is followed by water source heat pump; the screw chilled water units plus gas boiler is poor. Gas direct-fired machine has certain economic advantage, but its environmental performance is general. Among four schemes, the proportion of indirect effects of CO2emissions from fossil fuels used to generate energy to operate the equipment throughout its lifetime are all larger, respectively is 95.1%, 95.2%, 100% and 89.9%. It fully showed the importance of developing clean and renewable energy, reducing energy consumption and increasing performance coefficient of refrigeration and air conditioning device.
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Bajat, Jelena, Vesna Miskovic-Stankovic, and Dragutin Drazic. "Adhesion of epoxy cataphoretic coatings on Zn alloys." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 72, no. 12 (2007): 1383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0712383b.
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One of the most important factors in corrosion prevention by protective coatings is the loss of coating adhesion under environmental influence. In this work, the adhesion of epoxy cataphoretic coatings was examined on steel and steel modified by Zn-Fe and Zn-Co alloys. The dry and wet adhesions of epoxy primers were measured by the direct pull-off standardized procedure, as well as indirectly by the NMP test. The corrosion stability of the coated samples was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was shown that under dry testing conditions all the samples exhibited very good adhesion. However, different trends of adhesion loss of different protective systems during exposure to a corrosive agent (3 % NaCl solution) were observed. The lowest adhesion values were obtained for epoxy coating on the steel substrate. The change in adhesion of the epoxy coating on steel modified by Zn-Co alloy during immersion in 3 % NaCl solution for 24 days was the smallest of all the investigated samples. Electrochemical impedance measurements in 3 % NaCl solution confirmed the good protective properties of this protective system, i.e., greater values of pore resistance were obtained.
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Oishi, Hirofumi, Ken-ichi Takano, Kengo Tomita, Mariko Takebe, Hiroki Yokoo, Mitsuaki Yamazaki, and Yuichi Hattori. "Olprinone and colforsin daropate alleviate septic lung inflammation and apoptosis through CREB-independent activation of the Akt pathway." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 303, no. 2 (July 15, 2012): L130—L140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00363.2011.
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Olprinone, a specific phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, and corforsin daropate, a direct adenylate cyclase activator, are now being used in critical conditions. We investigated whether their therapeutic use provides protection against septic acute lung injury (ALI) and mortality. Polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in BALB/c mice. Olprinone or colforsin daropate was continuously given through an osmotic pump that was implanted into the peritoneal cavity immediately following CLP. These treatments prevented the ALI development in CLP mice, as indicated by the findings that severe hypoxemia, increased pulmonary vascular permeability, and histological lung damage were strikingly remedied. Furthermore, continued administration of olprinone or colforsin daropate suppressed apoptosis induction in septic lungs and improved the survival of CLP mice. Olprinone and corforsin daropate enhanced Akt phosphorylation in septic lungs. Wortmannin, which inhibits the Akt upstream regulator phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, abrogated the protective effects of olprinone and corforsin daropate on sepsis-associated lung inflammation and apoptosis. In vivo transfection of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) decoy oligodeoxynucleotide failed to negate the abilities of these agents to increase Akt phosphorylation and to inhibit IκBα degradation in septic lungs. These results demonstrate for the first time that CREB-independent Akt-mediated signaling is a critical mechanism contributing to the therapeutic effects of olprinone and corforsin daropate on septic ALI. Moreover, our data also suggest that these cyclic AMP-related agents, by blocking both nuclear factor-κB activation and apoptosis induction, may represent an effective therapeutic approach to the treatment of the septic syndrome.
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Zeng, Shihong, and Ya Zhou. "Foreign Direct Investment’s Impact on China’s Economic Growth, Technological Innovation and Pollution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 2839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062839.
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In recent years, China has gradually become one of the countries with the largest levels of foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI has played a significant role in promoting Chinese economic development, and the FDI technology spillover effect is one of the core forces driving China towards reaching new growth milestones. Therefore, due to the country’s interest in development, there is competition for FDI throughout China. However, the existing imperfect environmental protection system cannot prevent FDI from flowing into China’s highly polluting and resource-intensive industrial chain, possibly causing serious environmental problems. Therefore, the topic of properly introducing foreign capital to promote development and effectively end China’s current environmental pollution crisis has become a research focus. To explore FDI’s impact on China’s economic growth, technological innovation, and environmental pollution, we use Chinese provincial panel data for 2004–2016 to construct a dynamic panel simultaneous-equation model. Considering the interrelationships between the equations, we construct economic models of economic growth, technological innovation, and pollution emissions, and incorporate them into the same research system for generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation. Our results show that FDI has a significant and positive direct impact on China’s economic growth and technological innovation, and can furthermore have a significant pull effect on the domestic economy through the backward spillover channel. At the same time, FDI has a direct and significant impact on the increase in regional waste-water discharge, while exhibiting a pollution halo effect on the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) emissions directly. In addition, we observe “benign feedback mechanism” between technological innovation output and these three types of pollution, namely SO2 emission, COD emissions, and ammonia and nitrogen discharge.
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Wibowo, Adi Candra, and '. Djuwityastuti. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI LEMBAGA PERBANKAN ATAS MUNCULNYA ISU RUSH MONEY BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 10 TAHUN 1998 TENTANG PERBANKAN." Jurnal Privat Law 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/privat.v8i1.40351.
