Relevant bibliographies by topics / Direct-reduced iron

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Direct-reduced iron'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Direct-reduced iron"

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INABA, Shinichi. "Overview of New Direct Reduced Iron Technology." Tetsu-to-Hagane 87, no. 5 (2001): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.87.5_221.

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Anameric, Basak, and S. Komar Kawatra. "PROPERTIES AND FEATURES OF DIRECT REDUCED IRON." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 28, no. 1 (January 2007): 59–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827500600835576.

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Anameric, B., and S. K. Kawatra. "Conditions for making direct reduced iron, transition direct reduced iron and pig iron nuggets in a laboratory furnace — Temperature-time transformations." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 24, no. 1 (February 2007): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03403357.

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Ahmad, Jaleel Kareem. "Inhibition of Reoxidation of Direct Reduced Iron ( DRI) or Sponge Iron." International Journal of Materials Science and Applications 4, no. 2 (2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.s.2015040201.12.

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AbdElmomen, S. S. "Reoxidation of direct reduced iron in ambient air." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 41, no. 2 (December 6, 2013): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743281213y.0000000105.

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Sitov, Alexandr N., Vladimir A. Malovechko, and Andrey E. Slitsan. "SEA TRANSPORTATION OF DIRECT REDUCED IRON IN BULK." Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 10, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 1162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2018-10-6-1162-1178.

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Maldonado-Ruíz, S. I., D. I. Martínez, A. Velasco, and R. Colás. "Wear of white cast irons by impact of direct reduced iron pellets." Wear 259, no. 1-6 (July 2005): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.061.

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Lu, Wei-Kao. "ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics and Mechanisms in Direct Reduced Iron." ChemInform 30, no. 41 (June 13, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199941279.

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Huitu, Kaisa, Mikko Helle, Hannu Helle, Marko Kekkonen, and Henrik Saxén. "Optimization of Midrex Direct Reduced Iron Use in Ore-Based Steelmaking." steel research international 86, no. 5 (September 2, 2014): 456–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201400091.

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Kim, Geonu, and Petrus Christiaan Pistorius. "Strength of Direct Reduced Iron Following Gas-Based Reduction and Carburization." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 51, no. 6 (September 21, 2020): 2628–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01958-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Direct-reduced iron"

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Bilen, Idil. "Direct Reduced Iron Production from EAF Slags in Fixed Bed Furnace." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-117981.

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Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags are basic characteristic slags that include approximately 40 % iron oxide compounds. Iron oxide can be recycled and re-used in the process to decrease amount of waste product besides reducing loss of raw materials. According to result of survey performed by The European Association Representing Metallurgical Slag Producers and Processors (EUROSLAG) in 2010, 8.5 million tons of EAF slag is produced in Europe. High percentage of EAF slag is re-used in road construction as aggregate. However it can be re-cycled in the internal use for metallurgical processes as well. In order to re-use EAF slag in the process as a raw material, direct reduction is a new approach. Direct reduction is reduction of iron containing raw materials with gas or solid reductants without melting of charge. In this study, reduction conditions of 39 % Fe2O3 containing EAF slag in tube furnace was examined. As the reducing agent, metallurgical coke was used. EAF slag was milled and pelletized in raw material preparation step. Pellets were charged to fixed bed type tube furnace in a graphite boat at 1050, 1100 and 1150°C respectively with 150 and 200% of stoichiometrically required amount of metallurgical coke. 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes process durations were performed. Direct reduced pellets were milled to be characterized by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and chemical analysis methods. Results indicate that increased temperature, process duration and stoichiometry have a positive impact on direct reduction of EAF slag in terms of iron metallization. 90 % metallization degree has been achieved as the result of the study with the process conditions of 200 % stoichiometry and 90 minutes process duration at 1150 °C.
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ELANGO, SABARISH. "Life cycle assessment of coal based direct-reduced iron production in India." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287339.

