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1
Morais Carvalho, Jorge. "Contratos de compraventa de bienes (Directiva 2019/771) y suministro de contenidos o servicios digitales (Directiva 2019/770) – ámbito de aplicación y grado de armonización = Sale of goods (Directive 2019/771) and supply of digital content and digital services (Directive 2019/770) – scope and degree of harmonisation." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 1 (2020): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5230.
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Resumen: La Directiva 2019/770, relativa a determinados aspectos de los contratos de suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales, y la Directiva 2019/771, relativa a determinados aspectos de los contratos de compraventa de bienes, publicadas en el Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea en mayo de 2019, representan un hito muy importante en el Derecho contractual europeo en materia de consumo. En el presente texto se analiza el ámbito de aplicación de estos dos instrumentos jurídicos y se destaca el margen de arbitrio que tienen los Estados miembros, señalando los aspectos en los que habrá que modificar el Derecho nacional, en algunos casos reduciendo el nivel de protección de los consumidores.Palabras clave: consumidor, compraventa de bienes, contenido digital, servicio digital, Directiva 2019/770, Directiva 2019/771.Abstract: Directive 2019/770 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services and Directive 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods, published in the Official Journal of the European Union in May 2019, represent a very important milestone in European consumer contract law. Throughout this text, an analysis is carried out of the scope of application of these two legal instruments, highlighting the margin of discretion that Member States have and pointing out aspects where national law will have to be modified, in some cases by reducing the level of consumer protection.Keywords: consumer, sales contract, digital content, digital services, Directive 2019/770, Directive 2019/771.
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Chacón, Ignacio Fernández. "Some Considerations on the Material Scope of the New Digital Content Directive: Too Much to Work Out for a Common European Framework." European Review of Private Law 29, Issue 3 (2021): 517–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021026.
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The aimof this article is to analyse some of themain issues regarding thematerial scope of the new Directive 2019/770/EU on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services. It focuses on the concept of digital content and services and on the changes made to the rules laid down in Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights. To this end, it pays particular attention to the treatment of digital content depending on whether or not it is supplied in a tangible medium and to the identification of the rules applicable in each case. It also addresses the exclusion of so-called goods with digital elements from the scope of Directive 2019/770, the requirements for such exclusion and the legal regime applicable to such goods under the new Sales Contract Directive 2019/771/EU. Finally, it analyses the novel inclusion of the so-called ‘free contracts’ within the scope of Directive 2019/770 where the counter performance of the consumer consists solely in providing personal data in exchange for digital content or services supplied, the exceptions to that inclusion in viewof the formthrough which such data are collected and its problematic interaction with the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679/EU.
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Tot, Ivan, Antun Bilić, and Tomislav Jakšić. "Exploring the Transposition of the Sale of Goods and Digital Content And Services Directives." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 74, no. 5-6 (2024): 773–74. https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.74.56.1.
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European consumer law has undergone transformative shifts with the introduction and subsequent transposition of two landmark directives: the Sale of Goods Directive (Directive (EU) 2019/771; SGD) and the Digital Content and Services Directive (Directive (EU) 2019/770; DCSD). These “twin directives”, together with the Modernisation Directive (Directive (EU) 2019/2161) and the Representative Actions Directive (Directive (EU) 2020/1828), represent a foundational effort to modernise consumer protection law within the European Union, adapting it to the realities of an increasingly digitalised economy. Their implementation into national laws across EU Member States has sparked significant legal, policy, and practical discussions. This double issue of the Collected Papers of Zagreb Law Faculty delves into the complex process of transposing the SGD and DCSD across multiple jurisdictions, featuring in-depth analyses, critiques, and comparative perspectives from selected EU Member States – Ireland, Italy, Slovenia, and Hungary – as well as post-Brexit England and Wales.
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Wróbel, Agata. "Harmonization of Consumer Law in the European Union in the Digital Age: an Analysis of the Impact of Directives (EU) 2019/2161, 2019/770 and 2019/771 of the European Parliament and the Council on Consumer Protection and Their Implementation in Poland." Kwartalnik Prawa Międzynarodowego III, no. III (2023): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8921.