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<p>Abstract<br />This article aimed to research law’s patronage toward banking institution and law’s patronage toward bank’s customer regarding the reappearance of Rush Money issue based on Regulations Number 10 Year 1998 pertaining to banking institute. This research is a prescriptively normative legal research. Data used consisted of primary data, and secondary data including primary legal product and secondary legal product. Data collection technique used in this research is literature review method. The data that’s used thus been analyzed using deduction method which explain the general statement then pull it into specific conclusion. Based of the result of the research and discussion, conclusion’s generated. First, law’s protection for banking institution in Indonesia carried out seriously considering that bank is an institution that collect public’s fund, the presence of Regulations Number 10 Year 1998 about banking institutions and supervisor incorporated with Financial System Stability Committee is a proof for the importance of banking insittions, thus it makes Rush Money issue as merely an issue, that it is not really happening. Second, protection for banking customer according to Regulations Number 10 Year 1998 about banking institutions, i.e. by having a direct protection using Deposit Insurance Institutions and the Rights of Customer’s Preferred Fund Deposit. In additions, the regulations also described an indirect protection, among others, the existence of Precautionary Principle, Credit Limit, Obligations to Announce the Balance of Income and Outcome, also Merger, Consolidation, and Bank Acquisition. The Deposit Insurance Institution also served to ensure banking customer’s savings in every bank throughout Indonesia.<br />Keywords: Protection; Banking; Rush Money</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perlindungan hukum terhadap lembaga perbankan dan perlindungan hukum terhadap nasabah perbankan atas munculnya isu Rush Money berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perbankan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat preskriptif. Jenis data yang digunakan terdiri dari data primer, data sekunder yang mencakup bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu studi kepustakaan. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis data dengan cara deduktif yaitu menjelaskan suatu hal yang bersifat umum kemudian menariknya menjadi kesimpulan yang lebih khusus. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan, dihasilkan simpulan, Kesatu, perlindungan hukum bagi lembaga perbankan di Indonesia dilaksanakan sangat serius mengingat perbankan adalah institusi yang menghimpun dana masyarakat, hadirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perbankan dan lembaga-lembaga pengawas perbankan yang tergabung dalam Komite Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan adalah bukti bahwa pentingnya institusi perbankan di Indonesia, hingga menjadikan isu Rush Money hanya sekedar isu dan tidak benar-benar terjadi. Kedua, perlindungan kepada nasabah perbankan menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perbankan, yaitu adanya perlindungan secara langsung menggunakan Lembaga Asuransi Deposito dan Hak Preferen Nasabah Penyimpan Dana. Selain itu, dijelaskan pula perlindungan secara tidak langsung, antara lain adanya Prinsip Kehati-hatian, Batas Maksimal Pemberian Kredit, Kewajiban untuk Mengumumkan Neraca Perhitungan Laba Rugi, dan yang terakhir yaitu Merger, Konsolidasi dan Akuisisi Bank. Adanya Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan juga bertugas untuk menjamin seluruh simpanan nasabah perbankan di Bank seluruh Indonesia.</p><p>Kata Kunci: Perlindungan; Perbankan; Rush Money</p>
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Asmankina, Anastasia, Sergiy Korolevsky, Marina Loriia, Oleksiy Tselishchev, and Andriy Zhydkov. "RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A STEPPED HEAT PUMP UNIT WITH A HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION DEVICE IN SYSTEMS COMPLEX." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 6 (November 30, 2017): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2017.00514.
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Modern European and Scandinavian countries have advanced very far in the development and application of alternative energy sources. The goal of all modern developments is quality improvement and reducing production costs. The precedent of increasing tariffs for utilities is one of the main problems, so there is a need to create non-volatile, autonomous systems that will be controlled and managed remotely. The creation of combined systems that can operate remotely and independently of direct energy resources will lead to a significant increase in the level of protection from the instability of temperature fluctuations and differences in the electrical network. The present invention relates to heat engineering, in particular to methods and apparatus for generating heat generated differently from combustion of fuel, and can be used in a heating and hot water supply system for residential and industrial premises, as well as for preheating and improving the rheological properties of oil and petroleum products. The presence of sensors in this system allows to monitor, regulate and signal its status, and also allows to set the necessary parameters
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Hill, G. N., W. R. Henshall, and R. M. Beresford. "Manipulating rainfall to study symptom expression of Botrytis cinerea infection in wine grapes." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (July 26, 2017): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.64.
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Botrytis cinerea infection of wine grapes can result in a variety of symptoms. The most common symptom is botrytis bunch rot (BBR), where infected berries rot and shrivel, and eventually produce fungal sporulation. Another symptom is slip skin, where the skins of infected ripe berries slide easily from the pulp. It is hypothesised that a reduction in osmotic potential in grape berries due to late-season rainfall leads to slip skin symptom development. Hyphal growth of B. cinerea on osmotically adjusted agar was inhibited at osmotic potentials associated with near-ripe berries. Vine sheltering was used in a research vineyard to manipulate rainfall artificially and to alter berry sugar content in Vitis vinifera Sauvignon blanc vines, with the aim of increasing osmotic potential and altering symptom expression. Both BBR and slip skin symptoms were affected by the various sheltering conditions, with sheltered vines having lower BBR and higher slip skin at harvest.
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Shaughnessy, Peter D., Simon D. Goldsworthy, Paul Burch, and Terry E. Dennis. "Pup numbers of the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) at The Pages Islands, South Australia, over two decades." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 2 (2013): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13015.
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The Australian sea lion is an Australian endemic, restricted to South Australia and Western Australia, with 86% of the population in South Australia. It was listed under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act as Vulnerable in February 2005, and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature has listed it as Endangered. Sea lions are taken as bycatch in the gill-net fishery for school shark and gummy shark, and the risk of extinction of breeding colonies is high even from low levels of bycatch. We assessed trends in pup population size at The Pages Islands, a large breeding colony in South Australia. Pup abundance was estimated by direct counting of live and dead pups; the maximum count in each breeding season was used for trend analysis. The average of direct counts of pups in 14 breeding seasons between 1989–90 and 2009–10 was 473 (s.d. = 58.4). There was no trend in pup numbers, contrasting with two other large colonies: Seal Bay, Kangaroo Island (decreasing), and Dangerous Reef (increasing since 2000). The Australian Sea Lion Management Strategy of the Australian Fisheries Management Authority aims to reduce sea lion bycatch in the shark fishery; a key item is a fishery closure around each breeding colony in South Australia. Implementation of the closure around The Pages should lower the risk of bycatch of its sea lions with foraging areas that previously overlapped with the fishery and should allow the colony’s population size to increase.
