Academic literature on the topic 'Direct shoot regeneration'

To introduce desirable trait genes into Kalmia latifolia, efficient adventitious shoot regeneration methods are needed. Silver Dollar (S$) callus induction and growth in the dark was compared on Woody Plant (WP) medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (1, 5, 10, 20 μM) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (1, 10, 20, 40 μM) with and without 5 μM isopentenyladenine (2iP). Both 2,4-D and NAA produced >450 mg of callus from leaf explants in 8 weeks. The addition of 2iP tripled growth for 2,4-D and doubled growth for NAA. Greatest callus growth was obtained on 20-40 μM NAA or 5-20 μM 2,4-D. Shoot regeneration on callus was achieved on WP medium containing 30 μM 2iP or 1 μM thidiazuron (TDZ), but a combination of the two was best, with 68% of dark-grown calli regenerating shoots in 4 weeks. 26% more dark-grown calli regenerated shoots than light-grown calli. The type of auxin (2,4-D or NAA) used to grow the calli did not affect shoot regeneration. For direct shoot regeneration, S$ leaf explants were tested on WP medium containing 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 μM 2iP. The addition of 1 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) doubled the percentage of leaves that regenerated shoots. 2iP concentrations between 15 and 45 μM supported excellent shoot regeneration, but optimal regeneration (95% of explants, 5.1 shoots/leaf) occurred on 30 μM 2iP+1 μM IBA. Leaf explants of six cultivars were grown on optimal medium with shoot regeneration ranging from 17% to 93% of leaves and 1.8 to 8.2 shoots per leaf, depending on the cultivar.

Abstract An efficient and reproducible method of direct shoot regeneration from leaf disks in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. Redcoat) has been developed. The influence of hormone concentration, light intensity, orientation of leaf disk, and age of explant source on shoot regeneration was examined. Regeneration of leaf disks reached 94%, with an average of 13 shoots per leaf disk, within 8 weeks when MS salts and B-5 vitamins medium supplemented with 10 μm each of BA and IAA were used. The adventitious shoot meristems initially arose from epidermal or sub-epidermal cells at the periphery of the leaf disks and later from surface cells of the newly regenerated meristems. Shoot regeneration did not depend on light, but low light intensity (12.5 μmol·s−1 m−2) greatly enhanced regeneration. The leaf disks obtained from 30-day-old greenhouse plants and from young runner plants produced shoots at higher frequency than those obtained from 1-year-old plants. Regeneration frequency was higher when the adaxial surface of leaf disks was kept in contact with the medium surface. Shoot regeneration also occurred in nine other genotypes at varying frequencies, but with an intervening short callus phase, except in ‘Veestar’. The technique has potential application for rapid propagation and genetic manipulation of strawberries.

An efficient and reliable protocol of in vitro shoot regeneration must be first established to have a successful genetic transformation. As a member of legume family, alfalfa is very difficult for direct shoot regeneration. There is no published information on direct shoot organogenesis, although success has been well documented on embryogenesis, which must go through callus stage. Different plant growth regulators at various concentrations were evaluated for callus initiation, development, and direct shoot regeneration. Multiple shoots were produced directly from each individual explant. This will provide an efficient means for production of transgenic alfalfa plants. Therefore, genetic transformation of Medicago germplasm will be significantly expedited.

The effect of preculturing in vitro plantlets of two strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) cultivars grown on micropropagation medium with and without hormones on regenerating shoots from leaf disks was examined. Preculturing stock plants on micropropagation medium with hormones (BAP at 0.5 mg·liter-1 + IBA at 0.5 mg·liter-1 GA, at 0.2 mg·liter-1) promoted shoot regeneration in the two cultivars tested. Using hormone-containing micropropagation medium for preculture, the highest mean regeneration rate of 9.9 shoots per total number of leaf disks was obtained for the Finnish cultivar Hiku on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) regeneration medium supplemented with (in mg·liter-1) 2000 KNO3, 400 casein hydrolysate (CH), 3 BAP, and 0.1 IBA. For the Norwegian cultivar Jonsok, the highest mean regeneration rate of 12.8 shoots per total number of leaf disks was obtained on modified MS regeneration medium with (in mg·liter-1) 600 CH, 3 BAP, and 0.1 IBA. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA); gibberellic acid (GA).

