Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Directional drilling'

The aim of this study is to combine the basic concepts of mechanics on drill string which are related to directional drilling, thus finding a less complicated and more economical way for drilling directional wells. Slick BHA, which has no stabilizers attached and single stabilizer BHA are analyzed through previously derived formulas gathered from the literature that are rearranged for this study. An actual directional well is redrilled theoretically with a slick BHA and a computer program is assembled for calculating the side force and direction of the well for single stabilizer BHA. Influence of controllable variables on drilling tendency is investigated and reported. The study will be useful for well trajectory and drill string design in accordance with the drilling phase. Also, by using available data from offset wells, drilling engineer can back-calculate the formation anisotropy index (FAI) that is often used for optimizing well trajectories and predicting drilling tendency on new wells in similar drilling conditions. After analysing the directional well data used in this study, it has been concluded that the well could be drilled without a steerable tool if the kick of point (KOP) is not a shallower depth. If the KOP is kept similar, the same curvature could not be achieved without a steerable tool.

The world is dependent on the production of oil and gas, and every day the demand increases. Technologies have to keep up with the demand of this resource to keep the world running. Since hydrocarbons are finite and will eventually run out, the increasing demand of oil and gas is the impetus to search for oil in more difficult and challenging areas. One challenging area is offshore in ultradeep water, with water depths greater than 5000 ft. This is the new arena for drilling technology. Unfortunately with greater challenges there are greater risks of losing control and blowing out a well. A dynamic kill simulator was developed in late 2004 to model initial conditions of a blowout in ultradeep water and to calculate the minimum kill rate required to kill a blowing well using the dynamic kill method. The simulator was simple and efficient, but had limitations; only vertical wells could be simulated. To keep up with technology, modifications were made to the simulator to model directional wells. COMASim (Cherokee, Offshore Technology Research Center, Minerals Management Service, Texas A&M Simulator) is the name of the dynamic kill simulator. The new version, COMASim1.0, has the ability to model almost any type of wellbore geometry when provided the measured and vertical depths of the well. Eighteen models with varying wellbore geometry were simulated to examine the effects of wellbore geometry on the minimum kill rate requirement. The main observation was that lower kill rate requirement was needed in wells with larger measured depth. COMASim 1.0 cannot determine whether the inputs provided by the user are practical; COMASim 1.0 can only determine if the inputs are incorrect, inconsistent or cannot be computed. If unreasonable drilling scenarios are input, unreasonable outputs will result. COMASim1.0 adds greater functionality to the previous version while maintaining the original framework and simplicity of calculations and usage.

The studies conducted on hole cleaning have been started with single phase drilling fluids for vertical holes in 1930&rsquo
s, and have reached to multiphase drilling fluids for directional and horizontal wells today. The influence of flow rate and hole inclination on cuttings transport has been well understood, and many studies have been conducted on effective hole cleaning either experimentally or theoretically. However, neither the hydraulic behavior nor the hole cleaning mechanism of gasified drilling fluids has been properly understood. The aims of this study are to investigate and analyze the hole cleaning performance of gasified drilling fluids in horizontal, directional and vertical wells experimentally, to identify the drilling parameters those have the major influence on cuttings transport, to define the flow pattern types and boundaries as well as to observe the behavior of cuttings in detail by using digital image processing techniques, and to develop a mechanistic model based on the fundamental principles of physics and mathematics with the help of the experimental observations. A mechanistic model is developed with the help of the obtained experimental data. Developed model is used for estimating optimum flow rates for liquid and gas phases for effective cuttings transport as well as for determining the total pressure losses and void fraction of each phase for a given drilling conditions. The v mechanistic model obtained using the experimental data within the scope of this study will be used to develop the hydraulic program and equipment selection to be used in the field during underbalanced drilling applications.

Styrd borrning är en schaktfri metod för att förlägga ledningar i mark. Examensarbetet har utförts i samarbete med Styrud Ingenjörsfirma AB som uppfattat en okunskap i branschen över prisbilden för styrd borrning. Syftet med arbetet är att utföra en kostnadsanalys för att beskriva hur styrd borrning står sig ekonomiskt mot konventionell schaktning. Arbetet undersöker även vilka faktorer som påverkar en eventuell ekonomisk brytpunkt, vilken i detta arbete definieras som den punkt när en viss metod blir det ekonomiskt gynnsamma alternativet. Studien har utformats för att så objektivt som möjligt belysa ämnet med utgångspunkten att göra metoderna jämförbara analytiskt. För att genomföra en analys har en beräkningsmodell skapats. Målet med modellen och dess utformning är att den enkelt skall gå att bygga vidare på och utvecklas i framtiden samt att användas av projektörer som en fingervisning tidigt i projekteringsstadiet. Från beräkningsmodellen har 70 fiktiva fall studerats. Resultatet visar att styrd borrning är billigare i 73% av fallen. I övriga fall tyder resultatet på att styrd borrning som metod generellt sett inte är så dyrt att övervägning att använda metoden försvinner. Genom resultat och analys dras slutsatsen att styrd borrning i de flesta fall står sig ekonomiskt starkt som alternativ till konventionell schaktning.
Horizontal directional drilling is a trenchless method used to install pipelines underground. This thesis is conducted in collaboration with Styrud Ingenjörsfirma AB, who perceived lacking knowledge within the industry regarding the financial aspects of directional drilling. The purpose of this thesis is to carry out a cost analysis that defines how directional drilling stands financially against traditional excavation. The study also intends to describe which factors that influence a possible economic breakpoint, in this study referring to when a certain method becomes the economically strongest alternative. This thesis has been carried out to as objectively as possible describe the topic focusing on making the methods analytically comparable. To carry out the analysis, an economic model has been created. The model and its design have been created in a manner that makes it easy to develop it in the future and aims to act as a guide for project planners to indicate which method to proceed with. From the economic model, 70 cases have been studied. The result shows that directional drilling is cheaper in 73% of the cases. In the rest of the cases, the result suggests that directional drilling as a method generally is not so expensive that consideration of using the method disappears. Through results and analysis, it is concluded that directional drilling in most cases is a strong alternative to traditional excavation from an economic standpoint.