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Bakulina, N. V., S. V. Tikhonov, N. B. Lishchuk, and A. B. Karaya. "Management of risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy." Russian Journal of Cardiology 26, no. 8 (September 4, 2021): 4635. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4635.
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Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are used to prevent and treat thrombosis and thromboembolic events in patients with various diseases. Despite its high efficacy and safety, DOAC therapy is accompanied by increased risk of hemorrhage, including gastrointestinal bleeding. Bleeding risk depends on individual patient profile and their risk factors. An increased risk of bleeding is associated with manifesting effect of DOACs on existing mucosal defects, active Helicobacter pylori infection. To reduce the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in clinical practice, changing of following modifiable risk factors is required: H. pylori eradication; dose-adjusted DOAC therapy; prophylactic proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) administration to patients with HAS-BLED score ≥3, receiving dual or triple antithrombotic therapy, taking DOACs in combination with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, to those with upper gastrointestinal diseases. In addition to PPIs, patients may be prescribed with rebamipide, bismuth tripotassium dicitrate, ursodeoxycholic acid. DOAC rivaroxaban (Xarelto®) has pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages, a convenient single dosing regimen and a favorable safety profile, which provides effective protection against thrombosis and thromboembolic events in combination with low risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
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Federyakin, D. V., A. V. Goncharuk, A. V. Anokhin, and D. O. Dj’Arah Munzer. "Dynamics of Cognitive Functions and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Different Variants of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery." General Reanimatology 14, no. 6 (December 27, 2018): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2018-6-4-11.
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Purpose of the study: to evaluate the parameters of cognitive potential and systemic proinflammatory response during direct myocardial revascularization surgery on a beating heart and under conditions of various types of extracorporeal circulation (classical cardiopulmonary bypass and minimized extracorporeal circuit).Materials and methods. A total of 205 patients aged 41–76 years (56.16±2.91 years) were examined. All patients were screened by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and underwent contrast-enhanced CT perfusion imaging of the brain. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor, interleukins-6 and 8, and neuron specific enolase were measured in the perioperative period. Surgery in all patients was performed under general balanced anesthesia based on sevoflurane. All patients were randomly divided into three groups: the patients after off-pump surgery; the patients after surgery with classical cardiopulmonary bypass; the patients after surgery with a minimized extracorporeal circuit. Off-pump surgery was performed using a tissue stabilizer. Cardiopulmonary bypass using membrane oxygenators was performed in a nonpulsatile regimen with a perfusion index of 2.4 l/(min•m2) under moderate hypothermia (34–35°C). Protection of the myocardium during the period of aortic cross-clamping was carried out by pharmacological cold cardioplegia.Results. Seven days after surgery, the lowest Montreal Cognitive Assessment scoring was found in a group of patients operated using the classical cardiopulmonary bypass. In this group, the decline was almost 23 % (P=0.0202) compared with the baseline. In the same group, the increase in the level of neuron specific enolase reached 43.19% (P=0.0047). One day after surgery, the highest values (P<0.05) of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 were found in the group of patients who underwent surgery with the classical cardiopulmonary bypass. Cortisol levels 24 hours after surgery also increased in all groups, but the smallest increase was recorded in the group of patients undergoing the off-pump surgery.Conclusion. Off-pump surgery or the use of the minimized extracorporeal circuit with biocompatible coating, centrifugal pump in the absence of blood contact with air minimally affects the cognitive potential of patients, reduces manifestations of the systemic inflammatory response, which, in turn, reduces a number of postoperative complications and improves the results of treatment.
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Kachmar, N., T. Datsko, M. Ivankiv, and A. Dydiv. "The use of alternative energy sources in the planning of ecotourism facilities as one of the technological methods of environmental protection." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 94 (April 7, 2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9403.
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The article presents the results of research on environmental, energy and economic efficiency of the use of alternative energy sources to provide heat to buildings located on the territory of nature reserves. Spending of time on the territory of the nature reserve fund gives the chance of various kinds of rest: use of bicycle routes, ecological paths, the organized places of recreation, etc. Therefore, in specially designated areas complexes are built for vacationers. They provide them with a comfortable stay and the opportunity to get the most out of the chosen type of recreation. Electricity networks are most often used to provide buildings with electric power on the territory of nature reserve facilities. However, this has a significant negative impact on the environment. Many of these facilities are located at a great distance from the settlements, that increases the cost of electrification and gasification. Such facilities require large investments in hot water and heat. Therefore, alternative energy sources are suitable for such cases. The main advantage of using solar panels and heat pump is their environmental friendliness and long period of operation without major repairs. It is established that for the installation of vertical probes it is enough to use four branches 106 m long. For this combined system it is necessary to install six solar collectors, which will provide monthly heat production in the amount of 514.03 MJ. The use of solar collectors and a heat pump to provide heat to the visitor center will reduce the annual operating costs by 4.63 times compared to the costs required for the operation of a system that would operate on the basis of a gas boiler. The use of a combined heat supply system will make it possible to abandon the use of 7156.3 kg of conventional fuel and as a result will reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the amount of 7871.9 kg. Our country is interested in the use of renewable energy sources by reducing the cost of traditional energy sources, the overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions during combustion. The state receives direct income from the sale of quotas for harmful emissions.
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Tang, Xie Xing, Xiao Yong Luo, Kai Lei Li, and Ya Chuan Kuang. "Test Research on Bonding Strength between GFRP Anchor Bolt and Concrete under Corrosive Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 904–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.904.