The research has successfully created the formula for direct regeneration medium of sugarcane variety KK3. In detail, the most suitable medium for direct regeneration from young leaf rolls of sugarcane variety KK3 was RE2 (MS + 5 mg/l α-NAA + 1 mg/l Kinetin), the regeneration rate was 25.27%, the number of shoots formed/1.0 g of young leaf rolls reached 11.56 shoots. The study showed that the position of the young leaf rolls cuttings suitable for direct regeneration was the cuttings located from 2-6 cm away from the growth apex. The shoot regeneration rate reached 25.40%, the regenerating samples were 25.40%, good yield, and a high rate of multiple shoot formation. When using plant cuttings with a thickness of 1 cm, the highest regeneration rate was 25.58%, and the ability to form multiple shoots was high. Pre-cultivation time had a positive effect on the ability to regenerate shoots directly from young leaf coils of sugarcane variety KK3. When conducting pre-cultivation in four days will help increase the regeneration ability of the sugarcane variety, reaching 47.49%. MS medium + 5 mg/l α-NAA + 1 mg/l Kinetin supplemented with 30% coconut water showed the highest regeneration ability, reaching 52.95%, number of shoots reaching 52.33 shoots/1 g of young leaf rolls.

A reproducible procedure is described for adventitious shoot organogenesis in epicotyl segments resulting in prolific plant regeneration of a grain legume grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.). Among seedling explant types examined, epicotyl segments were most responsive. The highest percentage of direct shoot regeneration was elicited on Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 4.0 mg L–1 6-benzyladenine (BA) + 2.0 mg L–1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Compared with four other genotypes examined, IC-120487 showed the highest shoot regeneration frequency (approximately 80%) with maximum shoot numbers (averaging eight shoots per explant) and longest average shoot length (approximately 4 cm). Rhizogenesis was induced in ~78% of the regenerated shoots in half-strength MS medium containing 0.5 mg L–1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Plantlets were acclimated in vermi-compost and 75% of those transferred to soil survived and set viable seeds.

An in vitro regeneration protocol for Stellaria longipes Goldie was developed using young hypocotyl explants. Optimal regeneration was obtained using Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 0.5 µM N6-benzyladenine and 1 µM indole-3-butyric acid. Three different patterns of shoot regeneration were observed: (i) "direct shoot" formation within 3-5 days of inoculation, (ii) nodular structures appeared followed by shoot formation, and (iii) callus formation followed by the appearance of shoots. Histological observation revealed that cells within the central vascular cylinder of the hypocotyl were responsible for shoot organogenesis. Shoot production was not synchronous or uniform among explants. A more synchronous shoot production was obtained by excising the direct shoots or by wounding the nodular structures. Excision and wounding increased the regeneration capability of the explants. Regenerated shoots were readily rooted in MS medium lacking growth regulators and were successfully transferred to greenhouse conditions. These showed morphology consistence with greenhouse-grown plants.Key words: hypocotyl, organogenesis, regeneration, Stellaria longipes.

The pattern of regeneration from tissues of <em>Paeonia mlokosewitschii</em> and <em>P. tenuifolia</em> cultured in vitro in the same chemical conditions depended on the initial explant. Direct shoot regeneration was obtained from the bases of petioles and petals, and leaf veins. Vegetative initial buds and regenerated in vitro shoots produced on their bases slowly growing nodular callus which was very productive in repetitive shoot regeneration. The tops of stems, flower bases, sepals, petals and ovary walls produced small callus which regenerated white and red spherical structures within 1.5 years. After that time also from those cultures arised nodular, shoot regenerating callus developed.

