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Bertin, Edoardo <1992>. "The impact of digitalization and innovation on established companies." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8771.
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This thesis investigates the most relevant factors for performance in terms of innovation and digitalization of business model, processes and strategy for established companies. As the world becomes more digitalized, the generation of data is speeding up the processes within the companies. They are consequently exposed to disruption of their historical businesses from to start-ups able to redefine industry model. Digital enables new business models and virtual value chain to increase value for customers, performance and enlarge the revenue stream.
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Pan, Yaobin. "Impact of DOA (direction of arrival) : in 4G MIMO Systems." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-42158.
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GIANESINI, Sergio. "Lower limb venous kinetics and their impact on drainage direction." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2480046.
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Lo studio dell'emodinamica venosa degli arti inferiori necessita ancora del supporto di dati oggettivi volti a convalidare un modello fisico descrittivo del drenaggio dell’arto inferiore. Lo scopo di questa tesi è misurare le velocità di flusso venoso nei diversi compartimenti anatomici, valutando il possibile ruolo dell’effetto Venturi nei diversi scenari sia fisiologici che patologici, fornendo così dati oggettivi e parametri emodinamici innovativi utili all'individuazione di un modello fisico. Due raccolte di dati separate sono state eseguiti sia in scenari fisiologici che patologici. La raccolta dati in condizioni fisiologiche, sono stati sottoposti a protocollo eco color Doppler 36 arti inferiori rilevando velocità di flusso e diametri in diversi punti anatomici di analisi lungo i sistemi venosi profondi e superficiali.
Il protocollo di indagine ha incluso e comparato due differenti manovre di sollecitazione del flusso venoso: una passiva di compressione e rilasciamento manuale dei muscoli del polpaccio (CR) e una attiva di flessione dorsale del piede (AFD). Sono stati misurati sia il picco di velocità sistolico (PSV) che la time average velocity (TAV). Per lo scenario patologico, il protocollo eco color Doppler venoso è stato eseguito su 40 arti inferiori di 28 pazienti affetti da insufficienza venosa cronica superficiale (età media 56±6; rapporto M/F 1:1, BMI 23±2, C2-6Ep,As,Pr). Le misurazioni sono state eseguite a livello di tre diversi segmenti venosi: vena grande safena (GSV) a 2 cm sopra l'origine della tributaria incompetente (T) (segmento-A), GSV 2 cm sotto l'origine della tributaria incompetente (segmento-B), tributaria incompetente a 2 cm dall’origine dalla GSV (segmento-C). Sono stati rilevati i seguenti parametri emodinamici e morfologici: diametri, PSV, velocità si picco diastolica (PDV) , tempo di reflusso (RT), indice di resistenza (RI), velocità media diastolica (DTAV). Per sollecitare il reflusso è stata usata la manovra C/R del muscolo tricipite surale. Nei casi fisiologici, le misurazione eseguite nei diversi segmenti venosi, hanno dimostrato una sovrapposizione tra i valori di velocità e la suddivisione dei compartimenti anatomici (AC) profondi e superficiali. Nello scenario patologico PSV misurata nel segmento-B (16.7±6.6 cm/s) è risultata significativamente più bassa rispetto al segmento-A (30.5 ±12.1 cm/s; p=0001) ed al segmento-C (28.1±15 cm/s; p=.0001). Nessuna differenza significativa invece, è stata registrata tra le velocità di picco sistolico misurate nel segmento-A e nel segmento-C.PDV misurata nel segmento-C (-60.2±25 cm/s) è risultata significativamente più alta rispetto al segmento-A (-36.8±12,9 cm/s; p=.0001) ed al segmento-B (-15.1±4,4 cm/s; p=.0001). DTA ed RT non sono state rilevate differenze statisticamente significative nei 3 diversi segmenti venosi. RI, è risultata significativamente più alta nel segmento-B (1.7±08) rispetto sia al segmento-A (1.4±0.2; p=.04), che al segmento-C (1.4±0.1; p=.03); mentre tra il segmento-A ed il segmento-C non sono state rilevate differenze significative. Un aumento della DTAV è stato misurato nel segmento-C (-21.3±8.5 cm/s) rispetto al segmento-A (-15.7±5.2 cm/s; p=.0001) ed ll segmento-B (-11.1±2.9 cm/s; p=.0001); così come quest’ultimo ha presentato una significativa diminuzione anche rispetto al segmento-C(p=.0001). E' stato misurato un significativo aumento del diametro del vaso nel segmento-A (5.9±0.9 mm) rispetto al segmento-B (3.8±0.5 mm; p=.0001)e C (3.8 ±0.8 mm; p=.0001). Questa tesi fornisce evidenze riguardo la diminuzione delle velocità in condizioni fisiologiche dal sistema venoso profondo ai compartimenti più superficiali. In caso invece di patologia venosa cronica, un si verifica un sovvertimento dell'ordine gerarchico di drenaggio.<br>Literature concerning the lower limbs physiological venous haemodynamics is still lacking of reference velocity values and consequent impact on drainage direction.Aim of this thesis is to assess the flow velocities in the different venous compartments, evaluating the possible Venturi effect role both in physiological and pathological scenarios, thus providing new clues for the identification of the physical model governing the flow direction.Two separate data collections were performed, in physiological and pathological scenarios respectively. In the physiological side of the investigation, 36 lower limbs underwent a velocity and diameters echo-color-Doppler assessment in several anatomical points of analysis along both the deep and superficial venous systems. The investigation protocol included and compared two different manoeuvres to elicit the flow: manual calf compression/relaxation (CR) and active foot dorsiflexion (AFD). Both peak systolic (PSV) and time average velocities (TAV) were measured. In the pathological scenario, venous Doppler scanning was performed on 40 lower limbs of 28 patients affected by superficial chronic venous disease (CVD) (mean age 56+6, M/F: 1/1, BMI 23+2, C2-6Ep,As,Pr). Diameters, PSV, peak diastolic velocity (PDV), EDV, reflux time (RT), resistance index (RI) and diastolic time average velocity (DTAV) were measured in three different groups of venous segments: great saphenous vein (GSV) at 2 cm above the origin of the incompetent tributary (T)(Group-A), GSV at 2 cm below the origin of the incompetent T (Group-B), incompetent tributary at 2 cm from its origin from the GSV (Group-C) C/R manoeuvre was used to elicit flow. In the physiological cases, the different venous segments demonstrated an overlap among the velocity values and the anatomical subdivision of the deep and superficial compartments. At the C/R, TAV was 34±12 cm/s in the deep venous system AC1, 15±7 cm/s in the saphenous system AC2, 5±2 cm/s in the saphenous tributaries AC3; PSV was 89±35 cm/s in AC1, 34±16 cm/s in AC2, 11±4 cm/s in AC3, p<0.05. At the AFD, TAV was 33±13 cm/s in AC1, 15±7 in AC2, 9±5 in AC3; PSV was 83±35 in AC1, 32±17 in AC2, 15±4 in AC3, p<0.05. A diameter decrease was reported from AC1 to AC3 (p<0.05). In the group affected by CVD, no differences were demonstrated among PSV of group-A and C (p:ns).
PSV in group-B (16.7+6.6 cm/s) was significantly lower than in group-A (30.5+12.1 cm/s; p=0001) and C (28.1+15 cm/s; p=0.0001). PSV in group-A was not significantly different from group-C. PDV was significantly higher in group-C (-60.2+25 cm/s) compared to group-A (-36.8+12.9 cm/s; p=0.0001) and group-B (-15.1+4.4 cm/s; p=.0001).
There was no significant difference in EDV and RT among the three groups. RI was significantly higher in group-B (1.7+0.8) compared to group-A (1.4+0.2) (p=.04).
RI in group-A was not significantly different from group-C (1.4+0.1). Group-B and C RI was significantly different (p=.03). DTAV was significantly higher in group-C (-21.3+8.5cm/s) compared to group-A (-15.7+5.2 cm/s; p=.0001) and group-B (-11.1+2.9 cm/s; p=.0001). In group-B, DTAV was significantly lower than in group-C (p=.0001).
Venous diameter was significantly larger in A (5.9+0.9 mm) compared to C (3.8+0.8 mm)(p=.0001). Group-A and B (3.8+0.5 mm) diameters were significantly different (p=.0001). Group-B diameter was not significantly different from group-C. This thesis provides evidences of the physiological velocity decrease from the deepest to the most superficial compartments. In case of venous valve incompetence, a subversion of the hierarchical order of drainage occurs. The data setting from the pathological cases demonstrates that this drainage subversion is associated with a velocity gradient inversion among the anatomical compartments. Such findings can constitute the basis for further investigations in pathological and post-procedural scenarios.
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Korkh, A. S. "The Impact of Digitalization on Global Tendencies of Development of International Business." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/75566.
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У статті описано основні тенденції розвитку міжнародного бізнесу, що викликані діджиталізацією. Однією з цілей цієї статті є уточнення визначення «діджиталізація». У ході дослідження було опрацьовано літературу, що дає базове розуміння діджитал процесів. На підставі опрацьованих джерел, досліджено взаємозв'язок між діджитал трансформацією та продуктивністю бізнесу та рядом інших показників. Були описані проблеми, що виникають у ході діджитал трансформації міжнародних компаній; представлено переваги діджиталізації для компаній у міжнародному бізнесі. Надано рекомендації компаніям, що планують власну діджитал стратегію та прагнуть отримати переваги. Розглянуто країни та сектори відповідно до рівня їх включення у діджитал процеси.<br>The master’s thesis presents the characteristics of the changes that have been may possible by digitalization in international business. One of the purposes of this article is to clarify the definition of digitalization. The work is based on a literature review that provides insight into the basic understanding of digital processes. The master’s paper investigates the relationship between digital transformation in business and business productivity. This master’s paper focuses on being digital challenges in the international business world by presenting some of its advantages and why it is important going digital for companies. It suggests recommendations that companies can use to facilitate digital adoption and reap the benefits of the digital revolution in international business. In this work, considered countries and sectors according to the extent to which they have gone digital.
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Håkansson, Lovisa, and Johan Höckerman. "IMPACT OF DIGITALIZATION ON ELECTRICAL MOTOR SYSTEMS : From an energy efficiency perspective." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-49240.
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This master thesis is written in collaboration with the Swedish Energy Agency and the International Energy Agency (Electric Motor System Annex, EMSA) to investigate the potential of using digitalization as a tool to become more energy efficient with regards to electrical motor systems in the Swedish industry. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the potential of energy efficiency, market maturity, opportunities, barriers, and risks related to digitalization applied to electrical motors in Swedish industry. Another aim was to identify what kind of support the industry wishes for, from the Swedish Energy Agency or the Government. This is performed by interviewing 12 companies, where six companies are producers of digital solutions, and six companies are users of digital solutions. The interviews were thereafter transcribed and thematically analyzed. Moreover, an online survey was used to gather data that can implicate trends in the industry, where 30 industries within production answered our online survey. Analysis of the collected data from the interviews and the survey showed that the potential to increase energy efficiency by using digitalization on electrical motor systems turned out to be high, depending on the initial system specifications and the usage of digital technologies, such as data analysis. The market maturity seemed to be low regarding an automated industry, i.e., industry 4.0, but relatively high when looking into digitalization as a whole. The majority of companies seem to have a strategy to become more digitalized in the future. Several opportunities could be identified, where energy efficiency, flexible production, and predictive maintenance were the most vital ones. Moreover, barriers such as expert knowledge, organizational structures, and lack of standards were acknowledged. The major risk seen from the industry perspective is cybersecurity, along with over-dimensioned motors, loss of data, loss of connection, and loss of jobs. The rebound effect is identified as a possible risk for the industry in the literature. However, from the interviews, it was not considered as a major risk for the Swedish industry today, but rather in the future. Suggestions for future governmental support included regulations from several aspects, implementation of standards within the Internet of Things (IoT), education, and further research.