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In practical projects, GFRP anchor bolts are in complex geological conditions with corrosive factors such as acid, alkalis, salt and freeze-thaw circle. In corrosive conditions, the bonding strength of GFRP anchor bolts are in direct relation to safety of anchoring works. Based on comparative tests on bonding strength between GFRP anchor bolt and concrete, failure modes in pull-out tests of GFRP anchor bolt and concrete are mainly pull-out failure and splitting failure. Pull-out failure is a chemical and mechanical interlocking failure between GFRP anchor bolts and concrete cubes, which can actually reflect the bonding status of bolts and concrete cubes. Splitting failure is a failure that the radial expansion force caused when the GFRP anchor bolt are bearing forces damages the concrete if it is of low strength or insufficient in thickness of protection layer and thus leads to boding failure. From the analysis on test results of bond-slip performance, the bonding strength decline the most in alkalis conditions: the bonding strength decreases by 23% after 1500 hours of corrosion and the slip displacement increases by 2.4mm; in acid and salt conditions, after 1500 hours of corrosion the bonding strength decreases by 19% and 17% and slip displacement increase by 1.6mm and 1.8mm, respectively. Based on analysis of nonlinear curve fitting on test data of bonding strength in three corrosive conditions, three empirical equations of degradation of bonding strength are fitted for GFRP anchor bolts in three corrosive conditions. Compared with data from reference [13], the bonding strength of GFRP anchor bolts working in acid, alkalis and salt geological conditions for 50 years decrease by 19.5%, 25% and 19.2%, respectively. These research results supply a test basis for GFRP anchor bolts used in complex geological conditions.
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Kossowska, Dorota, Kyungwon Kwak, and Minhaeng Cho. "Do Osmolytes Impact the Structure and Dynamics of Myoglobin?" Molecules 23, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 3189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123189.
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Osmolytes are small organic compounds that can affect the stability of proteins in living cells. The mechanism of osmolytes’ protective effects on protein structure and dynamics has not been fully explained, but in general, two possibilities have been suggested and examined: a direct interaction of osmolytes with proteins (water replacement hypothesis), and an indirect interaction (vitrification hypothesis). Here, to investigate these two possible mechanisms, we studied myoglobin-osmolyte systems using FTIR, UV-vis, CD, and femtosecond IR pump-probe spectroscopy. Interestingly, noticeable changes are observed in both the lifetime of the CO stretch of CO-bound myoglobin and the spectra of UV-vis, CD, and FTIR upon addition of the osmolytes. In addition, the temperature-dependent CD studies reveal that the protein’s thermal stability depends on molecular structure, hydrogen-bonding ability, and size of osmolytes. We anticipate that the present experimental results provide important clues about the complicated and intricate mechanism of osmolyte effects on protein structure and dynamics in a crowded cellular environment.
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Reddy, M. M., and P. M. Quinton. "Cytosolic potassium controls CFTR deactivation in human sweat duct." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 291, no. 1 (July 2006): C122—C129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00134.2005.
Full textAbstract:
Absorptive epithelial cells must admit large quantities of salt (NaCl) during the transport process. How these cells avoid swelling to protect functional integrity in the face of massive salt influx is a fundamental, unresolved problem. A special preparation of the human sweat duct provides critical insights into this crucial issue. We now show that negative feedback control of apical salt influx by regulating the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl− channel activity is key to this protection. As part of this control process, we report a new physiological role of K+ in intracellular signaling and provide the first direct evidence of acute in vivo regulation of CFTR dephosphorylation activity. We show that cytosolic K+ concentration ([K+]c) declines as a function of increasing cellular NaCl content at the onset of absorptive activity. Declining [K+]c cause parallel deactivation of CFTR by dephosphorylation, thereby limiting apical influx of Cl− (and its co-ion Na+) until [K+]c is stabilized. We surmise that [K+]c stabilizes when Na+ influx decreases to a level equal to its efflux through the basolateral Na+-K+ pump thereby preventing disruptive changes in cell volume.
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Maetzel, Andreas. "Motion – Cyclo-oxygenase-2 Selective Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs are as Safe as Placebo for the Stomach: Arguments Against the Motion." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 17, no. 5 (2003): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/942819.
Full textAbstract:
Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) exists in two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, that direct the synthesis of prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane. Traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit both isoenzymes, resulting in damage to the mucosa of the stomach and duodenum, but also in cardioprotection. Selective COX-2 inhibitors are less likely to damage the upper gastrointestinal tract, as has been shown by large, randomized, controlled trials. Specifically, the newer agents are superior to ibuprofen and naproxen in this regard, but celecoxib and diclofenac were not significantly different in patients who were not also taking low-dose acetylsalicylic acid. These studies did not include a placebo arm, however, and controlled comparisons of COX-2 inhibitors with placebo have not enlisted enough subjects to demonstrate conclusively that they are equally safe. Selectivity for the COX-2 isoform affords protection against upper gastrointestinal toxicity possibly at the expense of the cardioprotective effect of traditional NSAIDs. This might explain the higher rate of nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients who aregiven rofecoxib compared with naproxen. A traditional NSAID, combined with either misoprostol or a proton pump inhibitor, is still a suitable alternative to selective COX-2 inhibitors for the treatment of arthritis.
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Canady, Taylor D., Nantao Li, Lucas D. Smith, Yi Lu, Manish Kohli, Andrew M. Smith, and Brian T. Cunningham. "Digital-resolution detection of microRNA with single-base selectivity by photonic resonator absorption microscopy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 39 (September 9, 2019): 19362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904770116.
Full textAbstract:
Circulating exosomal microRNA (miR) represents a new class of blood-based biomarkers for cancer liquid biopsy. The detection of miR at a very low concentration and with single-base discrimination without the need for sophisticated equipment, large volumes, or elaborate sample processing is a challenge. To address this, we present an approach that is highly specific for a target miR sequence and has the ability to provide “digital” resolution of individual target molecules with high signal-to-noise ratio. Gold nanoparticle tags are prepared with thermodynamically optimized nucleic acid toehold probes that, when binding to a target miR sequence, displace a probe-protecting oligonucleotide and reveal a capture sequence that is used to selectively pull down the target-probe–nanoparticle complex to a photonic crystal (PC) biosensor surface. By matching the surface plasmon-resonant wavelength of the nanoparticle tag to the resonant wavelength of the PC nanostructure, the reflected light intensity from the PC is dramatically and locally quenched by the presence of each individual nanoparticle, enabling a form of biosensor microscopy that we call Photonic Resonator Absorption Microscopy (PRAM). Dynamic PRAM imaging of nanoparticle tag capture enables direct 100-aM limit of detection and single-base mismatch selectivity in a 2-h kinetic discrimination assay. The PRAM assay demonstrates that ultrasensitivity (<1 pM) and high selectivity can be achieved on a direct readout diagnostic.