Ohelo (V. pahalae Skottsb.) and bilberry (V. myrtillus L.) shoots were regenerated via direct organogenesis from whole leaves and leaf sections and also from hypocotyl explants of bilberry. Explants preincubated for 1 to 2 weeks in darkness yielded ≈75% regeneration frequencies and the highest number of regenerating shoots/explant on TDZ-supplemented media (0.9 to 2.7 μm). When 2iP or zeatin were substituted as the cytokinin source, frequencies of regeneration and shoot productivity were significantly lower. Explants held under constant illumination (no dark pretreatment) had significantly lower regeneration frequencies in all tested cytokinin-supplemented media. 2,4-D stimulated callus formation, but did not support regeneration from vegetative explants. Cells from callus and suspension cultures did not exhibit regeneration in any of the media that supported organogenesis from leaves. Regenerants were successfully micropropagated, although callus formation caused by zeatin and high 2iP levels interfered with shoot proliferation. Zeatin induced hyperhydricity in shoots from both species, but more severely in ohelo. Ex vitro rooting after treatment with 4.9 μm IBA or 5.4 μm NAA was 95% and 60% successful for bilberry and ohelo, respectively, and plants were readily acclimatized after an interval in a fog chamber. Bilberry microshoots also rooted in vitro in the absence of growth regulator treatment. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1-H-purine-6-amine (2iP); 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); thidiazuron=1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazio-5-yl)urea (TDZ); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enylamino) purine (zeatin).

In this study, optimization of a transformation and regeneration system via indirect and direct organogenesis in cotyledon, hypocotyl, petiole, leaf and shoot base tissues of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. ELK 345 and 1195) was investigated. Two different germination, three different callus induction and shoot induction medium was used for indirect organogenesis of sugar beet cultivar ELK 345. Except cotyledon, other explants (hypocotyl, petiole and leaf) produced callus. However no shoot development was observed from callus of these explants. Shoot base tissue of sugar beet cultivar 1195 was employed for direct organogenesis. Shoot development was achieved via direct organogenesis using 0.1 mg/L IBA and 0.25 mg/L BA. Root development and high acclimatization rate were accomplished from shoot base tissue. Different concentrations of kanamycin and PPT were applied to leaf blade explants to find out optimum dose for selection of transformants. Kanamycin at 150 mg/L and PPT at 3 mg/L totally inhibited shoot development from leaf blades. Moreover, an Agrobacterium mediated transformation procedure for leaf explants of ELK 345 was also optimized by monitoring transient uidA expression 3rd days after transformation. Effects of different parameters (vacuum infiltration, bacterial growth medium, inoculation time with bacteria, Agrobacterium strains and L-cysteine application in co-cultivation medium) were investigated to improve transformation procedure. Vacuum infiltration and Agrobacterium strains were significantly improved transformation procedure. Percentage of GUS expressing areas on leaves increased three folds from the beginning of the study.