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Poggi, Giorgio Giuseppe <1992>. "The Impact of Digitalization on Management Control Systems: The case of Octotelematics." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15782.
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Data and information have always represented a critical issue on the organizations' decision-making process. The advent of Big Data and the related analytics technologies have significantly amplified the magnitude of this challenge. Using quality data to assume rational decisions and assuring information reliability to both internal and external users thus require new and considerable efforts to be made. I examined how the adoption of Business Intelligence has affected the way in which decisions are made and controls are performed in the current business environment. First, i introduced the main frameworks that have influenced the management control systems' literature. After that i defined Business Intelligence and how it is impacting many different areas inside organizations, including management control systems. Finally, i examined the case study of Octo Telematics regarding how it was able to create a business environment based on information and how the FP&A area was able to successfully implement a new BI tool.
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Poggi, Giorgio Giuseppe <1992>. "The Impact of Digitalization on Management Control Systems: The case of Octotelematics." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15783.
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Data and information have always represented a critical issue on the organizations' decision-making process. The advent of Big Data and the related analytics technologies have significantly amplified the magnitude of this challenge. Using quality data to assume rational decisions and assuring information reliability to both internal and external users thus require new and considerable efforts to be made. I examined how the adoption of Business Intelligence has affected the way in which decisions are made and controls are performed in the current business environment. First, i introduced the main frameworks that have influenced the management control systems' literature. After that i defined Business Intelligence and how it is impacting many different areas inside organizations, including management control systems. Finally, i examined the case study of Octo Telematics regarding how it was able to create a business environment based on information and how the FP&A area was able to successfully implement a new BI tool.
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Öhrlund, Jack, and Catrin Östman. "DIGITALIZATION IS HEATING UP THE BUSINESS MODEL : A degree project regarding the impact of digitalization on a business model canvas within district heating." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-39808.
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The purpose of this degree project is to analyze and investigate how digitalization will affect business modeling in the district heating business. The chosen approach to this degree project was an iterative, abductive method, in order to always use a feedback-analysis and to keep the project open for new findings. The interviews were a mix of a structured method and a qualitative approach. With the structured method, the findings from the interviews were similar and regarding the research topic, and the qualitative approach in some open questions led to matters that otherwise would have been unnoticed. The interviews were performed via e-mail, phone and through personal interviews. This degree project concluded that digitalization has an impact on business modeling in district heating. Digitalization will affect some elements in a major way, for example key resources that will be characterized by digitalization. The findings from this work showed that a business model operating in district heating in a time of digitalization should focus on three main parts: economy, environment and easy visualization. An optimization tool should focus on delivering a value that consist of these three, and the remaining elements should together contribute to that value proposition.<br>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera och undersöka hur digitaliseringen kommer att påverka affärsmodellering inom fjärrvärmebranschen. Det valda tillvägagångssättet för detta examensarbete är en iterativ, abduktiv metod för att hela tiden återkoppla och hålla studien öppen för nya intryck. Intervjuerna är en kombination av strukturerad metod blandad med en kvalitativ ansats. Med den strukturerade metoden blir svaren inom samma ram samtidigt som den kvalitativa aspekten lockar fram svar som annars skulle passera obemärkta. Intervjuerna genomfördes via mail, telefon samt genom personliga intervjuer. Detta examensarbete drar slutsatsen att digitaliseringen kommer påverka affärsmodeller inom fjärrvärme. Digitaliseringen kommer påverka vissa element i större utsträckning som till exempel nyckelresurserser som kommer präglas av digitaliseringen. Upptäckterna från studien visar att en affärsmodell verksam inom fjärrvärme i en tid präglad av digitaliseringen ska fokusera på tre delar: ekonomi, miljö och lättförstådd visualisering. Ett optimeringsverktyg ska fokusera på att leverera ett värde som innehåller dem tre delarna och resterande element ska tillsammans bidra till det värdeerbjudandet.
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Carlson, Sara. "Using Work Domain Analysis to Model the Impact of Digitalization in Intensive Care." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-358408.
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The thesis’ objective was to investigate the impact of digitalization in intensive care. A case study was performed on an ICU (intensive care unit) that recently adopted a CIS(clinical information system) that replaced a paper charting system. This meant that the nature of nurses’ work changed since some of their administrative tasks became obsolete due to automation, while other tasks were now performed on a computerscreen instead of written by hand on paper sheets. Direct observations and semi-structured interviews took place at the ICU to understand how nurses had perceived these changes. A thematic analysis was used to make sense of the collected data. Moreover, a work domain analysis (WDA) was performed to investigate the CIS‘s impact on the work system since intensive care classifies as a socio-technical system. Findings showed that the system adoption had been successful and considered as an improvement to the paper charts. The CIS had not had any major negative impact on the way nurses worked. On the contrary, they felt an increase in trust that the product of their work (mainly patient data administration) was more correct. Theresult of the WDA showed that it was possible to see how the CIS had contributed to higher functions and goals in the work system. Moreover, the CIS had increased support for nurses’ work in terms of information presentation, continuity of care,standardization, decision support and care documentation. From a scientific point ofview, this way of using a WDA as an evaluation tool is quite unique and can be seen as an extra contribution of the thesis work.
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Medina, Camila, and Monika Miljanovic. "EXPLORING DIGITALIZATION AND VALUE CO-CREATION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY : Study on challenges and opportunities for digitalization and the impact on the customer offering." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36032.
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The purpose of this study is to identify the challenges and opportunities for digitalization within the food industry, and give suggestions on how to co-create value through digitalization. This qualitative study is based on data collected from scientific articles, reports and books about digitalization and value co-creation in the food industry. The primary data collection was carried out by twelve semi-structured interviews and a complementary food industry study with eleven respondents. The collected data was handled in thematic analysis and inspired by coding. The study’s main conclusion was the discovering of a new value co- creation mechanism defined as relationship and learning.
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Tiu, Laura G. "Assessment and Future Direction of The Ohio State University Aquaculture Program." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276543251.
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Bonan, Marcel. "Impact des achats de la direction générale des télécommunications sur l'économie française." Paris 9, 1985. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1985PA090049.
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Cetrez, Zeynep, and Dam Primo Van. "IN DIGITALIZATION WE TRUST ? : An exploration of the impact of digitalization on the trustworthiness of the leader in Dutch start-ups from the perspective of managers and employees." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-77098.
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This thesis examines what impact digitalization can have on the trustworthiness of the leader through the lens of managers and employees in Dutch start-ups. The study explores the intersection set of trust, leadership and digitalization. As there was no prior research on the research issue at hand, a model that incorporated a process of trust and its interaction with digitalization has been constructed by the authors. The model relied on previous research on models of the trust process and characteristics of digitalization in the light of leadership. First a theoretical framework is built through a literature survey. A qualitative inquiry through interviews was carried out in order to be able to analyze the trustworthiness of the leader. The objective of the authors during the research was to document how leaders and followers perceived a trustee (leader) in a trust process with digitalization involved. The analysis revealed that even though digitalization has pervaded our lives; its impact on the trustworthiness of the leader has remained limited so far. Empirical data from this research indicated that the impact of digitalization on the three attributes of trustworthiness of the trustee was the strongest: objectives and intentions, competence and integrity. There were also digitalization related implications that could be drawn from the accounts of the interviewees. Thesis findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of the leader in a trust process in digitalized organizational environments and encourage further research in the field of trust especially when digital technologies have become so pervasive in the work life.
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Gisbrecht, Paulina. "Quantifying the impact of digitalization on manufacturing supply chain management (SCM) in a power generation company." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117799.
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Thesis: M. Eng. in Supply Chain Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Supply Chain Management Program, 2018.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged student-submitted from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 60-65).<br>Industrial digitalization concepts such as Industry 4.0 or Smart Manufacturing are currently of great interest in academia and among industrial players. These concepts are expected to boost companies' manufacturing supply chain performance factors such as availability and productivity. For instance, greater availability of assets on the shop floor makes the product flow more predictable and smooth, thus reducing the necessity for high inventory and increasing inventory turnover. Although current studies of industrial digital transformation offer a large variable theoretical construct, they lack quantitative proof of their assumptions. The main goal of this thesis is to introduce a method to quantify the expectation that digital initiatives in heavy industry impact certain manufacturing supply chain performance factors. In particular, the study examines the visualization effect on the unplanned machine downtime, planned maintenance, and machine utilization. The assumption of the decrease in unplanned machine downtime, increase in early-stage planned maintenance, and increase in machine utilization are tested using non-parametric hypotheses test - Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Measurement of these factors is conducted using data collected from a power generation equipment manufacturer. The showcase factory participates in an overall digitalization Smart Manufacturing program and is in its early stage of implementation. The results indicate a significant increase in machine utilization and planned maintenance. However, unplanned machine downtime was not significantly reduced, although the result shows an approximation toward statistically significant change. The importance of frequent analysis becomes obvious. Future tests are necessary to study the development in later stages of implementation of Visualization. The reduction in downtime could become significant and the planned maintenance should stop increasing and start decreasing over time. The proposed method serves as a step toward academic quantitative analysis of industrial digitalization.<br>by Paulina Gisbrecht.<br>M. Eng. in Supply Chain Management
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Abubakar, Nuhuman, and Rumee Shrestha. "Impact of Digitalization on the Publlc Sector Organizations' Business Model : A case study of Ljungby Municipality." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-99586.
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Background: The public sector like all other sectors of the economy has been influenced by digitalization. Governments and policy makers are forced to rethink their operational models and business logics. Digitalization offers organizations new ways of creating, delivering and capturing values at the same time new relationships are ensured. However, to leverage these opportunities and to avoid being stagnant, organizations need to rethink their strategies and adapt their operations to suit the digital technologies. Purpose: This paper aims to understand the digitalization impact on the public organizations’ business models and managing the impact. The identified limited empirics in this context informed the purpose of this study. Design/methodology/approach: This study was designed as exploratory with a case study carried out. In total four semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of a municipality. A combined data and concept driven strategies were used to analyse the data collected to identify how digitalization impact the way the municipality create, deliver and capture value and subsequently how they innovate their business model to adopt to digitalization Findings: The findings revealed that digitalization is relevant to the municipality and impacts the majority of the business model components of the municipality. Thus, it was identified the municipality engaged in business model innovation to be able to adapt. The strategic agility meta-capabilities appeared to be relevant in managing the changes to the business model components.
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Muriu, Elizabeth Wangeci. "The Impact of Digitalization on Internationalization of High-Tech Firms : A Case Study of Space Company." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85973.
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Nell, Phillip C., Jan Schmitt, Vladimir Preveden, and Leo Hauska. "Headquarters of the future: The Impact of digitalization on Headquarters structures and value added. Study Report 2019." WU, RB, HQ Austria, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6787/1/Study_HQ_Digitalization_FINAL.pdf.
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In this report, we investigate how the digital transformation impacts headquarters (HQs). Drawing on 85 survey responses from corporate and divisional HQ managers in Austria, we find that the digital transformation is expected to fundamentally change the HQ of the future in terms of how the HQ will derive decisions, how it will interact with its subunits, and how the HQ will add value to the firm. The majority of firms see the digital transformation primarily as an opportunity to increase the value-added that the HQ generates for its subunits as opposed to increased cost efficiency. Additionally, the responding HQ managers foresee a much more influential role of HQs vis-à-vis its subunits, based on better and more timely information, as well as more room for strategic thinking. Finally, our results suggest that many firms need to put more effort into digitalizing their HQ. Only 26% of the responding firms seem to have developed a clear idea what the digital transformation means for their HQ. These advanced firms see the highest potential in digitalizing the HQ. To this end, the biggest barrier to stepping up the digital transformation of the HQ seems to be the lack of digital talent.
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Elsa, Jacobsson, and Hildell Alva. "The impact of an accelerated digitalization on innovation and creativity : Investigating the effects of an accelerated digitalization due to the outbreak of COVID-19 on individuals’ innovative and creative working abilities." Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52952.