O presente trabalho está focado no método de perfuração direcional horizontal (HDD) para instalação de redes de esgoto gravitacional. Descrevem-se os resultados de diferentes técnicas com o objetivo de se atingir a exigência de declividade. Para tanto foram executados 4 furos experimentais simulando trechos daquelas redes, com extensão de 30 m e tubulação de PEAD com diâmetro externo de 125 mm. Estas instalações foram executadas na cidade de São Carlos, Brasil, em um solo classificado granulometricamente como uma areia argilosa. Para cada uma das 4 instalações, adotou-se um processo construtivo diferenciado. Esta diferenciação se deu a partir do diâmetro do alargador adotado, do número de passadas do mesmo e da execução de furos verticais para alívio de pressão no espaço anelar assim como medidas diretas de profundidade do furo piloto. Após a instalação dos dutos foram realizadas medidas altimétricas no interior dos mesmos possibilitando avaliar quantitativamente os resultados obtidos. Estes resultados indicam que ainda é necessário refinar a técnica de perfuração direcional para a execução das redes de esgoto. Entretanto é possível observar que as variações empregadas na execução de cada um dos furos conduzem a um caminho de melhoria nos resultados obtidos. Esta melhoria pode ser observada nos furos onde o alargador adotado apresentava menor diâmetro conduzindo a menores desvios na posição final do duto. Salientam-se também os benéficos resultados da execução dos furos verticais que conduziram a menores pressões no espaço anelar assim como possibilitaram medidas altimétricas diretas da posição do furo piloto. Desta forma, é provável que com um maior número de experimentos e incrementos tecnológicos se atinja o objetivo final, ou seja, executar redes de esgoto gravitacional com declividade constante e baixa. Em paralelo nas instalações executadas foram realizados testes para avaliação da precisão e acurácia do sistema de navegação responsável pelo fornecimento de informações de posição e temperatura da ferramenta de corte durante a execução do furo piloto. Este trabalho contempla ainda, a elaboração de uma nova solução para as instalações de esgoto executadas através do HDD. Esta solução propõe a aplicação de um esforço de tração a um elemento externo, uma geogrelha que envolve a tubulação, visando posicionar a mesma em declividade constante. Face a seu caráter inovador foram desenvolvidos equipamentos e procedimentos de ensaio de laboratório, para avaliar a aplicabilidade da solução na prática
The present work is focused on the horizontal directional drilling (HDD) method to install gravity sewers. The results of different techniques are described intending to meet the demands of gradient. Therefore, 4 experimental pilot bores were drilled simulating a section of those structures extending 30 m with HDPE pipelines of 125 mm external diameter. Those installations were engineered in the city of São Carlos, Brazil, in a clayey sand. For each of the 4 installations a distinct constructive process was adopted. Such characteristic was on account of the diameter of the selected reamer, the number of reamer steps and the vertical drills performed to relieve the pressure in the annular space, as well as the direct depth measurements of the pilot hole. After installing the pipes, altimetric measurements were performed inside them, hence enabling to quantitatively assess the obtained results. These results indicate the need to further refine the directional drilling technique for sanitary sewers. Yet it can be seen that the employed variations for each of the holes lead to an improved course of action with the observed results. Such improvement is perceived in the holes where the selected reamer had a smaller diameter, hence allowing for less displacement in the pipes final position. Also emphasized are the resulting benefits of the vertical drills that lead to less pressure in the annular space, as well as enabling altimetric measurements of the pilot hole position. Thus, it is presumed that with further experiments and technological developments the final objective is reached, meaning, putting into effect constant and low level gradient sewer networks. Tests for precision and accuracy assessment of the tracking system were also performed in each tube installed. The tracking system is responsible for providing information related to position and temperature of the drill head during the drilling operation. The steps for the development of a new HDD solution for sewer installation are presented. The idea is based on the application of a tensile force to an element external to the product, aiming at attaining a constant gradient. Equipments and procedures developed for this new technique are described.

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The relevance of the analysis and risk management in horizontal directional drilling projects are sedimented in the work developed based on tacit knowledge capture experts and builders of experience in order to model this knowledge from conceptual premises, a mathematical model capable to replicate efficiently the conceptual frameworks of the opinion of experts. Historical data of the failure modes that appear in HDD (Horizontal Directional Drilling) projects, allow us to add a simple set of qualitative techniques to manage and anticipate the occurrence of damage that result in financial, economic and social losses, security, productivity or quality. These techniques are easy to implement and eliminate the need for skilled labor to validate the results. The failures of historical data in prior projects, can provide the basic elements for modeling knowledge through a learning tool. For quantitative effect, the tool used was the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). The variables that indicate the failure modes are taken from the existing knowledge database in the literature and applied to a set of 40 projects. The application of qualitative tools represented a significant reduction of accidents in the research organization. The SIF model (fuzzy inference system) proposed is able to predict based on expert opinion the risk of a project building on 05 key variables. The result of the inference of the quantitative model involves the quantification of the overall risk of a given project, on a scale of 1 to 10. The proposed interface simplifies quantification operation, providing agile the overall risk of the interest of project building on the conceptual indication 05 this risk input variables. The calculated risk be inferred about the risks associated with the project, facilitating the decisionmaking process of managers and builders.
A relevância da análise e gerenciamento de riscos em projetos de perfuração direcional horizontal está sedimentada nos trabalhos desenvolvidos com base na captação de conhecimento tácito de especialistas e na experiência de construtores com o objetivo de modelar esse conhecimento, proveniente de premissas conceituais, num modelo matemático capaz de replicar com eficiência as estruturas conceituais da opinião de experts. Os dados históricos dos modos de falha que se apresentam nos projetos HDD (Perfuração horizontal direcional) permitem agregar um conjunto simples de técnicas qualitativas, para gerenciar e antecipar a ocorrência de danos que impliquem em perdas financeiras, econômicas, sociais, de segurança, produtividade ou qualidade. Essas técnicas são de fácil implementação e dispensam a necessidade de mão de obra especializada para validação dos resultados. Os dados históricos de falhas ocorridas em projetos anteriores podem fornecer os elementos básicos para a modelagem do conhecimento através de uma ferramenta de aprendizagem. Para efeito quantitativo, a ferramenta utilizada neste trabalho foi o Sistema de Inferência Fuzzy (SIF). As variáveis que indicam os modos de falha foram extraídas da base de dados de conhecimento existente na literatura e aplicada sobre um conjunto de 40 projetos. A aplicação das ferramentas qualitativas representou uma redução significativa de acidentes na organização pesquisada. O modelo SIF (sistema de inferência fuzzy) proposto é capaz de prever com base na opinião especializada os riscos de um determinado projeto tomando por base 05 variáveis principais. O resultado da inferência do modelo quantitativo implica na quantificação do risco global de determinado projeto, numa escala de 1 a 10. A interface proposta simplifica a operação de quantificação, fornecendo de forma ágil o risco global do projeto de interesse tomando por base a indicação conceitual do risco presente em 05 variáveis de entrada. O risco calculado permite inferir sobre os riscos associados ao projeto, facilitando o processo decisório de gestores e construtores.