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The production of iron through direct reduction (Direct-Reduced Iron; DRI) involves the use of natural gas or coal to reduce iron ore to iron through carbothermic reactions at a temperature below its melting point, negating the need for a blast furnace as otherwise required. In India, around 25% of iron is produced through direct reduction. However, there is a high reliance on coal (79% of DRI production capacity) causing significant energy use and emissions from production. Also, a large portion of raw materials (especially coal) is imported due to low quality of domestic resources. To understand the overall supply chain impact of DRI or sponge iron production, a life-cycle assessment is carried out on four stages: mining, transport, beneficiation (i.e. ore pellet-making and coal washing) and DRI production. Around 315 coal-based DRI production plants are mapped using GIS to identify clustering of plants in major iron-producing regions. Weighted average specific energy use and emissions is calculated for seven such clusters (using total cluster capacity), based on regional raw material qualities and transport distances from various mines, ports and beneficiation plants. The results suggest an overall specific (per tonne DRI) energy consumption of 27.24 GJ with an emission of 2.8 tCO2eq, 2.6 kgNOx, 1.8 kgSOx and 1.4 kgPM2.5. The specific energy and emission values are used to calculate the total annual emissions by multiplying with the 2019 DRI production amount of 27.8 million tonnes. The annual midpoint and endpoint impacts as per ReCiPe 2016 (country-wise factors where applicable) are then calculated. The DRI industry causes 77.31 million tCO2eq/year in global warming potential, 59.02 thousand tSO2eq/year in acidification potential and 287.2 thousand tPM2.5eq/year in fine dust formation potential. It is estimated to cause approximately 270,000 years of reduction in overall human life and 230 species years of species loss (mainly in terrestrial ecosystems). Different sensitivities are carried out to understand the impact of some key influencing parameters (effect of ore quality and coal quality, effect of imports of ore and coal). Some development scenarios, such as increasing coal washery capacity, shifting land transport from road to rail, increasing waste-heat recovery penetration, effect of stricter regulations, etc. are discussed, along with pathways for fuel-switching from coal to natural gas, and then from natural gas to hydrogen.
Järnsvamp producerat genom direktreduktion (Direct-Reduced Iron; DRI) innefattar användning av naturgas eller kol för reduktion av järnmalm till järn genom karboterma reaktioner vid en temperatur under dess smältpunkt, vilket eliminerar behovet av en masugn. Ca 25% av järnproduktionen i Indien sker genom direkt reduktion. Energin kommer i 73% av fallen från kol, vilket gör processen är väldigt kolberoende. I sin tur bidrar detta till en betydande energianvändning och stora koldioxidutsläpp. Låg kvalité på inhemska resurser (framförallt kol) kräver import av en stor del av processråvarorna. För att förstå den övergripande effekten av försörjningskedjan av DRI- eller svampjärnproduktionen genomfördes en livscykelbedömning i fyra steg - gruvdrift, transport, anrikning (dvs tillverkning av malmpellets och koltvätt) och DRI-produktion. Cirka 315 kolbaserade DRI-produktionsanläggningar kartlades med GIS för att identifiera kluster av produktionsanläggningar i större järnproducerande regioner. Vägt genomsnittligt specifikt energianvändning och utsläpp beräknades för sju sådana kluster (med total klusterkapacitet) baserat på regionala råvarukvaliteter och transportavstånd från olika gruvor, hamnar och förädlingsanläggningar. Resultaten indikerar en total specifik energiförbrukning på 27,24 GJ/ton DRI med ett utsläpp på 2,8 tCO2eq, 2,6 kg NOx, 1,8 kg SOx och 1,4 kg PM2,5 per ton DRI. De specifika energi- och utsläppsvärdena användes för att beräkna de totala årliga utsläppen genom att multiplicera med DRI-produktionsmängden för 2019, vilken motsvarade 27,8 miljoner ton. Den årliga mitt- och slutpunktseffekten enligt ReCiPe 2016 (landsmässiga faktorer där så är tillämpliga) beräknades sedan. DRI-industrin har en global uppvärmningspotential motsvarande 77,31 miljoner tCO2eq/år, 59,02 tusen tSO2eq/år i försurningspotential och 287,2 tusen tPM2,5eq/år i potential för bildning av fint damm. Detta beräknas förkorta livslängden hos människor världen över med total cirka 270 000 år och 230 år av artförlust (främst i markbundna ekosystem). En känslighetsanalys utfördes för att förstå effekterna av viktiga påverkande parametrar (effekt av malmkvalitet och kolkvalitet, effekt av import av malm och kol). Vissa utvecklingsscenarier, såsom ökad koltvättkapacitet, skifte i transport från väg till järnväg, ökad penetration av spillvärmeåtervinning, effekten av strängare föreskrifter etcetera diskuterades tillsammans med tillvägagångssätt för bränsleomkoppling från kol till naturgas och sedan från naturgas till väte.
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Qin, Hongye. "Investigation of Direct-Reduced Iron as a Filter Media for Phosphorus Removal in Wastewater Applications." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39973.