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Background: Due to the spread of COVID-19, there has been an acceleration in the digitalization which has impacted the working life of many individuals. People have been forced to work remotely and on a daily basis use more advanced digital tools, resulting in an enormous change in the work environment. These major changes in the work environments have affected people working in product and service development firms in various ways. With the main existing literature focusing on the organizational level, a gap in literature was identified on how an accelerated digitalization impacts the individuals working in companies. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how the accelerated digitalization due to COVID-19 has impacted people working in service or product development firms in regard to their innovative and creative working abilities. Method: A qualitative method with an inductive approach was conducted using semi-structured interviews with ten relevant participants who are working in product or service development firms across Sweden. Conclusion: The findings suggest that individuals working in product or service developing firms have slightly similar drivers of both innovation and creativity. The analyzation of the findings conveyed that an accelerated digitalization seemed to have a more positive impact on both workers’ attitude towards digitalization and innovative and creative working abilities. Whereas an accelerated digitalization due to COVID-19, was established to have a more negative effect on creativity but not on innovation. Moreover, the findings are synchronized into a framework portraying in detail how the innovative and creative abilities of individuals working in product and/or service developing firms have been impacted by an accelerated digitalization due to COVID-19, and how the key elements has been affected.
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Ceccolin, Sofia <1997>. "THE IMPACT OF DIGITALIZATION IN THE TRANSITION TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED SUPPLY CHAIN A Supply Chain Event Management Case Study." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20375.
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During the last few decades, the change in the world’s economic environment has led to a transformation of supply chain activities and logistics operations. The growing globalization, the increase of destructive events (such as the current global health crisis), and the drive towards digital innovation dictated by the Fourth Industrial Revolution require companies to make an organizational change regarding both internal and external activities. We are witnessing a radical transition from competition between individual companies to competition between industrial supply chains. There is a shift from the traditional supply chain, characterized by the linearity of operations, to a more integrated supply chain model, where information flows in more than one direction at once. This thesis aims to study how the supply chain can fully experience the benefits brought about by integration mainly thanks to the support provided by the enabling technologies of Industry 4.0. The primary goals of the research are understanding which are the pressures towards the integration and digitalization of supply chain activities, evaluating the advantages and challenges, and studying how a supply chain can be integrated through digitalization. To support the thesis, a case study on Supply Chain Event Management carried out by the author is reported.
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Baville, Paul. "Stratigraphic correlation uncertainty : On the impact of the sediment transport direction in computer-assisted multi-well correlation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0111.
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La modélisation du sous-sol est un moyen de prédire la structure et la connectivité des unités stratigraphiques en honorant les observations de subsurface. Ces observations sont en général échantillonées le long de puits à grande échelle horizontale (kilomètre) mais à petite échelle verticale (mètre). Il y a deux types de données de puits : (1) les diagraphies, qui correspondent à des acquisitions géophysiques quasi-continus (échatillonage régulier) le long du puits (e.g., gamma ray, sonic, porosité neutron), et (2) les régions, qui correspondent à des propriétés réservoir discrètes définies par des profondeurs maximales et minimales le long du puits (e.g., biozones, zones structurales, faciès sédimentaires). Des marqueurs sont interprétés le long des puits et peuvent être associés pour générer un ensemble d'associations de marqueurs conformes, appelé des corrélations de puits. Ces corrélations de puits peuvent être réalisées manuellement (approche déterministe) par des experts, mais cela peut être sujet à des biais et ne garantit pas la reproductibilité. Les corrélations de puits peuvent également être générées automatiquement (approche déterministe ou probabiliste) en calculant à l'aide d'un algorithme un grand nombre de corrélations de puits conformes et en classant ces réalisations en fonction de leurs vraisemblances. La vraisemblance de ces corrélations de puits assistées par ordinateur est directement liée au principe de corrélation utilisé pour associer les marqueurs. Ces travaux de thèse introduisent deux principes de corrélation, qui tendent à reproduire la chronostratigraphie et les processus de dépôts à l'échelle de la paraséquence : (1) "un marqueur (décrit par un faciès et une distalité pris au centre d'un intervalle ayant un faciès constant et une distalité constante) ne peut pas être associé avec un autre marqueur décrit par un faciès plus profond à une position plus proximale, ou un faciès moins profond à une position plus distale", et (2) "plus la différence entre une interpolation chronostratigraphique (entre les marqueurs) et un profil de dépôt conceptuel est faible, plus la probabilité d'association des marqueurs est élevée". Ces deux principes de corrélation sont d'abord validés avec des solutions analytiques et appliqués sur des cas synthétiques. Ils ont ensuite été utilisés (1) pour prédire la connectivité des unités stratigraphiques à partir de données de puits sans connaissances solides sur les environnements de dépôt en inférant les paramètres de corrélation, ou (2) pour évaluer la probabilité d'un environnement de dépôt hypothétique en générant des réalisations stochastiques et en évaluant les incertitudes. Les methodes sont appliquées sur un système silicoclastique de dépôts deltaïques côtiers ciblant un réservoir du Jurassique Moyen dans le South Viking Graben en Mer du Nord. Ces travaux de thèse permettent (1) de définir deux principes de corrélation spécifiques définis par quelques paramètres qui peuvent être utilisés pour générer des corrélations de puits stochastiques dans les systèmes deltaïques côtiers, et (2) d'ouvrir la voie vers une combinaison simple de principes de corrélation spécifiques pour obtenir une meilleure caractérisation des systèmes deltaïques côtiers en évaluant les incertitudes<br>Subsurface modeling is a way to predict the structure and the connectivity of stratigraphic units by honoring subsurface observations. These observations are commonly be sampled along wells at a large and sparse horizontal scale (kilometer-scale) but at a fine vertical scale (meter-scale). There are two types of well data: (1) well logs, corresponding to quasi-continuous (regular sampling) geophysical measurements along the well path (e.g., gamma ray, sonic, neutron porosity), and (2) regions, corresponding to categorical reservoir properties and defined by their top and bottom depths along the well path (e.g., biozones, structural zones, sedimentary facies). Markers are interpreted along the well path and can be associated in order to generate a consistent set of marker associations called well correlations. These well correlations may be generated manually (deterministic approach) by experts, but this may be prone to biases and does not ensure reproducibility. Well correlations may also be generated automatically (deterministic or probabilistic approach) by computing with an algorithm a large number of consistent well correlations and by ranking these realizations according to their likelihood. The likelihood of these computer-assisted well correlations are directly linked to the principle of correlation used to associate markers. This work introduces two principles of correlation, which tend to reproduce the chronostratigraphy and the depositional processes at the parasequence scale: (1) "a marker (described by facies and distality taken at the center of an interval having a constant facies and a constant distality) cannot be associated with another marker described by a depositionally deeper facies at a more proximal position, or a depositionally shallower facies at a more distal position", and (2) "the lower the difference between a chronostratigraphic interpolation (in between markers) and a conceptual depositional profile, the higher the likelihood of the marker association". These two principles of correlation are first benchmarked with analytical solutions and applied on synthetic cases. They have then been used (1) to predict the connectivity of stratigraphic units from well data without strong knowledge on depositional environments by inferring the correlation parameters, or (2) to evaluate the likelihood of a hypothetical depositional environment by generating stochastic realizations and assessing the uncertainties. The methods are applied on a siliciclastic coastal deltaic system targeting a Middle Jurassic reservoir in the South Viking Graben in the North Sea.This work enables (1) to define two specific principles of correlation defined by a few parameters that can be used to generate stochastically well correlations within coastal deltaic systems, and (2) to open the path towards a simple combination of specific principles of correlation to obtain a better characterization of coastal deltaic systems by assessing the uncertainties
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Venier, Anna <1998>. "Business and strategic impact of digitalization, new distribution channels and technologies on companies supply chain ecosystem. The De’ Longhi Group experience." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21849.
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New digital technologies are having a fundamental impact on one hand on companies’ competitive, productive and innovation capabilities and operating models and on the other hand on consumer’s way of exploring, choosing and purchasing products. The globalization and its consequences - namely deeply interrelated economies and increasing uncertainty and unpredictability due to recurrent pandemic or geopolitical crisis – are adding complexity to this fast changing transformation process. This thesis aim to explore in particular two areas where companies are impacted by digital and new technologies changes: the overall supply chain ecosystem, within the different steps of companies value chain, and the development of new digital distribution channels, in particular the direct to consumer channels. These two aspects are in primis investigated at the level of general systemic evolution and secondary with references to the specific experience of the De 'Longhi Group, an international group operating in the durable consumer goods market.
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Ahlén, Petterssom David, and Ludwig Sjöström. "Robotics in Chinese manufacturing industry : A qualitative study of the robotics impact on Chinese manufacturing industry." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105655.
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For as long robotics has been a research topic, their impact on the traditional manufacturing industry have been discussed. Several theories have been presented through the years in how robotics will change the business climate. The Chinese labor market is facing big transitions and the question of what the effects on employment rate and economy will be remains uncertain. In this thesis, the focus in this thesis is to present the positive and negative effects of robotics in manufacturing industry and how it will affect the labor market. This is conducted by analyzing empirical findings from interviews and second-hand interviews. The collected findings will be compared with previous research regarding digitalization and robotics in China. The outcome of this thesis will show the positive and negative effects of robotics and manufacturing industry and its impact on the Chinese labor market. The thesis will show the correlation between robotics, education, quality, labor and the Chinese economy.
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Galvani, Serena. "Industry 4.0 & Servitization: Role and impact of digital servitization strategies in international industrial markets." Doctoral thesis, Urbino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11576/2699669.
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Il presente progetto di ricerca riguarda l'indagine di due fenomeni principali, la digitalizzazione e la servitizzazione, e la risultante ‘servitizzazione digitale’, all’interno dei mercati industriali. L'obiettivo principale di questo studio è contribuire alla generazione di nuova conoscenza circa i fenomeni indagati e fornire a manager e professionisti validi suggerimenti su come affrontarli con successo. La digitalizzazione e la servitizzazione digitale sono ambiti di ricerca recenti ma in forte crescita, attorno ai quali sta convergendo l'attenzione di numerose figure accademiche e professionali. Nonostante il grande dinamismo che caratterizza tali fenomeni, le imprese industriali si trovano ad affrontare ancora oggi diverse sfide nel tentativo di implementarli. In effetti, le aziende manifatturiere dimostrano di percepire barriere elevate all'investimento in strategie digitali. Adottando un approccio alla problematizzazione, è possibile notare come sia necessario sviluppare ulteriori conoscenze circa i processi di digitalizzazione e servitizzazione al fine di comprendere al meglio i vantaggi e le sfide ad essi connessi. Partendo dall’identificazione di una serie di nuove aree di ricerca ancora poco studiate, questa tesi analizza empiricamente i fenomeni di digitalizzazione e servitizzazione. A tal fine, il presente lavoro di ricerca è strutturato in cinque capitoli principali. Il Capitolo I – Fondamenti teorici e note metodologiche – passa in rassegna la letteratura disponibile su digitalizzazione e servitizzazione digitale e fornisce chiarimenti sulle note metodologiche adottate in questa tesi. Lo scopo del capitolo è fornire un'analisi teorica preliminare sulla digitalizzazione e la servitizzazione. Il Capitolo II – I meccanismi di diffusione della conoscenza di Industria 4.0 nei distretti industriali tradizionali: evidenze dall'Italia – indaga empiricamente la digitalizzazione a livello di analisi contestuale. Il capitolo esamina il contesto e i meccanismi attraverso i quali si stanno diffondendo le tecnologie di Industria 4.0. Il Capitolo III – Verso una prospettiva multilivello sulla servitizzazione digitale – studia empiricamente i percorsi di servitizzazione digitale di due aziende manifatturiere a livello intersettoriale. Il Capitolo IV – Tensioni intra e interorganizzative di una strategia di servitizzazione digitale: evidenze dal settore meccatronico in Italia – è uno studio empirico circa le tensioni emergenti legate alla servitizzazione digitale. In particolare, il capitolo implementa un'indagine approfondita su un'azienda industriale esplorando longitudinalmente le fasi del suo percorso di servitizzazione digitale al fine di districarne la complessità. Il Capitolo V – Osservazioni conclusive e percorsi di ricerca futuri – traccia le conclusioni della ricerca e fornisce linee di ricerca future. I principali contributi di questo lavoro di ricerca possono essere riassunti come segue. Questa tesi evidenzia la stretta connessione tra i fenomeni di digitalizzazione e servitizzazione e prova che la digitalizzazione può essere ‘un’arma a doppio taglio’. I risultati empirici raccolti descrivono la servitizzazione digitale attraverso la sua natura multilivello, che si manifesta su tre livelli: micro (individuale), organizzativo e di network. Inoltre, sottolinea l'impatto del networking nei processi di digitalizzazione e servitizzazione; nuovi attori entrano a far parte della catena del valore e possono influenzare l’andamento dei due fenomeni. Infine, la complessità dei processi di digitalizzazione e servitizzazione è provata empiricamente e si propone evidenza delle difficoltà incontrate dalle aziende manifatturiere nel tentativo di realizzarli.