"This PhD thesis embodies research carried out to develop procedures for direct shoot regeneration, micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis with a view to assisting both para-sexual procedures of cultivar improvement for large-scale production of the tomato cultivar Red Coat. " -- abstract. Tomato is a major vegetable crop that has achieved tremendous popularity over the last century. Tomato is normally grown from hybrid seeds. Hybrid seeds are expensive to produce due to their reliance on manual labour. Alternative methods are therefore needed to minimise the cost of production of seedlings. Tissue culture techniques have the potential to meet these requirements. However, these techniques have not been exploited in tomato propagation programmes due to genotypic specificity oftomato for PGRs and other factors. This PhD thesis embodies research carried out to develop procedures for direct shoot regeneration, micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis with the view to assisting both para-sexual procedures of cultivar improvement and for large-scale production of the tomato cultivar Red Coat. A series of experiments has been performed to optimise explant related and physical and chemical factors that affect adventitious shoot regeneration in tomato. The role of chemical factors, such as the type and concentration of plant growth regulators, sugar concentration, mineral nutrients, medium pH, ascorbic acid, activated charcoal and casein hydrolysate on shoot regeneration was studied. Exogenous application of cytokinin was found essential for induction of shoot regeneration; zeatin at 15 JlM was found to be the most suitable cytokinin for shoot regeneration from cotyledonary explants. Tomato tissues were also tolerant to a wide range of medium pH, as most of the traits studied were unaffected by the medium pH. The addition of activated charcoal, ascorbic acid and casein hydrolysate had little effect on shoot organogenesis. Amongst the explant related factors, the type, orientation (placement of explants on the media) and the effect of wounding on the regeneration response were also examined. Amongst the three types of explants studied, cotyledons produced the best shoot response followed by hypocotyl and leaf explants. The explant orientation also affected shoot regeneration. Cotyledons placed in abaxial (lower surface facing down) orientation consistently produced better shoot regeneration response, with a greater number of shoots and taller shoots compared to those inoculated in adaxial (upper surface facing down) orientation. Wounding of cotyledonary explants increased shoot induction and shoot number. However, the shoots obtained from wounded cotyledons were abnormal. Light was not absolutely essential for shoot regeneration in tomato. Furthermore, the shoots that were regenerated in the dark were not etiolated. A maximum shoot regeneration response occurred in the explants exposed to light/dark cycles of 16/8 h compared to 24 h dark and 24 h light. The efficiency of the regeneration protocol that was established for the cultivar Red Coat was tested for nine other commercially important cultivars (Big Beef, Grosse Lisse, Improved Apollo, Pinnacle, Roma VF, Small Fry, Super Sweet, Sweet Bite, Tiny Tim). Marked genotypic variation was observed for shoot regeneration response, shoot number and shoot height. Additional experiments were performed to establish multiplication and rooting protocol for the regenerated shoots of the cultivar Red Coat. In the absence of cytokinin, the explants failed to develop lateral shoots. The cultures raised on the media containing kinetin showed better multiplication rate than those grown on the medium containing zeatin or BA. The genetic fidelity of the regenerated shoots was also established using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The results confirmed similarity between the regenerated and seed-grown plants at the molecular level. Tissue cultured plants were compared with those raised from the seed for morphological, physiological and fruit yield and quality related characteristics. The results suggested similarities between the two types of plants except for density of glandular trichomes on the surface of regenerated shoots. Histological studies were undertaken to elucidate the ongm of shoots from cotyledonary explants. Centres of cell division occurred in pockets through the subepidermal and mesophyll regions of the cotyledon. Meristematic centres in the subepidermal regions became dominant, giving rise to shoot meristems. Development of a micropropagation protocol -another pathway of regeneration, was also investigated using the shoot apex of F1 seedlings of the cultivar Red Coat. The results indicated that the tomato shoot apex could initiate shoots with or without the presence of plant growth regulators, but the highest concentration (5 JlM) of NAA markedly reduced shoot initiation. At the initiation stage, the number of shoots produced per explant was highly dependent on a specific combination of cytokinin x auxin. At the multiplication stage, maximum multiplication (four fold) was achieved in the MS medium containing 15 JlM kinetin and 5 JlM IAA. Maximum root induction (100%) occurred in the MS medium containing 2.5 JlM IBA. The VI successful hardening of the regenerated seedlings also demonstrated the potential for application ofthis protocol in commercial propagation of tomato. The effects of light and BA on somatic embryogenesis of five commercially important hybrid cultivars of tomato cultivars (Big Beef, King Kong, Red Coat, Super Sweet, Sweet Bite) were also investigated. The presence of BA was absolutely necessary for somatic embryogenesis, and the exposure to light improved induction of somatic embryos in these cultivars. The studies presented in the thesis make a significant contribution to the understanding of the role of various factors on shoot regeneration and somatic embryogenesis in tomato. Histological studies helped reveal the origin of shoots, and molecular tests assisted in determining genetic fidelity of tissue cultured plants. Furthermore, a robust micropropagation protocol using axillary branching and somatic embryogenesis has been developed. The effectiveness of these protocols on commercial hybrid cultivars demonstrates a clear feasibility of producing high quality micro plants from a few hybrid seedlings of tomato.