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Passive reactive filters have the potential to provide effective phosphorus (P) removal from stormwater or agricultural drainage, or to act as an add-on P-removal technology for decentralized or small community wastewater treatment systems. Passive filters require minimal energy consumption and human maintenance. Direct-reduced iron (DRI), a steel-making intermediate, was investigated as a passive filter media for wastewaters phosphorus reduction. Phosphorus is a biologically active element that is in excess in many natural waterways due to intensive human activity. Eutrophication can occur when P concentrations exceed 0.02 mg/L in freshwater lakes and rivers. The harmful consequence of this phenomenon includes oxygen deprivation, fish death and cyanobacteria-produced toxins. There is a pressing need to limit phosphorus over-discharge into natural waterways. DRI is a novel media in the application of wastewater treatment and was characterized to have a porous structure with high metallic iron content. The phosphorus retaining mechanisms in batch and column studies suggest a combination of adsorption and surface crystal formation as the dominant removal mechanisms. Batch studies demonstrated increasing removal capacity with P concentration with a plateau observed at 21 mg P/g DRI relating to initial 3000 mg P/L. Media rejuvenation was investigated through chemical treatment with two iron solutions (Fe2(SO4)3, FeCl3) and two acidic solutions (H2SO4 and HCl) at varying molarity. P removal capacity could be fully recovered with 0.05 M Fe3+ or 0.4 N H+ (HCl/H2SO4), while a 37.6% P recovery was also achieved in an acidic solution at 1.2 N H+ (HCl/H2SO4). A column study utilizing three media sizes of DRI (3.5, 11, 19 mm) and one media size of activated alumina (AA) (7.5 mm) was conducted for 315 days using synthetic P solution varying from 2 to 10 mg/L and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) varying from 0.7 – 15 h. The results demonstrated that removal efficiency increased with HRT and decreased with increasing media size and concentration with minimum HRTs to maintain an 80% removal efficiency varying from 4.4 to 15 hrs for DRI and 3.9 hrs for AA for influent P concentrations of 10 mg/L and below. After 1 year of column operation, the DRI media had demonstrated a minimum removal capacity of 1.82 mg P/g DRI, which can be used as a conservative design parameter. A short duration column study (34 days) utilizing municipal lagoon effluent exhibited similar removal efficiencies to the synthetic column study under the same operational conditions. The 10 years lifespan DRI filter with 80% removal rate in the treatment of stormwater, municipal lagoon effluent, septic tank effluent and dairy wastewater application would have been estimated to have filter volumes of 0.24, 4.69, 15.3 and 36.2 m3, respectively.
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Erwee, M. W. (Markus Wouter). "Nitrogen in SL/RN direct reduced iron : origin and effect on the electric steelmaking process." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40830.

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Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) is used as an alternative feedstock in electric arc furnaces, making up 50% or more of the total iron charge. DRI produced with coal based reductants (for example in rotary kilns) make up roughly 25% of DRI produced in the world. It was found that SL/RN DRI samples from a kiln cooler had high nitrogen contents (50-250ppm, depending on particle size), higher than DRI from gas-based reduction. The higher nitrogen content of SL/RN DRI would increase the levels of nitrogen of liquid steel produced in the EAFs. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that the SL/RN DRI contains virtually no carbon (which would aid in preventing nitrogen pickup). The proposed mechanism of nitrogen pick-up by the SL/RN DRI is one where nitrogen present within the atmosphere of the rotary cooler (where hot DRI, discharged at 1000°C from the rotary kiln, is cooled to approximately 100 °C in ca. two hours) penetrates the solids bed and nitrides DRI particles. Possible rate-determining steps for nitriding in the cooler have been evaluated. Nitriding of DRI particles is predicted to be rapid: the most plausible location for rapid nitrogen pickup is the first 5 meters of the rotary cooler, where the high temperature, nitrogen-rich gas atmosphere and rapid solids bed mixing are conducive to nitriding; solid-state and pore diffusion of nitrogen into DRI particles are predicted to be rapid too. The most plausible rate determining step for nitriding of DRI particles is that of nitrogen dissociation on the DRI surface, which can be further retarded by the presence of sulphur. A strong correlation was found between the amount of “melt-in” carbon in the liquid steel and the final tap nitrogen content, with 0.3% C resulting in nitrogen levels as low as 50 ppm (80 ppm or less is desired on the plant in question) at tap, even with DRI material that is high in nitrogen and contains virtually no carbon. Proposals to increase the melt-in carbon are included.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
unrestricted
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Delport, Hendrikus Mattheus Wessels. "The development of a DRI process for small scale EAF-based steel mills." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17442.