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Al, Mandlawi Lina. "Digital Technology Adoption In The Context Of Asset Management : Organizational change and the impact of managers." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279585.
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Digitalization and adaptation of technology are the current and future areas for organizations to gain efficiency within. Nevertheless, in a context where digitalization is an uprising trend, this research is needed now more than ever due to the COVID 19 Pandemic in the world. Many companies are having a hard time with the complexity of the digital age, facing challenges, and searching for support. This research will aim to solve these obstacles by collaborating with company X, who currently are in a similar situation. In order to understand the reasons of managerial resistance to adapt to new digital technology, the investigation also looked at the impact of managers and how it affects the digital technology adoption in the organization. This is done by considering the specific context of asset management (AM) since AM systems substitute to part of the control that is used by managers to support operations and maintenance processes. The research was explorative in the research approach in order to delimit the study after analysing the findings. The research is conducted through a literature review and empirical data that was conducted through a pre-study and interviews with company X. Many theories from the literature and findings from the analysis of the interviews shed some light on the contingency factors influencing the adoption of digitalization in the context of AM. The empirical and theoretical findings also supported the impact that managers have towards an organization's ability to go towards a more digitalized organization. The conclusion from this research found that the factors that affect the adoption of technologies are organizational capabilities and the underlying factors of task complexity and internal capability. The second factor is the organizational culture with the underlying factors of decision-making and management by fear. And lastly, the organization's business model with the underlying factor of customer orientation. All these factors are overlapping each other, and are essential to focus on in a changing environment in order to manage a digital transformation. The conclusion that was drawn for managers' implications that are Managerial behavior and Managerial communication, and therefore stated that they have an impact. This research recommends steps for a company to leverage the identified factors that affect the ability to adapt to digitalization. These were first to go toward a digital transformation, by revising work methods. Then to construct a global IT strategy in order to strategize the internal strategies. Then in order to align the strategy and bridge the gap between business and IT, it is through a balanced scorecard. Another critical step is to involve middle managers in decision making by implementing a change management plan. Benefit management will help to engage the entire organization towards change. Lastly, all steps need to be supported with digital solutions by taking into consideration the established actions as analysing risks, creating a digital roadmap, identifying a clear process owner, following up on digital interventions, and working with customers and politicians towards an integrated AM solution.<br>Digitalisering och anpassning av teknik är de nuvarande och framtida områdena för organisationer att effektivisera sig med. Men i ett sammanhang där digitalisering är en uppåtgående trend behövs denna forskning nu mer än någonsin på grund av COVID 19- pandemin i världen. Många företag har det svårt med den digitala tidens komplexitet, står inför utmaningar och söker support. Denna forskning representerar det exemplet genom att samarbeta med företaget X som befinner sig i den aktuella situationen. För att förstå orsakerna till ledarens motstånd att anpassa sig till ny digital teknik såg utredningen också på effekterna av chefer och hur det påverkar antagandet av digital teknik i organisationen. Detta görs genom att beakta det specifika sammanhanget för kapitalförvaltning (AM), eftersom AM-system ersätter en del av kontrollen som används av chefer för att stödja drift och underhållsprocesser. Forskningen var förklarande i forskningsmetoden för att avgränsa studien efter att ha rat resultaten. Forskningen utförs genom en litteraturöversikt och en empirisk data som genomfördes genom en förstudie och intervjuer med företaget X. Många teorier från litteraturen och fynd från n av intressena, kastar lite ljus på beredskapsfaktorer som påverkar antagandet av digitalisering i samband med AM. De empiriska och teoretiska fynden stödde också effekterna som chefer har för en organisations förmåga att gå mot en mer digitaliserad organisation. Slutsatsen från denna forskning av de faktorer som påverkar han antagande av teknik är organisatoriska förmågor, med de underliggande faktorerna av uppgift komplexitet och intern kapacitet. Den andra faktorn är organisationskulturen med de underliggande faktorerna för beslut och förvaltning av rädsla. Och slutligen organisationens affärsmodell med den underliggande faktorn för kundorientering. Alla dessa faktorer överlappar varandra och är viktiga att fokusera på i en föränderlig miljö för att hantera en digital transformation. Slutsatsen som drogs för chefsimplikationer som är ledningsbeteende och ledningskommunikation, och bekräftade därför att de påverkar organisationen. Denna forskning rekommenderar åtgärder för ett företag för att utnyttja de identifierade faktorerna som påverkar förmågan att anpassa sig till digitaliseringen. Dessa var först för att gå mot en digital transformation genom att revidera arbetsmetoder. För att sedan konstruera en global IT-strategi för att strategisera de interna strategierna. För att anpassa strategin och överbrygga klyftan mellan affär och IT är det sedan genom ett balanserat resultatkort. Ett annat kritiskt steg är att involvera mellanledare i beslutsfattandet genom att implementera en plan för förändringshantering. Förmånshantering hjälper till att engagera hela organisationen mot förändring. Slutligen måste alla steg stöds med digitala lösningar genom att ta hänsyn till de etablerade åtgärderna som att ra risker, skapa en digital färdplan, identifiera en tydlig processägare, följa upp digitala interventioner och arbeta med kunder och politiker mot en integrerad AM-lösning.
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Gonzalez-Aller, Cristobal. "Using IT in the English classroom : Its impact on Swedish students' performance and motivation." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-27600.
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Information Technology (IT) has been integrated in many foreign-language classrooms for some decades now. However, one of the many questions related to IT at school is whether it is beneficial for students and, if yes, in what way. This study compares two different teaching approaches in the English classroom in a Swedish secondary school. A digital approach and a traditional approach were tested during some teaching sessions, where two groups of students were compared to gauge the possible influence of IT on performance. In addition, questionnaires were administered to the students in order to measure their opinion of IT use in general and whether they find it motivating in class. The results suggest that a digital approach can boost performance and create more positive attitudes among the students than the more traditional approach.
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Bernoud-Belhoste, Nathalie. "Management interculturel en Inde : discours sur la différence et impact sur les relations de travail." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0039.
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Dans le contexte de travail indien, l’hypermobilité générale de la main d’œuvre cadre qualifiée parlant anglais est source de préoccupation pour les entreprises gérées par des expatriés français. La construction de la cohésion et de la collaboration au sein de ces entreprises (créations locales, petites et moyennes entreprises, ou multinationales) est un des enjeux majeurs. La gestion des entreprises à l’étranger, souvent analysée au travers de théories du management interculturel, met en exergue l’importance des cultures nationales sur l’influence du comportement des acteurs. Ce travail montre que les justifications narratives des acteurs se basent de façon variable sur ce concept. Les individus gèrent la différence selon trois processus (de distinction, de différenciation ou de distanciation) dans lequel la culture nationale est plus ou moins au centre des justifications. Cette représentation personnelle de la différence de la part des expatriés qui dirigent ces entreprises a un impact sur l’organisation et notamment sur la fonction des ressources humaines, cruciales dans ce contexte professionnel particulier. Plus la culture nationale sera présente dans les justifications, moins la construction cohésion sera forte dans ces entités. L’implication personnelle de l’expatrié dans l’entreprise localement, ainsi que sa capacité à créer un projet d’entreprise unique est un des facteurs clé de succès permettant de répondre aux défis de cette conjoncture<br>In the Indian context, the hypermobility of the English-speaking educated workforce is a major concern for companies managed by French expatriates. The construction of cohesion and collaboration within these companies (local creation, small and medium companies or multinationals) is one key issue arising from this. The management of foreign companies abroad is often analysed using intercultural management theories, which emphasise the importance of the impact national culture has on the actors’ behaviour. This work shows that the actors use this concept in different ways in their narrative justifications. They address difference according to three processes (distinction, differentiation and distancing), in which they focus to varying degrees on national culture as expresed in their justifications. The expatriates’ representations of difference have an impact on the organisation, and more specifically on the human resources management practices within this particular professional context. The more national culture is mentioned in their justification, the less internal cohesion there is within the entity. The expatriate’s personal involvement, as well as their ability to create a unique project for the local company, is a key success factor which helps meet the challenges posed by this conjuncture
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Зинченко, В. В., та V. V. Zinchenko. "Цифровизация как фактор устойчивого развития компании : магистерская диссертация". Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/86571.
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Digitalization is one of the most promising tools for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals at the microeconomic level. The aim of the dissertation is to develop a methodology for assessing the impact of digitalization on the sustainable development of a company. The dissertation studies the features of sustainable development at the global, national and local levels, identifies the term «digitalization» and offers an author's vision of the problem, as well as provides a theoretical justification for the digitalization’s influence at sustainable development. The empirical base of the dissertation is the educational, methodical literature, economic and statistical studies, legal acts, international documents, official and corporate statistics. The methodology for assessing the impact of digitalization on the sustainable development of a company tested on the leading companies in the field of sustainable development in Russia.<br>Цифровизация является одним из наиболее перспективных инструментов достижения Целей устойчивого развития на микроуровне. Целью выпускной квалификационной работы является разработка методики оценки влияния цифровизации на устойчивое развитие компании. В работе изучены особенности устойчивого развития на глобальном, национальном и локальном уровнях, проведена идентификация понятия «цифровизация» и предложено авторское видение проблемы, а также проведено теоретическое обоснование наличия взаимосвязи между цифровизацией и устойчивым развитием. Эмпирической базой исследования выступили учебно-методическая и научно-исследовательская литература, экономико-статистические исследования, нормативно-правовые акты, международные документы, официальные статистические данные и данные корпоративной статистики. В выпускной квалификационной работе разработана методика оценки влияния цифровизации на устойчивое развитие компании и представлена ее апробация на примере компаний-лидеров в сфере устойчивого развития в России.
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Gumpert, Theodor, and Carl Allert. "Risker i den digitala revisionsprocessen : En kvalitativ studie om hur svenska revisorer identifierar och hanterar digitala risker." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-57054.
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As a result of technological improvements, the efficiency of the audit industry increased greatly in the 1950’s. Since then, technological development has increased significantly. The industry is currently undergoing a digitalization process, similar to that already experienced by the society. The audit agencies researched in this study are striving to replace paper-based audits and to be completely digitalized, by using digital auditing tools throughout the entire audit process. Prior research, regarding the digitalization of the audit process, has focused on the advantages or the disadvantages. How the auditors in practice identify and handle digital risks is, however, lacking in this earlier research. The purpose of this study is to understand how auditors identify and handle the risks that digitalization entails in the gathering and use of digital audit evidence. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, the gathering of empirical evidence has been based on a qualitative method. Twelve respondents, nine of whom are auditors and three audit associates, were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Conclusions generated by this study are that IT skills, experience, industry knowledge and the understanding of the company audited are the fundamental factors affecting the auditor's ability to identify and handle digital risks. Furthermore, the risks due to digitalization have neither increased nor become of greater importance than previously, rather the opposite. The advantages resulting from the digitalization of the audit process outweigh the disadvantages. Overall, the digitalization affects the auditor's ability to comment on a company's financial reports and management in a positive manner.
