Academic literature on the topic 'Directiva 2019/770'

Resumen: La Directiva 2019/770, relativa a determinados aspectos de los contratos de suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales, y la Directiva 2019/771, relativa a determinados aspectos de los contratos de compraventa de bienes, publicadas en el Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea en mayo de 2019, representan un hito muy importante en el Derecho contractual europeo en materia de consumo. En el presente texto se analiza el ámbito de aplicación de estos dos instrumentos jurídicos y se destaca el margen de arbitrio que tienen los Estados miembros, señalando los aspectos en los que habrá que modificar el Derecho nacional, en algunos casos reduciendo el nivel de protección de los consumidores.Palabras clave: consumidor, compraventa de bienes, contenido digital, servicio digital, Direc­tiva 2019/770, Directiva 2019/771.Abstract: Directive 2019/770 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services and Directive 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods, published in the Official Journal of the European Union in May 2019, represent a very impor­tant milestone in European consumer contract law. Throughout this text, an analysis is carried out of the scope of application of these two legal instruments, highlighting the margin of discretion that Member States have and pointing out aspects where national law will have to be modified, in some cases by re­ducing the level of consumer protection.Keywords: consumer, sales contract, digital content, digital services, Directive 2019/770, Di­rective 2019/771.

Resumen: Siendo fruto de la transposición de la hoy derogada Directiva 1999/44/CE del Parla­mento Europeo y del Consejo, de 25 de mayo de 1999, sobre determinados aspectos de la venta y las garantías de los bienes de consumo, la normativa española y la portuguesa en materia de garantías en la venta de bienes de consumo difieren en no pocos puntos. El presente estudio tiene por objeto analizar dichas diferencias y poner en relación el régimen de garantías previsto en el contexto ibérico con el Marco común de referencia y con las recientes Directivas (UE) 2019/770 y 2019/771, especialmente con esta última.Palabras clave: venta de bienes de consumo, conformidad, derechos del consumidor.Abstract: Although Spanish and Portuguese regulations about the sale of consumer goods com­ply with the Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees, they differ on several issues. This paper tries to emphasize the discrepancies between the rules of these Member States and link the regulation about the sale of consumer goods in the Iberian context with the Draft Common Frame of Reference and the recent Directives EU 2019/770 y 2019/771, especially with the last one.Keywords: sale of consumer goods, conformity, rights of the consumer.

Resumen: Durante el uso de los contenidos y servicios digitales puestos a disposición del consu­midor por los distintos proveedores, los usuarios facilitan y crean gran cantidad de datos. El tratamiento legal del control sobre el destino de estos datos se bifurca en la actualidad en dos normas: por una parte, si se trata de datos personales, se aplicará el Reglamento (UE) General de Protección de Datos de 2016 (RGPD); por otra parte, respecto a contenidos generados por los usuarios que no sean datos personales, las reglas de la reciente Directiva (UE) 2019/770, de 20 de mayo de 2019 sobre contratos de suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales (DCSD) será de aplicación tras su transposición.Este ensayo analiza la intersección de las normas sobre protección de datos personales con las nor­mas sobre la defensa contractual del consumidor al tiempo de la extinción de este tipo de contratos por vía de resolución. Para ello compara los rasgos de los derechos de supresión, olvido y portabilidad del Reglamento con los nuevos derechos de impedir el uso de los datos y de recuperarlos establecidos en la Directiva y concluye críticamente acerca del escaso impacto que estos últimos pueden llegar a tener de­bido a su reducido ámbito de aplicación, las escasas facultades y las excesivas excepciones incorporadas finalmente en uno de los preceptos centrales de la Directiva 2019/770.Palabras clave: contenidos digitales, servicios digitales, resolución, contrato de suministro, datos personales, portabilidad, derecho al olvido, derecho de supresión, Directiva (UE) 2019/770, Reglamento General de Protección de Datos, conformidad, contenidos generados por los usuarios, consumidor.Abstract: During the use of digital content and services made available to the consumer by diffe­rent traders and platforms, users provide and create large amounts of data. The legal treatment of control over the destination of these data currently splits into two pieces of legislation: on the one hand, in the case of personal data, the 2016 (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will apply; on the other hand, in the case of user-generated content other than personal data, the rules of the recent Direc­tive (EU) 2019/770 of 20 May 2019 on contracts for the supply of digital content and services (DCSD) will apply after transposition in Member States.This paper analyses the intersection of the rules on personal data protection with the rules on the contractual protection of the consumer at the time of the extinction of this type of contract by means of termination. To this end, it compares the features of the rights to erasure, to be forgotten and to portabi­lity of the Regulation with the new rights to prevent further use of data and to retrieve them established in the Directive, and critically concludes that the latter may have little impact due to their reduced scope of application, the limited powers and the excessive exceptions finally incorporated in one of the central articles of Directive 2019/770.Keywords: digital contents, digital services, termination, contract of supply, personal data, porta­bility, right to erasure, right to be forgotten, Directive (EU) 2019/770, General Data Protection Regula­tion, conformity, user generated contents, consumer.

Partiendo de las ideas de onerosidad, precio y contraprestación en la teoría general de las obligaciones y de los contratos, se analiza en este texto la cuestión del pago con datos personales en los contratos celebrados con consumidores frente a los ordenamientos jurídicos español y portugués. A pesar del temor del legislador a utilizar la palabra “contraprestación” en este contexto, se argumenta que estamos ante un pago con datos personales siempre que se cumplan tres supuestos: (i) el tratamiento de datos se basa en el consentimiento del interesado (consumidor); (ii) el profesional responsable del tratamiento está vinculado por el consentimiento del consumidor (interesado) de tal forma que se produce el sinalagma do (res) ut des (data); (iii) la responsabilidad del consumidor es consecuencia de la libertad de consentimiento. De este último aspecto se desprende que la mera restitución recíproca de prestaciones no puede considerarse un perjuicio para la revocación del consentimiento.

En el presente estudio se aborda la cuestión de los plazos para el ejercicio efectivo de remedios por falta de conformidad en los contratos de compraventa y suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales con arreglo a las Directivas 2019/770 y 2019/771. En particular, se examinan los plazos aplicables en caso de vicios ocultos, que sólo se manifiestan después de la entrega de los bienes o del suministro del contenido digital. Además, se ocupa de la situación más compleja de los vicios ocultos en los contratos que prevén el suministro continuo del contenido digital. La finalidad es evaluar tanto la adecuación de la solución legislativa adoptada en cada Directiva como la coherencia entre ambas en cuanto al régimen jurídico aplicable a esos plazos.

Tras la entrada en vigor este 1 de marzo de 2021 de una serie de reglamentos de ejecución comunitarios que traen causa de la Directiva 2009/125/CE, 21 octubre (diseño productos), la configuración jurídica del nuevo “derecho a la reparación” de los bienes de consumo susceptibles de reparación ha dado un nuevo paso: la ampliación del plazo obligatorio de disponibilidad de las piezas de recambio en el mercado. Esta obligación temporal específica por cuenta de fabricantes, importadores o representantes autorizados se ha trasladado a nuestro país de una manera equívoca e inarmónica con la normativa europea, según la redacción dada al nuevo artículo 127 bis TRLGDCU. La reforma operada no distingue ni separa con nitidez lo que supone la reparación de los bienes de consumo como medida correctora específica por causa de la disconformidad con el contrato de compraventa -recogida en las Directivas 2019/770/UE y 2019/771/UE transpuestas-, y la reparación de los bienes de consumo entendida como medida general de política legislativa fundada en el ciclo de vida útil de esos bienes, incardinada ésta dentro del Plan de Acción europeo para la Economía Circular (2015, 2020), y que no estaba bajo el presupuesto habilitante en la transposición de ambas directivas.

Resumen: El proceso emprendido a nivel europeo de revisión, modernización y adaptación de las reglas de protección de consumidores al entorno tecnológico ha puesto en contacto dos esferas nor­mativas de contrapuestos intereses: protección de datos personales y Derecho de consumo. El primer punto de inflexión de la compleja interacción entre ambos marcos regulatorios ha venido de la mano de la Directiva (UE) 2019/770 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 20 de mayo de 2019, relativa a determinados aspectos relacionados con los contratos de suministro de contenido digital y servicios digitales, que ofrece los mismos remedios contractuales tanto a consumidores que abonan un precio como a quienes, a modo de contraprestación, facilitan sus datos personales. De las nuevas e interesantes perspectivas de análisis que ofrece la imbricación del derecho fundamental a la protección de datos en la esfera contractual, este trabajo centra su atención en la determinación de las bases de licitud, conforme al Reglamento General de Protección de Datos, de los tratamientos de datos personales derivados del ámbito de aplicación de la Directiva y su incidencia contractual.Palabras clave: Mercado Único Digital Europeo, interacción derecho de consumo-protección de datos personales, suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales, datos personales como contrapresta­ción, principio de licitud del tratamiento.Abstract: The European process of revision, modernization and adaptation of consumer protec­tion rules to the technological environment has brought into contact two regulatory spheres of opposite interests: personal data protection and consumer law. The first inflection point of the complex interac­tion between both regulatory frameworks has come from the hand of Directive (EU) 2019/770 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 20 May 2019, on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services, which offers the same contractual remedies both to consumers who pay a price and to those who, by way of counter performance, provide their personal data. Of the new and interesting perspectives of analysis offered by the overlapping of the fundamental right to data protection in the contractual sphere, this paper focuses on the determination of the bases of lawfulness, according to the General Data Protection Regulation, of the processing of derived personal data of the scope of the Directive and its contractual impact.Keywords: EU Digital Single Market, interaction consumer law - data protection regulation, supply of digital content and digital services, counter-performance in the form of personal data, princi­ple of lawfulness of the personal data processing.