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Thesis (MScEng) --University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the development of a new process for the production of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), intended for use specifically by small scale Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) based steel mills, who require small volumes of DRI. The term development as used here is taken to include such aspects as conceptual design, theoretical verification and initial practical testing. The rise of EAF steelmaking brought about the metamorphosis of steel scrap from a waste product into a valuable raw material. Scrap prices rose steeply during the period 1995 to 2009 compelling EAF steelmakers, wishing to have more control over the cost of their input material, to seek for scrap supplements or alternatives. DRI has become an accepted and sought after supplement, or even complete alternative, to steel scrap. Adding DRI to an EAF charge has a range of advantages, including the dilution of tramp elements and possible cost benefits, but it does have negative effects. These include the lowering of the scrap to liquid metal yield and an increase in power consumed. The effect of charging DRI to a small EAF is quantified. The maximum DRI that may be added to the burden whilst still maintaining the present steelmaking volume, is shown to be as high as 50% if charged continuously, and the maximum price payable for DRI, is shown to be approximately 80% of base grade scrap price. Finally other requirements unique to small scale EAF operators are considered in order to prepare a schedule of requirements for a DRI plant specifically for small scale EAF steel mills. A review of published information on existing DRI production technology, processes and plants is undertaken is establish the fit of existing processes to the requirements set. Initially the thermodynamics and kinetics of iron ore reduction and coal gasification, specifically downdraft gasification are reviewed. Thereafter existing processes are reviewed. Shaft based processes and rotary kiln based processes are identified as possible suitors to the requirements. Limitations of these processes, specifically heat transfer in rotary kilns and the pressure drop over a reduction shafts are investigated. Finally a typical process in each of the main process classes is adjudicated against the set requirements. None is found to match the set requirements. A new process is proposed that is claimed to better suit to small scale operation. The uniqueness of the process is embodied in the combination of existing technologies of downdraft gasification and iron ore reduction in a shaft, in a single reactor. The process consists of two shafts, one placed above the other. Iron ore is charged into the top shaft, called the pre-heat shaft, where it is pre-heated and lightly reduced to wustite with gas from the bottom shaft, called the reduction shaft. The pre-heated ore is then charged together with coal into the reduction shaft. Gasification air is drawn into the top of the reduction shaft where the coal is gasified in a downdraft gasifier, generating reduction gas which reduces the ore as the gas moves concurrently with the iron ore. The exit gas is cleaned and pumped to the pre-heat shaft where it combusted with air to pre-heat the iron ore in the pre-heat shaft. The concept is analysed thermodynamically using amongst others, FactSage, and is shown to be thermodynamically viable. To test the concept process concept practically, an extremely small pilot plant with a production rate of 2kg DRI/h, consisting of only a gasifier/reduction shaft, was designed and constructed using reduction rate data obtained from literature supplemented with data obtained from thermogravimetric analysis of CO reduction of lump Sishen hematite. Pilot Plant trials were performed using various reductant sources. The degree of metallizaion was analysed using visual inspection of cut and polished samples compared to calibrated standards. Analysis of the results indicate that coal rate and production rate influence the degree of reduction positively and negatively. The conclusions arrived at include the fact that the process is thermodynamically viable, that it was possible to reduce iron ore in a simplified pilot plant, and that the process was found to be stable and controllable. It is recommended that a larger scale pilot plant, embodying the full proposed flow sheet be erected to test the process more completely.