Darbe analizuojama inžinerinių tinklų įrengimas horizontalaus valdomo gręžimo metodu. Pirmiausia pateikiama literatūros apžvalga, kurioje aptariami veiksniai, lemiantys žemės kasimo darbus. Aprašomas atviras žemės kasimo būdas, kuris dažniausiai naudojamas atliekant žemės kasimo darbus. Aptariamos betranšėjės technologijos, kurios naudojamos kaip alternatyva atviram žemės kasimo būdui specifinėse vietose. Tyrimo metodikoje ir organizavime dalyje pateikiami gręžimo darbų projektai bei jų analizės, gręžimo darbų pasirengimo etapai, gręžimo mašinų ir kitos įrangos, naudojamos tyrime, charakteristikos. Aptariami gręžimo mašinų parinkimo metodai konkrečiam gręžimui ir aprašomi gręžimo darbai. Tyrimų rezultatų analizės dalyje pateikiama gręžimo mašinų charakteristikų analizė bei pasirinktų trijų gręžimų ,,Kryptinio gręžimo matavimo protokolai“ bei pagal juos sudaryti išilginiai gręžimo profiliai. Pateikiamos tyrimo išvados ir rekomendacijos dėl inžinerinių tinklų įrengimo horizontalaus valdomo gręžimo metodu.
The paper analyzes the engineering networks in horizontal directional drilling method. Firstly there is the literature review, which discusses the factors that determine the excavation. Describe the open method of excavating the land, which is mainly used in the excavation. Discussed in trenchless technology, which are used as an alternative way of moving to an open ground in specific areas. The study methodology and the organization of the work submitted for drilling projects, and their analysis, the preparation stages of drilling, drilling machines and other equipment used in the study, characteristics. Considered boring machine selection methods described in the particular drilling and boring work. Research results presented in the analysis of drilling machines and the analysis of selected characteristics of the three drilling, directional drilling measurement protocols, and to set them up under the longitudinal drilling profiles. Presented the study findings and recommendations of the engineering networks in horizontal directional drilling method.

Дисертація присвячена підвищенню ефективності буріння спрямованих свердловин за рахунок вибору оптимальних конструкцій неорієнтованих компоновок низу бурильної колони. У роботі проведено аналіз факторів, які впливають на стабільність роботи КНБК та зроблено критичний огляд сучасних методів розв’язання проблеми проведення свердловин згідно з проектним профілем. Автором проведено теоретичні дослідження впливу зміни радіальних зазорів на стабільність компоновок. Для оцінки адекватності запропонованого математичного підходу проведено експериментальні дослідження в лабораторних умовах. Вдосконалено метод проектування та коригування параметрів КНБК, який відрізняється комплексним аналізом дестабілізуючих факторів, що виникають в процесі буріння (розширення стовбура свердловини, знос ОЦЕ по діаметру, зміна зенітного кута), вибором її оптимальних параметрів та періодичному контролі напружено-деформованого стану з метою їх коригування.
The dissertation is devoted to improving the directed wells drilling efficiency by choosing the optimal design of non-directional bottom-hole assemblies. Analysis of factors, influencing the stability of BHA is given in the paper and critical review of modem methods for solving this problem is performed. The theoretical researches of radial clearance changes impact on the assembly stability are made by the author. To assess the adequacy of the proposed mathematical approach experimental researches in laboratory conditions were conducted. Methods of the design and adjustment of BHA parameters were upgraded, distinguishing in comprehensive analysis of destabilizing factors that arise during drilling (hole expansion, wear of SCE in diameter, inclination angle changing), choice of optimal parameters and intermittent monitoring of the stress-strain condition for the purpose of their correction.

Nous présentons dans ce mémoire un modèle d'interaction outil-roche qui calcule les efforts de forage en fonction du déplacement dans la roche d'un outil de forage de type PDC, et permet d'évaluer ses propriétés directionnelles, à savoir, son indice d'anisotropie (steerability) et son angle de walk. Le mouvement de l'outil est défini par une translation suivant trois axes et une rotation suivant deux axes. L'angle de tilt, qui définit l'inclinaison de l'outil par rapport à l'axe du trou en cours de forage, est pris en compte dans le calcul des surfaces d'interactions effectives entre les différentes composantes de l'outil (structure de coupe, garde active et garde passive) et la roche. Ce modèle outil est établi à partir d'une modélisation de la coupe de roche par un taillant. Ce modèle de coupe élémentaire est construit de manière à être applicable aux différentes parties de l'outil. Les efforts élémentaires de coupe sont intégrés sur toute la structure de l'outil de forage afin de calculer ses propriétés directionnelles. Le modèle d'interaction outil-roche est validé à partir d'essais de forage directionnel réalisés sur un banc spécialement conçu pour reproduire le comportement des systèmes de forage dirigé existants. Il constitue un outil d'aide à la décision pour la sélection de l'outil de forage en fonction du système au bout duquel il sera fixé. Ce modèle pourra aussi être intégré dans une boucle de régulation automatique ou semi-automatique de contrôle et de correction de la trajectoire en temps réel
This work deals with the formulation of global relationships between kinematic variables describing the penetration of a PDC bit into the rock and drilling forces acting on it. This allows us determine the bit directional properties in terms of steerability, which corresponds to the bit lateral aggressiveness, and walk, which describes the bit azimuth displacement with respect to the side force. The bit kinematic quantities are divided into a three-axis penetration vector and a two-axis angular penetration vector. The bit tilt, which describes the angle between the bit revolution axis and the borehole tangent, is used to compute the effective interaction surface between the bit's different components (cutting structure, active gauge and passive gauge) and the rock. A new cutter-rock interface law is set up and experimentally validated in order to compute elementary forces acting on all parts of a drill bit. Bit directional properties are computed after the integration of these elementary forces. The bit-rock interaction model is experimentally validated with directional drilling tests held on a full-scale drilling bench developed to reproduce Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS) directional behavior. Tests and theoretical results enabled us to fully understand the roles of tilt angle, bit design, operating parameters and rock properties in the deviation process of a PDC bit. The bit-rock interaction model is a decision support tool for optimal drill bit selection according to the RSS being used. It could also be embedded in a real-time Closed-Loop Guided Directional Drilling controller in order to correct the drilling direction or follow a planned borehole trajectory