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Milosevic, Marina. "Le Crowdfunding (ou financement participatif) comme nouveau mode de financement responsable de l'entreprise : focus sur le CrowdInvesting (financement participatif en investissement)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E006.
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Cette thèse en sciences de Gestion se concentre sur l'étude de la relation triptyque entre le Crowdfunding axé sur I’investissement, la RSE et l'investissement socialement responsable (ISR). L'étude repose sur un modèle de recherche tridimensionnel identifiant trois dimensions de la RSE : la dimension éthique, managériale et mesurable, la dimension éthique remet en question l'engagement social de la «foule», en fonction de sa motivation d'investissement (suite l'approche ISR). La dimension managériale tente d'identifier la «foule» en tant que partie prenante par l'adaptation modèle de Mitchel et al (1997). Enfin, la dimension mesurable illustre la capacité que les plateformes ont développé ce qui concerne la mesure de l'impact des projets sélectionnés. Le modèle de recherche identifie les différents niveaux réactivité sociale des plateformes de Crowdlnvesting observées, en fonction de la présence de ces trois dimension indiquées ci-dessus. La thèse est basée sur la recherche qualitative avec un objectif exploratoire, en utilisant l'étude cas comme une méthode de recherche avec deux cas, à savoir 100/PACT et LUMO. l'analyse empirique comprend 13 entretiens semi-directifs, deux questionnaires en ligne menés sur un site Web d'enquête en ligne. La «foule» se caractérise par un «investisseur à impact actif», confirmant l'existence de la dimension éthique de la RSE. la «foule affirme posséder les caractéristiques identifiées par Mit chef et al. (! 997), et se qualifie comme «partie prenant principal» (légitimité, pouvoir et urgence) de l'entreprise dans le cas de 100/PACT et comme «partie prenante dominante» dans le cas de lUMO (légitimité et pouvoir). La dimension mesurable de la RSE apparaît comme inexistante. Notre modèle de recherche identifie les plateformes de « Social Crowdlnvesting » s'inscrivant dans u niveau » de réactivité sociale « progressive ». Toutefois, la dimension mesurable étant en phase de développement, nous ne pouvons pas confirmer de façon précise, la classification de Crowdlnvesting en tant qu' ISR<br>This thesis in management sciences focuses on studying the triptych relation between investment-based Crowdfunding, CSR and responsible investment (SRI). The research reposes on a three-dimensional research model identifying three dimensions of the CSR. The ethical, managerial and measurable dimension. The ethical dimension questions the social engagement of the “crowd”, based on their motivations to invest (following the “SRI approach”). The managerial dimension tries to identify the “crowd” as a stakeholder through the adaptation of the Mitchel et al (1997) model. Finally the measurable dimension illustrates the capacity that the platforms have developed with regards to measuring the impact of the projects they select for funding. The research model identifies different levels of social responsiveness of the observed CrowdInvesting platforms, according to the presence of these three above stated dimensions. The thesis is based on the qualitative research with an exploratory aim, using the case study as a research method based on a two case study design, namely 1001PACT and LUMO. The empirical analysis includes 13 semi direct interviews two online questionnaire conducted through an online survey website. The “crowd” is characterized as an “active impact investor”, confirming the existence of the Ethical CSR dimension. The “crowd” affirms to possess the characteristics of Mitchel et al. (1997) model, and qualifies as a “core stakeholder” (Legitimacy, power and urgency) of the enterprise in the case of 1001PACT, and as a “dominant stakeholder” in the case of LUMO (Legitimacy and power). The measurable CSR dimension appears as non-existent. Our research model therefore identifies “Social CrowdInvesting” platforms as integrating the category of a “progressive” level of social responsiveness. However, since the measurable CSR dimension is still in the development phase, we cannot confirm CrowdInvesting's classification as an SRI
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Kremer, Sarah. "La réalisation matérielle du "Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch" : impact de la mise en forme typographique sur le développement d'un projet lexicographique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0316/document.
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Le dictionnaire étymologique du français de Walther von Wartburg, le Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (FEW), est en cours d’informatisation. Ses 25 volumes, répartis sur plus de 16000 pages, sont saisis puis jalonnés de balises sémantiques XML par une série d’algorithmes afin de permettre la mise en place d’un FEW électronique et son interaction avec différentes ressources extérieures. Or, l’encodage des données saisies ainsi que leur affichage dépendent directement de polices de caractères qui soient en mesure de formater l’ensemble du contenu du FEW, notamment une série de caractères inédits utilisés pour la notation de transcriptions phonétiques.L’objet de cette thèse consiste dans l’étude de la réalisation matérielle du FEW, en particulier sa typographie, des premières publications d’articles en 1922 jusqu’à leur diffusion actuelle sous une forme uniquement numérique. L’étude s’appuie pour cela sur une analyse des évolutions de la présentation du dictionnaire en abordant ses changements, d’ordre lexicographique mais aussi technique. Cette analyse est complétée par l’observation d’une série d’autres dictionnaires dont la mise en forme typographique est remarquable. La thèse participe ainsi à mettre en évidence la manière dont le FEW est un objet lexicographique unique.Le résultat concret de la thèse correspond à la création d’une famille de caractères adaptée aux usages du FEW. Ces polices sont exploitées au sein de deux interfaces: la première accompagne les rédacteurs du FEW lors de l’élaboration de nouveaux articles, la seconde permet aux utilisateurs de consulter et d’interagir avec la base de données du FEW informatisé. Issue d’une collaboration entre linguistes, informaticiens et designers, cette thèse propose un modèle d’intégration du design typographique au sein des humanités numériques<br>The etymological dictionary of the French language by Walther von Wartburg, entitled Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (FEW), is being digitalized. Its 25 volumes spread over 16,000 pages are currently being typed and tagged with semantical XML language using a series of algorithms, in order to create a computerized FEW, able to interact with several external resources. However, the encoding and the display of the data requires appropriate fonts to typeset the whole dictionary, including a series of specific characters for phonetic transcriptions.The purpose of this thesis is to study the material realization of the FEW, and more specifically its typography, starting from the publication of the first articles in 1922 up to their current circulation as an exclusively digital content. The study is based on an analysis of the evolution of the dictionary's layout, taking into account lexicographical but also technical changes. This analysis is completed by a study of a selection of other dictionaries whose typesetting is remarkable. This thesis hence contributes to highlighting the extent to which the FEW is a unique lexicographic object.The concrete result of this thesis consists in a typeface family tailored to the needs of FEW users. These fonts are implemented in two interfaces: the first one is used by FEW editors to structure and write new articles, the second one enables users to consult and interact with the database of the computerized FEW.The result of a collaboration between linguists, computer scientists and designers, this thesis proposes a new model for integrating typographic design within digital humanities
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Sarvari, Ladan, and Samaneh Norouzi. "The Impact of ICT-enabled solutions on elderly with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Informatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-42837.
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Background: Previous studies have shown that ICT applications could affect elderly people who suffer from mild dementia (MD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) positively. These applications might help patients with MD or MCI, improving their cognitive performance, independency and, their quality of life. Elderly may also be able to live alone at their own home with the help of these ICT applications. Therefore, the burden of caregivers and family members can be reduced. An IT-enabled solution was proposed to create new knowledge and experience among MCI and MD patients and their caregivers. The project was funded by European union and four countries i.e. Sweden, Spain, Italy and Israel were involved in it. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to apply a technology-enabled integrated care model. Two aspects of the study were to measure the quality of life of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia (MD) after using the model and to understand the professional caregivers’ perspectives of the model. Method: A mixed-method approach was applied in this research which was a combination of using standard and internally developed questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: The result of the study showed that DECI could have positive effect as a complementary tool for the care process of the elderly who suffered from dementia. The general perception in all sites was positive and professionals confirmed the willingness to use DECI in the future.
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Pålsson, Ebba, and Amanda Ohlsson. "Digitaliseringens effekter : En fallstudie på LRF Konsult." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76344.
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Bakgrund: Digitaliseringen är en enorm drivkraft som påverkar alla organisationer vilket leder till förändringar i hur värde skapas och upplevs samt hur verksamheter styrs. Digitaliseringen har lett till ökad konkurrens vilket sätter press på organisationer anpassnings och förändringsförmåga för att kunna bibehålla konkurrensfördelar genom att skapa mer kundvärde. Genom företags värdeskapande processer skapas kundvärde och utgör därmed studiens fokus. Forskare menar att det finns ett kunskapshål gällande digitaliseringens påverkan på värdeskapande processer och vilka effekter det gett samt digitaliseringens påverkan på verksamhetsstyrning, vilket denna studie undersöker. Syfte: Denna studie syftar till att öka kunskapen om digitaliseringens effekter på LRF Konsults värdeskapande processer och vilka krav som ställs på verksamhetsstyrningen. Ytterligare ämnar studien till att bidra med djupare förståelse och kunskap till LRF Konsult och liknande företag om den pågående digitaliseringen. Metod: För att uppfylla studiens syfte tillämpas fallstudie som forskningsstrategi. Insamling av empiriskt material gjordes genom kvalitativa intervjuer med chefer, medarbetare samt kunder på fallföretaget LRF Konsult. Slutsats: Digitaliseringen påverkar de värdeskapande processerna på LRF Konsult i olika utsträckning. Gemensamt kan det dock konstateras att digitaliseringen leder till förändrade arbetsroller, nyttjande av molnbaserade digitala verktyg, ökad digital kommunikation och avmaterialisering. Effekter av detta är ökad effektivitet, tillgänglighet, flexibilitet mer frekvent kommunikation och minskade fysiska möten. Slutsatsen om digitaliseringens påverkan på kundvärdet är att kundens upplevda nytta ökar medan kundens uppoffring tillfälligtvis kan öka men på längre sikt minskar, enligt värdeekvationen ökar alltså det totala kundvärdet. I studien konstateras även att verksamhetsstyrningen påverkas av digitaliseringen. Digitaliseringen influerar de formella styrverktygen till nyttjandet av fler prestationsmått, ökade rutiner och förändring i organisationsstrukturen. För de informella styrverktygen påverkar digitaliseringen på så vis att värderingar anpassas till digitaliseringen och dess möjligheter samt att behovet av motivation och utbildning ökar för att kunna tackla digitaliseringen.<br>Background: Digitialization is an enormous driving force that affects all organizations, which leads to changes in how value is created and experienced, and further on also in the management control. Digitialization has led to increased competition which puts pressure on organizations' adaptability and ability to maintain competitive advantages by creating more customer value. Through company value creation processes, customer value is created and thus constitutes the focus of this study. Researchers argue that there is a gap in the impact of digitalization on value creating processes and the effects it has, and also the impact of digitalization on management control, which this study investigates. Purpose: This study aims at increasing knowledge about the effects of digitalization on LRF Konsult's value creation processes and the demands made on business management. Further, the study aims at contributing deeper understanding and knowledge to LRF Konsult and similar companies regarding the ongoing digitalization. Method: In order to fulfill the purpose of the study, case study is applied as research strategy. The gathering of empirical material was done through qualitative interviews with managers, employees and customers of the business case LRF Konsult. Conclusion: Digitalization affects the value creating processes at LRF Konsult to a varying extent. In common, however, it may be noted that digitalization leads to changing work roles, the use of cloud-based digital tools, increased digital communication and dematerialization. Effects of this are increased efficiency, availability, flexibility, more frequent communication and reduced physical meetings. The conclusion concerning the impact of digitalization on customer value is that experiencing customer benefit increases while the customer's sacrifice can temporarily increase but in the long run decreases, according to the value equation, thus increasing the total customer value. The study finds that the management control also is affected by digitalization. Formal control tools have influenced the use of more performance measurements, increased routines and change in organizational structure. For the informal control tools, digitalization impacts in such a way that values are adapted to digitalization and its possibilities, and that the need for motivation and education increases in order to tackle digitalization.