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis handel oor die the ontwikkeling van ‘n nuwe proses vir die vervaardiging van sponsyster. Die proses is beoog spesifiek vir gebruik deur kleinskaalse Elektriese Boogoond (EBO) gebaseerde staal aanlegte, wat kleiner hoeveelhede sponsyster benodig. Die term ontwikkeling soos hier gebruik word aanvaar om aspekte soos konseptuele ontwerp, teoretiese verifikasie en aanvanklike toetsing te behels. Die vinnige groei van EBO staalvervaardiging het skroot getransformeer van weggooiproduk tot waardevolle grondstof. Die prys van skroot het skerp gestyg gedurende die periode 1995 to 2009. EBO gebaseerde staal produsente, in ‘n poging om meer beheer te hê oor die koste van hul insetmateriaal, het hul in ‘n toenemende mate tot skrootalternatiewe gewend. Sponsyster het ‘n aanvaarde en gewaardeerde byvoeging, en selfs alternatief tot staalskroot geword. Die byvoeging van sponsyster by die lading van ‘n tipiese EBO het besliste voordele, maar het dit ook nadelige effekte. Die voordele sluit die verdunning van reselemente en moontlike kostevoordele in, terwyl van die nadele die verlaging van die skroot tot vloeistaal opbrengs, en ‘n verhoging in kragverbruik, is. Die effek van die byvoeging van sponsyster tot ‘n EBO lading word gekwantifiseer. Daar word getoon dat die maksimum hoeveelheid sponsyster wat by ‘n EBO lading gevoeg kan word terwyl die hoeveelheid staal geproduseer konstant gehou word, ongeveer 50% is indien die sponsyster kontinue gelaai word, en die maksimum prys wat vir die sponsyster betaal kan word, word bereken op ongeveer 80% van die prys van basisgraad skroot. Ander vereistes uniek aan kleinskaal EBO bedrywers word oorweeg ten einde ‘n lys van vereistes vir ‘n sponsysteraanleg, uniek aan kleinskaal EBO bedrywers, te kan bepaal. ‘n Oorsig van gepubliseerde inligting oor sponsysterproduksietegnologie word onderneem ten einde die passing van bestaande prosesse met die gestelde vereistes te kan bepaal. Nadat die termodinamika en kinetika van ysterertsreduksie en steenkoolvergassing be-oordeel is, word bestaande sponsysterprosesse beskou. Skag- en Roterende oond gebaseerde prosesse word as moontlik gepaste prosesse identifiseer. Hitte-oordrag en die drukval oor gepakte beddens, synde tipiese beperkings eie aan die twee prosesse, woord beskou. Tipiese prosesse in elk van die hoofklasse van prosesse word ten laaste be-oordeel aan die gestelde kriteria. Daar word bevind dat geeneen van die bestaande prosesse aan die vereistes voldoen nie. ‘n Nuwe proses, wat skynbaar die behoefte van kleinskaalse EBO gebaseerde staalprodusente beter bevredig, word voorgestel. Bestaande tegnolgie word in ‘n unieke opstelling geïntegreer. Reduksie word in ‘n reduksiekag gedoen as gevolg van die ooglopende massa- en hitte-oordragvoordele van ‘n skag. Reduksiegas word verkry van steenkoolvergassing in ‘n afstroomvergasser ten einde teerverwydering in ‘n naverwerkingsstap oorbodig te maak. Die uniekheid van die proses is beliggaam in die kombinasie van ‘n steenkoolvergasser en reduksieskag in ‘n enkele reaktor. Die proses bestaan uit twee skagte, een bo die ander. Ystererts word in die boonste skag, wat die voorverhitskag genoem word, gelaai. Hier word die erts voorverhit en moontlik lig gereduseer tot wustiet met gas van die onderste skag, wat die reduksieskag genoem word. Die voorverhitte erts word saam met steenkool in die reduksieskag gelaai. Vergassingslug, word in die reduksieskag gesuig waar die steenkool in ‘n afstroomvergasser vergas word. Hierdeur word reduksiegas gegenereer wat die erts verder reduseer soos dit saamstromend met die erts af beweeg. Die uitlaatgas word gesuiwer en na die voorverhitskag gepomp waar dit verbrand word om die erts te voorverhit. Die konsep is termodinamies analiseer met gebruikmaking van onder andere FactSage, en werkbaar bevind. ‘n Baie klein, vereenvoudigde proefaanleg, met ‘n produksievermoë van 2kg DRY/uur, bestaande uit slegs ‘n reduksiekag, is ontwerp en gebou met gebruikmaking van kinetika inligting uit die literatuur aangevul met inligting uit termogravimetriese analise van die CO reduksie van Sishen hematiet. Proefaanleglopies is uitgevoer met ‘n reeks reduktantbronne. Die metallisasiegraad is bepaal deur visuele inspeksie van gesnyde, gepoleerde monsters wat vergelyk is met gekalibreerde standaarde. Analise van die resultate toon dat die steenkoolkoers ‘n positiewe verband, en die produksiekoers ‘n negatiewe verband met die metallisasiegraad het. Die slotsom waartoe gekom is, is dat die proses termodinamies werkbaar is, dat reduksie van ystererts in ‘n vereenvoudigde proefaanleg bewerk kon word, en dat die prose stabiel en beheerbaar voorgekom het. Die aanbeveling word gemaak dat ‘n groter proefaanleg wat die volledige voorgestelde vloeiskema verteenwoordig, opgerig behoort te word, ten einde die proses meer volledig te kan toets.
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Sharifi, Kiasaraei Erfan. "Decarburization and Melting Behavior of Direct-reduced Iron Pellets in Steelmaking Slag." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/25797.