Nous présentons dans ce mémoire un modèle d'interaction outil-roche qui calcule les efforts de forage en fonction du déplacement dans la roche d'un outil de forage de type PDC, et permet d'évaluer ses propriétés directionnelles, à savoir, son indice d'anisotropie (steerability) et son angle de walk. Le mouvement de l'outil est défini par une translation suivant trois axes et une rotation suivant deux axes. L'angle de tilt, qui définit l'inclinaison de l'outil par rapport à l'axe du trou en cours de forage, est pris en compte dans le calcul des surfaces d'interactions effectives entre les différentes composantes de l'outil (structure de coupe, garde active et garde passive) et la roche. Ce modèle outil est établi à partir d'une modélisation de la coupe de roche par un taillant. Ce modèle de coupe élémentaire est construit de manière à être applicable aux différentes parties de l'outil. Les efforts élémentaires de coupe sont intégrés sur toute la structure de l'outil de forage afin de calculer ses propriétés directionnelles. Le modèle d'interaction outil-roche est validé à partir d'essais de forage directionnel réalisés sur un banc spécialement conçu pour reproduire le comportement des systèmes de forage dirigé existants. Il constitue un outil d'aide à la décision pour la sélection de l'outil de forage en fonction du système au bout duquel il sera fixé. Ce modèle pourra aussi être intégré dans une boucle de régulation automatique ou semi-automatique de contrôle et de correction de la trajectoire en temps réel
This work deals with the formulation of global relationships between kinematic variables describing the penetration of a PDC bit into the rock and drilling forces acting on it. This allows us determine the bit directional properties in terms of steerability, which corresponds to the bit lateral aggressiveness, and walk, which describes the bit azimuth displacement with respect to the side force. The bit kinematic quantities are divided into a three-axis penetration vector and a two-axis angular penetration vector. The bit tilt, which describes the angle between the bit revolution axis and the borehole tangent, is used to compute the effective interaction surface between the bit's different components (cutting structure, active gauge and passive gauge) and the rock. A new cutter-rock interface law is set up and experimentally validated in order to compute elementary forces acting on all parts of a drill bit. Bit directional properties are computed after the integration of these elementary forces. The bit-rock interaction model is experimentally validated with directional drilling tests held on a full-scale drilling bench developed to reproduce Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS) directional behavior. Tests and theoretical results enabled us to fully understand the roles of tilt angle, bit design, operating parameters and rock properties in the deviation process of a PDC bit. The bit-rock interaction model is a decision support tool for optimal drill bit selection according to the RSS being used. It could also be embedded in a real-time Closed-Loop Guided Directional Drilling controller in order to correct the drilling direction or follow a planned borehole trajectory