La Directiva (UE) 2019/770 introduce en el Derecho comunitario la posibilidad de ceder datos personales como contraprestación por el suministro de contenidos o servicios digitales, lo que implica el reto de compatibilizar la normativa reguladora del derecho a la protección de datos y el derecho contractual, partiendo de la preminencia de la primera. En este sentido, el conflicto entre ambas disciplinas se revela fundamentalmente en dos aspectos: (i) la viabilidad de sostener la existencia misma de un contrato en el que la cesión de datos actúa como contraprestación y (ii) la influencia de la normativa de protección de datos sobre la perfección y las formas de extinción del contrato, así como el destino de los datos de carácter personal tras la revocación del consentimiento o la extinción del contrato.

La finalidad de este comentario es analizar si el ordenamiento europeo impone alguna determinada regulación a propósito del arrendamiento de los llamados bienes con elementos digitales y, en particular, si lo hace a propósito de la conformidad de tales bienes al contrato. La naturaleza digital de uno de los componentes del bien mixto permite reconducir el negocio hasta la Directiva (UE) 2019/770, relativa al suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales. A su vez, la naturaleza duradera y continua de la prestación comprometida por el arrendador sugiere que, a tales componentes, les sean de aplicación las reglas relativas al suministro continuado. Siendo ello así, el comentario valora si, efectivamente, en el ordenamiento español, la regulación fluye hasta la aplicación de las reglas que han incorporado aquel texto en el Derecho interno.

The aimof this article is to analyse some of themain issues regarding thematerial scope of the new Directive 2019/770/EU on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services. It focuses on the concept of digital content and services and on the changes made to the rules laid down in Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights. To this end, it pays particular attention to the treatment of digital content depending on whether or not it is supplied in a tangible medium and to the identification of the rules applicable in each case. It also addresses the exclusion of so-called goods with digital elements from the scope of Directive 2019/770, the requirements for such exclusion and the legal regime applicable to such goods under the new Sales Contract Directive 2019/771/EU. Finally, it analyses the novel inclusion of the so-called ‘free contracts’ within the scope of Directive 2019/770 where the counter performance of the consumer consists solely in providing personal data in exchange for digital content or services supplied, the exceptions to that inclusion in viewof the formthrough which such data are collected and its problematic interaction with the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679/EU.

Over the last decade a flow of information has been created since computing world has invaded our daily lifestyle, a world, where is very simple and fast, to access thanks to increasingly marked use of digital platforms. The speed in the exchange of information penalized the original authors and developed the growth of digital platforms, which exploiting the content and potential of the authors, leveraged the lack of rules and IT discipline. In the early 2000s, with Directive 2000/31 /EC and subsequently with 2001/29 / EC, the European Commission began to give rules also to the electronic market. The members of the European Commission, having realized the growing impact of digital and internet technologies, they have decided to commit to renew the single European market, making it suitable for the digital age, introducing the concept of " Single digital Market ". This thesis will explain the evolution of a common European regulation for copyright in the digital single market, from the formulated proposal to the official directive. The tool of the "Single digital Market" be standardized in compliance with copyright in the current scenario, but for this purpose an update of 2001/29 / EC was required, and finally it was proposed, following various consultations, by members of the European Commission in a concrete way in September 2016. The points of main interest and we will focus later are articles 11 and 13, which will subsequently become articles 15 and 17 in the final text of the directive 2019/790 - The New Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive - approved officially on May 17th , 2019 in the official Journal of the European Union. The two articles protect the creators of the contents that are republished on the network, or the holders of copyright, in particular article 11 establishes that the re-sharing of such information, on platforms such as Social Networks or other types, drawn from newspaper articles, for example, require authorization, free of charge or for a fee, from the creators of the content. Article 13, on the other hand, manages the insertion of copyrighted texts by users on online sharing platforms, essentially everything we find uploaded on a social media or digital platform must first be regulated by adeguate pre-established contracts, integrated by automatic algorithms for preventive control of the enormous amount of information that is uploaded to the web every day; We will start in Chapter 1, discussing about the history of copyright directive and how this concept has evolved over time, adapting to the rapid changes in the IT world, leading to the proposal made by the European Commission to give real copyright regulation in the Single Digital Market; we will describe the various steps and controversies that led to its final approval in 2019. In chapter 2 we will talk extensively about article 11 of the proposal (article 15 in the final text), entering into the merits of the reasons that led the European Commission to want to strongly protect copyright holders. One of the main aspects that we will discuss regarding the critical context of editors, indeed the sector was in crisis. The directive protects the disclosure of journalistic works, leading to major discussions and disputes by large digital platforms such as Google, which initially did not comply with the new agreement; we will see what impact it has had in Europe. In chapter 3 we will analyse the other article, that is one of the main of the directive, and consequently we will discuss about the access to debate that it has resulted, article 13 (article 17 in the final text); we will talk in more detail about how the rules imposed by the legislation work and apply to the digital world. In chapter 4 we will discuss about the implementation of both articles in the Eu context.

Le contrat de vente de biens constituant un levier du commerce transfrontière dans l'Union, le législateur européen en régit par conséquent certains aspects. La directive 1999/44/CE réformée par la directive (UE) 2019/771 et la directive 2011/83/UE comportent ainsi des règles communes aux Etats membres, propres à la vente. Le choix de l'étude spécifique de ces règles tient d'une part, à ce que, économiquement, il s'agisse du contrat le plus courant sur le marché intérieur et d'autre part, à ce que, juridiquement, la vente reste l'archétype du contrat en droit de l'UE, servant ainsi de prémices et de modèles à la législation européenne sur les contrats de consommation<br>The contract for the sale of goods constitutes a lever for cross-border trade in the Union, the European legislator therefore governs certain aspects. Directive 1999/44/EC reformed by Directive (EU) 2019/771 and Directive 2011/83/EU thus include rules common to Member States, specific to sales. The choice of the specific study of these rules is due on the one hand to the fact that, economically, it is the most common contract on the internal market and on the other hand, to the fact that, legally, the sale remains the archetype of the contract in EU law, thus serving as premises and models for European legislation on consumer contracts

This master thesis is dedicated to the press publishers’ right introduced by Article 15 of the Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market. The article became one of the most debated provisions in the whole directive. On the one hand, the discussion was driven by EU press publishers because of thecommercial crisis in the traditional press publishing and news mediasectors. Press representatives began to express concerns about the free riding of press publications by content aggregators and search engines who usually reuse such contents for profit. On the other hand, service providers argued that press publishers would lose traffic to their websites, affecting the quality of the press and constrainingfundamental rights. This conflict pushed the press publishers to bringing these issues before courts, legislators and competition authorities. Since these complaints were not resolved completely, the only way to resolve the conflict seemed to be the introduction of the EU-wide related right.

Issue d’une volonté démocratique d’émancipation du citoyen et d’élaboration d’une société nouvelle, l’institution théâtrale publique, en France comme en Italie, apparaît à nouveau, depuis le tournant des années 2000, comme en proie à une triple crise (politique, structurelle et artistique) qui permet d’interroger les rapports politiques et symboliques qui se jouent entre l’art et la société à l’intérieur d’un cadre institutionnel aiguillé par une mission de service public. À travers les exemples du Théâtre National de Strasbourg, du Théâtre National Populaire et du Piccolo Teatro de Milan, il s’agit donc d’envisager l’institution théâtrale publique dans l’ensemble de ses acteurs et de ses composantes (esthétiques, politiques, économiques, symboliques, architecturales et sociales) via le prisme des processus et stratégies de justification de leurs directeurs respectifs afin de déterminer et d’interpréter l’évolution des institutions et la transformation des fonctions qu’elles revendiquent et mettent en œuvre. En distinguant les différentes stratégies élaborées par les directeurs, se dessinent les postures adoptées par les artistes et les pouvoirs publics vis-à-vis de la société néo-libérale et des enjeux institutionnels, postures qui s’articulent et répondent à une contamination de la sphère culturelle par la sphère économique. Elles révèlent une scission, accentuée par le rôle donné au spectateur, entre les institutions qui cherchent à compenser cette contamination par la recherche d’interactions et d’expérimentations avec la société et celles qui la déplorent et y répondent par une mise à distance du réel et une concentration sur leur conception de l’art théâtral<br>Stemmed from a democratic will of emancipation of the citizen and of working out of a new society, the public Theater, in France as well as in Italy, seems again to be a prey to a triple crisis (political, structural and artistic), since the turning point of 2000. This allows to question the political and symbolic connections which are at stake between art and society within institutional limits led by a public service mission. Through the examples of the “Théâtre National de Strasbourg” (TNS), Villeurbanne’s “Théâtre National Populaire” (TNP) and Milano’s “Piccolo Teatro”, the point is to consider the public Theater with the whole of its participants and constituents (esthetic, political, economic, symbolic, architectural and social) via the prism of their respective managers’ process and strategies of justification, in order to determine and explain the evolution of the institutions and the transformation of the duties they assume and implement. By distinguishing between the various strategies elaborated by the managers, we can give shape to the positions, held by the artists and the authorities towards the neo-liberal society and the institutional issues. These positions are linked and answer a contamination of the cultural sphere by the economic sphere. They reveal a division, increased by the role given to the audience, between the institutions, which try to compensate this contamination by ways of interactions and experimentations with the society, and those, which deplore this situation and answer it by standing aloof from reality and focusing on their conception of dramatic art