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An experimental study was undertaken to quantify the rate of DRI decarburization in a steelmaking slag using the constant–volume pressure increase technique. Experiments were conducted by dropping DRI pellets into molten slag at temperatures from 1500°C to 1600°C. Further experiments were carried out in which the DRI pellets were preheated while the slag temperature remained constant. The effect of initial carbon content and preheating temperature of the DRI on the reaction rate was investigated. The decarburization of DRI appears to comprise of two stages; reaction with the FeO of DRI, followed by further decarburization through the iron oxide of slag. Carbon has a significant effect on the kinetics of both stages while the preheating temperature mainly influences the rate of the reaction between FeO and carbon inside the pellet.
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Hsin-ChienChuang and 莊鑫堅. "Study of Crushing Strength of Direct Reduced Iron from Carbothermic Reaction of Residual Materials." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99354756083771667175.

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博士
國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系碩博士班
98
In integrated steel plants, dusts and sludges, commonly referred to as “residual materials”, are inevitably generated during steel production. Due to high iron oxides and carbon contents, these residual materials can be converted into direct reduced iron (DRI) through the carbothermic reduction. DRI can be recycled as the feedstock of blast furnace for liquid iron production. It is known that the permeability of blast furnace would be deteriorated in case of the severe breakage of burden materials. Therefore, it is strictly required that the crushing strength of DRI has to be higher than 0.60 kg/mm2 to avoid its breakage during storage, transportation, and charging into blast furnace. The study focuses on the effect of the softening and melting temperature of slag composition based on residual materials in China Steel Company. The results compared with data of phase diagram can estimate how to adjust recipe of residual materials in order to meet the feed demand of blast furnace. The results show both basicity (B2) and FeO content can affect the softening and melting temperature of slag. When B2 is lower than 1.13, the deformation temperature is probably less than 1250℃. The solidified softened slag could intensify DRI crushing strength. At next stage, the study investigates the effect of additives to residual materials on the crushing strength of DRI. By adding proper agents, it can assure DRI crushing strength to meet the feed demand of blast furnace. The mixture (Case A) which was made of nine kinds of residual materials was composed of 28.82% oily dewater sludge, 19.15% blast furnace sludge, 17.05% basic oxygen furnace slurry, and 13.55% oily mill scale. The rest of the residual materials were basic oxygen furnace dust, blast furnace flue dust, wastes incinerator fly-ash, blast furnace high-zinc sludge, and cold-rolling sludge. Additives included powdery reagents of Fe2O3, SiO2, and graphite. Experimental conditions of the lab-scale carbothermic reaction included reaction time ranging from 10 to 20 minutes and reaction temperature between 1150 and 1250℃. Results shows adding proper amount of Fe2O3 will decrease the value of (C/Ored)mol and increase the iron content of DRI. It would raise the crushing strength of DRI. It also was found that adding a little SiO2 would induce the partially softening and melting slag phase under 1250℃ due to the lower B2 value (down to 0.89) of the residual materials specimens. The higher crushing strength of DRI was obtained due to sintering. Furthermore, the addition of graphite resulted in the value of (C/Ored)mol above 1.20. It declined the DRI strength. On the other hand, increasing reduction time or reaction temperature could enlarge effect of additives on the crushing strength of DRI. When reaction temperature decreased to 1200℃, adding 15% Fe2O3 made crushing strength of DRI higher than 0.60 kg/mm2. In in-situ process of RHF, the intact green pellet of residual materials is essential. Blending water content with residual materials affects discharge.of extruder. The appropriate water content was between 17~21%. Besides, the condition of heat fragment was conducted at 950℃ for 5 minutes. The optimal water content was 15~19% for resistance of heat fragment. Synthesizing both results, 17~19% water content is the best condition for pilot scale. The mixture (Case B) had similar composition to Case A, but BOF slurry decreased from 17.05 to 10.10% and BF flue dust increased from 2.66 to 9.20%. This recipe expected to produce worse strength of DRI due to excess carbon content. The pellets via an extruder with water content (18%) were reduced at 1200℃ for 15 minutes. The result shows the crushing strength for Case B was 0.48 kg/mm2. Adding 2, 4, 6, 8% Fe2O3 from acid regenerate plant (ARP) to Case B was reduced at 1200℃ for 15 minutes. It shows 6 and 8% Fe2O3 can increase crushing strength of DRI to 0.61 and 0.71 kg/mm2. According above results shows that high value (＞1.20) of (C/Ored)mol in residual materials would cause the crushing strength of DRI under 0.60 kg/mm2. So adding appropriate Fe2O3 which consumes carbon and introduces softened slag within DRI assures the crushing strength of DRI above 0.60 kg/mm2.
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Books on the topic "Direct-reduced iron"

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Jerome, Feinman, Mac Rae, Donald R. 1934-, and Iron and Steel Society, eds. Direct reduced iron: Technology and economics of production and use. Warrendale, PA: Iron & Steel Society, 1999.

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(Editor), Jerome Feinman, and Donald R. Mac Rae (Editor), eds. Direct Reduced Iron : Technology and Economics of Production & Use (# TB20). Iron & Steel Society, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Direct-reduced iron"

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Cavaliere, Pasquale. "Direct Reduced Iron: Most Efficient Technologies for Greenhouse Emissions Abatement." In Clean Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes, 419–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21209-4_8.

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Dai, Linqing, Jinhui Peng, and Hongbo Zhu. "Optimization of the Process Variables for Making Direct Reduced Iron by Microwave Heating using Response Surface Methodology." In 2nd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 101–10. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118062081.ch13.

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Dutta, Sujay Kumar, and Rameshwar Sah. "Direct Reduced Iron: Production." In Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys, 1082–108. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-eisa-120050996.

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Cameron, Ian, Mitren Sukhram, Kyle Lefebvre, and William Davenport. "Top Charged Direct Reduced Iron." In Blast Furnace Ironmaking, 409–28. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814227-1.00044-0.