AbstractMore and more nowadays, the Circular Economy is at the heart of European public policies. As a result of the “Next Generation EU” Recovery Plans, a huge amount of financial resources will be available in the coming years to give shape the concept of “ecological transition". For that purpose, radical vision and operational concreteness are needed.In order to strengthen the territorial dimension of public policies aimed at ecological transition, the paper points to consider the status quo of the European territory, looking for recurring elements and differences. In this perspective, a return of “hard” urban studies, focusing on the issues of land ownership, land parcelling, infrastructural and urbanization procedures (and their relationships with the environment and the landscape) should be conducted at the European scale.A central role for the future of contemporary territories is recognized in the so-called “fringe area”, the part of the urban region where patterns of building development and unbuilt space interwave: its intermediary character, as a place between the compact city and the suburban countryside, makes this zone favourable to the collaboration between the two worlds. In addition, its easy accessibility from both the denser contexts and the outer areas makes it the perfect place to locate the equipment required to create short supply chains, so relevant for the circular economy and the ecological transition.These transition areas need to be rethought as new collective spaces of the contemporary city, areas for the proliferation of biodiversity, inhibited from settlement increase and subject to restrictions on car traffic. In them, the circular dimension of the new green economy could give shape to certain spatial conditions and new landscapes.Two main spatial models can describe this sustainable reform of the peri-urban territories. The first one assumes the figure of the “cluster”: a territorially and functionally defined region with one or more reference centres and an edge marking the discontinuity from other clusters. The second model is based on the figure of the “grid”: an unlimited mesh, which gives measure and organizes space according to a replicable and open system. This spatiality is built on a redundant and weak infrastructure, devoid of hierarchy, which can give rise to a sponge rich in pores, with neither internal nor external boundaries.The concept of the materiality also deals with the physical status of each context where the clusters of shortening flows would define local metabolisms, self-sufficient, marked by the use and recycling of what can be produced or “extracted” in the cluster itself. The closing of short supply chains for the use and recycling of materials, also with reference to the construction cycle and CDW recycling, would have direct consequences on the architectural character of the new arrangements: a kind of hyper-contextualism in which the landscape takes on grains, colours, materiality, closely linked to the local condition.Finally, a reflection on the rationales of the project is outlined. What is proposed, in fact, requires going beyond the traditional way in which the project has been conceived. In fact, these urban reconfiguration processes, structurally open to uncertainty, would take advantage of a programmatic choice of spatial incompleteness: a condition of “unfinished”, open to the accumulation over time of functions, forms, aggregations and densifications.

As agricultural producers embrace the principles of the circular economy and regenerative practices, the use of organic fertilizers is becoming increasingly common. Composting is a robust, low-cost technology that stabilizes organic waste materials into organic fertilizers that can be safely applied to crops. Numerous experiments carried out in the last decades show that compost has well-known short- and long-term, direct, and indirect benefits for soil health, albeit these are extremely variable. This uncertainty may decrease grower adoption rates. This chapter provides a critical evaluation of the potential of compost to improve soil health. Looking at a wide range of soil health indicators, we identify those that are consistently responsive to compost. We identify sources of variability and potential risks of compost for environmental quality, pointing at future research needs. Two case studies evaluate the tradeoffs between benefit and risks in the use of compost in perennial and annual crops.