Upphovsrättsdirektivet, Digital Single Market-direktivet, befinner sig idag i en implementeringsprocess i EU-länderna. Implementeringen syftar till att harmonisera upphovsrätten mellan medlemsstaterna och att upprätthålla en väl fungerande inre marknad. Direktivet medför ett antal dilemman vid harmoniseringen av medlemsländernas lagstiftningar. Somliga länder är positiva till direktivet, medan andra anmärker en ordalydelse som är otydlig, abstrakt och svår att konkretisera. Frankrike var första land inom unionen att lägga fram ett lagförslag baserat på direktivet. Samtliga medlemsländer, däribland Sverige, har fortfarande tid på sig att införliva direktivet i sin lagstiftning. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda DSM-direktivets artikel 17 och dess implementering i fransk rätt med utgångspunkt i Frankrikes framställda lagförslag. Vidare är ändamålet att göra en konkret jämförelse mellan förevarande upphovsrättsliga normer i Sverige respektive Frankrike, för att således kunna analysera det franska lagförslagets lämplighet i svensk rättsordning. Lämpligheten ska försöka bedömas utifrån kulturella värderingar bakom nationell lagstiftning och upphovsrättspolitik. För att besvara frågeställningen huruvida det franska lagförslaget på implementering av DSM-direktivets artikel 17 kan vara en förebild för den svenska lagstiftaren, har framställningen disponerats enligt följande: vi har (1) utrett svensk upphovsrätt, (2) redogjort för DSM-direktivet och härrörande kritik, (3) uppgivit Regeringskansliets resonemang och frågeställningar gällande direktivets genomförande i svensk rätt, (4) utrett fransk upphovsrätt samt (5) översatt och tolkat förevarande lagförslag med tillhörande kritik. Utöver rättskällor, har framställningen till övervägande del grund i debattartiklar, tidskrifter samt inlägg online för att klargöra den aktuella problematiken rörande DSM-direktivet. Slutsatsen är att svensk respektive fransk upphovsrätt visserligen framstår som snarlika i stort sett. Däremot kan det franska lagförslaget på implementering av direktivet enbart framstå som en förebild i viss mån. Av artikel 17:s tre huvudområden kan vägledning av det franska lagförslaget endast ges gällande införandet av en klagomåls- och avhjälpningsmekanism.<br><p>Det här är den slutgiltiga examensuppsatsen, en nedskuren version av en mer omfattande och djupgående version. För intressenter finns den första versionen tillgänglig via kontakt med författarna. </p>