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Foulds, Gary A., Geoff R. Rigby, W. Leung, Jim Falsetti, and Fred Jahnke. "Synthesis Gas Production: Comparison of Gasification with Steam Reforming for Direct Reduced Iron Production." In Natural Gas Conversion V, Proceedings ofthe 5th International Natural Gas Conversion Symposium,, 889–94. Elsevier, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(98)80544-2.

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Baş, Halim, and Muhammed Erkam Kocakaya. "Identifying the Relationship Between Health Expenditures and Life Expectancy at Birth." In Multidimensional Perspectives and Global Analysis of Universal Health Coverage, 285–308. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2329-2.ch011.

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In this study, 16 countries in the MENA region (United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Djibouti, Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Malta, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and Yemen) were included to the sample and was analyzed, by using a panel data method Pedroni Cointegration test, that relationship between “health expenditures” and “life expectancy at birth” in 2000-2016 period these countries. As a result of the analysis, there was no relationship between health expenditures and life expectancy at birth. Although health expenditures do not have a direct impact on life expectancy at birth, If the MENA region countries take needed measures (such as; to attach importance to institutionalization and functionality in health, focusing on disadvantaged groups, and to encourage investments of hospital and personnel), the inequalities in health outcomes would be reduced.
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DiMoia, John P. "Providing Reassurance and Affirmation." In Gender, Health, and History in Modern East Asia. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390908.003.0010.

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This chapter looks at the voluntary vasectomy campaigns headed by Dr. Lee Hui-Yong at Seoul National University hospital, concurrent with ongoing family planning campaigns for much of the 1960s and 1970s. In particular, the surgery was first tested on a range of civilian subjects before becoming specifically attached to the Home Reserve Army (Yebigun), a body created in the late 1960s in the aftermath of a North Korean incursion and direct assault on the Blue House, or presidential residence. In a wonderful bit of irony, the hyper-masculinist rhetoric of the period asked South Korean males to stand for the nation, to father children and nurture them, and at the same time, to curb their reproductive urges after a proscribed number of children. Carrying into the 1970s, reservists received additional incentives (access to apartments, education for children, reduced reserve periods) for compliance with the “voluntary program. The logic and zeal of the program was such that numbers continued to peak into the 1980s and early 1990s, even as South Korea underwent democratization and the transition to pro-natal initiatives.
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Conference papers on the topic "Direct-reduced iron"

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Desbiens, A., and A. A. Shook. "IMC-optimization of a direct reduced iron phenomenological simulator." In 4th International Conference on Control and Automation. Final Program and Book of Abstracts. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2003.1595061.

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Pistorius, P., and G. Kim. "Effects of Reduction and Carburization on Strength of Direct Reduced Iron." In AISTech 2020. AIST, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/380/051.

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A. Saif, Abdul-Wahid, Mohamed Habib, Mostafa Elshafei, and Muhammad Sabih. "Intelligent sensor for predicting the quality of reduced iron in direct reduction furnaces." In Applications (ISIEA 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isiea.2009.5356434.

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Kacar, Y., G. Pistorius, and P. Kim. "Effect of Carbon Bonding State and Concentration on Melting of Direct Reduced Iron." In AISTech2019. AIST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/377/069.

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Walker, William, Ali Farhadi, George Tsvik, Tom Roesel, Naresh K. Selvarasu, Yeow Siow, and Chenn Q. Zhou. "3-D Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Bustle Gas Combustion in a Direct Reduced Iron Plant." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42403.

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Gases from a natural gas reformer are used to reduce iron oxides to iron in the direct reduced iron (DRI) plant. The reducing gases consist of mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide and traces of methane, water vapor, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Part of this gas mixture is burned to heat the gases to 1000°C (1832°F) by the injection of pure oxygen through an Inconel nozzle. The oxygen nozzle fails frequently, mainly due to the high temperature reactions. This paper aims to study the reactions that contribute to the high temperature for different oxygen flow rates and thus optimize the flow rates to prevent failure of the nozzle using a three dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model.
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Yue, Chongfeng, Lu Bai, Yicheng Hong, and Lijun Xu. "Discussion on the application of high additional value of high purity and high quality direct reduced iron." In ADVANCES IN ENERGY SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING II: Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on Advances in Energy Science and Environment Engineering (AESEE 2018). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5029791.

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Senfuka, C., J. B. Kirabira, and J. K. Byaruhanga. "A Quantitative Evaluation of the Quality of Recycled Steel in Uganda." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85276.