One of the great challenges in predicting the rate and geographical pattern of climate change is to faithfully represent the feedback effects of various cloud types that arise via different mechanisms in different parts of the atmosphere. Cirrus clouds are a particularly uncertain component of general circulation model (GCM) simulations of long-term climate change for a variety of reasons, as detailed below. First, cirrus encompass a wide range of optical thicknesses and altitudes. At one extreme are the thin tropopause cirrus that barely affect the short-wave albedo while radiating to space at very cold temperatures, producing a net positive effect on the planetary radiation balance and causing local upper troposphere warming, thus stabilizing the lapse rate. At the other extreme are thick cumulus anvil cirrus whose bases descend to the freezing level; these clouds produce significant but opposing short-wave and long-wave effects on the planetary energy balance while cooling the surface via their reflection of sunlight. In fact, satellite climatologies show a continuum of optical thicknesses between these two extremes (Rossow and Schiffer 1991). In a climate change, the net effect of cirrus might either be a positive or a negative feedback, depending on the sign and magnitude of the cloud cover change in each cloud-type category and the direction and extent of changes in their optical properties (see Stephens et al. 1990). Second, the dynamic processes that create cirrus are poorly resolved and different in different parts of the globe. In the tropics, small-scale convective transport of water from the planetary boundary layer to the upper troposphere is the immediate source of a significant fraction of the condensate in mesoscale cirrus anvils (see Gamache and Houze 1983), and ultimately the source of much of the water vapor that condenses out in large-scale uplift to form thinner cirrus. However, many observed thin cirrus cannot directly be identified with a convective source, suggesting that in situ upper troposphere dynamics and regeneration processes within cirrus (see Starr and Cox 1985) are important. In mid-latitudes, although summertime continental convection is a source of cirrus, in general cirrus is associated with mesoscale frontal circulations in synoptic-scale baroclinic waves and jet streaks (see Starr and Wylie 1990; Mace et al. 1995).

Although bone has the intrinsic ability to “self-heal”, there are circumstances in which its regenerative capacity is limited or compromised, such as in critical bone defects. In these cases, the lack of osteogenic proteins at the wound site can prevent healing and external stimuli may be necessary to encourage bone growth [1]. Exogenous delivery of proteins and growth factors directly to the wound has been successful in bone regeneration, but is limited by the instability of the proteins and short half-lives. As a result, administration of multiple large doses of protein is necessary to retain a beneficial protein level. Due to these disadvantages, additional methods have been investigated to supply essential proteins to the bone defect [2].

Designers of heat exchangers of all types normally have several degrees of freedom even while meeting the specified effectiveness exactly. One freedom is that of choosing the face-area ratios for the two (or more) fluids. A principal reason for choosing face-area ratio is to arrive at desired pressure drops for the fluids. The lowest pressure drop is not always beneficial: a low pressure drop can produce highly non-uniform flow that would degrade heat-exchanger performance. Obviously a high pressure drop penalizes system performance directly. In this paper it is shown that choosing face-area ratio is a good tool up to a point, one at which penalties in the form of increased size and cost of the overall heat exchanger begin to outweigh the benefits. This paper reports studies on the effects of choosing face-area ratios on rotary regenerative heat exchangers, but most results are applicable to fixed-surface recuperative heat exchangers also. However, one significant difference between the two types is that gas-turbine regenerators have short flow lengths, the thickness of the disk or drum. A short flow length is a virtue, because it reduces the regenerator disk volume and mass. But the disk thickness must not be allowed to be reduced to the point where there is substantial “short-circuit” thermal conduction between the hot and cold faces of a regenerator. These and other aspects of heat-exchanger design are explored in general and by means of examples, and design guidelines are suggested.