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Hjertaker, Martin Sverre, and Felicia Ingegerd Johansson. "Teknikkonsulters affärsmöjligheter med automatiserade klimatdeklarationer : En kvalitativ studie om affärsmodeller som skapar värden vid försäljning av automatiserade klimatdeklarationer." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85723.
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High levels of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere have a continued tangible impact on the environment globally and threatens to extinct biodiversity. The influence on the climate from human activity is mainly caused by combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. The construction sector is responsible for a large share of the emissions and has in addition a significant environmental impact by the energy used during the construction stage. At the time of writing, the construction and real estate industry is responsible for 40 percent of the global environmental impact. The Swedish government intends on first of January 2022 to introduce a new demand on carbon footprint reports in conjunction with new construction projects as an action to decrease anthropogenic impact from the construction industry. To meet this demand and the increasing degree of digitalisation of the industry, engineering consulting company William Sale Partnership (WSP) Sweden has invested in automating carbon footprint reports. The company’s strategic business unit Byggprojektering has developed the digital tool Klimatdata Light to automate quantity calculations of carbon dioxide equivalents that are emitted in the construction stage. The tool is currently restricted to only calculating equivalents for building elements such as foundation and building frame, hence it does not produce complete climate declarations for the entire building. It is however planned to continue development of the function to be able to produce complete reports in the future. To be able to sell the automated carbon footprint reports produced by Klimatdata Light, WSP Sweden has identified a need to investigate how to motivate and design their business model. The aim of this study was to investigate the national requirements for carbon footprint reports and what values that the reports could have for customers and engineering consulting firms, and thereafter design and propose possible business models for selling automated carbon footprint reports during the design phase in the construction process. The mapping was conducted through a literature study and two qualitative interview studies. The interviewees in the first interview study was seven steel hall manufacturers and in the second three employees at the engineering consulting company itself. In the first interview study two significant insights could be established: the interviewees did currently not work with environmental issues actively, but there was a belief that the subject is growing in importance and that there will be a need for consultancy in the future. From the second interview study with the employees, it was communicated that communication between the business units within the company is important when selling carbon footprint reports and that the reports could have an educational function both for the customer and within the own organisation. Collected materials from the interviews, combined with the literature study, was thereafter used to design two different types of business models. What the business models have in common is that they both are based on the same business model structure earlier used in industrial building. In the first business model the automated carbon footprint report is meant to be sold for a fixed price and meet the need for customers who just want to fulfil the upcoming national demand. In the second business model on the other hand, the carbon footprint report is meant to be offered free of charge and included in a larger offering concept where the customer is offered a range of products and services in addition to the report. The underlying question that has been fundamental to this study is how the business model will look like for automated functions within the construction industry overall in the future. In what ways could you motivate the price for an automated function, which used to be paid for by the hour? This study gives the reader insights with that question in mind since automation and the questions automation arises is a growing topic within the industry.<br>Den globala klimatpåverkan från höga koldioxidutsläpp är fortsatt påtaglig på vår planet och hotar att utrota den biologiska mångfalden. Effekterna på klimatet kommer från mänsklig aktivitet och syftar särskilt till förbränning av fossila bränslen som kol, olja och gas. Byggsektorn bidrar till en stor mängd av utsläppen, speciellt sektorns energianvändning under byggproduktionsskedet. I dagsläget står bygg- och fastighetssektorn för knappt 40 procent av den globala miljöpåverkan. Som en åtgärd för att minska klimatpåverkan ämnar den svenska regeringen att införa en ny lag den 1 januari år 2022 om klimatdeklarering vid nyproduktion för att minska sektorns miljöpåverkan. För att bemöta detta lagkrav samt den ökande graden av digitalisering i byggnadsindustrin, har teknikkonsultföretaget William Sale Partnership (WSP) Sverige valt att göra en satsning inom automatisering av klimatdeklarationer. I företagets affärsområde för byggnadsprojektering har man tagit fram det digitala verktyget Klimatdata Light för att automatisera beräkningen av mängden koldioxidekvivalenter i projekteringsstadiet som sedan emitteras i byggskedet. Verktyget granskar i dagsläget endast byggnadsdelarna grund och byggnadsstomme och erbjuder därför inga kompletta klimatdeklarationer för hela byggnader. Däremot planeras funktionen att vidareutvecklas för att kunna leverera kompletta klimatdeklarationer. I samband med utveckling av automatiserade klimatdeklarationer som Klimatdata Light producerar så har WSP Sverige känt ett behov av att undersöka hur man kan tänkas motivera och utforma försäljningen. Syftet med examensarbetet var att kartlägga den nationella kravbilden samt vilka värden klimatdeklarationer har för kund och teknikkonsultföretag, för att därefter utforma och ge förslag på möjliga affärsmodeller vid försäljning av automatiserade klimatdeklarationer under projekteringsfasen i byggprocessen. Kartläggningen utfördes genom en litteraturstudie samt två kvalitativa intervjustudier. I den ena intervjustudien intervjuades sju olika respondenter inom segmentet stålhallstillverkare, och den andra studien intervjuade tre medarbetare internt inom teknikkonsultens organisation. I intervjustudien med stålhallstillverkare framkom de två huvudsakliga insikterna att respondenterna i dagsläget inte aktivt arbetar med miljö till någon större utsträckning, men att man ser ett ökande behov av att både arbeta med miljö och få hjälp med det. I intervjustudien med medarbetare från WSP framkom det att det är viktigt att ha god kommunikation mellan företagets affärsområden i samband med försäljning av klimatdeklarationer, samt att deklarationerna kan fylla en kunskapsspridande funktion både gentemot kund och inom den egna organisationen. Insamlat material från både litteraturstudien och intervjustudierna användes som grund till att utforma två olika typer av scenarier med affärsmodeller. Båda affärsmodellerna hade en struktur som tidigare nyttjats inom industriellt byggande. I det första scenariot är tanken att den automatiserade klimatdeklarationen ska säljas mot ett fastpris och täcka ett kundbehov som enbart möter de kommande nationella lagkraven. I det andra scenariot är istället tanken att klimatdeklarationen ska vara kostnadsfri och utgå ifrån ett kundbehov som täcker ett större miljöengagemang. I det sistnämnda fallet är tanken att deklarationen ska inkluderas i ett erbjudandenivåkoncept där kunden kan erbjudas en kombination av ett flertal olika produkter och tjänster utöver själva deklarationen. En frågeställning som har varit bakomliggande under examensarbetets gång är hur affären kommer se ut för automatiserade funktioner generellt i bygg- och anläggningsbranschen framöver. När verktyg som normalt sett har timdebiterats automatiseras, så som exempelvis funktioner för konstruktion- och stomsystem, hur påverkas prissättningen av automatiseringen? Detta examensarbete kan ge läsaren insikter även från en sådan infallsvinkel, eftersom automatisering och de frågeställningar som automatisering medbringar är vittomfattande i bygg- och anläggningsbranschen.
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McKinney, Kelli. "The Luxury of Tears: A Secondary Survivor's Story." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2273/.
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As the written accompaniment for The Luxury of Tears, a twelve-minute documentary video exploring the emotional impact of sexual assault on male survivors and their partners, this document examines the visual texts of both the fiction and nonfiction genres. Specifically, I contend that fiction film manufactures male survivorship with regard to rape events in such manner which contributes to the thematization of social silence. Such silence perpetuates the feminization of rape as a social problem, and dissolves the development of male survivor resources. A discussion of production processes, challenges, and resolutions is included.
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Halilić, Meliha, and Dina Tinjić. "The Impact of Digitalization on Student Academic Performance in Higher Education : Investigating the change in academic performance of university level students after a sudden switch to digital education due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Case of Jönköping International Business School." Thesis, Jönköping University, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50437.
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As in any other sector, the Covid-19 outbreak has caused many changes in education, and there is a reasonable expectation for this intervention to have a significant impact on the students and their performance. The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of the digital semester, imposed on students due to Covid-19 outbreak, on student academic success. Using a quasi-experimental methodological approach called dif-in-dif analysis, three empirical models were constructed to analyse if there is an overall effect when comparing our control and treatment groups, as well as if there were any group-specific differences when it comes to the performance across genders and educational levels. The study found a significant negative effect of the digital semester on student academic success, suggesting that students performed significantly worse after the Covid-19 outbreak caused the University to step away from face-to-face teaching and adapt to remote studies. Furthermore, it was found that gender-specific differences do not affect the academic performance of our treatment group; however, female students performed worse when the digital semester was implemented compared to the control group who had both the classes and exams face-to-face. Lastly, Master students were found to perform significantly worse compared to Bachelor students’ when the Covid-19 outbreak caused the education to transfer to the digital environment.
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Alsarhan, Fadi Mahmoud Soud. "Factors and impact of Wasta on HRM practices in Jordan : Contributions to Theory and Leadership Implications on New Public Management (NPM) Culture of Organization." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3056.
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Malgré le fait que le phénomène de la Wasta, (« le piston, la cooptation, les connections au travail »), représente une partie constitutive et une caractéristique emblématique de la GRH dans le secteur public au Moyen-Orient et en Jordanie, un nombre limité de recherches porte sur ce phénomène intriguant et complexe. Jusqu’à aujourd’hui, la Wasta reste un objet de recherche peu expliqué et insuffisamment analysé pour sa portée managériale. Ainsi, cette thèse se veut de construire un nouveau modèle d’approfondissement théorique pour décrire la Wasta à partir des données ancrées dans le terrain, afin de parvenir à une compréhension plus précise des enjeux et des représentations liées à la propagation de la Wasta parmi les pratiques de GRH dans le secteur public jordanien. Pour ce faire, nous illustrons la définition du concept de la Wasta et nous démontrons ses conséquences négatives sur les pratiques de GRH et sur la performance globale des institutions publiques jordaniennes. Nous explorons également les réalités autour de ces institutions dans l’époque de post-réformes publiques. De surcroît, notre étude cherche à proposer plusieurs propositions pour mieux cerner les facteurs qui déterminent l’étendue de la Wasta dans le secteur public en Jordanie. Cette recherche fournit, par ailleurs, des aperçus importants sur la GRH au Moyen-Orient et en Jordanie aussi bien pour les chercheurs et les académiciens, que pour les décideurs et les spécialistes des RH, ou encore pour les leaders internationaux qui s’intéressent aux potentiels économiques dans les pays moyen-orientaux en général et en Jordanie en particulier. Enfin, c’est à travers les nouvelles connaissances obtenues au fil de cette recherche, que nous souhaitons contribuer aux savoirs et à la modernisation des concepts et des pratiques de GRH dans les contextes moyen-orientaux et jordanien<br>Though Wasta, an Arabic word for “connections in the workplace”, is considered to be an integral part and an emblematic characteristic of HRM in the Middle Eastern and Jordanian public sectors alike, little is known about this intriguing and complex phenomenon. Till this day, Wasta remains a relatively obscure topic of research, insufficiently dealt with in academic papers. Therefore, this dissertation comes as an attempt to build a theoretical framework model for Wasta from the data grounded in the field, which seeks to offer a deep understanding of the factors and considerations that relate to its extent among various HRM practices in the Jordanian public sector. To do so, we illustrate the definition of the concept of Wasta and demonstrate its negative impacts on HRM and overall performance of public institutions. We also explore the realities in the Jordanian organizations in the post-public reform era. Furthermore, this dissertation aims to provide several propositions regarding the factors that determine Wasta’s extent in the public sector in Jordan. This work also offers insights for academics who are interested in HRM research in the Middle East and Jordan alike, for decision makers and HR specialists in the Middle East; as well as for global leaders who are interested in business potentials in Middle Eastern countries in general and in Jordan in particular by pointing out Wasta-related realities. In the end, through this newfound understanding, our dissertation aims to contribute to the rising understanding and the modernization of HRM principles and practices in the Middle Eastern and Jordanian contexts
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Khaldi, Mohamed Ali. "Impact des mécanismes de gouvernance sur la création et la répartition de la valeur partenariale." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENG007/document.