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The protection of consumer rights has been unified and extended at the EU level by the adoption of a directive of 27 November 2019 amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC andDirectives 98/6/EC, 2005/29/EC, and 2011/83/EU with regard to better enforcement and modernization of EU consumer protection rules. This activity of the European Commission, known as the Omnibus Directive, is a type of strategy involving the introduction of changes in various legal instruments of the European Union through a single comprehensive legal act. As this is a directive, its effectiveness requires implementation into national legislation. In the Polish legal system, the directive has been implemented through two acts amending the Consumer Rights Act, the Civil Code, and the Private International Law Act, and these amendments came into force on 1 January 2023. The purpose of this article is to analyse the changes introduced by the Omnibus Directive, Directive 2019/770 and Directive 2019/771, their impact on consumer protection in the European Union and to discuss the implementation of these directives’ provisions into the Polish legal order.
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Vanherpe, Jozefien. "White Smoke, but Smoke Nonetheless: Some (Burning) Questions Regarding the Directives on Sale of Goods and Supply of Digital Content." European Review of Private Law 28, Issue 2 (2020): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2020013.
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The spring of 2019 saw the adoption of two EU directives concerning, respectively, the sale of goods (Directive 2019/771, ‘SGD’) and the supply of digital content (Directive 2019/770, ‘DCD’), which must be implemented into Member State law by 1 July 2021. The modified national rules must apply from 1 January 2022, the date on which the accompanying repeal of the 1999 consumer sales directive (Directive 1999/44, ‘CSD’) will take effect. The question arises whether the EU legislator has succeeded in drawing up a clear, consistent consumer protection framework. This article submits that this is not necessarily the case, focusing on ambiguities and interpretative issues in the scope of application of the two new directives (1) as well as the provisions regarding conformity (2). The paper concludes with a number of evaluative observations on the possible long-term effects of the new rules (3).
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Valko, L. A. "The Harmonization of ukrainian and EU legislation in the field of consumer rights protection for digital services." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 86 (2025): 44–50. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.86.2.7.
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The article examines the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with the legal norms of the European Union (EU) in the field of consumer protection for digital services. Focus is placed on the implementation of key EU directives and regulations, including Directive 2019/770/EU on the supply of digital content and services, Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights, and the Digital Services Act (DSA). It is noted that Directive 2011/83/EU offers key approaches to regulating contractual relationships in digital services, which require implementation. The significance of Directive 2011/83/ EU is examined in the context of ensuring transparency in contractual relations between consumers and digital service providers, particularly regarding the provision of digital content updates. The compliance of the “Law on Digital Content and Digital Services” and the “Law on Consumer Protection” with European standards is analyzed. The study shows that the Law of Ukraine, «On Digital Content and Digital Services,» partially aligns with Directive 2019/770/EU but requires further adaptation. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the «reasonable time» principle defined in Directive 2019/770/EU and its insufficient implementation in Ukraine’s national legislation. Key aspects of digital services regulation in Ukraine are characterized by quality requirements, consumers’ rights to content updates, and safety assurance. The importance of legislative harmonization for enhancing legal compatibility between Ukraine and the EU, ensuring consumer access to high-quality digital services, and stimulating the development of the digital economy is emphasized. Challenges are identified, including insufficient regulation of digital content updates, limited application of the “reasonable time” principle, and inadequate regulation of the technical characteristics of digital services. Recommendations are proposed for adapting the Law of Ukraine «On Consumer Protection» to the specifics of digital services. Proposals have been developed to improve legal regulation in Ukraine, taking into account the standards and practices of the European Union. Particular attention is paid to legal safeguards for consumers in cases of breaches of digital service contracts. The necessity of adapting national laws to EU standards is highlighted, particularly by strengthening requirements for digital service providers regarding quality, timely updates, and content compatibility. The relevance of further implementation of the provisions of Directives 2019/770/EU, 2011/83/EU, and the Digital Services Act to ensure effective consumer rights protection is underscored.