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Shin, Lee, Hong, Lim, and Byun. "Quercetin Directly Targets JAK2 and PKCδ and Prevents UV-Induced Photoaging in Human Skin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 5262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215262.
Full textAbstract:
Quercetin is a naturally occurring polyphenol present in various fruits and vegetables. The bioactive properties of quercetin include anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. However, the effect of quercetin on skin aging and the direct molecular targets responsible have remained largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the protective effect of quercetin against UV-mediated skin aging and the molecular mechanisms responsible. Treatment with quercetin suppressed UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prevented UV-mediated collagen degradation in human skin tissues. Quercetin exerted potent inhibitory effects towards UV-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity. Further examination of the upstream signaling pathways revealed that quercetin can attenuate UV-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N terminal kinases (JNK), protein kinase B (Akt), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Kinase assays using purified protein demonstrated that quercetin can directly inhibit protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) kinase activity. Quercetin was observed to bind to PKCδ and JAK2 in pull-down assays. These findings suggest that quercetin can directly target PKCδ and JAK2 in the skin to elicit protective effects against UV-mediated skin aging and inflammation. Our results highlight the potential use of quercetin as a natural agent for anti-skin aging applications.
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Filo, Grzegorz, Mariusz Domagała, Paweł Lempa, Joanna Fabiś-Domagała, Dominik Kwiatkowski, and Hassan Momeni. "Quality Improvement of a Safety Valve with the Use of Numerical and Experimental Studies." Quality Production Improvement - QPI 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cqpi-2019-0051.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article presents results of numerical modelling, simulation and test bench experiments of a hydraulic direct-acting relief valve was used as a safety valve. The analyzed safety valve was placed in a system consisting of a fixed-speed pump, a control valve, a hydraulic cylinder as an actuator and a second pressure valve in the load line used as a payload generator for the cylinder. In the first step mathematical model of the system was formulated in the form of a system of ordinary differential equations. Next, simulation model was created in Matlab/Simulink. Simulations were carried out for different values of the actuator payload. The obtained results include time series of pressure, flow rate and displacement of the actuator piston. In order to confirm simulation results, a test bench was built and series of experiments were carried out. High compliance of simulation and laboratory results was obtained. It was confirmed that the proposed solution with the relief valve used as a safety valve fulfills its task of protecting the hydraulic system from excessive pressure increase.
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Mahyuni, Eka Lestari, Urip Harahap, R. Hamdani Harahap, and Nurmaini Nurmaini. "Pesticide Toxicity Prevention in Farmer’s Community Movement." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (January 10, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5565.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: Pesticide toxicity is a serious problem in poor and developing countries agricultural communities, including Indonesia.
AIM: This study aims to design an effort of pesticide toxicity prevention.
METHODS: This is participation action research in look, think, and action cycle of pesticide use process as a qualitative study. The participants were taken by purposive technique and data collected with focus group discussion, in-depth interviews, self-report, and observation. Data were analyzed by thematic analysis. All participants are the commitment farmers that able to prevent and resolve the pesticide toxicity problem. This research has ethical clearance with number 1608/I/SP/2019.
RESULTS: The results found that the determinant factor of pesticide toxicity is a high risk such as direct contact, unusually personal protection used, bad behavior such as spraying while smoking, blowing pump hoses directly, poor personal hygiene, pesticide storage, and disposal action. Several factors that influence are ignorance of farmers about the toxic effects that cause chronic toxicity. To prevent pesticide toxicity, we found the eight principles of pesticide use that formulated based on the epidemiology prevention approach that meets the level of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. It called Community Movement in Toxic Resolve or Gerakan Masyarakat Petani Atasi Racun (GEMPAR) arranged as an effort to prevent toxicity, including recognizing the hazard of pesticide, completely personal protection used, paying attention to the wind direction and spraying route, store pesticides in a safe place, safely dispose of pesticides, personal hygiene, record, and report toxicity symptom, and going to organic farming.
CONCLUSION: The effort of pesticide toxicity could prevent in successful by a community movement called GEMPAR that divides into eight principles of prevention action in pesticide used.
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Monteiro-Alfredo, Tamaeh, Sara Oliveira, Andreia Amaro, Daniela Rosendo-Silva, Katia Antunes, Ana Salomé Pires, Ricardo Teixo, et al. "Hypoglycaemic and Antioxidant Properties of Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd Ex Mart. Extract Are Associated with Better Vascular Function of Type 2 Diabetic Rats." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 2856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082856.
Full textAbstract:
Oxidative stress is involved in the metabolic dysregulation of type 2 diabetes (DM2). Acrocomia aculeata (Aa) fruit pulp has been described for the treatment of several diseases, and recently we have proved that its leaves have phenolic compounds with a marked antioxidant effect. We aimed to assess whether they can improve metabolic, redox and vascular functions in DM2. Control Wistar (W-Ctrl) and non-obese type 2 diabetic Goto–Kakizaki (GK-Ctrl) rats were treated for 30 days with 200 mg.kg−1 aqueous extract of Aa (EA-Aa) (Wistar, W-EA-Aa/GK, GK-EA-Aa). EA-Aa was able to reduce fasting glycaemia and triglycerides of GK-EA-Aa by improving proteins related to glucose and lipid metabolism, such as GLUT-4, PPARγ, AMPK, and IR, when compared to GK-Ctrl. It also improved viability of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes exposed by H2O2. EA-Aa also increased the levels of catalase in the aorta and kidney, reduced oxidative stress and increased relaxation of the aorta in GK-treated rats in relation to GK-Ctrl, in addition to the protective effect against oxidative stress in HMVec-D cells. We proved the direct antioxidant potential of the chemical compounds of EA-Aa, the increase in antioxidant defences in a tissue-specific manner and hypoglycaemic properties, improving vascular function in type 2 diabetes. EA-Aa and its constituents may have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of DM2 complications.