Twister™ is an innovative gas conditioning technology which is now generally accepted for natural gas applications. Condensation and separation at supersonic velocity provides some unique benefits. The extremely short residence time (∼ 2ms) prevents hydrate problems, and eliminates the requirement for chemicals and associated regeneration systems. The simplicity and reliability of a static device, with no rotating parts, operating without chemicals, ensures a simple, environmentally friendly facility, with high availability. Previous studies have confirmed that Twister is a key enabler for subsea gas conditioning, enabling direct sales gas export, without the need for topside facilities. The objective of this paper is to present the results of a recent study which evaluates the technical feasibility of using Twister technology for subsea dehydration and hydrocarbon dew-pointing. Four Twister subsea gas production scenarios were studied. Different gas compositions were used to simulate both lean and rich gas reservoirs. Four different process schemes were simulated using UniSIM© and evaluated for each subsea scenario. The process schemes include a Chemical-free, MEG inhibited, a Hybrid and a Liquid Re-injection scheme. The Chemical-free and Hybrid schemes use electricity to prevent hydrate blockage. The MEG inhibited scheme utilizes MEG (Mono-Ethylene Glycol) for hydrate inhibition. This scheme requires some 85% less MEG than wet-gas evacuation under the same production conditions. The Hybrid scheme combines these two processes, and injects MEG after bulk water removal. The Hybrid system can operate using significantly less MEG than that required for the MEG inhibited process, and some 95% less than wet-gas evacuation. Liquid Re-injection produced on-spec gas, but wastes part of the value in the gas stream, as well as MEG. It is concluded that the Hybrid and Chemical-free schemes require some additional subsea technology, which is not yet available. The MEG inhibited scheme, however, uses available subsea technology and can be applied to create on-specification gas ready for direct subsea pipeline export, using available technology. Subsea compression will be required somewhat earlier when compared to wet-gas evacuation. This apparent disadvantage is however overcome by the elimination of platform required for production, the elimination of long multiphase gas lines with inherent pressure losses and overall flow assurance improvement.

Abstract In line with ADNOC digitalization strategy and our unwavering commitment towards 100% HSE and asset integrity, ADNOC Gas Processing have recently deployed Furnace Tube Inspection System FTIS technology via ultrasound intelligent pigging inspection for inspecting fired heaters as per API recommended practice 573. The purpose of this paper is to present the successful deployment and highlight the key benefits and value created from having such technology. In oil and gas industry, fired heater (often referred to as furnace) is utilized to heat process fluid to a desired temperature through exposing fluid in heating coils to a direct fire at burner. Fired heater consists of two sections of tubes, called radiant section and convection section. At the radiant section the process fluid is directly heated by radiation formed from the flame and at the convection section is heated by the flue gases leaving the radiant section Using the conventional UT methods for inspecting fired hearers is challenging and has some limitations. The usual inspection requirement of inspecting such asset, is manual entry and examine the condition of tubes using conventional UT/RT technique, by which complete inspection is not possible due to inaccessible and serpentine geometric nature of finned convection and radiation coil sections of Fired Heater. Thus, it leaves us with uncertainty in evaluating the Asset Integrity of the Heater. With this FTIS technology which is an ultrasonic based intelligent pig that operates remotely and autonomously scrolling through tubes to inspect the entire tubes of the convection and radiant sections tubes without the need of accessing the fired heater. This smart pig produces a massive digital and accurate measurements that can be later fully utilized to perform fitness for service and remanent life assessment in line with API. The key benefits and value created pertaining to this technology includes: Ensure 100% HSE by minimizing exposure of humans to hazards. Optimize the inspection man-hours Improve heat transfer efficiency via cleaning process With this technology we can obtain accurate and reliable Inspection data within short time Permanent Digital Record for complete tube system for future reference Lastly and importantly, it will ensure asset integrity as the technology can cover 100% in-situ inspection of the entire furnace tubes ADNOC gas processing has deployed FTIS technology via intelligent pigging inspection to inspect and assess the condition of radiant and convection section tubes of two regeneration gas heater (fired heater) at Habshan site which were commissioned in 2013. Post-deployment and to validate the technology, the data obtained from the intelligent pig has been validated with conventional UT and results revealed similar readings confirming technology accuracy and reliability. Looking ahead, having this massive digital accurate and reliable inspection date from FTIS will be utilized in ML platform for future prediction to further optimize inspection intervals of fired heaters.