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Corvo López, Felisa María. "Estudio de derecho comparado sobre las garantías en la venta de bienes de consumo en España y Portugal a la luz de la Directiva (UE) 2019/771 = comparative legal studies on the sale of consumer goods and guarantees in Spain and Portugal in the light of the Directive EU 2019/771." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 1 (2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5183.
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Resumen: Siendo fruto de la transposición de la hoy derogada Directiva 1999/44/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 25 de mayo de 1999, sobre determinados aspectos de la venta y las garantías de los bienes de consumo, la normativa española y la portuguesa en materia de garantías en la venta de bienes de consumo difieren en no pocos puntos. El presente estudio tiene por objeto analizar dichas diferencias y poner en relación el régimen de garantías previsto en el contexto ibérico con el Marco común de referencia y con las recientes Directivas (UE) 2019/770 y 2019/771, especialmente con esta última.Palabras clave: venta de bienes de consumo, conformidad, derechos del consumidor.Abstract: Although Spanish and Portuguese regulations about the sale of consumer goods comply with the Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees, they differ on several issues. This paper tries to emphasize the discrepancies between the rules of these Member States and link the regulation about the sale of consumer goods in the Iberian context with the Draft Common Frame of Reference and the recent Directives EU 2019/770 y 2019/771, especially with the last one.Keywords: sale of consumer goods, conformity, rights of the consumer.
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Ostrowski, Heronim. "New regulations on the sale and supply of digital services and digital content in consumer turnover (I)." Kwartalnik Prawa Międzynarodowego III, no. III (2023): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8914.
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The first part of the article describes how the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) 2019/771 of May 20, 2019 on certain aspects of contracts for the sale of goods, amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 and Directive 2009/22/EC and repealing Directive 1999/44/EC was transposed into Polish legislation. The obligation related to the implementation of the aforementioned directive, which is of a maximum nature, forced a return to the concept of seller's liability for non-conformity of goods with the contract, which was in force in consumer trade until December 24, 2014. De lege lata, the provisions on guarantee for defects of goods contained in Civil Code will not apply to contracts for the sale of goods that are movables concluded between a consumer and a businessman. The paper describes which regulations have worsened and which have improved the position of consumers purchasing goods from entrepreneurs. The second part of the study will address the implementation into Polish law of Directive 2019/770 of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) of May 20, 2019 on certain aspects of contracts for the supply of digital content and services, which regulates the rights and obligations of entrepreneurs and consumers who are parties to contracts for the supply of digital content or services for the provision of digital content or digital services.
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Hryshko, U. P. "EU legislation in the field of consumer rights protection." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 60 (September 15, 2022): 119–32. https://doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.60.119-132.
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The research reveals the main aspects of the legislative protection of EU consumer rights. It was determined that the protection of consumer rights in the EU occupies an important place in ensuring the priority of human rights and freedoms in the countries that are part of this community. In order to ensure the protection of consumer rights for all history of this process, a number of directives have been adopted, in particular: the Consumer Protection Directive, which was amended by Directive (EU) 2019/2161, the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, the Price Marking Directive (Article 6a), Unfair Contract Terms Directive, Directive (EU) 2020/1828 on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers, Directive on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and related guarantees, replaced by Directive (EU) 2019/770 on contracts for the supply of digital content and services, EU Directive on sales contracts 2019/771/EU (Sale of Goods Directive). It was determined that on December 12, 2017, the European Parliament adopted Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 on cooperation between national bodies responsible for the implementation of legislation on the protection of consumer rights, with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of the rules and procedures of cooperation between national bodies responsible for the implementation of legislation on the protection of consumer rights consumer rights. It has been established that Article 38 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is also devoted to the protection of consumer rights, which states that EU policy should ensure a high level of consumer protection.
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Południak-Gierz, Katarzyna. "Wpływ dyrektyw 2019/770 oraz 2019/771 na poziom ochrony konsumenta w ramach reżimu rękojmi w prawie polskim." Prawo w Działaniu 54 (2023): 172–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32041/pwd.5406.