Дисертацію присвячено розробці породоруйнівних інструментів різальної дії, оснащених полікристалічними алмазними різцями, для буріння вибійними двигунами похило-скерованих та горизонтальних свердловин. Основні положення дисертації опубліковані 13 наукових працях. В результаті аналітичних і промислових досліджень визначено, що для покращення техніко-економічних показників будівництва похило-скерованих та горизонтальних нафтогазових свердловин з використанням вибійних двигунів, необхідне створення породоруйнівних інструментів різальної дії пониженої енергоємності буріння. На основі теоретичних і експериментальних досліджень бурових доліт різальної дії встановлені залежності енергетичних параметрів їх роботи від форми профілю та кількості лопатей, які дозволяють запропонувати найбільш раціональні конструкції робочої частини породоруйнівних інструментів для заданих умов буріння похило-скерованих та горизонтальних свердловин. Розроблено математичну модель і експериментально визначено емпіричні коефіцієнти для розрахунків прогнозних енергетичних параметрів роботи породоруйнівних інструментів різальної дії з різними формами робочої частини. Успішно випробувано й впроваджено при будівництві вибійними двигунами похило-скерованих та горизонтальних свердловин дві конструкції бурових доліт і чотири конструкції бурильних головок з запропонованим для заданих умов буріння найменш енергоємним профілем різальної частини.
Диссертация посвящена разработке породоразрушающих инструментов режущего действия, оснащенных поликристаллическими алмазными резцами, для бурения забойными двигателями наклонно-направленных и горизонтальных скважин. Основные положения диссертации опубликованы в 13 научных работах. В результате аналитических и промысловых исследований определено, что для улучшения технико-экономических показателей строительства наклонно-направленных и горизонтальных скважин с использованием забойных двигателей, необходимо создание породоразрушающих инструментов режущего действия пониженной энергоемкости бурения. Не смотря на то, что технико-экономические показатели работы породоразрушающих инструментов, оснащенных ПАР, превышают показатели шарошечных конструкций, сфера применения долот режущего действия в направленном бурении ограничена из-за осложнений, которые возникают при их использовании с забойными двигателями и попытках оперативного управления траекторией скважины. Связаны они с повышенным рабочим крутящим моментом, который резко изменяется в широком диапазоне даже при незначительных колебаниях осевой нагрузки при бурении чередующихся по прочности горных пород. Это приводит к проворачиванию забойного двигателя, или его остановке, что делает невозможным текущее управление траекторией бурения и существенным образом снижает технико-экономические показатели проходки. Поэтому, на момент постановки данных исследований, в направленном бурении традиционными технико-технологическими средствами большинство работ, которые связаны с набором угла, исправлениями траектории скважины, проведением наклонных и горизонтальных стволов, осуществляются с использованием шарошечных долот. Теоретически исследовано конструкции режущей части долота с пониженной энергоемкостью разрушения горных пород. Разработаны технические средства и методика проведения экспериментов. Проведены экспериментальные стендовые исследования долот с разными формами лопастей: плоской, обратно-конусной, эллиптической и круглоступенчатой. Определение показателей работы долот с исследуемыми профилями режущей части проводили в два этапа: на первом использовали в качестве забоя мрамор «коелга», на втором -цементные блоки. При проведении экспериментов осуществляли ступенчатое изменение параметров режима бурения, величины которых составляли: осевая нагрузка - 15; 20; 25; 30 кН; угловая скорость вращения долота - 1; 2; 3; 4 с-1. На основе теоретических и экспериментальных исследований буровых долот режущего действия установлены зависимости энергетических параметров их работы от формы профиля и количества лопастей, которые позволили предложить наиболее рациональные конструкции рабочей части породоразрушающих инструментов для заданных условий бурения наклоннонаправленных и горизонтальных скважин. Предложено круглоступенчатую форму профиля режущей части долота, в которой с целью уменьшения энергоемкости работы расстояние от оси вращения инструмента до точек соединения криволинейных сегментов меньше их наибольших радиусов. Соответствующая конструкция долота защищена авторским свидетельством на изобретение №1783108, а ее эффективность подтверждена экспериментальными и промысловыми исследованиями. Экспериментальными исследованиями установлено, что изменение количества лопастей незначительно влияет на энергоемкость работы породоразрушающих инструментов режущего действия. Следовательно, для бурения горных пород разной твердости целесообразно разрабатывать долота с числом лопастей, которое определяется фактором необходимой износостойкости. Разработана математическая модель и экспериментально определены эмпирические коэффициенты для расчетов прогнозных энергетических параметров работы породоразрушающих инструментов режущего действия с различными формами рабочей части. Предложена форма рабочей поверхности бурового долота, в которой для уменьшения энергоемкости бурения режущая часть выполнена в виде криволинейных сегментов, которые у соседних лопастей расположены на разных расстояниях от торца, и обратных клиньев с вершинами на оси вращения инструмента. Указанная форма долота защищена патентами Украины №3846 и Российской Федерации №42571. Изготовление опытных образцов и партий породоразрушающих инструментов с пониженной энергоемкостью бурения (четырех конструкций буровых долот и пяти - бурильных головок) организованно и осуществлено на Экспериментальном заводе Института сверхтвердых материалов им. В.М. Бакуля НАН Украины. Промысловые испытания и внедрение разработанных породоразрушающих инструментов осуществляли на нефтегазовых месторождениях ОАО «Укрнефть» и ОАО «Татнефть». Успешно испытано и внедрено при строительстве наклонно-направленных и горизонтальных скважин две конструкции буровых долот и четыре конструкции бурильных головок с предложенной для заданных условий бурения наименее энергоемкой формой режущей части.
The dissertation is devoted to development of PDC (polyciystalline diamond compact) bits for drilling of directional and horizontal wells. There are 13 scientific works, which contain main results of researches. Analytical researches and field tests indicate a necessity of PDC bit designs for overall economics improvement of drilling directional and horizontal wells with a downhole motor application. Development of the fixed cutter bit designs with low energy consumption is necessary. On the basis of theoretical and experimental researches are found the relations between drilling energy parameters and fixed cutter bit designs (profile and quantity of blades). That helps to design PDC bits for drilling directional and horizontal wells pursuant to given conditions. The mathematical model for energy parameter calculations of a PDC bit activity is improved. Experimentally trial-and-error factors for different form of PDC bits are determined. Two PDC bit designs and four core bit designs with low energy consumption at drilling by downhole motors of directional and horizontal wells were successfully tested and introduced.

Don't Frack With Denton chronicles the ground-breaking movement to ban hydraulic fracturing in the city of Denton, Texas by combining observational location shooting with extensive sit-down interviews and carefully negotiated subject-filmmaker relationships to create a safe and comfortable space for thoughtful reflection and criticism of a complex social movement who's activities span several years and many individuals. The result is a long-form documentary that is unapologetically in solidarity with this movement's goals while simultaneously maintaining enough editorial independence and critical distance to allow the activists themselves to honestly evaluate their decision-making, tactics and interpersonal relationships in ways that will provide insight and instruction to similar movements around the country and the world.

The National Research Council of Canada reported that rehabilitation of municipal water systems between 1997 and 2012 would cost $28 billion (NRC, 2004). With the rapid increase of new installations, the need for replacement and repair of pipe utilities and also the demand for trenchless excavation methods, increase. This must be done with minimum disruption to public. One alternative to reduce disruption is to use horizontal directional drilling (HDD) for new pipe installation scenarios. Consequently, contractors, engineers, and decision makers are facing continuous challenges regarding to estimation of execution time and cost of new pipe installations, while using HDD. This is because productivity prediction and consequently the cost estimation of HDD involves a large number of objective and subjective factors that need to be considered. It is well known that prediction of both productivity and cost is an important process in establishing and employing management strategies for a construction operation. This calls for the need of developing a dedicated HDD productivity model that meets present day requirements of this area of construction industry. There are two main objectives of the current research. The first objective is to identify the factors that affect productivity of HDD operations. The second objective is to develop a productivity prediction model for different soil conditions. To achieve these two objectives a thorough literature review was carried out. Thereafter, data on potential factors on productivity were collected from HDD experts across North America and abroad. Following data collection, the current research identified managerial, mechanical, environmental and pipe physical conditions parameters operating in three types of soils: clay, rock and sandy soils. Prior to model development, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was used to classify and rank these factors according to their relative importance. A neurofuzzy (NF) approach is employed to develop HDD productivity prediction model for pipe installation. The merits of this approach are that it decreases uncertainties in results, addresses non-linear relationships and deals well with imprecise and linguistic data. The following eight factors were finally selected as inputs of the model to be developed: operator/ crew skills, soil type, drilling rig capabilities, machine conditions, unseen buried obstacles, pipe diameter, pipe length and site weather and safety conditions. The model is validated using actual project data. The developed NF model showed average validation percent of 94.7%, 82.3% and 86.7%, for clay, rock and sand, respectively. The model is also used to produce productivity curves (production rate vs. influencing factors) for each soil type. Finally, an automated user-friendly productivity prediction tool (HDD-PP) based on present NF model is developed to predict HDD productivity. This tool is coded in MatLab ® language using the graphical user interface tool (GUI). The tool was used to test a case study. It was proved to be helpful for contractors, consultants and HDD professionals in predicting execution time and to estimate cost of HDD projects during the preconstruction phase in the environment of imprecise and noisy inputs.