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La multiplication des scandales financiers depuis l'an 2000 suscite des débats et des controverses sur la gouvernance des entreprises cotées en bourse. Dans le paradigme contractuel, les débats sur la gouvernance ont largement consacré la valeur actionnariale comme modèle dominant, et dans lequel les actionnaires sont les seuls créanciers résiduels. Toutefois, la théorie des parties prenantes part du principe que la relation d'agence actionnaire-dirigeant doit s'élargir aux autres partenaires intervenant dans la chaîne de valeur, et qu'il faut abandonner l'hypothèse du statut de créancier résiduel exclusif des actionnaires. Cet abandon conduit à s'interroger sur le partage de la rente organisationnelle, ou valeur partenariale créée par la firme. Plus précisément, le concept de valeur partenariale soulève les questions de sa mesure, de son appropriation par les différents partenaires, et du rôle des mécanismes de gouvernance à ce niveau. L'objectif de cette recherche est, dans un premier temps, d'examiner le rôle joué par les mécanismes de gouvernance propres à la firme (caractéristiques du conseil, structure de propriété) sur la valeur partenariale créée, puis, dans un deuxième temps, sur l'appropriation de cette valeur partenariale par la firme et par ses parties prenantes explicites. Les tests empiriques portent sur un panel de 103 sociétés françaises cotées observées sur trois années (2006, 2008 et 2010). Les résultats suggèrent que quatre mécanismes ressortent globalement positivement associés à la valeur partenariale créée : la taille et l'indépendance du conseil, le pouvoir actionnarial des salariés, et la présence d'un comité d'éthique et/ou de gouvernance (CEG). En matière d'appropriation, deux mécanismes de gouvernance semblent jouer un rôle. Premièrement, la taille du conseil permettrait aux actionnaires et aux fournisseurs de capter davantage de rente organisationnelle, au détriment des clients et de la firme elle-même. Deuxièmement, la présence d'un CEG incite à une meilleure prise en compte des intérêts de certaines parties prenantes non-financières dans le partage de la rente (clients, salariés), alors que la part de rente que s'approprient les apporteurs de capitaux financiers (actionnaires et créanciers) diminue. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats concernant la mise en place d'un CEG s'avèrent encourageant quant à la capacité de ce mécanisme à promouvoir une véritable gouvernance partenariale au sein des firmes cotées<br>The multiplication of financial scandals since year 2000 induced debates and controversies about the governance of public companies. In the contracting paradigm, the debates on corporate governance have largely relied on shareholder value as a dominant model, in which shareholders are the only residual claimants. However, the stakeholder theory builds on the principle that the shareholder-manager agency relationship has to widen to the others stakeholders who intervene in the value creation chain, and that it is necessary to get rid of the hypothesis that shareholders are exclusive residual claimants. This move brings questions about the sharing of the organizational rent, or stakeholder value created by the firm. More specifically, the concept of stakeholder value raises questions about its measurement, its appropriation by the various stakeholders, and about the role of corporate governance mechanisms on that ground. The objective of this research is to investigate the role of firm-specific governance mechanisms (board characteristics, ownership structure) on the creation of stakeholder value on the one hand, and on the distribution of that stakeholder value to the firm and to its explicit stakeholders, on the other hand. Empirical tests are based on a panel of 103 French listed companies observed over three years (2006, 2008, and 2010). The main findings suggest that four mechanisms stand out globally positively associated to the stakeholder value created: board size and board independence, employees' voting rights (shareholder power), and the presence of an Ethics and/or Governance Committee (EGC). In terms of appropriation, two governance mechanisms seem to play a role. Firstly, board size would result in a larger part of the organizational rent captured by shareholders and suppliers, at the expense of customers and the firm itself. Secondly, the presence of an EGC results in a better consideration of the interests of some non-financial stakeholders (customers and employees), whereas the share of rent that is appropriated by financial capital providers (shareholders and debt-holders) decreases. Overall, our results concerning the implementation of an EGC turn out encouraging regarding the capacity of such mechanism to promote effective stakeholder governance within listed companies
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Boudjellal, Abdelouahab. "Contributions à la localisation et à la séparation de sources." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2063.
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Les premières recherches en détection, localisation et séparation de signaux remontent au début du 20ème siècle. Ces recherches sont d’actualité encore aujourd’hui, notamment du fait de la croissance rapide des systèmes de communications constatée ces deux dernières décennies. Par ailleurs, la littérature du domaine consacre très peu d’études relatives à certains contextes jugés difficiles dont certains sont traités dans cette thèse. Ce travail porte sur la localisation de signaux par détection des temps d’arrivée ou estimation des directions d’arrivée et sur la séparation de sources dépendantes ou à module constant. L’idée principale est de tirer profit de certaines informations a priori disponibles sur les signaux sources telles que la parcimonie, la cyclostationarité, la non-circularité, le module constant, la structure autoregressive et les séquences pilote dans un contexte coopératif. Une première partie détaille trois contributions : (i) un nouveau détecteur pour l’estimation des temps d’arrivée basé sur la minimisation de la probabilité d’erreur ; (ii) une estimation améliorée de la puissance du bruit, basée sur les statistiques d’ordre ; (iii) une quantification de la précision et de la résolution de l’estimation des directions d’arrivée au regard de certains a priori considérés sur les sources. Une deuxième partie est consacrée à la séparation de sources exploitant différentes informations sur celles-ci : (i) la séparation de signaux de communication à module constant ; (ii) la séparation de sources dépendantes connaissant la nature de la dépendance et (iii) la séparation de sources autorégressives dépendantes connaissant la structure autorégressive<br>Signal detection, localization, and separation problems date back to the beginning of the twentieth century. Nowadays, this subject is still a hot topic receiving more and more attention, notably with the rapid growth of wireless communication systems that arose in the last two decades and it turns out that many challenging aspects remain poorly addressed by the available literature relative to this subject. This thesis deals with signal detection, localization using temporal or directional measurements, and separation of dependent source signals. The main objective is to make use of some available priors about the source signals such as sparsity, cyclo-stationarity, non-circularity, constant modulus, autoregressive structure or training sequences in a cooperative framework. The first part is devoted to the analysis of (i) signal’s time-of-arrival estimation using a new minimum error rate based detector, (ii) noise power estimation using an improved order-statistics estimator and (iii) side information impact on direction-of-arrival estimation accuracy and resolution. In the second part, the source separation problem is investigated at the light of different priors about the original sources. Three kinds of prior have been considered : (i) separation of constant modulus communication signals, (ii) separation of dependent source signals knowing their dependency structure and (iii) separation of dependent autoregressive sources knowing their autoregressive structure
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Stråle, Elias, Mohammad Selwaye, and Khaled Akkad. "The impact of digitalization on logo design." Thesis, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53743.
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A logo is a vital part of any company’s visual identity. The following report exploreshow logo design got affected by the recent age of digitalization. The report helpsoutline essential parts of successful logo design for current and future mediums. Sincecompanies want to hire designers or agencies who work based on research andsuccessful methods, this study helps create a generalization of good logo design that iseasy to implement. Our research confirms the notion that design is a science and not an art, since logosare strong when they fulfill their intended purpose and follow specific guidelines.With the help of gathering both quantitative and qualitative data, we found out that theprimary change of logo design through digitalization was done because of the mediumof which the logos lived. The specific elements that changed were that logos nowfocus more on logo marks and have solid and memorable colours. Further, we sawthat logos had to be distinct and unique to work in the overly saturated digital market.At the same time, logos had to be responsive and have the ability to be showcased in asimple way for it to be ready for any medium it could be thrown against. By analyzing some of the most successful logos of all time such as Apple, Adidas,and Nike this report gets an understanding of the part their logo had in making theirbrands successful. Which is also complemented by insightful interviews with industryprofessional designers who helped develop logos and brands for companies such asBurger King, Netflix, and Audi. All this together helped outline a valid understandingof what makes a good logo for the digital age.
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Bygren, Kathrine. "The digitalization impact on accounting firms business models." Thesis, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188801.
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Technological revolutions have occurred for markets and industries since the rise of organized communities and societies. In the past few years a technological revolution has been in process with the growth of digitalized markets. This has resulted in a shift of analog business becoming digitalized. Digitization is a structural change for industries and the Swedish economy is affected by it. This put a demand on many industries to adapt digitalized techniques, in order to stay competitive and survive this technical shift. Adapting to a technical revolution puts pressure on the business strategies and requires companies to model new ones. With the digitization, new requirements have arisen for companies to create new business models, value chains and ways of organizing activities, in order to manage the business strategies. Digitization has been seen to change innovation processes and some experts believe it will change whole markets. The accounting industry is one of the industries that has been seen to have a growth in digitalization and is expected to grow even more. The accounting industry is like many other industries are experiencing the need for a change due to digital technologies. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how digital accounting businesses could set up a general business model, in order to be a successfully digitalized business. This has been conducted through a multiple case study, with the aim to provide generalized findings of business model elements and barriers/facilitators for digitalization affecting the business model. The multiple case studies has been conducted through interviews with different accounting companies, that market themselves as digitalized actors. The findings of the research indicate that digitalization had a direct affect on how companies should strategically organize a business. Many of the implications on digitalized accounting will have direct impact on strategies, actions and processes. The digitalization will require company cultures, which are digitalization friendly. Some of the found results are: digitization will give accounting companies digital accounting tools, knowledge sharing and communication channels. It will put pressure on employees for having different knowledge than analogue businesses and more expertise skills. Digitalization it is estimated to affect the offerings provided to customers. The digitalization is also most likely to have key partners, targeted customer segment, cost structure and revenue streams specific for being digitalized. Digitalization of the accounting industry is likely to change the market from being a supplier driven to becoming demand driven and new actors with less accounting knowledge could get a opening for entering the market. And there are many barriers and a few facilitators for being a digitalized accounting business. This has been taken in consideration when mapping a general business model for a digital accounting firm in this report.
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Martins, Matheus de Almeida. "The impact of digitalization in the business model innovation." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/135141.
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A digitalização está presente no nosso cotidiano mais do que podemos perceber, apesar de convencionalmente sabermos que boa parte do que fazemos hoje está intrinsicamente conectada a ferramentas digitais. O mesmo acontece para as empresas que, a cada dia que passa, precisam estar inovando e aplicando tecnologia aos seus produtos e processos. Apesar de ser uma convenção de que a tecnologia está cada vez mais presente nas empresas, existe pouca evidência dos impactos causados pela digitalização nos modelos de negócio.
O objetivo desse estudo é compreender e analisar quais são, atualmente, os principais impactos que a digitalização pode trazer para a inovação dos modelos de negócios. Assim, será possível identificar as oportunidades de negócios presentes nas empresas de forma a alterar sua operação de modo positivo.
Para a execução desta pesquisa, desenvolvemos um framework contendo os impactos e oportunidades que a digitalização pode trazer a um negócio e como é possível aplicar essas oportunidades a um negócio através de uma ferramenta chamada Digitalization Opportunity Deck of Cards. Para validar o framework proposto e a ferramenta criada, analisamos uma startup do Porto, Portugal, focada na produção de refeições saudáveis vendidas pela internet.