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Legislative changes introduced during the transposition of Directives 2019/770 and 2019/771 affected the level of consumer protection in Polish law in different ways. Regulating contracts for the supply of digital content and services, introducing new criteria for compliance with the contract, expressly requiring a qualified consensus if the subject of the contract is defined as deviating from the standard, addressing the issue of update, legal defects, partial withdrawal from the contract, and the possibility of withholding payment of the price until fulfillment of obligations due to non-compliance of the item with the contract improved consumers’ protection. In contrast, introducing a hierarchy of remedies for non-conformity of sold goods and the obligation to take into account the need to promote more sustainable consumption and circular economy when interpreting the provisions transposing Directive 2019/771 have a negative impact on consumer legal position. Finally, chosen manner of transposition lead to the fragmentation of the system of liability for non-conformity with the sales contract and further fragmentation of the regulation of contracts for the supply of digital content and services.
11
Giliker, Paula. "The Challenges of Transposing (and Not Transposing) The Sale of Goods Directive and the Digital Content and Services Directive into Common Law Jurisdictions: Ireland and Post-Brexit England and Wales." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 74, no. 5-6 (2024): 775–95. https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.74.56.2.
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2022 was a significant year for European consumer lawyers with the provisions of the Sale of Goods Directive (EU) 2019/771, Digital Content and Digital Services Directive (EU) 2019/770 and the Omnibus Directive (EU) 2019/2161 all required to come into force. This paper examines the challenges of transposing these Directives into common law jurisdictions where, in relation to sale of goods law at least, consumer law is a mixture of well-established statutory material and case-law authority. It contrasts the implementation of the Directives in Ireland with their non-transposition in post-Brexit England and Wales, two common law systems with strong historical ties. Examining Irish law, we see the challenges of transposition, including how to fit EU law into established legal structures and to ensure that consumers are aware of their rights while changing engrained business practices. These challenges are likely to arise in all Member States. Transposition raises questions, therefore, of legal development, not least how to change legal (and business) cultures in EU Member States.
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Cámara Lapuente, Sergio. "Resolución contractual y destino de los datos y contenidos generados por los usuarios de servicios digitales = Ttermination of contract and destination of data and content generated by users of digital services." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 1 (2020): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5226.
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Resumen: Durante el uso de los contenidos y servicios digitales puestos a disposición del consumidor por los distintos proveedores, los usuarios facilitan y crean gran cantidad de datos. El tratamiento legal del control sobre el destino de estos datos se bifurca en la actualidad en dos normas: por una parte, si se trata de datos personales, se aplicará el Reglamento (UE) General de Protección de Datos de 2016 (RGPD); por otra parte, respecto a contenidos generados por los usuarios que no sean datos personales, las reglas de la reciente Directiva (UE) 2019/770, de 20 de mayo de 2019 sobre contratos de suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales (DCSD) será de aplicación tras su transposición.Este ensayo analiza la intersección de las normas sobre protección de datos personales con las normas sobre la defensa contractual del consumidor al tiempo de la extinción de este tipo de contratos por vía de resolución. Para ello compara los rasgos de los derechos de supresión, olvido y portabilidad del Reglamento con los nuevos derechos de impedir el uso de los datos y de recuperarlos establecidos en la Directiva y concluye críticamente acerca del escaso impacto que estos últimos pueden llegar a tener debido a su reducido ámbito de aplicación, las escasas facultades y las excesivas excepciones incorporadas finalmente en uno de los preceptos centrales de la Directiva 2019/770.Palabras clave: contenidos digitales, servicios digitales, resolución, contrato de suministro, datos personales, portabilidad, derecho al olvido, derecho de supresión, Directiva (UE) 2019/770, Reglamento General de Protección de Datos, conformidad, contenidos generados por los usuarios, consumidor.Abstract: During the use of digital content and services made available to the consumer by different traders and platforms, users provide and create large amounts of data. The legal treatment of control over the destination of these data currently splits into two pieces of legislation: on the one hand, in the case of personal data, the 2016 (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will apply; on the other hand, in the case of user-generated content other than personal data, the rules of the recent Directive (EU) 2019/770 of 20 May 2019 on contracts for the supply of digital content and services (DCSD) will apply after transposition in Member States.This paper analyses the intersection of the rules on personal data protection with the rules on the contractual protection of the consumer at the time of the extinction of this type of contract by means of termination. To this end, it compares the features of the rights to erasure, to be forgotten and to portability of the Regulation with the new rights to prevent further use of data and to retrieve them established in the Directive, and critically concludes that the latter may have little impact due to their reduced scope of application, the limited powers and the excessive exceptions finally incorporated in one of the central articles of Directive 2019/770.Keywords: digital contents, digital services, termination, contract of supply, personal data, portability, right to erasure, right to be forgotten, Directive (EU) 2019/770, General Data Protection Regulation, conformity, user generated contents, consumer.