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito<br>We are in the Digital Era, where digital content goods and services have invaded our daily lives. In this line, the following practical problem arises: quid iuris if, in a Sales Contract of a smartphone, one of the original apps stops working properly? Or, going further, what if the smartphone’s operating system stops working? Who’s liable? Those are the questions we intend to answer throughout this dissertation.The problem lies in the complexity that digital content goods and services are endowed with, and, given the lack of a direct link between the consumer and the seller of the application, the consumer does not seem to have the means to safeguard his interests directly against the seller.In order to try to solve this problem, we will start by analyzing the current Sales Contract regimes, the one predicted at the Civil Code and the predicted at the DL nº 67/2003, in order to understand how they are able to solve, or not, the practical problem presented. Next, we’ll analyze the Producer Responsibility Regime in order to understand the ways in in which the producer can be held responsible for defects caused by the digital content goods. We will conclude that these regimes are not applicable to the practical case under analysis.Following is the analysis of the proposal of the Directives (EU) 2019/770 and 2019/771, regarding the supply of digital content goods, and the sale of digital content goods, in order to understand their proposal for later, to analyze in what terms the Portuguese legal system complies, or not, with the requirements of the directives. Next, we will try to understand the possible changes that Portugal’s legal system might undergo.Finally, we will try to solve the problem initially presented taking into account the solutions that the new directives bring, concluding by their aptitude (or not) to solve the problem; and whether this will constitute (or not) an increase in the level of consumer protection.<br>Encontramo-nos na Era Digital, onde os bens e serviços de conteúdo digital invadiram o nosso quotidiano. Nesta linha, coloca-se o seguinte problema prático: quid iuris se, num contrato de compra e venda de um telemóvel inteligente, uma das aplicações originais deixar de funcionar? Ou, indo mais longe, e se o próprio sistema operativo do telemóvel deixar operar corretamente? Quem é responsável? São a estas questões que se pretende responder ao longo da presente dissertação. O problema radica na complexidade de que os bens e serviços de conteúdo digital são dotados, e, dada a inexistência de um vínculo direto entre o consumidor e o vendedor da aplicação, o consumidor não parece dispor de meios para salvaguardar os seus interesses diretamente contra o vendedor. Em ordem a tentar solucionar este problema, começar-se-á pela análise do atual regime da compra e venda, o previsto no Código Civil e o previsto no DL nº67/2003, de modo a perceber de que modo são estes regimes aptos a solucionar, ou não, o problema prático apresentado. Segue-se a análise do regime da responsabilidade objetiva do produtor, com o intuito de perceber os moldes em que este pode ser responsabilizado pelos defeitos provocados pelo bem de conteúdo digital. Concluiremos pela não aplicabilidade destes regimes ao caso prático em análise. Segue-se a análise da proposta das Diretivas (UE) 2019/770 e 2019/771, relativamente ao fornecimento de bens de conteúdo digitais, e à venda de bens de conteúdos digitais, de modo a entender a proposta das mesmas para, posteriormente, analisar em que termos o ordenamento jurídico português cumpre, ou não, as exigências das diretivas. De seguida, tentaremos perceber em que moldes o ordenamento jurídico português poderá sofrer alterações. Por fim, tentaremos solucionar o problema inicialmente apresentado tendo em conta as soluções que as novas diretivas trazem, concluindo pela sua aptidão (ou não) para a solução do problema; e se tal consubstanciará (ou não) um aumento no nível de proteção do consumidor.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito<br>Quem é o titular do direito de autor no âmbito do jornalismo: o/a jornalista ou a empresa jornalística? Existem diferenças no regime entre um/a jornalista com contrato trabalho e um/a jornalista freelancer? Quais são os trabalhos jornalísticos que merecem protecção jus-autoral? Em que difere a lei portuguesa para outros ordenamentos jurídicos? Teremos em Portugal um verdadeiro direito conexo do editor? Quais as regras impostas por um contrato de edição? A Directiva 2019/790 veio trazer o fim da Internet, tal como a conhecemos? Quais as novas utilizações que passam a ser permitidas? Dentro dessas, quais as que são úteis para o jornalismo? Quais foram as principais mudanças que a Internet comportou nos meios de comunicação social? Qual é a responsabilidade das plataformas digitais? Quais são os fundamentos nas batalhas entre jornalismo e agregadores de notícias? Que implicações tem o artigo 15.º na actividade jornalística? Estas são algumas das questões gerais que esta dissertação pretendeu dar resposta a fim de estabelecer bases para se responder à pergunta: em que termos se deverá pautar a transposição do artigo 15.º da Directiva 2019/790 para o ordenamento jurídico português? A presente dissertação traça assim um percurso pelo regime de protecção autoral na actividade jornalística no ordenamento jurídico português e em termos de direito comparado, pela relação entre o/a autor e o/a editor/a em Portugal, pela exposição dos fundamentos e explicação do âmbito da Directiva 2019/790 e, por fim, pela análise do artigo 15.º da directiva, referente à protecção de publicações de imprensa no que diz respeito a utilizações em linha. A tão controversa Directiva 2019/790 veio estabelecer no seu artigo 15.º um novo direito conexo “sui generis” que pretende assegurar remuneração dos media por utilizações dos novos serviços em linha que surgiram com a Internet, como os agregadores de notícias ou os serviços de monitorização de meios de comunicação social.<br>Who holds the author right in the context of journalism: the journalist or the media companies? Is there a difference between a contracted journalist and a freelance journalist? Which journalistic works deserve author rights protection? What is the difference between Portuguese law and other legal systems? Do we have in Portugal a true publisher related right? What are the rules imposed by a publishing contract? Did the Directive 2019/790 bring the end of the Internet? What new uses are allowed? Which of these changes are useful for journalism? What were the main changes that the Internet made in the media? What is the responsibility of digital platforms? What is the basis for the battles between journalism and news aggregators? What implications does article 15.º have in journalistic activity?These are some of the general questions that this dissertation intends to explain, as to answer the question: in what terms should the transposition of article 15.º of the Directive 2019/790 into the Portuguese legal system be guided?Thus, the present dissertation traces a path through the regime of author rights protection in the journalistic activity in the portuguese legal order and in terms of comparative law, by explaining the relationship between author and the editor in Portugal, by exposing the fundamentals and giving insight in the scope of Directive 2019/790 and, finally, through the analysis of article 15.º of the Directive, concerning the protection of press publications regarding online uses.The so controversial Directive 2019/790 established in its article 15.º a new related right, “sui generis”, aiming to ensure media remuneration for the use of online services that emerged with the Internet, such as news aggregators or the monitoring services of social media.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito<br>By definition, parody evokes, for humorous purposes, a previous work, protected under copyright. Knowing a long tradition, parody proliferates in the most varied artistic expressions, proving its resistance to the passage of time. However, its acceptance by those who are parodied is not always peaceful.In this sense, this dissertation intends to study the conjugation between copyright, as exclusive rights, with the right to parody, a manifestation not only of the freedom of intellectual and artistic creation, but also of the freedom of expression - freedoms that correspond to constitutionally protected rights.Taking into account not only its basic characteristics, as well as its distinction from other figures, but also its ubiquity in artistic expression, the parodies that are legally relevant for the collision of rights to which we allude will be delimited.It will also reflect on the mechanisms that currently provide for parody in the Portuguese legal system, namely, its inclusion among the original works referred to in article 2 of the Code of Copyright and Related Rights. At the same time, the need for express provision of a parody exception will be addressed and we will reflect on how memes, via Directive 2019/790, in the context of the internet and the information society, have exported this conflict between the right to parody and copyright also for the digital world and paved the way for the inclusion of this figure among the list of free uses in Portugal, previously rejected within the scope of the transposition of Directive 2001/29/EC.Finally, we will analyse the transposition proposal (114/XIV/3ª) that emerged under the influence of this law and why we consider that the consecration of a parody exception does not weaken the position of the holder of rights of the parodied work.Throughout this dissertation we will critically appreciate the national and foreign jurisprudence and doctrine that has as its object the parody.<br>Por definição, a paródia evoca, com fins humorísticos, uma obra anterior, protegida no âmbito dos direitos de autor. Conhecendo uma longa tradição, a paródia prolifera nas mais variadas expressões artísticas, provando a sua resistência à passagem do tempo. Contudo, a sua aceitação pelos parodiados nem sempre é pacífica.Neste sentido, pretende-se com esta dissertação estudar a conjugação dos direitos de autor, enquanto direitos de exclusivo, com o direito a parodiar, manifestação não só da liberdade de criação intelectual e artística, como também da liberdade de expressão - liberdades essas que correspondem a direitos constitucionalmente protegidos.Atendendo-se não só às suas características basilares, assim como à sua distinção face a outras figuras, mas também à sua ubiquidade na expressão artística, delimitar-se-ão as paródias juridicamente relevantes para a colisão de direitos a que aludimos.Refletir-se-á ainda sobre os mecanismos que atualmente preveem a paródia no ordenamento jurídico português, nomeadamente, a sua inclusão entre as obras originais referidas no artigo 2.º do Código de Direitos de Autor e Direitos Conexos. Paralelamente, abordar-se-á a necessidade de previsão expressa de uma exceção de paródia e refletiremos sobre de que forma os memes, via Diretiva 2019/790, no contexto da internet e da sociedade da informação, exportaram este conflito entre o direito à paródia e os direitos de autor também para o mundo digital e abriram caminho à previsão desta figura entre o elenco das utilizações livres em Portugal, anteriormente recusada no âmbito da transposição da Diretiva 2001/29/CE.Por fim, analisaremos a proposta de transposição (114/XIV/3ª) que surgiu sob influência deste diploma e o porquê de considerarmos que a consagração de uma exceção de paródia não enfraquece a posição do titular de direitos da obra parodiada.Ao longo da presente dissertação apreciaremos criticamente a jurisprudência e doutrina nacional e estrangeira que tem por objeto a paródia.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito<br>Motivados pelo tratamento do problema das violações de direitos de autor nas plataformas de partilha de conteúdos em rede pela Diretiva (UE) 2019/790, procedemos a uma análise do panorama legislativo e jurisprudencial da matéria, levantando-se problemas relacionados com a insegurança jurídica criada por legislação europeia desatualizada e fragmentada, e um tratamento jurisprudencial exageradamente complexo e incoerente. Sustentamos que a diretiva não soluciona os problemas levantados nesta sede, por se entender que o foco na responsabilização dos intermediários e reforço na exclusividade não garantem a remuneração justa dos titulares, pelo caminho introduzindo insegurança jurídica, abrindo caminho a sufocos de direitos fundamentais, entrando em conflito com a proibição de obrigação geral de vigilância, e tendo implicações nos critérios para a prática de um ato de comunicação ao público. Analisam-se alternativas fundadas na criação de um sistema unificado de responsabilização de prestadores, e uma exceção para o «user generated content» a que corresponde uma compensação aos titulares, cobrada às plataformas e gerida por entidades de gestão coletiva. Apresentamos algumas sugestões de transposição, baseadas nas orientações da Comissão Europeia e inspiradas nas propostas de transposição de outros Estados-Membros, e baseadas na necessidade de atribuir segurança jurídica à matéria, e garantir os direitos fundamentais postos em causa, nomeadamente no que toca à liberdade de expressão dos utilizadores, e a remuneração justa dos titulares, através da imposição de limites às tecnologias de reconhecimento de conteúdos, da criação de incentivos a que as plataformas mantenham utilizações livres disponíveis, e do foco na gestão coletiva e licenças coletivas com efeitos alargados.<br>Motivated by the Directive (EU) 2019/790’s approach to online content sharing platforms’ liability, we bring forth an analysis of how this issue has been handled by legislation and in courts, in which we find problems relating to legal uncertainty, created by the outdated and fragmented european legislation, and a complex and incoherent approach by the courts.We conclude that the directive doesn’t solve the problems that have been raised, since a focus on intermediary liability and strengthening exclusivity won’t garantee fair remuneration of right-holders, while it also introduces legal uncertainty, opens way for fundamental rights’ abuses, conflicts with the prohibition of a general monitoring obligation, and brings forth implications on the criteria for the practice of an act of communication to the public. We analyse alternatives based on the introduction of a unified intermediary liability system, and a user generated content exception counterbalanced by right-holder compensation, payed for by platforms and managed by rights management organizations. We present some suggestions for the directive’s transposition, based on the European Comission’s guidance paper, inspired by other member-states’ proposals, and based on the need to ensure legal certainty in this subject and protect the fundamental rights at play, namely freedom of expression, and the righholders’ fair remmuneration, through imposing limits to content ID technology, creating incentives for platforms to leave contente protected by na exception available, and focus on collective rights management and collective licensing with na extended effect.

Main objective of this thesis is to examine in detail the topic of performers' intellectual property rights and their term of protection, offering an insight based both on the historical background and the current state of legal regulation (Czech, European and international). Especially, I deal with the changes resulting from implementation of Directive 2011/77/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2011 amending Directive 2006/116/EC on the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights. A significant part is also dedicated to the recently adopted Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances (2012). The introductory chapter consists of a comprehensive historical overview that covers important events and sources of law relevant to performers' intellectual property rights and their term of protection. Certain documents can be considered milestones, such as Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty and the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances. A substantial part is also dedicated to the harmonisation of term of protection of copyright and certain related rights through European law. The second chapter gives a brief overview of the concept and...

This book assesses the impact of the implementation of EU Directives 2019/770 (DCD) and 2019/771 (SGD) in the EU Member States. Taking a country report approach, each contribution pays specific attention to the systematic implications (e.g. the relationship with the law of obligations and contracts, intellectual property law and data protection law), to the influence on the formation of concepts and terms in the national law. In addition, the author of each country report investigates the use of the options which the EU legislator left in the discretion of national legislators (e.g. Art. 12 SGD). Finally, the book explores any voluntary extended implementation of the contents of the directives. It offers a complete guide to DCD and SGD and their implementation across the EU.

This book provides an article-by-article commentary to the provisions of the 2019 EU Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market. It investigates the history, objectives, and content of Directive 2019/790's complex provisions as well as the relationship between some of those provisions and between the Directive and the pre-existing acquis. It explains why the EU Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market is a significant and foundational part of the broader EU copyright architecture. The book aims to navigate the legislative provisions that were adopted in 2019 to make EU copyright fit for the Digital Single Market. It marks two important anniversaries in the EU copyright harmonization history: the thirtieth anniversary of the first ever adopted copyright directive, Software Directive 91/250, and the twentieth anniversary of InfoSoc Directive 2001/29, an ambitious legislative instrument.