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Li, Binru, Libo Zhu, Linlin Li, and Rui Ma. "lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 Promotes Metastasis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer by Stabilizing LEF1, In Vitro and In Vivo." BioMed Research International 2021 (July 21, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4959381.
Full textAbstract:
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play nonnegligible roles in the metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study is aimed at investigating the biological role of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 in NSCLC metastasis and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. The expression profiles of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 in different NSCLC cell lines were examined. Then, the biological function of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 in NSCLC metastasis was explored by loss-of-function assays in vitro and in vivo. Further, the protective effect of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 on lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF1) was examined using RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Additionally, the role of LEF1 in NSCLC metastasis was investigated. Results indicated that lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 expression was significantly increased in NSCLC cell lines. Functional analysis revealed that knockdown of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 impaired invasion and migration in vitro. Additionally, the ability of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 to promote NSCLC metastasis was also confirmed in vivo. Mechanistically, through direct interaction, lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 maintained LEF1 stability by blocking NARF-mediated ubiquitination. Furthermore, LEF1 knockdown impaired invasion and migration of NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these data highlight the ability of lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 to promote NSCLC metastasis by stabilizing LEF1 and suggest that lncRNA OXCT1-AS1 represents a novel therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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Wu, Qian, Ken Chambliss, Wan-Ru Lee, Ivan S. Yuhanna, Chieko Mineo, and Philip W. Shaul. "Point Mutations in the ERα Gαi Binding Domain Segregate Nonnuclear from Nuclear Receptor Function." Molecular Endocrinology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2011-1378.
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Abstract A subpopulation of plasma membrane-associated estrogen receptor (ER)α interact directly with G proteins and mediate nonnuclear receptor signaling. This mechanism underlies numerous processes, including important cardiovascular protective actions of estradiol (E2), such as the activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and endothelial cell growth and migration. In the present work we sought a genetic approach to differentiate nonnuclear from nuclear ERα actions. We generated single alanine substitutions within the Gαi-binding domain of ERα (amino acids 251–260) and tested signaling to eNOS or ERK1,2 and activation of luciferase (Luc) reporters signifying transactivation via direct or indirect ERα-DNA binding in HeLa cells. The point mutants ERα-R256A, ERα-K257A, ERα-D258A, and ERα-R260A were all incapable of activating eNOS in response to E2, and ERα-R256A and ERα-D258A also showed loss of ERK1,2 activation. In contrast, ERα-R256A, ERα-K257A, ERα-D258A, and ERα-R260A all displayed normal capacity to invoke E2-induced transactivation of estrogen response element (ERE)-Luc or Sp1-Luc. However, whereas activator protein 1-Luc activation by ERα-R256A and ERα-D258A was intact, ERα-K257A and ERα-R260A were incapable of activator protein 1-Luc activation. In in vitro pull-down assays with the two mutants that lack all nonnuclear functions tested and retain all nuclear functions tested, ERα-R256A and ERα-D258A, there was normal direct interaction between Gαi and ERα-R256A and an absence of interaction between Gαi and ERα-D258A. When expressed in endothelial cells, these two mutants prevented E2-induced migration and eNOS activation mediated by endogenous receptor, indicative of dominant-negative action. Thus, the point mutants ERα-R256A and ERα-D258A in the receptor GαI-binding domain provide genetic segregation of nonnuclear from nuclear ERα function.
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Liu, Bingli, Yiming Li, Hong Ji, Hongwei Lu, Hua Li, and Yakun Shi. "Glutamine attenuates obstructive cholestasis in rats via farnesoid X receptor–mediated regulation of Bsep and Mrp2." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 95, no. 2 (February 2017): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2016-0389.
Full textAbstract:
To investigate the protective effect of glutamine (Gln) against obstructive cholestasis in association with farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation, an obstructive cholestasis model was established in male Sprague–Dawley rats by bile duct ligation (BDL). Serum biomarkers and hematoxylin plus eosin staining were used to identify the degree of hepatic injury in the rats with obstructive cholestasis after Gln treatment. Immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, Western blot, cultured primary rat hepatocytes with FXR knockdown, and dual-luciferase reporter assay were performed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying Gln hepatoprotection. We found that Gln treatment protected against obstructive cholestasis induced by BDL through reducing hepatocyte injury. Upregulation of the hepatic efflux transporters small heterodimer partner (Shp), bile salt export pump (Bsep), and multidrug resistance–associated protein 2 (Mrp2), and inhibition of the hepatic uptake transporter Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) and the bile acid synthesis enzyme cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) expression were observed in rats with BDL treated with Gln in vivo. Furthermore, the regulatory effect of Gln on Bsep and Mrp2 expression was abrogated after FXR knockdown in rat primary cultured hepatocytes. Luciferase assay HepG2 cells also illustrated FXR was a direct target for Gln treatment. In conclusion, the regulation of Bsep and Mrp2 expression mediated by FXR might be an important mechanism for Gln against obstructive cholestasis.
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Kim, Won Gon, Hyun Jong Moon, Tae Hee Won, and Hyun Keun Chee. "Rabbit model of cardiopulmonary bypass." Perfusion 14, no. 2 (March 1999): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765919901400203.