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Castillo Parrilla, José Antonio, and Jorge Morais Carvalho. "“Pay or ok”. Pagar con datos personales tras la Directiva 2019/770." 34 34, no. 2 (2024): 100–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2024-0002_0006.
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Partiendo de las ideas de onerosidad, precio y contraprestación en la teoría general de las obligaciones y de los contratos, se analiza en este texto la cuestión del pago con datos personales en los contratos celebrados con consumidores frente a los ordenamientos jurídicos español y portugués. A pesar del temor del legislador a utilizar la palabra “contraprestación” en este contexto, se argumenta que estamos ante un pago con datos personales siempre que se cumplan tres supuestos: (i) el tratamiento de datos se basa en el consentimiento del interesado (consumidor); (ii) el profesional responsable del tratamiento está vinculado por el consentimiento del consumidor (interesado) de tal forma que se produce el sinalagma do (res) ut des (data); (iii) la responsabilidad del consumidor es consecuencia de la libertad de consentimiento. De este último aspecto se desprende que la mera restitución recíproca de prestaciones no puede considerarse un perjuicio para la revocación del consentimiento.
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Sposini, Ludovica. "The Italian Implementation of the Sale of Goods Directive and the Digital Contents and Services Directive: Between Critical Issues and Novelties." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 74, no. 5-6 (2024): 797–815. https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.74.56.3.
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This contribution analyses the Italian legislature’s implementation of the two “twin” directives, Directive (EU) 2019/770 (Digital Content and Services Directive, DCSD) and Directive (EU) 2019/771 (Sale of Goods Directive, SGD). A critical examination of the major new aspects introduced by Legislative Decrees nos. 170/2021 and 173/2021 reveals missed opportunities to ensure a framework capable of addressing the changes brought about by new technologies. This shortcoming is particularly evident given the legislature’s stated commitment to the ecological transition, yet a lack of effective measures to address issues like “planned obsolescence”. Furthermore, even in one of the most important innovations – namely, the explicit recognition of the economic and commercial value of data (so-called “data monetisation”) – the legislature failed to clarify whether personal data can be regarded as consideration in contracts, and neglected to coordinate this regulation with existing data protection law. These reflections lead to the conclusion that due to a merely formalistic implementation of the EU framework, the Italian system governing the sale of goods is already ill-equipped to adequately respond to the challenges posed by digital commerce.
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L. Dias Pereira, Alexandre. "Os direitos do consumidor de conteúdos e serviços digitais segundo a Diretiva 2019/770." Revista Electrónica de Direito 21, no. 1 (2020): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2020-0001_0007.
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Este trabalho analisa o acervo de direitos e remédios do consumidor no caso de não fornecimento e de não conformidade com o contrato de fornecimento de conteúdos ou de serviços digitais nos termos da Diretiva 2019/770 e de outros diplomas legais de proteção do consumidor.
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Gellert, Raphaël. "The EU’s New Directives on Digital Contracts, and Artificial Intelligence: Really Future Proof?" European Review of Private Law 29, Issue 3 (2021): 403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021021.