Hayes and Williams’ Family Law, now in its sixth edition, provides critical and case-focused discussion of the key legislation and debates affecting adults and children. The volume takes a critical approach to the subject and includes ‘talking points’ and focused ‘discussion questions’ throughout each chapter which highlight areas of debate or controversy. The introductory chapter within this edition provides a discussion of the law’s understanding of ‘family’ and the extent to which this has changed over time, a detailed overview of the meaning of private and family life within Article 8 of the ECHR, and a discussion of the Family Justice Review and subsequent developments. Part 1 of this edition, supplemented by the ‘Latest Developments’ section, outlines the most up-to-date statistics on the incidence of marriage, civil partnerships and divorce, discusses recent case law on the validity of marriage such as Hayatleh v Mofdy [2017] EWCA Civ 70 and K v K (Nullity: Bigamous Marriage) [2016] EWHC 3380 (Fam), and highlights the recent Supreme Court decision (In the Matter of an Application by Denise Brewster for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland) [2017] 1 WLR 519) on the pension rights of unmarried cohabitants. It also considers the litigation concerning the prohibition of opposite-sex civil partnership registration from the judgment of the Court of Appeal in Steinfeld and Keidan v Secretary of State for Education [2017] EWCA Civ 81 to the important decision of the Supreme Court in R (on the application of Steinfeld and Keidan) (Application) v Secretary of State for International Development (in substitution for the Home Secretary and the Education Secretary) [2018] UKSC 32. This edition also provides an in-depth discussion of the recent Supreme Court decision in Owens v Owens [2018] UKSC 41 regarding the grounds for divorce and includes discussion of Thakkar v Thakkar [2016] EWHC 2488 (Fam) on the divorce procedure. Further, this edition also considers the flurry of cases in the area of financial provision on divorce such as Waggott v Waggott [2018] EWCA Civ 722; TAB v FC (Short Marriage: Needs: Stockpiling) [2016] EWHC 3285; FF v KF [2017] EWHC 1903 (Fam); BD v FD (Financial Remedies: Needs) [2016] EWHC 594 (Fam); Juffali v Juffali [2016] EWHC 1684 (Fam); AAZ v BBZ [2016] EWHC 3234 (Fam); Scatliffe v Scatliffe [2016] UKPC 36; WM v HM [2017] EWFC 25; Hart v Hart [2017] EWCA Civ 1306; Sharp v Sharp [2017] EWCA Civ 408; Work v Gray [2017] EWCA Civ 270, and Birch v Birch [2017] UKSC 53. It also considers the recent decision of the Supreme Court in Mills v Mills [2018] UKSC 38 concerning post-divorce maintenance obligations between former partners, and the Privy Council decision in Marr v Collie [2017] UKPC 17 relating to the joint name purchase by a cohabiting couple of investment property.Part 2 focuses on child law, examining the law on parenthood and parental responsibility, including the parental child support obligation. This edition includes discussion of new case law on provision of child maintenance by way of global financial orders (AB v CD (Jurisdiction: Global Maintenance Orders)[2017] EWHC 3164), new case law and legislative/policy developments on section 54 of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 (parental orders transferring legal parenthood in surrogacy arrangements), and new cases on removing and restricting parental responsibility (Re A and B (Children: Restrictions on Parental Responsibility: Radicalisation and Extremism) [2016] EWFC 40 and Re B and C (Change of Names: Parental Responsibility: Evidence) [2017] EWHC 3250 (Fam)). Orders regulating the exercise of parental responsibility are also examined, and this edition updates the discussion with an account of the new Practice Direction 12J (on contact and domestic abuse), and controversial case law addressing the tension between the paramountcy of the child’s welfare and the protected interests of a parent in the context of a transgender father’s application for contact with his children (Re M (Children) [2017] EWCA Civ 2164). Part 2 also examines the issue of international child abduction, including in this edition the Supreme Court’s latest decision, on the issue of repudiatory retention (Re C (Children) [2018] UKSC 8). In the public law, this edition discusses the Supreme Court’s clarification of the nature and scope of local authority accommodation under section 20 of the Children Act 1989 (Williams v London Borough of Hackney [2018] UKSC 37). In the law of adoption, several new cases involving children who have been relinquished by parents for adoption are examined (Re JL &amp; AO (Babies Relinquished for Adoption),[2016] EWHC 440 (Fam) and see also Re M and N (Twins: Relinquished Babies: Parentage) [2017] EWFC 31, Re TJ (Relinquished Baby: Sibling Contact) [2017] EWFC 6, and Re RA (Baby Relinquished for Adoption: Final Hearing)) [2016] EWFC 47).

This 5th volume in the “Münster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy” focuses on one of the most important challenges faced by private law in this era of digitalization: the effects of “data as counter-performance” on contract law; a phenomenon acknowledged by the EU legislator in the new “Digital Content Directive” 2019/770. In this volume, legal experts from across Europe examine various issues, in particular contract performance and restitution, and the relationship between contract law and data protection, central to the question: Contract law 2.0?

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A &amp; M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&amp;M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

AbstractThe ocean covers more than 70% of Earth’s surface and plays a crucial role in providing ecosystem goods and services that sustain life and support the well-being of billions of people worldwide (Teh and Sumaila 2013; FAO 2018; Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2019; IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) 2019). The ocean holds many economic opportunities, and many experts are recognising the need for a coordinated and sustainable approach to its use. Ocean finance can play a vital role in supporting sustainable development of the ocean economy by directing investments to sustainable development pathways that minimise ocean risks and maximise social equity, human well-being and environmental health.

This chapter looks at the provisions of Article 28 of Directive 2019/790, the European copyright directive in the Digital Single Market. It outlines the processing of personal data that is carried out within the framework of Directive 2019/790 and in compliance with Directive 2002/58/EC and Regulation (EU) 2016/679. It also demonstrates the processing of personal data that should respect fundamental rights, including the right to the protection of personal data. The chapter clarifies that the processing of personal data must be done in respect of the fundamental rights to private and family life and protection of personal data set out in Articles 7 and 8 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. It discusses the protection of personal data pursuant to ePrivacy Directive 2002/58 and General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679.

The article outlines the rules contained in the Directive 2019/770/EU on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services. These rules regulate issues related to the supply and conformity of digital content and digital services, the liability of the trader and the consumer’s remedies for the failure to supply and for the lack of conformity, the trader's right to redress against third parties and the right to modify the digital content or digital service. As this Directive complements Directive 2019/771/EU applicable to contracts for the sale of goods, the paper highlights the differences that exist in regulating the circulation of intangible (digital content) and tangible goods.

The aim of the article is to discuss the key regulations applicable to the sale of goods and services to consumers on online trading platforms, in the light of changes in Polish law resulting from the implementation of Directive 2019/2161 (the Omnibus Directive), Directive 2019/770 (the Digital Content Directive) and Directive 2019/771 (the Sale of Goods Directive). The new regulations are first of all aimed at eliminating the risk factors to which the consumer is exposed as a buyer on the online marketplace, in particular by being misled about the contracting party or by manipulation of offers or prices. Once the changes come into force, entrepreneurs will be obliged, inter alia, to inform the consumer: on the main parameters determining the ranking of products on the platform, about the status of the seller, where applicable – how the obligations related to the contract are shared between the seller and the provider of the online marketplace, where applicable – about personalised pricing based on automated decision-making, and about the actual price reduction in the case of goods on special offer. The new regulations, including the provisions of Regulation 2019/1150 (P2B – platform to business), will create a coherent system to protect the transparency and fairness of the operation of online trading platforms.

This chapter covers the common provisions in Article 23 of the copyright order in Europe, Directive 2019/790. It refers to Member States that are required to ensure that any contractual provision that prevents compliance with the transparency obligation and contract adjustment mechanism will be unenforceable in relation to authors and performers. It also looks at the legislation that causes non-compliance with the alternative dispute resolution procedure. The chapter points out that the provisions on the right of revocation do not apply to authors of a computer program within the meaning of Article 2 of Directive 2009/24/EC on the legal protection of computer programs. It emphasizes that the principle of appropriate and proportionate remuneration in Article 18 of Directive 2019/790 do not affect individuals involved in computer programs.

This chapter includes the dates of the entry into force of the European copyright directive, Directive 2019/790. It points out that this Directive will be implemented on the twentieth day following the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. The Directive was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 17 May 2020 and entered into force on 7 June 2019. The chapter also mentions that Directive 2019/790 took effect on 7 June 2019 and was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 17 May 2020.

This chapter clarifies that the 2019 EU Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market, Directive 2019/790 is addressed to the Member States. It reviews the obligations under the Directive that arise on the day that it enters into force, but national transpositions will take place by 7 June 2021. It also points out that countries that are Member States of the EU or a part of the EEA will be bound to transpose Directive 2019/790 into their own laws. The chapter mentions countries that become Member States or join the EEA after 7 June 2021 that are required to comply with the entire acquis. It discusses the task of Members States to apply Directive 2019/790 for their accession to the EU or EEA.

This chapter highlights the time of application of Directive 2019/790, a copyright directive in the Digital Single Market in Europe, which is included in Chapter 26. It emphasizes that Directive 2019/790 will apply in respect of all works and other subject matter that are protected by national law in the field of copyright. The directive will be implemented on or after 7 June 2021. The chapter points out that Directive 2019/790 will apply without prejudice to any acts concluded and rights acquired before 7 June 2021. It also cites the legislation on the negotiation mechanism, works of visual art in the public domain, and information about collective licensing with an extended effect.