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All steel made in Uganda is currently manufactured from scrap. Such steel has often been characterized by unpredictable performance in consonance with its inconsistent raw material inputs. This study evaluates and relates the mechanical, metallurgical and geometrical properties of these bars in order to identify the factors underlying the performance of the products from this steel and examine the relationship with their scrap content. In order to study the steels, tensile, torsion and micrographic tests have been carried out together with spark emission spectrometry on samples collected from different plants. The test results generally indicate impressive steel resilience, strength and metallographic properties in spite of relatively high and irregular carbon content. Limited weldability, uniaxiality of properties, uneven scatter of microelements and substantial non-uniformity of longitudinal mechanical properties have been observed. Rolling and post rolling defects have been noted. The geometric reliability of the bars has also been found generally low. Improvement of secondary refinement, use of direct reduced iron (DRI) diluent and more diligent sorting have suggested as solutions.
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Musonda, Vincent, and Esther T. Akinlabi. "Quantitative Characterisation of Pearlite Morphology in Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10690.

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Abstract During the hot rolling of carbon steel, austenite phase transforms into a pearlitic morphology, which essentially is a matrix of ferrite lamellae (α-Fe) and cementite (Fe3C). This transformation occurs at the cooling bed after an equalisation temperature of around 600 °C. Pearlitic steels find their use in ropes for bridges and elevators, rails, and tyre cords among others. Characterisation of microstructure has not been broadly applied to pearlitic steels because of their complex microstructures. Therefore, the characterisation of this morphology becomes inevitable, in order to identify potential weaknesses in the matrix. In this study, hot-rolled reinforcement bars (rebars) produced from recycled steel and direct reduced iron (DRI), were used for microstructural examination using standard metallurgical procedures. Although the optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to obtain qualitative microstructure, they could not characterise the pearlite morphology quantitatively because of their three-dimensional (3D) limitation. Hence, the image analyser - Gwyddion Software, was used to quantify the pearlite morphology of these Y16 rebars. The results indicate that the pearlite colony is characterised by 3D single interpenetrating crystals of ferrite and cementite running parallel to each other due to their common growth during the transformation process of austenite. It was further observed that, the dimensional properties of the phases in the morphology in terms of their width and Interlamellar spacing (S), including the roughness of the pearlite colony can vary significantly. These results could be used to enhance the processing methodology of the industrial production processes.
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Talebizadeh, P., M. A. Mehrabian, and M. Abdolzadeh. "A Study on the Different Components of Solar Radiation in Order to Calculate the Optimum Solar Angles and the Gain of Solar Energy Using Genetic Algorithm." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54854.

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In this paper, the genetic algorithm is applied to calculate the optimum slope and surface azimuth angles for receiving maximum solar radiation in an area of Iran. Different components of solar radiation are employed in order to calculate the solar optimum angles. At first, the optimum angels are calculated in different days, months, seasons and the whole year and the energy gain is calculated. Then, this process is redone with considering different component of solar radiation. These conditions are direct, direct and ground reflect, direct and diffuse, and all together. The results showed that maximum solar energy in different days of a year is received at different slope angels; however, the optimum azimuth angle is zero for receiving maximum solar energy. In addition, adjusting the collector at the daily optimum slope angle can only save energy very little compared with the case at the monthly optimum slope angle. Furthermore, the results of analyzing different components of solar radiation show that the optimum slope angles are mostly related to the direct radiation, however, the gain of energy is considerably different. It is worth mentioning that genetic algorithm is more effective when the independent parameters are numerous and in this case, the optimum angles are easily determined, however, the computation time is reduced.
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Reports on the topic "Direct-reduced iron"

1

Albert Calderon. Phase II Calderon Process to Produce Direct Reduced Iron Research and Development Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/912620.

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Albert Calderon. PHASE II CALDERON PROCESS TO PRODUCE DIRECT REDUCED IRON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895095.

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Albert Calderon. Phase II Calderon Process to Produce Direct Reduced Iron Research and Development Project. US: Calderon Energy Co, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/898824.

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Calderon, Albert. PHASE II CALDERON PROCESS TO PRODUCE DIRECT REDUCED IRON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/789666.

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Calderon, Albert. PHASE II CALDERON PROCESS TO PRODUCE DIRECT REDUCED IRON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792088.

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Albert Calderon. PHASE II CALDERON PROCESS TO PRODUCE DIRECT REDUCED IRON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/784611.

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Albert Calderon. PHASE II CALDERON PROCESS TO PRODUCE DIRECT REDUCED IRON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/888653.

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Calderon, Albert. PHASE II CALDERON PROCESS TO PRODUCE DIRECT REDUCED IRON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/807238.

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Albert Calderon. PHASE II CALDERON PROCESS TO PRODUCE DIRECT REDUCED IRON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/810453.

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Albert Calderon. PHASE II CALDERON PROCESS TO PRODUCE DIRECT REDUCED IRON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/824008.

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