During drilling operation, cuttings are produced downhole and must be removed to avoid issues which can lead to Non Productive Time (NPT). Most of stuck pipe and then Bottom-Hole Assembly (BHA) lost events are hole cleaned related. There are many parameters which help determine hole cleaning conditions, but a proper selection of the key parameters will facilitate monitoring hole cleaning conditions and interventions. The aim of Hole Cleaning Monitoring is to keep track of borehole conditions including hole cleaning efficiency and wellbore stability issues during drilling operations. Adequate hole cleaning is the one of the main concerns in the underbalanced drilling operations especially for directional and horizontal wells. This dissertation addresses some hole cleaning fundamentals which will act as the basis for recommendation practice during drilling operations. Understand how parameters such as Flowrate, Rotation per Minute (RPM), Rate of Penetration (ROP) and Mud Weight are useful to improve the hole cleaning performance and how Equivalent Circulate Density (ECD), Torque & Drag (T&D) and Cuttings Volumes coming from downhole help to indicate how clean and stable the well is. For case study, hole cleaning performance or cuttings volume removal monitoring, will be based on real-time measurements of the cuttings volume removal from downhole at certain time, taking into account Flowrate, RPM, ROP and Drilling fluid or Mud properties, and then will be plotted and compared to the volume being drilled expected. ECD monitoring will dictate hole stability conditions and T&D and Cuttings Volume coming from downhole monitoring will dictate how clean the well is. T&D Modeling Software provide theoretical calculated T&D trends which will be plotted and compared to the real-time measurements. It will use the measured hookloads to perform a back-calculation of friction factors along the wellbore.

abstract: As a developing nation, China is currently faced with the challenge of providing safe, reliable and adequate energy resources to the county's growing urban areas as well as to its expanding rural populations. To meet this demand, the country has initiated massive construction projects to expand its national energy infrastructure, particularly in the form of natural gas pipeline. The most notable of these projects is the ongoing West-East Gas Pipeline Project. This project is currently in its third phase, which will supply clean and efficient natural gas to nearly sixty million users located in the densely populated Yangtze River Delta. Trenchless Technologies, in particular the construction method of Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD), have played a critical role in executing this project by providing economical, practical and environmentally responsible ways to install buried pipeline systems. HDD has proven to be the most popular method selected to overcome challenges along the path of the pipeline, which include mountainous terrain, extensive farmland and numerous bodies of water. The Yangtze River, among other large-scale water bodies, have proven to be the most difficult obstacle for the pipeline installation as it widens and changes course numerous times along its path to the East China Sea. The purpose of this study is to examine those practices being used in China in order to compare those to those long used practices in the North American in order to understand the advantages of Chinese advancements. Developing countries would benefit from the Chinese advancements for large-scale HDD installation. In developed areas, such as North America, studying Chinese execution may allow for new ideas to help to improve long established methods. These factors combined further solidify China's role as the global leader in trenchless technology methods and provide the opportunity for Chinese HDD contractors to contribute to the world's knowledge for best practices of the Horizontal Directional Drilling method.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Civil Engineering 2014

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
91
Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) method is a subsystem of the trenchless technology. In Taiwan, due to misjudgment of the soil property and the delay of the installing products sche- dule during the installing products construction, it often caus- es the failure of the HDD installing products as well as the im- pact to the society. Besides, owing to the lack of HDD installi- ng products technology standard procedure, there is no standant foe the design and construction units to follow up and there is no resolving policy could be quoted for difficulties encountere- d. In this study, we expect to take advantage of following man- ners to study the installing products technology of HDD method: (1)to review the academic papers; (2)to check of practical cons- truction; (3)to apply the study method of decision-making analy- sis and risk management. We aim to study from the planning, fa- cilities, construction, materials and management sides to compr- ehensively investigate the HDD installing products technology. We hope that this study outcome could provide public constructi- on related units and civil’s factories using installing produc- ts technology of HDD method to be as a skill basis on installing products technology of HDD method in order to reduce the failure rate and shorten the time schedule and efficiency of installing products, as well as the constructive quality. The main outcomes in this study include: (1) installing pro- ducts technology program: to provide drilling path and construc- tive outcome data using excel spreadsheet and apply linear prog- ramming method to obtain the best target function of installing products for related industry to assemble; (2) installing produ- cts equipment: facilities, constructing team structure and HDD pull-back force figure; (3) installing products technology: set up construction standard operation and resolve problem strategy and apply fault tree analysis to analysis the failed reason of installing products. This provides reference for the industry. (4) installing products materials: to build up the calculated procedure and method of drilling fluid and bentonite clay usage- , build up the model of speed of mixing mingle and pull-back in- stalling products; (5) installing products management: to build up the diagram and strategy of constructive technologic managem- ent to avoid the timely calculation in the constructed site and shorten the time of installing products as well as to enhance the installing products technology.

Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) has been employed in many situations including cable lines under rivers and rehabilitation of pipelines under buildings and busy traffic. Within the context of a municipal landfill site, a by-product of organic waste (leachate) accumulates within an established landfill. Leachate is a liquid produced from the wastes placed inside landfills and rain that percolates through the wastes and reacts with the products of decomposition. This thesis investigates the effectiveness of employing HDD techniques to extract leachate in the municipal landfill application.