A análise e discussão com os empreendedores permitiu que fossem identificadas alterações em cada um dos componentes do modelo de negócio que serão impactados pela digitalização, de forma que o modelo de negócio atual sofrerá algumas alterações para se adaptar ao mundo digital.<br>Digitalization is present in our daily lives more than we may realize, although conventionally we know that much of what we do today is intrinsically connected to digital tools. The same happens for companies that, with each passing day, need to be innovating and applying technology to their products and processes. Despite the convention that technology is increasingly present in companies, there is little evidence of the impacts caused by digitalization on business models.
The objective of this study is to understand and analyze what are, currently, the main impacts that digitalization can bring to business model innovation. Thus, it will be possible to identify the business opportunities present in companies in order to change their operation in a positive way.
For the execution of this research, we developed a framework containing the impacts and opportunities that digitalization can bring to a business and how it is possible to apply these opportunities to a business through a tool called Digitalization Opportunity Deck of Cards. To validate the proposed framework and the tool created, we analyzed a startup from Porto, Portugal, focused on the production of healthy meals sold over the internet.
The analysis and discussion with the entrepreneurs allowed us to identify changes in each of the components of the business model that will be impacted by digitalization, so that the current business model will suffer some changes to adapt to the digital world.
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Martins, Matheus de Almeida. "The impact of digitalization in the business model innovation." Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/135141.
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A digitalização está presente no nosso cotidiano mais do que podemos perceber, apesar de convencionalmente sabermos que boa parte do que fazemos hoje está intrinsicamente conectada a ferramentas digitais. O mesmo acontece para as empresas que, a cada dia que passa, precisam estar inovando e aplicando tecnologia aos seus produtos e processos. Apesar de ser uma convenção de que a tecnologia está cada vez mais presente nas empresas, existe pouca evidência dos impactos causados pela digitalização nos modelos de negócio.
O objetivo desse estudo é compreender e analisar quais são, atualmente, os principais impactos que a digitalização pode trazer para a inovação dos modelos de negócios. Assim, será possível identificar as oportunidades de negócios presentes nas empresas de forma a alterar sua operação de modo positivo.
Para a execução desta pesquisa, desenvolvemos um framework contendo os impactos e oportunidades que a digitalização pode trazer a um negócio e como é possível aplicar essas oportunidades a um negócio através de uma ferramenta chamada Digitalization Opportunity Deck of Cards. Para validar o framework proposto e a ferramenta criada, analisamos uma startup do Porto, Portugal, focada na produção de refeições saudáveis vendidas pela internet.
A análise e discussão com os empreendedores permitiu que fossem identificadas alterações em cada um dos componentes do modelo de negócio que serão impactados pela digitalização, de forma que o modelo de negócio atual sofrerá algumas alterações para se adaptar ao mundo digital.<br>Digitalization is present in our daily lives more than we may realize, although conventionally we know that much of what we do today is intrinsically connected to digital tools. The same happens for companies that, with each passing day, need to be innovating and applying technology to their products and processes. Despite the convention that technology is increasingly present in companies, there is little evidence of the impacts caused by digitalization on business models.
The objective of this study is to understand and analyze what are, currently, the main impacts that digitalization can bring to business model innovation. Thus, it will be possible to identify the business opportunities present in companies in order to change their operation in a positive way.
For the execution of this research, we developed a framework containing the impacts and opportunities that digitalization can bring to a business and how it is possible to apply these opportunities to a business through a tool called Digitalization Opportunity Deck of Cards. To validate the proposed framework and the tool created, we analyzed a startup from Porto, Portugal, focused on the production of healthy meals sold over the internet.
The analysis and discussion with the entrepreneurs allowed us to identify changes in each of the components of the business model that will be impacted by digitalization, so that the current business model will suffer some changes to adapt to the digital world.
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Denishin, Sam. "Digitalization and its impact on competences jobs, and the workplace." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31211.
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Digitalization is having a profound impact on the world, and the people and businesses in it. It is imperative that digitalization and the impact this will have on competences, jobs, and the workplace be properly understood. A thorough and deep diving literature review has been done on this subject.
Digitalization and its impact have not been properly understood by the business community. There is a lot of confusion on the terminology in this field, nevertheless there is widespread understanding that digitalization is going to enormously impact companies. The importance of competences is going to change in the coming decades. The value of competences relating to physical strength will plummet. Jobs that are routine and manual have the highest likelihood of disappearing due to digitalization. This does not mean that there will be no jobs for people. In the future, people, robots, and software are going to work side-by-side. Competences dealing with social intelligence and creativity will become more important as these are harder to automate. Individuals must however focus on combining a wide variety of competences in order to become more valuable in the labour market. The future marketplace will be one where consolidation is rampant and data-opolies reign supreme. A few companies will have most of the power, these are the ones with the most data. They will be forced to become more sustainable and socially responsible. These companies will also use these new traits to attract new employees as people will judge companies based on social criteria.<br>A digitalização está a ter um impacto profundo no mundo, e nas pessoas e empresas que nele vivem. É imperativo que a digitalização e o impacto que esta terá nas competências, nos empregos e no local de trabalho sejam devidamente compreendidos. Foi feita uma profunda revisão da literatura sobre este tema.
A digitalização e o seu impacto não são ainda devidamente entendidos pelo mundo empresarial. A terminologia neste campo ainda gera muitas dúvidas, no entanto, há um consenso geral de que a digitalização vai ter um enorme impacto nas empresas. A importância das competências vai mudar nas próximas décadas. O valor das competências relacionadas com a força física vai perder relevância. Os empregos de rotina e manuais têm a maior probabilidade de desaparecer devido à digitalização. Isto não significa que não haverá empregos. No futuro, as pessoas, os robôs e o software vão trabalhar lado a lado. As competências de inteligência social e criatividade tornar-se-ão mais importantes, uma vez que estas são mais difíceis de automatizar. No entanto, os indivíduos devem combinar uma grande variedade de competências, a fim de se tornarem mais valiosos no mercado de trabalho. No mercado do futuro, a consolidação será exponencial e em que os data-opolies prevalecerão. As empresas que têm mais dados, serão as mais poderosas. As empresas serão obrigadas a tornar-se mais sustentáveis e socialmente responsáveis. Estas empresas também utilizarão estas novas características para atrair novos trabalhadores, uma vez que as pessoas julgarão as empresas com base em critérios sociais.
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Alves, Ana Margarida Rebelo. "The impact of digitalization on SMEs international strategies: A Bibliometric Analysis." Master's thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/130542.
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Alves, Ana Margarida Rebelo. "The impact of digitalization on SMEs international strategies: A Bibliometric Analysis." Dissertação, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/130542.
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Guedes, Manuel Reis Porto. "Impact of Digitalization on Insurance Industry: a case of a Portuguese insurance company." Master's thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133088.
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Guedes, Manuel Reis Porto. "Impact of Digitalization on Insurance Industry: a case of a Portuguese insurance company." Dissertação, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133088.
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Voges, Aziza Romy. "A new perspective on academic conferences : the impact of digitalization and its Implications on sustainability." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31304.
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In this thesis we provide a systematic review of the diverse and fragmented literature on aca-demic conferences. Scholars across different sciences share the opinion that academic confer-ences are physical events where scientists and academics meet to network and generate knowledge. The goal is to extend the existing literature by investigating how two major trends—digitalization and sustainability—expose an emerging perspective on academic con-ferences. Based on 114 academic articles and an analytical framework, we synthesize what is known about academic conferences in relation to digitalization and sustainability to derive ma-jor changes for the future. The review shows that academic conferences will shift from physical to virtual environments, interactions are shaped, and resource intensity increases. In addition, academic conferences become more diverse and gender equal while the community spirit comes to the forefront. We also explore a shift in time and space and identify a new emerging perspective of academic conferences which we call “sustainable academic conferences in the digital age”. Based on a combination of key results and theories derived from our literature sample, a research agenda is provided for other scientists to investigate in this topic in future studies.<br>Nesta dissertação é apresentada uma revisão sistemática da diversificada e fragmentada literatura sobre conferências científicas. Investigadores de diversas áreas científicas partilham da opinião que conferências científicas são eventos físicos onde cientistas e académicos se encontram para estabelecer contactos e criar conhecimento. O objetivo é expandir a literatura existente através da investigação de como duas grandes tendências—a digitalização e a sustentabilidade—expõem uma nova perspetiva emergente sobre conferências científicas, na qual pressupostos anteriores não se verificam. Com base em 114 artigos académicos e um enquadramento analítico, sintetizamos o que é conhecido sobre conferências científicas em relação à digitalização e à sustentabilidade para obter possíveis futuras transformações significativas. Esta revisão mostra que as conferências científicas passarão de eventos físicos a ambientes virtuais, redesenhando interações e aumentando a intensidade de recursos. Além disso, conferências científicas tornar-se-ão mais diversas e iguais do ponto de vista cultural e de género enquanto o espírito comunitário assume um lugar de destaque. Exploramos também uma mudança no tempo e no espaço e identificamos uma nova perspectiva emergente de conferências académicas que designamos por " conferências científicas sustentáveis na era digital". Tendo por base um conjunto de resultados principais e teorias provenientes da amostra literária, uma agenda de investigação é fornecida para que outros cientistas investiguem este tema em estudos futuros.
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Lin, Shih-Chuan, and 林士全. "The impact of uncertainty and spillovers on the direction of R&D policy." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75508565425510508295.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>產業經濟學系碩士班<br>96<br>This paper extends the Brander-Spencer (1983) model by certainty considering R&D spillovers. We examine the impacts of R&D spillover on firms’ choices of strategic variables under R&D policy with and/or without un/certainty is well as market demand uncertainty. We show that both R&D spillovers and the type of uncertainties are important in affecting the direction of optimal R&D policy when firms engage in international R&D competition. When the type of uncertainty is policy uncertainty, increasing uncertainty will reduce firms’ R&D level in the case of strategic complements. With demand uncertainty, however, firms’ R&D levels in the case of strategic complements are increasing as long as the uncertainty is increasing. When R&D spillover is significant and the strategic effect of subsidy overweight the shift effect of subsidy, then the policy maker will tax the firm 1. When the shift effect of subsidy exceeds the strategic effect of subsidy, the optimal policy is a R&D subsidy.
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Tseng, Yi-ching, and 曾怡菁. "The Impact of Gender and Social Comparison Direction on Expectancy and Value of Interpersonal." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26067207008709888451.
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碩士<br>雲林科技大學<br>國際企業管理研究所<br>99<br>The past research had pointed out that people like physical attractiveness person and also like outstanding person more than common person, but sometimes outstanding person would let others feel unapproachable, therefore, the study will explore the impacts on interpersonal attraction. Moreover, psychology mentioned that gender differences have an impact on interaction, and found out woman have familiarity characteristic, therefore, gender is one of variables in this study. The study adopted the experimental, 2×2＝4 factorial design. Study 1 is a 2x2 experimental design. Focus on physical attractiveness’s social comparison to discussed gender (man/woman) and social comparison direction (upward comparison / downward comparison) on interpersonal attraction’s expectancy and value. Study 2 is also a 2x2 experimental design. Focus on academic achievement’s social comparison to discussed gender (man/woman) and social comparison direction (upward comparison / downward comparison) on interpersonal attraction’s expectancy and value. Study 1 revealed that the comparison object of gender would affect part of motivation to make friends, man think make friends with man is more difficult, and important others have higher expectation for woman to make friends with woman, woman also consider be friends with woman have higher value. Besides, individuals in upward comparison situation, it will have higher ability expectancy and higher required effort, which means individuals consider it’s more difficult and more efforts needed when they make friends with higher physical attractiveness person. Study 2 revealed that the gender of comparison object doesn’t affect individuals when they make friends. However, when individuals in upward comparison situation, it will have higher ability expectancy, higher required effort, higher importance others expectancy and higher task value, which means individuals consider there are more difficulties, more effort needs, higher expectancy of importance others and higher value when they make friends with outstanding person.