Self-phase modulation (SPM) in a Kerr medium has been widely used to spectrally chirp and broaden an optical pulse for pulse compression.1 To compress a high-energy pulse directly, spectrally broadening and chirping the pulse by SPM in a bulk material is necessary. However, the nonuniform beam's spatial profile results in the spatial chirping effect. A stable optical resonator can be used as a large-scale, periodic waveguide for multipass SPM in a bulk medium. We show that a resonator can tolerate a round-trip B integral (maximum on axial, nonlinear phase shift) of 3.6 and still be stable. The calculated results show that the temporal SPM is able to accumulate through multiple passes while the growth of the spatial chirping is restrained. In 10 round trips, the total B integral that is useful for SPM can be as high as ~36, but the effective B integral associated with spatial chirping remains at 1.13. Experimental results of multipass SPM in a Nd-glass regenerative amplifier2 confirm the calculations. The total B integral useful for SPM is found to be ~30. We have studied the switched-outbeam sizes of amplified pulses of short and long durations, which correspond to the cases with and without the self-focusing effect, respectively. We have deduced the effective B integral associated with spatial chirping tobe <1. Such multipass self-phase modulation in an intracavity bulk medium combines the advantages of the confinement characteristics of waveguides and the high power-handling capabilities of bulk media.

MTU’s HotModule is a High Temperature Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell System. It transfers the chemical energy of the fuel directly to electricity, heat and a useful depleted air with an electrical efficiency in the range of 42 to 52%. It convinces by minimal emissions of contaminants. The produced heat is given by the depleted air at a temperature level of 400 °C; this ensures a multi purpose and valuable utilization of the heat. The HotModule operated with natural gas is demonstrated meanwhile together with our partner Fuel Cell Energy Inc. in approximately 25 field trial plants and reached now a pre-commercial status. It is highly suitable for the utilization of hydrocarboneous gases, such as biogas, sewage gas, coal mine gas, of synthesis gases from thermal gasification processes of different waste material. Such gases are the most important renewable energy resources. In case of a consequent utilization of such gases for Combined Heat and Power Production a contribution of 12% to 15% of stationary consumable energy consumption can be reached. Even lean gases will be converted with high efficiency to electrical power and high exergetic heat. These characteristics recommend the HotModule for applications using the big potential of regenerative and secondary fuels with all their advantages in decentralized consumable energy supply, reduction of dependence on primary energy imports and reduction of greenhouse gas and other contaminants emission. MTU started recently a HotModule fed by methanol from waste material together with BEWAG in Berlin and many experimental work concerning applications with biogas and sewage gas has been performed with promising results. Due to the high electrical efficiency the HotModule saves about 1/3 of CO2 emission in comparison to conventional “prime movers”. If fuels are used, which are originated from renewable sources like biomass via fermentation or gasification, the balance of CO2 is zero within a suitable short period (in comparison to coal, natural gas and oil, where this period is some millions of years). The advantage of the Carbonate Fuel Cell HotModule is, that these fuel gases from the renewable sources can be used with the high performance and efficiency of the HotModule, even they are low caloric gases, which decline the electric efficiency of conventional prime movers significantly. The products of the HotModule are: • Electricity: DC for telecommunication and IT - AC to grid or to stand alone networks - Applications for uninterruptible power supply. • Premium Heat: Heat from HotModule is available in form of the depleted air at a high temperature. This high exergetic heat is valuable for steam production, industrial production processes as well as for many other processes e. g. in hospitals, in the food industry, in greenhouse farming. It can also be used in cascades of steam production for additional electricity generation via steam turbines, medium temperature processes like drying, cooking, and at the low temperature end for water heating and space heating and — may be — pool heating. • Cooling Power: Another important heat utilization is the production of cooling power for air conditioning and food storage facilities by thermal driven cooling systems, e. g. absorption chillers or steam injection chillers with the overlapping of the required energy amounts over the year: Cooling in summer, heating in winter. This leads to a thermal full power operation of the HotModule all over the year decreasing the pay back period of such equipment. • Fertilizing atmosphere: The depleted air consists of nitrogen, a small amount of oxygen, lots of water vapour and a substantial amount of CO2 (in the range of 5%vol). No contaminants, no toxic ingredients, no other loads. Mixed with fresh air, this depleted air is a most valuable atmosphere for greenhouse farming: Plants need the right temperature, the CO2-contents increase the growing rate of the plants (e. g. tomatoes need an average of 2%vol of CO2 in atmosphere for optimal growing; CO2-fertilizer) and the high water vapour content saves humidification water.