This chapter analyzes the relationship with exceptions and limitations provided for in other directives, which is stipulated in Article 25 of Directive 2019/790, a European copyright order. It talks about Member States that may adopt or maintain in force broader provisions that are compatible with certain exceptions and limitations. It also cites Directive 96/9/EC regarding the legal protection of databases. The chapter mentions Directive 2001/29/EC of on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. It points out the task of Member States to implement legislation that are consistent with Directive 96/9/EC and Directive 2001/29/EC.

Abstract The effect of processing, microstructure and composition on the oxidation behavior and mechanical properties of UNS(1) N07718 fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) using the electron beam melting (EBM) process was evaluated and compared with properties of wrought UNS N07718. Material was evaluated in three conditions: 1) as-fabricated, 2) following hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and 3) following HIP and a standard 2-stage heat treatment. The EBM processing resulted in a texture in the build direction and the microstructure consists of three typical precipitates in each condition: L12 structured γ′ Ni3(Al,Ti), disc-like DO22 structured γ″ and δ-Ni3Nb. Tensile properties were measured at room temperature and 650 °C. With only HIP, a lower yield stress and higher elongation were measured. However, the as-fabricated and HIP + heat treated conditions led to tensile properties that are comparable to wrought UNS N07718. Oxidation testing was performed in wet air and processing was shown to have little effect on the behavior at 650° and 700 °C for 1,000 h. Differences were observed in accelerated testing at 750 °C with a thicker oxide formed on the EBM UNS N07718. In general, the EBM processing appeared to have only minor effects on oxidation behavior.

Abstract The results of a stress corrosion cracking (SCC) qualification study of twenty-four heats of girth-welded 22Cr duplex stainless steel (DSS) piping are reported. This study evaluated the performance of either triplicate welded ANSI/NACE TM0177-2016 Method A tensile specimens or triplicate welded NACE TM0316-2016-compliant four-point-bend-beam (FPBB) specimens per heat exposed to a sour environment at 90 °C. All environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) specimens were stressed to an equivalent of 90% of their respective 0.2%-offset yield strengths at 90 °C to assess SCC susceptibility. In addition, duplicate welded corrosion coupons were machined per heat for determination of pitting susceptibility and weight loss corrosion rates. All EAC specimens and corrosion coupons were machined in the longitudinal direction with the weld metal transecting the specimens at mid-length so that each specimen contained a portion of parent metal, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal. Tensile specimens were installed in proprietary Window-Box Sustained-Load (WBSL) fixtures and loaded to 90% of the actual uniaxial 0.2% offset yield strength at 90°C (AYS90°C), of the heat-specific parent material per ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-3:2015. Alternately, FPBB specimens were assembled in four-point bending fixtures and deflected at room temperature to the strain corresponding to 90% AYS90°C of the heat-specific parent material. The stressed EAC specimens and corrosion coupons were exposed to a simulated sour service environment containing up to 0.18 bar H2S and 33,000 mg/L Cl- at 90 °C for 720 hours. All EAC specimens passed and weight-loss corrosion rates were ≤ 0.036 mpy. In addition, Annex A.7.3, ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-3:2015 specifies hardness requirements. Hardness surveys of a girth-weld sample per heat were performed using Vickers hardness tester in accordance with this Standard for butt welds. Hardness survey of each heat demonstrated that hardness of base metal, HAZs and weld did not exceed the maximum hardness specified in the Standard.

The paper delves into the profound impact of the digital revolution on the European Union's legislative framework, with particular attention to the Digital Directives Package. It examines how the rapid acceleration of digital market dynamics necessitated the introduction of the Directive (EU) 2019/770, which addresses contracts for the supply of digital content and services, and Directive (EU) 2019/771, which governs contracts for the sale of goods. The analysis highlights the significance of these directives in enhancing the functionality of the Digital Single Market, promoting innovation, and ensuring robust consumer protection across EU member states. The paper underscores the EU's proactive stance in adapting its legal structures to meet the challenges of the digital era, ensuring that the regulatory environment keeps pace with technological advancements. By harmonizing rules across the single market, these directives not only foster cross-border trade but also safeguard consumer rights, laying the groundwork for a more integrated and competitive digital economy.

One of the effects of the COVID-19 crisis is the significant acceleration of e-commerce. The number of companies and the varieties of products in the online markets increased, as well as the numbers of consumers and consumers’ segments diversification. The e-commerce in pandemic times offered clear benefits and opportunities for the consumers. It also created situations where the lack of confidence in e-commerce may intensify. This comes from the consumers’ uncertainty on their key contractual rights and it is particularly a case when it comes to the contracts for supply of digital content and digital services. The European Union considered that legal certainty for consumers (and businesses) will increase by full harmonisation of key regulatory issues and that this would lead to growth of the potentials the e-commerce has on the common market. Aiming to achieve a genuine digital single market the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament in May 2019 have adopted the Directive (EU) 2019/770 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services (the "Digital Content Directive") and the Directive (EU) 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods (the "Sales of Goods Directive") that regulate the supply of digital content and digital services and sale of goods with digital elements, respectively. Both directives lay down specific rules on the conformity of digital content or a digital service i.e., goods with digital elements with the contract, remedies in the cases of a lack of conformity or a failure to supply, as well as the modalities for the exercise of those remedies. The paper analyses the mechanisms for regulation of the contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services and the specific rights and obligations of the parties to these contracts. The main objective of the research is to assess to which extent these mechanisms are novelty in the European Consumer Law and to examine the obstacles that the application of consumer law to digital content contracts may encounter.

he subject of the author's attention in this paper is the implementation of Directive (EU) 2019/770 of the European Parliament and the Council of 20.5.2019. on certain aspects of contracts for the delivery of digital content and digital services in German law, more specifically in the German Civil Code (NGZ). The author provides a detailed description of the new provisions of the NGZ, specifically articles 327-327u, and clarifies them where necessary

The article analyses the provisions of Directive (EU) 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods which govern the concept of goods with digital elements, requirements for conformity and the liability of the seller for non-conformity, including the associated time limits and the applicable burden of proof. The changes and additions compared to the previous rules are particularly highlighted, which is of special importance considering that this Directive has not been implemented in the law of the Republic of Serbia. Defining goods with digital elements and digital services, then new explicit criteria for durability, functionality, compatibility and interoperability, the obligation to provide updates necessary for goods with digital elements to remain conform, as well as a change in the approach to determining the time relevant for assessing conformity when digital content or digital service delivered continuously over a period of time, constitute significant advantages in the context of increased digitalization of consumer goods. The novelty is also the separation of requirements for conformity into subjective and objective ones, although, in terms of content, this has not fundamentally changed the previous legal regime.

The present article deals with the implementation of the new Consumer Sales Directives (Directives 2019/770 and 2019/771) into the national law of the Baltic States. The topicality of the paper is related to the implementation of the new Consumer Sales Directives into national law in a particular region, i.e., the Baltic States, by analysing implementation approaches and difficulties during the implementation and post-implementation periods from a comparative perspective of all three Baltic states. At the outset, the paper notes the differences in the existing regulation of consumer sales in the Baltic States. Lithuania and Estonia incorporated consumer sales in their civil codifications, whereas Latvia has chosen a different path by regulating consumer sales on the basis of sui generis regulation in the Consumer Rights Protection Law. As a result of such initial situation before the implementation of the new Consumer Sales Directives, different implementation strategies were used in the Baltic States, consequently leading to different consequences and difficulties during the implementation process of the new Consumer Sales Directives. Likewise, the application process of the new Consumer Sales Directives itself has created significant problems and risks. The available legal acts together with their travaux préparatoires in the Baltic States demonstrate the possibility that the new regulation implementing the new Consumer Sales Directives may contradict the existing contract law regulation and data protection law, and have implications thereon.

The COVID-19 pandemic has imploded the traditional ways in which creative, cultural and artistic content are presented and consumed. Museums, libraries, archives, and other cultural institutions have been closed in lockdowns all around the European Union, and their content presented and consumed online. This paper will analyse how copyright rules affect cultural heritage institutions (publicly accessible libraries or museums, archives or film or audio heritage institutions) in the digital age. Four recent legal documents at the European level refer to the digitalisation of their collections and the digitised content’s exposure to the public in the Digital Single Market. These are Directive 2001/29/EC, Directive 2012/28/EU, Directive (EU) 2019/790 and Directive (EU) 2019/1024. This paper willfirst analyse how exclusive rights are regulated for authors, other creators, publishers, and producers in the digital age. Those rights need to be respected and exercised effectively by their owners. On the other hand, there is also a public interest, in that digitisation and access to digitised content should be free in cultural heritage institutions. To resolve the tension inherent in this relationship is not easy. The recent rapid change in consumption of creative, cultural and artistic content in the Single Digital Market (due to the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus) has triggered the need for swifter digitisation of cultural heritage institutions’ collections. The European legal framework offers some solutions to this need, which will be presented here. It does not resolve the situation generally, but refers to particular issues, such as orphan works, out-of-commerce works, text and data mining and the re-use of public sector information. In general, copyright protection prevails. Nevertheless, the tendencies towards free access grow stronger every day. This paper will analyse how these four directives interact with each other in the effort to resolve the tension between copyright, digitisation and free access to digitised content in cultural heritage institutions. At the end, two ideas for a new balance are presented.