Full textAbstract:
Mainly because of technical problems, the use of rabbits as a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) animal model with direct cannulation of the ascending aorta is known to be extremely difficult. The objectives of this study were the establishment of a CPB model in rabbits with direct cannulation of the ascending aorta, and the evaluation of the protective effect of steroid on the development of brain edema during circulatory arrest (CA) in an established rabbit CPB model. Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups; control CA group, CA with Trendelenberg position, and CA with Trendelenberg position and steroid administration. After anesthetic induction and tracheostomy, median sternotomy was performed. An aortic cannula (3.3 mm) and a venous cannula (14 Fr) were inserted into the ascending aorta and the right atrium, respectively. The CPB circuit consisted of a roller pump and a bubble oxygenator. With 120-150 ml of blood, the priming volume of the circuit was approximately 450 ml, and CPB at a flow rate of 80-85 ml/kg/min was initiated. Blood in the priming solution was obtained from donor rabbits through cardiac puncture. Ten minutes later, CA with cessation of CPB was established for 40 min at 20°C (rectal temperature). After CA, CPB was restarted with a 20 min period of rewarming. Ten minutes after weaning, the animal was sacrificed. Between 1 and 2 g of the brain was removed and the water content was determined and compared between groups. CPB with CA was successfully performed in all cases, with a flow rate of 60-100 ml/kg/min maintained throughout the CPB procedure. At that time, blood gases were reasonably maintained and aortic pressure ranged from 35 to 55 mmHg. After weaning from CPB, all hearts resumed beating spontaneously. Among the three groups, there were no statistically significant differences in the water content of the brain. These results indicate that: (1) if the proper technique is used, CPB in rabbits with direct cannulation of the ascending aorta is a reliable procedure, and (2) the effect of steroid on the prevention of brain edema related to the Trendelenburg position during CA is not established within the scope of this study.
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Lu, Andy Z., Thomas Q. Hu, David A. Osmond, Brian O. Patrick, and Brian R. James. "Tetrazole ethers from lignin model phenols: synthesis, crystal structures, and photostability." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v01-110.
Full textAbstract:
The phenolic OH moiety in lignin is one of the key functional groups responsible for the photo-induced yellowing of mechanical wood pulps and papers. To evaluate new protective groups for the stabilization of lignin phenols, the model compounds, 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol (1) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone (2) were reacted with 5-chloro-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole to give the corresponding tetrazole ethers 1' and 2', respectively, that were then studied for their photostability. The synthesis of these ethers was more efficient than that of alkyl ethers because of less hydrolysis of the alkylating agent under the reaction conditions. Compounds 1' and 2' were fully characterized, including X-ray crystal structure analyses. Crystals of 1' and 2' were monoclinic of space groups P21/c and P21/a, respectively. For 1': a = 9.8679(6), b = 16.708(1), c = 10.2841(6) Å, β = 109.732(5)°, Z = 4. For 2': a = 7.7212(2), b = 27.350(5), c = 14.569(3) Å, β = 101.30(2)°, Z = 8. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to R = 0.039 (Rw = 0.046) for 2029 reflections with I [Formula: see text] 3σ(I) (for 1'), and to R = 0.055 (Rw = 0.073) for 3634 reflections with I [Formula: see text] 3σ(I) (for 2'). Compound 2' was much more photostable than the precursor phenol on exposure to strong fluorescent light, while 1' was only slightly more stable than the precursor phenol.Key words: alkylation, ethers, lignin model compounds, methylation, phenols, yellowing inhibition.
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O'BRIEN, BERNADETTE, EDMOND O'CALLAGHAN, and PATRICK DILLON. "Effect of various milking machine systems and components on free fatty acid levels in milk." Journal of Dairy Research 65, no. 2 (May 1998): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029997002835.
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Elevated free fatty acid (FFA) levels in milk can impair the flavour quality and shelf life of milk and milk products and thus have implications for the dairy industry. An increase in milk FFA is induced when the protective fat globule membrane is disrupted and the fat exposed to the action of lipoprotein lipase (EC 3.1.1.34). Various aspects of FFA development have been reviewed (Deeth & Fitz-Gerald, 1976; Fleming, 1979; International Dairy Federation, 1980). Mechanical factors that contribute to FFA development are directly related to poor milking systems and procedures (O'Halloran et al. 1975; Judge et al. 1977; Fleming, 1991). Mechanical abuse of milk in many modern milking systems arises from air admission to the milking system, height of milklines and pump operation. Surveys and experience (Fleming et al. 1996) showed that the quality of the components used and the overall maintenance of many milking machines was inadequate. In continental Europe low-level milking systems are generally recommended in preference to higher lines. However, low-level systems are considerably more expensive as units have to be doubled up compared with the mid-level system.Some of the machine factors contributing to excessive FFA development in milk can be eliminated by proper design, installation, maintenance and operation; however, the benefits of design changes remain a source of debate. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relative effects on milk FFA of various components of a modern mid-level milking system (a pipeline milking system with the milkline 1·2–1·5m above cow standing level) and then to compare the optimal mid-level system with direct-to-line and low-level milking systems.