Since the 1980’s horizontal drilling has been a game-changing technology as it allowed the oil and gas industry to produce from reservoirs previously considered marginal or uneconomic. However, while it is considered a mature technology, directional drilling is still done in a reactive fashion. Although many directional drillers are quite adept at predicting the directional response of the bottomhole assembly (BHA) in a given well, the ability to manage all of the drilling parameters on a foot by foot basis while accurately predicting the effects of each parameter is impossible for the human brain alone. Given current rig rates, any amount of increased slide time and its reduced ROP which occurred due to poorly predicted directional response can result in a significant economic impact. There exist many measured parameters or system inputs which have been proven to affect the directional response of a drilling system. One parameter whose effect has not been investigated is mechanical specific energy or MSE. MSE is measure of how efficient the drilling process is in relation to rate of penetration. To date, MSE has primarily been used with for vibration analysis and rate of penetration optimization. The following dissertation covers research into the effect of MSE on the overall wellbore direction change or dog-leg severity. Using published experimental data, a correlation was developed which shows a clear relationship between the dog-leg severity, rate of penetration (ROP) and MSE. The correlation requires only a few hundred feet of drilling before it is able to be tuned to match an individual well’s results. With minimal tuning throughout the drilling of a well, very good results can be obtained with regards to forecasting dog-leg severity as the wellbores were drilled ahead. The correlation was tested using data from multiple, geo-steered wells drilled in a shale reservoir. The analysis of the correlation using real-world data proved it to be a robust and accurate method of predicting the magnitude of dog-leg severity. The use of this correlation results in a smoother wellbore, drilled with a faster overall ROP with a better chance of staying within the geologic targets.

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) has been used internationally for the trenchless installation of utility conduits and other infrastructure. However, the mud loss problem caused by excessive mud pressure in the borehole is still a challenge encountered by trenchless designers and contractors, especially when the drilling crosses through cohesionless material. Investigation of mud loss problem is necessary to apply HDD with greater confidence for installation of pipes and other infrastructure. The main objectives of this research have been to investigate the maximum allowable mud pressure to prevent mud loss through finite element analysis and small scale and large scale laboratory experiments. The recent laboratory experiments on mud loss within sand are reported. Comparisons indicate that the finite element method provides an effective estimation of maximum mud pressure, and “state-of-the-art” design practice- the “Delft solution” overestimates the maximum mud pressure by more than 100%. The surface displacements exhibit a “bell” shape with the maximum surface displacement located around the center of the borehole based on the data interpreted using Particle Image Velocimetry (Geo-PIV) program. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the effect of various parameters such as the coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest K0 on the maximum allowable mud pressure within sand. An approximate equation is developed to facilitate design estimates of the maximum allowable mud pressure within sand. A new approach is introduced to consider the effects of coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest K0 on the blowout solution within clay. The evaluations using finite element method indicate that the new approach provides a better estimation of the maximum allowable mud pressure than the “Delft solution” in clay when initial ground stress state is anisotropic (K0 ≠1). Conclusion of this research and suggestions on future investigation are provided.
Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-01-14 12:23:35.069

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is used around the world when traditional open cut methods are not practical or impossible for installing pipelines. Maxi-sized drill rigs are the largest and most powerful directional drills and are more common in the field than ever before with over 5,000 rigs in operation world wide. The complexity of installations and the design associated with them continues to increase. This research has two main objectives. 1. Develop a real time data acquisition system for monitoring pullback forces on the product pipe; and, 2. Compare data gathered using maxi-sized drill rigs with current modelling methods using BoreAid. The first portion of the research, as listed above, required attaching multiple pressure transducers to the drilling display panel in an American Auger DD-1100 drill rig and recording, in real time, the carriage, rotation, and mud pressure as seen by the operator. This research also describes the various challenges and issues associated with developing real time in-the-bore data acquisition processes. Finally, future recommendations for further development of the in-the-bore data acquisition are discussed. The second portion of this research describes how the gathered data was processed into a workable data set. The field data was then compared to theoretical models by using the drill assistant tool BoreAid. The results of this comparison show that these models are appropriate for all size drill rigs, although some limitations are present.

abstract: Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is a growing and expanding trenchless method utilized to install pipelines from 2 to 60 inch diameters for lengths over 10,000 foot. To date, there are not many public documents where direct costs and bid prices incurred by HDD installations are available and analyzed. The objective is to provide a better understanding of the factors affecting the bid prices of these projects. The first section of the thesis analyzes how project parameters such as product diameter, bore length and soil conditions affect the bid price of water and wastewater pipeline installations using HDD. Through multiple linear regressions, the effect of project parameters on bid prices of small, medium and large rigs projects is extracted. The results were further investigated to gain a better understanding of bid factors that influence the relationship between total cost and the project parameters. The second section uses unit cost, based on bid prices, to compare the costs incurred by defined categories. Parameters such as community type, product type, soil conditions, and geographical region were used in the analysis. Furthermore, using average unit cost from 2001 to 2009, HDD project cost trends are briefly analyzed against the main variations of the US economy from the same time horizon by using economic indicators. It was determined that project geometric factors influence more the bid price of small rig projects than large rig projects because external factors including market rates and economic situation have an increasing impact on bid prices when rig size increases. It was observed that bid price variation of HDD projects over years followed the same trend as the US economic variation described by economic indicators.
Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Construction 2010

In the present work, drilling induced damage in multi-directional carbon fiber reinforced polymer (MD-CFRP) laminates has been investigated by experimental and numerical approaches. Exit-ply delamination during drilling is known to be the most detrimental form of drillinginduced damage in FRPs that results in significant loss of structural integrity of the component. Initially, a finite element (FE) model using surface based cohesive zone model (CZM) has been adopted to simulate the push-out delamination considering thermal effects. Comparison with experimental push-out data yielded a good match. To investigate the temperatures generated during drilling comprehensively, a novel inverted drilling setup has been developed that allows in-situ cutting temperature measurement using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors embedded in the stationary drill bit mounted on a dynamometer. Such a setup yields in-situ temperatures generated during drilling that are synced with the cutting forces/torques. Thus, a rich machining data has been obtained that provides insight into the relationship between cutting temperatures, tool wear and machining parameters used for drilling MD-CFRP laminates. Additionally, drilled MD-CFRP samples and drill bits have been characterized to evaluate machining-induced damage in the composite laminates and tool wear in the drill bits. Finally, a coupled thermo-mechanical transient FE framework has been developed to simulate drilling of MD-CFRP laminates. The laminate has been modelled ply-by-ply as an equivalent homogeneous material using temperature dependent properties. A modified Hashin stressbased criterion has been implemented via a user material model for element deletion that delineates the specific damage modes occurring during drilling. This novel proposed damage model allows for inclusion of out of plane damage behaviour along tool feed direction. Additionally, a surface based CZM approach has been included to simulate delamination onset during drilling. The highlight of the proposed numerical approach is the inclusion of frictional heat generation and appropriate thermo-mechanical damage model to capture damage processes specific to drilling of MD-CFRP. The numerical model predictions show a good agreement with CFRP drilling experiments for thrust force, delamination damage and in-situ cutting temperatures.