Background: In recent years, the use of artificial intelligence in the field of production and design has increased. As a result, in smart production and autonomous systems, the concepts of copyright and rights ownership on the works produced have become increasingly complex. In addition, there is no sufficient legal regulation regarding the rights of the software side of the system, the content providers and the commercial parties with whom they have agreements, in the productions made by autonomous systems through artificial intelligence software. In addition to the ownership of the work, the copyright of the elements in the content of the work and those who produce these elements also emerge as an important problem in productions made with artificial intelligence. Purpose of Study: In this study, it is aimed to examine the copyright issue in artificial intelligence applications of smart production and autonomous systems. Sources of Evidence: In the research, a literature review was conducted and semiotic analysis and content analysis were conducted based on academic studies. According to the results obtained, analyzes were made regarding the deficiencies in copyright and the main problems arising from field applications in smart production and autonomous systems made through artificial intelligence. Main Argument: The main argument of the research is that copyright is an important problem in both the short and long term in smart production and autonomous systems produced through artificial intelligence. Conclusions: Although DSM Directive 2019/790/EU, which was issued in 2016 and came into force in 2019, regulates digital copyrights, there are serious deficiencies regarding the ownership of the system or work and the legal regulations regarding smart productions and autonomous systems produced through artificial intelligence. While DSM Directive 2019/790/EU targets a uniform digital market, the copyright issue in artificial intelligence applications shows that this regulation is also inadequate. Regarding the AI Act, there is not yet sufficient regulation or implementation data regarding copyrights. The United States Copyright Office published in 2023 points out similar deficiencies in artificial intelligence and copyrights. Existing copyright regulations are insufficient today, especially for smart products produced by autonomous systems. One of the most important sources of the problem is that the work, its ownership, the types of work, and the commercial and moral values of the work are not fully defined. For a solution, comprehensive and advanced studies are needed regarding the copyrights of artificial intelligence.

The waste management sector as one of the most significant economic sectors requires effective management not only in Latvia but in the European Union as whole. According to the recent (2020) available Eurostat data, 505 kg of municipal waste per capita were generated in the EU of which 48% were recycled and 22% were landfilled. Latvia ranges in the 11th position among the EU Member States with 478 kg of generated waste per capita. Romania (287 kg), Poland (346 kg) and Hungary (364 kg) are countries having generated the lowest amounts of municipal waste per capita, while Denmark (845 kg) and Luxembourg (790 kg) have been the top countries with the highest amounts of generated municipal waste per capita in 2020. In Latvia, approximately 66% of generated waste were recycled and 19% were landfilled in 2020. Moving towards the green economy and following the EU Directive 2018/851 targets for recycling municipal waste the governments develop investment plans envisaging financial resources for the waste management sector. The research aim is to evaluate environmental protection expenditure in the context of waste management policy. The research employs statistical data analysis to study the problem elements and synthesise coherencies or formulate regularities. The research period covers the years from 2010 to 2020. Starting from 2018, Latvia has essentially increased amounts of total investment and current expenditure for waste collection and treatment. In 2020, investments have increased 3.9 times compared with 2018; thus, amounting to EUR 36 295 thousand, while the current expenditure has grown by 21.9% amounting to EUR 118 182 thousand. The proportion of investment in waste management has also essentially increased, i.e. from 19.50% in 2010 to 49.96% in 2020, while the respective growth for current expenditure has been more moderate, i.e. from 32.79% to 62.42% of total financial resources for environmental protection.

The objectives defined for this study were to: (1) develop a heat-pulse sensor and a heat-transfer model for leaching measurement, and (2) conduct laboratory study of the sensor and the methodology to estimate leaching flux. In this study we investigated the feasibility for estimating leachate fluxes with a newly designed heat-pulse (HP) sensor, combining water flux density (WFD) with electrical conductivity (EC) measurements in the same sensor. Whereas previous studies used the conventional heat pulse sensor for these measurements, the focus here was to estimate WFD with a robust sensor, appropriate for field settings, having thick-walled large-diameter probes that would minimize their flexing during and after installation and reduce associated errors. The HP method for measuring WFD in one dimension is based on a three-rod arrangement, aligned in the direction of the flow (vertical for leaching). A heat pulse is released from a center rod and the temperature response is monitored with upstream (US) and downstream (DS) rods. Water moving through the soil caries heat with it, causing differences in temperature response at the US and DS locations. Appropriate theory (e.g., Ren et al., 2000) is then used to determine WFD from the differences in temperature response. In this study, we have constructed sensors with large probes and developed numerical and analytical solutions for approximating the measurement. One-dimensional flow experiments were conducted with WFD ranging between 50 and 700 cm per day. A numerical model was developed to mimic the measurements, and also served for the evaluation of the analytical solution. For estimation WFD, and analytical model was developed to approximate heat transfer in this setting. The analytical solution was based on the work of Knight et al. (2012) and Knight et al. (2016), which suggests that the finite properties of the rods can be captured to a large extent by assuming them to be cylindrical perfect conductors. We found that: (1) the sensor is sensitive for measuring WFD in the investigated range, (2) the numerical model well-represents the sensor measurement, and (2) the analytical approximation could be improved by accounting for water and heat flow divergence by the large rods.

Original objectives: The long-term goal of the proposed research is to elucidate the transcription factors, genes and metabolic networks involved in carbon metabolism and partitioning in response to water deficit. The proposed research focuses on the GTLcalcium/calmodulinbindingTFs and the gene and metabolic networks modulated by these TFs in Arabidopsis thaliana. The specific objectives are as follows. Objective-1 (USA): Physiological analyses of GTL1 loss- and gain-of-function plants under water sufficient and drought stress conditions Objective 2 (USA / Israel-TAU): Characterizion of GTL target genes and bioinformatic analysis of data to eulcidate gene-network topology. Objective-3 (Israel-TAU): Regulation of GTLmediated transcription by Ca²⁺/calmodulin: mechanism and biological significance. Objective-4 (Israel-BGU): Metabolic networks and carbon partitioning in response to drought. Additional direction: In the course of the project we added another direction, which was reported in the 2nd annual report, to elucidate genes controlling drought avoidance. The TAU team has isolated a few unhydrotropic (hyd) mutants and are in the process of mapping these mutations (of hyd13 and hyd15; see last year's report for a description of these mutants under salt stress) in the Arabidopsis genome by map-based cloning and deep sequencing. For this purpose, each hyd mutant was crossed with a wild type plant of the Landsberg ecotype, and at the F2 stage, 500-700 seedlings showing the unhydrotropic phenotype were collected separately and pooled DNA samples were subkected to the Illumina deep sequencing technology. Bioinformatics were used to identify the exact genomic positions of the mutations (based on a comparison of the genomic sequences of the two Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes (Columbia and Landsberg). Background: To feed the 9 billion people or more, expected to live on Earth by the mid 21st century, the production of high-quality food must increase substantially. Based on a 2009 Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security, a target of 70% more global food production by the year 2050 was marked, an unprecedented food-production growth rate. Importantly, due to the larger areas of low-yielding land globally, low-yielding environments offer the greatest opportunity for substantial increases in global food production. Nowadays, 70% of the global available water is used by agriculture, and 40% of the world food is produced from irrigated soils. Therefore, much needs to be done towards improving the efficiency of water use by plants, accompanied by increased crop yield production under water-limiting conditions. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: We established that AtGTL1 (Arabidopsis thaliana GT-2 LIKE1) is a focal determinant in water deficit (drought) signaling and tolerance, and water use efficiency (WUE). The GTL1 transcription factor is an upstream regulator of stomatal development as a transrepressor of AtSDD1, which encodes a subtilisin protease that activates a MAP kinase pathway that negatively regulates stomatal lineage and density. GTL1 binds to the core GT3 cis-element in the SDD1 promoter and transrepresses its expression under water-sufficient conditions. GTL1 loss-of-function mutants have reduced stomatal number and transpiration, and enhanced drought tolerance and WUE. In this case, higher WUE under water sufficient conditions occurs without reduction in absolute biomass accumulation or carbon assimilation, indicating that gtl1-mediated effects on stomatal conductance and transpiration do not substantially affect CO₂ uptake. These results are proof-of-concept that fine-tuned regulation of stomatal density can result in drought tolerance and higher WUE with maintenance of yield stability. Implications: Accomplishments during the IS-4243-09R project provide unique tools for continued discovery research to enhance plant drought tolerance and WUE.