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Brophy, Sarah, Paul Browne, Elisabeth A. Vandenberghe, David O'Brien, and Anthony M. McElligott. "Microenvironmental-Mediated Regulation of L-Selectin in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 4133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.4133.4133.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of CD5/19+ve B cells in the blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes. The tumour microenvironment of the bone marrow and secondary lymphoid organs promotes cell proliferation, survival and protection from drug induced apoptosis. Selectins, integrins and chemokines mediate the trafficking of CLL cells to these protective niches. An important adhesion molecule in this process is L-selectin (CD62L) which is involved in initial tethering and rolling of CLL cells in the high endothelial venules, allowing migration between the blood and the secondary lymphoid organs. It has been shown that CLL cell expression of CD62L increases during in vitro culture and blocking antibodies cause an increase in apoptosis, suggesting a role for CD62L in cell survival (Burgess et al., Clin Cancer Res. 2013). The B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling pathway is the most important pathway involved in micro-environmental crosstalk and CLL cell survival, and has recently been shown to interact with the STAT3 signalling pathway (Rozovski et al., Blood 2014). In this study, Hs5 Bone Marrow Stromal Cell (BMSC), Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVEC) and patient derived BMSC co-cultures were used to mimic pro-survival microenvironmental signals and investigate the effect on the expression of a panel of cell surface adhesion molecules. These coculture models resulted in a significant increase in CD62L positive CLL cells (p<0.01, n=7). Stimulation of the BCR using immunoglobulin F(ab´)2fragments induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 and resulted in a significant increase in CD62L expression, which was abrogated by pre-treatment with the Bruton tyrosine kinase (btk) inhibitor Ibrutinib prior to BCR stimulation. (p<0.05, n=5). siRNA mediated STAT3 knockdown and treatment with STAT3 inhibitors, including Cucurbitacin I, resulted in a significant decrease in CD62L positive CLL cells (p<0.0001, n=14). Co-culture with Hs5 cells, HUVECs, patient derived BMSC or BCR stimulation did not overcome Cucurbitacin I induced downregulation of CD62L. The effect of STAT3 inhibition on CLL cell adhesion and chemotaxis was also investigated. A microfluidic system including a neMESYS Low Pressure syringe pump system (Cetoni GmbH) and Cellix Vena8Endothelial+biochips coated with Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVECs) or Human Dermal Lymphatic Endothelial cells (HDLEC) was utilised to investigate CLL cell adhesion under fluid shear flow conditions. Flow rates of0.5 dynes/cm2 for the HUVEC-coated biochips and 0.08 dynes/cm2 for the HDLEC coated biochips were used to model the fluid shear of blood and lymphatic flow respectively. Treatment with Cucurbitacin I resulted in a mean decrease of 50% in CLL cell adhesion to HUVEC but not HDLEC in this system (p<0.05, n=3). Chemotaxis of CLL cells was investigated using Neuroprobe 96-well ChemoTx plates. Treatment with Cucurbitacin I resulted in a mean decrease of 87% of CLL cells migrated in response to the chemokine CXCL12 compared to control (p<0.0001, n=4). In conclusion, this study shows microenvironmental signals mediate the expression of CD62L in CLL cells. Our data suggest that the STAT3 pathway regulates the expression of CD62L and the adhesion and chemotaxis of CLL cells. The down-regulation of CD62L expression through inhibition of BCR signalling or direct inhibition of STAT3 may have implications for the trafficking of CLL cells and treatment of CLL. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Vitale, Candida, Valentina Griggio, Chiara Riganti, Ivana Campia, Marta Robino, Micol Rigoni, Patrizia Sciancalepore, et al. "The Mevalonate Metabolic Pathway and the CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis Reciprocally Interact and Are Implicated in Fludarabine Resistance of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.833.833.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Treatment of fludarabine-resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients is an unmet clinical need. Fludarabine resistance in CLL depends on intrinsic molecular features of the tumor cells, and on bidirectional interactions occurring between CLL cells and stromal cells (SC) of the tumor microenvironment. One of the main players of SC-induced fludarabine resistance is the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. CXCR4 is a G protein-coupled receptor constitutively expressed on CLL cells. The binding of CXCR4 with CXCL12 activates the Ras/ERK1-2/Akt and the RhoA-dependent signalling pathways. To be active transducers Ras and RhoA need to undergo a post-translational modification (i.e. isoprenylation) by means of small molecules produced by the mevalonate (Mev) pathway. We have recently demonstrated that the Mev pathway is more active in IGHV unmutated than in mutated CLL cells, and is amenable to pharmacological manipulation by statins (i.e. simvastatin [Sim]). It is currently unknown whether the Mev pathway and its pharmacological targeting are implicated in the modulation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and in the SC-induced fludarabine resistance of CLL cells. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the reciprocal interactions between the Mev pathway and the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, in order to identify potential targets to counteract the constitutive and SC-induced fludarabine resistance of CLL cells. METHODS: Immuno-magnetically purified patient-derived CLL cells were cultured alone or with murine SC (M2-10B4 cell line). In selected experiments, cell cultures were exposed to human recombinant CXCL12 (100 μg/ml), CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 (5 μg/ml), fludarabine (F-ara-A, 10 μM), Sim (1 μM), ERK1-2 kinase inhibitor PD98059 (10 μM), RhoA kinase inhibitor Y276 (10 μM), HIF-1α inhibitor YC-1 (10 μM). The activity of the Mev pathway was measured by the quantification of metabolites [i.e. cholesterol and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP)] produced by CLL cells after 24 h incubation with 1 μCi of [3H]acetate. Ras and RhoA activities were evaluated measuring their GTP-bound fraction, taken as an index of the G-protein activation, respectively by pull-down assay and by an ELISA based assay. ERK1-2 and HIF-1α phosphorylation were evaluated by Western Blot. RhoA kinase, Akt and HIF-1α activities were measured with specific immunoassay kit. The amount of CXCL12 in culture supernatants was assessed by ELISA assay. Cell viability was determined by Annexin-V/propidium Iodide immunostaining and flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS: Co-culture with SC upregulated the Mev pathway activity of CLL cells, as shown by the increased production of cholesterol and FPP. This SC-induced increase in the Mev pathway activity was followed by the activation of the downstream Ras/ERK1-2 and RhoA/RhoA kinase signalling, the upregulation of the pro-survival factor Akt, and an increase in the transcriptional activity of HIF-1α. These biological and molecular effects were identically observed when CLL cells were exposed to recombinant CXCL12, and were completely abrogated by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100, thus showing the key role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in the SC-induced modulation of the Mev pathway and the downstream Ras/ERK1-2 and RhoA/RhoA kinase signalling. On the other hand, blocking the Mev pathway by Sim and targeting ERK1-2 kinases, RhoA kinase and HIF-1α by specific small-molecule inhibitors significantly reduced the constitutive activity and the SC-induced upregulation of the Ras/ERK1-2 and RhoA/RhoA kinase signal transduction. A regulatory role of the Mev pathway on the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis was observed not only in CLL cells but also in SC, as shown by the significant reduction in CXCL12 secretion by SC exposed to Sim. In the last set of experiments, we found that the inhibition of the Mev pathway by Sim potentiated the direct cytotoxic effect of fludarabine against CLL cells. Even more importantly, both Sim and the downstream HIF-1α inhibitor YC-1 were capable of counteracting the SC-mediated protection of CLL cells from fludarabine-induced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that the Mev pathway has a regulatory role on the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and on the SC-mediated protective effects toward spontaneous and fludarabine-induced CLL cell death. The upstream inhibition of the Mev pathway and the downstream targeting of HIF-1α are promising strategies to circumvent fludarabine resistance in CLL. Disclosures Boccadoro: Janssen-Cilag: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Onyx Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.