The damaging impact of continuous utility cuts on flexible pavement performance has been shown to be a major problem for urban roads and pavement mangers due to high reconstruction and maintenance costs. Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is a trenchless construction method that does not require continuous trenching. HDD pipe installation techniques can reduce reinstatement costs, shorten construction periods, and lower social costs due to reduced user traffic delays. In this thesis, a detailed field study and numerical investigations was completed to quantify pavement deterioration and polyethylene (PE) pipe performance when pipelines are installed under flexible pavements using both traditional open-cut and HDD construction methods. Two 200mm SDR-17 DIPS HDPE pipes were installed 1.5m below a flexible pavement using open-cut and HDD construction technique. A state-of-the-art instrumentation and data acquisition systems were developed to measure HDD drill rig, PE pipes and pavement responses during pipe installations and for a period of about three years afterwards. Field data from (GPR) surveys, falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests, surface distress surveys, and ground surface elevation survey were used to evaluate pavement deterioration due to the pipeline installations. The mechanisms of ground deformations during HDD and open-cut pipe installation were numerically investigated with FLAC3D, a commercial finite difference program. A hybrid constitutive model consisting of the traditional Duncan-Chang hyperbolic model and Mohr-Coulomb perfectly plastic model was developed and implemented in FLAC3D to simulate the non-linear stress-strain and stress dependent behavior of granular materials. Field test results show that the HDD installed pipe have significantly lower construction induced strains and ring deflections when compared to the open cut-and-cover installation and the mechanism of pipe deformation differs for the two construction techniques. The two pipes performed satisfactory over the long-term monitoring period as deflections and strain levels were below acceptable limits and there was no apparent deterioration of the pipe. Pipe deflections resulting from environmental effects (freeze and thaw) were found to be more significant than those due to material creep. Furthermore, the modified Iowa’s and Plastic Pipe Institute’s (PPI) ring deflection equations were found to over estimate pipe deflection for the open-cut and HDD installed pipes by about 114 and 50 percent, respectively. Results from field tests found that the HDD installation did not results in any observable change in the condition of the pavement structure performance, while the structure and integrity of pavement section in the vicinity of the open-cut was adversely impacted by utility cut excavation. It was determined numerically that when an unsupported excavation is created within a typical flexible pavement structure, distress zones that extend laterally from the face of the excavation to a distance of approximately 80% of the depth of excavation is developed. The results of the analyses suggests that better restoration techniques are required to eliminate the adverse effect caused by the stress relief within the pavement structure during a utility cut. Furthermore, the area of potential pavement deterioration should be extended beyond the edge of the utility cut to encompass the ‘distress zones’ when determining fees to cover pavement damage and restoration costs. Results obtained from numerical simulations advanced the understanding of the mechanism, magnitude, and extent of deformation within the pavement structure during HDD pipe installation in frictional and cohesive subgrade soils. Relationship between HDD annular bore pressures and displacements have been incorporated into design Charts and Tables for use in estimating maximum allowable bore pressures for HDD installation beneath flexible pavements. Critical bore pressures that would limit ground deformations and prevent excessive pavement deformations are presented. Critical bore pressures were compared to estimated allowable bore pressures obtained from the widely used Delft Geotechnics equation. The Delft Geotechnics equation was found to over estimate allowable bore pressure for HDD installation beneath flexible pavement. HDD pipeline installations under flexible pavement were found to have significantly lower restoration costs, social costs and maintenance cost than open-cut pipeline installations.

Polymer pipes, typically high density polyethylene (HDPE), can be pulled-into-place, avoiding traditional cut-and-cover construction, using pipe bursting and horizontal directional drilling (HDD) pipe installation techniques. Of particular interest, are the ground displacements, induced by cavity expansion, associated with these techniques and the strains that develop in existing pipes in response to these displacements. Further, the axial stress-strain response of the new HDPE pipe during and after the cyclic pulling force history required to pull the pipe into place is of interest. Surface displacements and strains in an adjacent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe induced by static pipe bursting were measured during the replacement of a new unreinforced concrete pipe. For the pipe bursting geometry tested, the maximum vertical surface displacement measured at the ground surface was 6 mm, while the distribution of vertical surface displacements extended no more than 2 m on either side of the centreline. The maximum longitudinal strain measured in the PVC pipe was less than 0.1% and its vertical diameter decreased by only 0.5%, suggesting that pipe bursting did not jeopardize the long-term performance of the water pipe tested. In addition, results from identical stress relaxation and creep tests performed on whole pipe samples and coupons trimmed from a pipe wall were compared, and these demonstrated that the coupons exhibited higher modulus than the pipe samples. Therefore, isolated pipe samples, as opposed to coupons, were tested to quantify the stress-strain response of HDPE pipe during the simulated installation, strain recovery, and axial restraint stages of HDD. Axial strains were found to progressively accumulate when an HDPE pipe sample was subjected to the cyclic stress history used to simulate an HDD installation. It was shown that existing linear and nonlinear viscoelastic models can serve as predictive design tools for estimating the cyclic strain history of HDPE pipe during installation. For the specific conditions examined, the tensile axial stresses redeveloped in the pipe samples, once restrained, were not large enough to lead to long-term stress conditions conducive to slow crack growth even when the short-term performance limits were exceeded by a factor of 1.5.
Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-04-01 18:19:24.434