Estamos ante una encrucijada global de proporciones nunca vistas. El planeta se calienta más rápido de lo esperado y enfrentamos condiciones climáticas cada vez más extremas, lo que pone en riesgo la sostenibilidad de la vida humana en el mediano y largo plazo. El nivel de los océanos está aumentando, los arrecifes de coral están muriendo, las especies se están extinguiendo, los glaciares se están derritiendo y las condiciones climáticas extremas se hacen cada vez más frecuentes con intensas olas de calor, inundaciones, huracanes, incendios y/o sequías. Para hacer frente a esta compleja situación, todos, personas e instituciones en los ámbitos nacional, regional y global, tenemos que hacer nuestra parte para evitar llegar a un punto de no retorno. Aunque Colombia solo genera el 0,6 % de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), es uno de los veinte países más amenazados por la crisis climática. Nuestro país alberga el 50 % de los páramos del mundo y es catalogado como una potencia en agua, biodiversidad y ambiente, aloja alrededor del 10 % de la fauna y flora del mundo, teniendo por ello un rol central en los esfuerzos globales que se realizan para mitigar los efectos del cambio climático. También es reconocido por ser el segundo país con más alta presencia en biodiversidad en la tierra, goza de dos océanos, cinco vertientes hidrográficas, ríos, lagunas y ciénagas, siendo de esta manera el agua un recurso fundamental para el desarrollo de las generaciones futuras. El país cuenta con grandes extensiones de páramos, los cuales son la fuente del 70 % de agua dulce en nuestro país y comparte al sur de nuestras fronteras con la Amazonía, considerada la selva tropical más extensa del planeta y el pulmón del mundo. Una porción representativa de ese 10 % del total de la biodiversidad mundial que tiene nuestro país, se encuentra dentro del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP), del que hace parte el Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales y las Reservas Forestales (más de 17 millones de hectáreas), una fuente importante de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos, entre los cuales, el suministro del recurso hídrico incluye más del 62 % de los nacimientos de los acuíferos nacionales y abastece a casi un 80 % de la población colombiana. Así mismo, protege lagunas y ciénagas que contienen el 20 % de los recursos hídricos que abastecen la generación de energía eléctrica del país. En estas áreas protegidas se conservan muestras representativas de los ecosistemas naturales marinos y continentales, los cuales, además de albergar un gran número de especies de fauna y flora, contribuyen a la regulación del clima y protegen las cuencas hidrográficas. Es así como por su especial importancia ecológica, los Parques Nacionales Naturales tienen la función de conservar, proteger y salvaguardar sus ecosistemas de especial valor por medio del Estado y de los particulares. Esta gran riqueza ambiental del país está siendo amenazada por el uso indebido de los recursos naturales, lo que genera un acelerado deterioro de los ecosistemas, alterando su funcionalidad y poniendo en riesgo la biodiversidad. Esta problemática se ha convertido en un reto de primer orden para el Estado colombiano, sus autoridades ambientales y la sociedad en general. El Sector Defensa no ha sido ajeno a esta realidad, por lo que en el marco definido por la ley, la Presidencia de la República y el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, ha reconocido el potencial desestabilizador de las afectaciones causadas por las diversas actividades ilícitas de los Grupos Armados Organizados (GAO), los Grupos Delincuenciales Organizados (GDO) y ciudadanos que hacen un uso indebido de los recursos naturales. Fenómenos como la siembra de cultivos ilícitos, la extracción ilícita de minerales, la tala indiscriminada, la ganadería extensiva, el acaparamiento de tierras, la pesca ilegal, la contaminación, el vertimiento de sustancias peligrosas y el tráfico ilegal de flora y fauna, han debilitado los ecosistemas nacionales. Estas actividades ilegales afectan los recursos hídricos del país, los suelos, los páramos y la atmósfera, produciendo efectos negativos que generan deforestación, pérdida de hábitats, extinción de especies, la destrucción de fuentes de agua, el deterioro de las tierras de cultivos e impactos negativos en las reservas forestales y las áreas que integran el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP). La degradación ambiental que hemos visto no solo es utilizada por las organizaciones criminales para obtener recursos que les permiten sostener su accionar delictivo en diversas zonas del país, más grave aún, se constituye en un atentado directo contra el porvenir de las generaciones futuras. Es por ello que el Sector Defensa ha reconocido el agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente como activos estratégicos de interés nacional, con un carácter principal y prevalente, buscando apoyar con sus capacidades a las autoridades ambientales del país, con el fin de realizar acciones cada vez más eficaces contra las organizaciones criminales responsables del deterioro ambiental. Es en ese contexto surge la idea de este libro, que busca presentar la problemática que se enfrenta y visibilizar las acciones realizadas por el Sector Defensa en coordinación con las autoridades ambientales, con el fin de apoyar la defensa de estos activos estratégicos, así como prevenir los daños futuros a los mismos, en aras de trabajar en la protección de los recursos naturales, bajo una visión multidimensional de la seguridad. El Ministerio de Defensa (MDN) ha sido consciente de los desafíos climáticos a los que se enfrenta, no solo el Sector, sino el territorio nacional, en cuanto a los impactos cada vez mayores derivados de las condiciones meteorológicas extremas y la explotación de los recursos. Por ello, el Sector ha trabajado para alinearse con la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, los compromisos del país ante la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (NDC), el cumplimiento del CONPES 4021 de diciembre de 2020 para el Control de la Deforestación y la Gestión Sostenible de Bosques, para así aportar con acciones de adaptación, mitigación y gestión del riesgo ante el cambio climático y variabilidad climática mediante del Plan de Gestión de Cambio Climático del Sector Defensa (PIGCCSD). Este libro reúne los principales resultados del Sector Defensa en materia de protección del medio ambiente y resalta la articulación de las políticas, así como de la operativización de las mismas por parte de las Fuerzas Militares y la Policía Nacional, por la protección de los recursos naturales de la Nación, una responsabilidad que ha quedado claramente plasmada en la “Estrategia Artemisa”, que es un esfuerzo permanente, sostenido, conjunto, coordinado, e interinstitucional que permitirá proteger y defender el agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente como activos estratégicos de la Nación, a partir de la lucha contra la deforestación, sus causas directas o subyacentes y contrarrestar los efectos del cambio climático, como también la lucha contra la explotación ilícita de minerales, contra los cultivos ilícitos que afectan el medio ambiente y el conjunto de actividades de control y vigilancia que apoya nuestra Fuerza Pública para la defensa de los recursos naturales. Trabajando de forma articulada con la Fiscalía, el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, el Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (Ideam), y la Unidad de Parques Nacionales Naturales, en diversas zonas del país, la Estrategia Artemisa ha permitido brindar apoyo a las autoridades ambientales y administrativas, para preservar y defender el agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente en las áreas de reserva forestal, áreas protegidas y 59 Parques Nacionales Naturales. Mediante la Directiva Permanente 008 del 22 de marzo de 2022, el MDN institucionalizó e impartió lineamientos e instrucciones al Comando General de las Fueras Militares, la Dirección General de la Policía Nacional y la Unidad de Gestión General del MDN, con el propósito de implementar medidas, desplegar operaciones, actividades de apoyo y gestión ambiental, para la implementación de la Estrategia Artemisa. De esta forma y bajo un enfoque sostenido, conjunto, coordinado, interinstitucional y multilateral, se trabajará para incluir dentro de la doctrina militar y policial las acciones relacionadas con la protección del agua, la diversidad y el medio ambiente, al tiempo que se concentrarán los esfuerzos de inteligencia en la identificación del modus operandi de las organizaciones criminales que afectan el medio ambiente, desarrollando operaciones contra los GAO y los GDO que atentan contra el medio ambiente. Desde el 2019 a la fecha se han realizado diecisiete (17) operaciones sobre las áreas de los Parques Nacionales Naturales, especialmente en las regiones de la Amazonía y la Orinoquía, como son los Parques Nacionales Naturales (PNN) Serranía de Chiribiquete, PNN La Paya, PNN Tinigua, PNN Picachos, PNN Sierra de La Macarena, la Zona de Reserva Forestal de la Amazonía y la Reserva Natural Nukak. Se han dispuesto, para esta campaña, 22.300 hombres de la Fuerza Pública, que, desde sus respectivas unidades militares y policiales resguardan las áreas protegidas del territorio nacional. Estas unidades incluyen: 10 batallones de alta montaña (páramos), una brigada contra el narcotráfico, una brigada contra la minería ilegal, unidades de guardacostas, infantería de marina y efectivos de la Policía Nacional. El Sector Defensa es consciente de que a futuro será fundamental continuar fortaleciendo las capacidades de la Fuerza Pública para, en el marco de sus competencias, continuar apoyando a las autoridades ambientales, entes territoriales y a la comunidad en la defensa y preservación del agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente como activos estratégicos de la Nación. Será fundamental profundizar la disrupción del delito de la explotación ilícita de minerales, mediante el desmantelamiento de las economías ilícitas que se lucran de ella y de la afectación de la cadena criminal. En igual medida, será vital apoyar la recuperación de los ecosistemas más afectados por las actividades ilegales, por medio de actividades de restauración de áreas, del trabajo articulado con las comunidades, la construcción y mantenimiento de viveros forestales y el fortalecimiento a las investigaciones científicas lideradas desde la Armada Nacional y la Dirección General Marítima para la protección de los océanos, el recurso hídrico y sus ecosistemas. De esta forma será posible continuar trabajando en la reducción de los riesgos que se ciernen sobre los ecosistemas del país y disminuir los índices de deforestación, y tras la búsqueda de soluciones que contribuyan a la reducción y mitigación de los GEI. Esta estrategia que ha puesto en marcha el Sector Defensa y que es recogido en esta obra, presenta los aportes sectoriales del trabajo interinstitucional que se han venido realizando en los últimos años, siendo un ejemplo de la forma en la que se pueden sumar esfuerzos para contribuir a la superación de la encrucijada global que nos afecta a todos y que debe ser enfrentada con un esfuerzo común.