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In 2019 the European Union adopted two key Directives on consumer protection with regard to digital contracts: the Directive on the supply of digital content and digital services (2019/770, hereinafter DCD), and the Directive on the online sale of goods (2019/ 771, hereinafter SGD). The European Commission has meant these Directives to be futureproof, which is the reason why the range of digital content under the scope of the DCD is as broad as possible, and the SGD applies to so-called ‘goods with digital elements’. Yet, and in-spite of this future-proof ambition, no mention is made of what is probably the most pressing current technology: artificial intelligence (AI). This technology presents a number of important challenges as underscored by the European Commission in its recent White Paper on AI. Yet, they do not seem to have been taken into account by the Directives. This contribution therefore tries to apply the challenges identified by the Commission in the context of product safety and liability to these Directives with a focus on the DCD. It shows that it presents a number of important challenges, in particular as far as provision on conformity, remedies, or liability are concerned. Ultimately, it raises the question as to whether these Directives are able to deal with AI.
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Ostrowski, Heronim. "New regulations on the sale of goods and provision of services and digital content in consumer trade - selected issues (II)." Kwartalnik Prawa Międzynarodowego I, no. 1 (2024): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.4504.
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The article describes Directive 2019/770 of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) of May 20, 2019 on certain aspects of contracts for the supply of digital content and services, which regulates the rights and obligations of businesses and consumers who are parties to contracts for the supply of digital content or services. The paper focuses in particular on the purpose of the European legislator in enacting the directive and how to implement the implemented provisions into Polish legislation.
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Mamaiev, Illia. "Modification of Digital Content and Digital Services Within the Understanding of the Directive 2019/770 and Draft Law № 6576." Law and innovations, no. 2 (42) (June 25, 2023): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2023-2(42)-9.
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Problem setting. In May 2019, the European Parliament and the Council adopted the 2019/770 Directive «On Certain Aspects Concerning Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content and Digital Services», which came into force for EU Member States on January 1, 2022. The outlined directive makes many changes in the legal relationship between consumers and suppliers of digital content or services, which performs several positive functions at once: 1) elimination of legal gaps in the defined field; 2) improvement of consumer protection as a more vulnerable side of legal relations; 3) harmonization of disparate national regulation on a single approach; 4) promoting interstate economic relations through reducing market barriers. It is fair to point out that Ukraine also needs to eliminate the above problems. In addition to the need for national legislation on the Acquis of the European Union, the adaptation of domestic regulation to the above directive should contribute to the development of the digital market and to increase legal certainty for both consumers and for suppliers of digital content or services. In some of the latest works, the author conducted a comparative analysis of the regulation of personal data between Directive 2019/770 and the draft Law of Ukraine on Digital Content and Digital Services No. 6576 of 31.01.2022, which was already adopted as a basis and has on the basis The purpose of implementing the provisions of the said directive into national law. This work will focus on the study of another aspect of these normative legal acts-the question of modification of digital content and digital services. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The following researchers have studied the issue of modifying digital content and digital services: C. J., Martínez, M. Farinha, L. M. Savanets, K. V. Efremova, G. M. Stakhira, K. G. Nekit Purpose of the research is to provide a legal interpretation of the modification of digital content and digital services, in which it is necessary to find out the definition of this concept, the legal grounds for such modification, its types, as well as the rights, responsibilities and responsibilities related to the modification process. The additional purpose of the article is to compare certain provisions of the Directive 2019/770 with the draft Law of Ukraine No. 6576 of 31.01.2022. Article’s main body. In this scientific work, a study of the legal regulation of the issue of modification of digital content and (or) digital services was carried out in accordance with the provisions of Directive 2019/770 «On Certain Aspects Concerning Contracts for The Supply of Digital Content and Digital Services» and in comparison with the draft law «On Digital Content and Digital Services» No. 6576 dated January 31, 2022. The main goal of the article is to clarify the legal interpretation of this concept and analyze the compliance of the normative provisions in the cited normative legal acts. The definition of «modification» of digital content and services was determined within the scope of the goal, the legal grounds for such modification, its types, as well as the rights, duties and responsibilities associated with the modification process were clarified. Among other things, the legal interpretation of the concept of «digital content» and «digital services» was determined, and their approximate list was analyzed. Methods of providing digital content and digital services are defined. The concept of modification of digital content and digital services as a right and as a duty of the supplier is considered. The provisions regarding objective and subjective criteria of compliance have been studied. Clarified legal consequences in case of violation of the mentioned compliance requirements (means of consumer protection). The prerequisites that give the supplier the right to modify digital content are considered. Problematic issues related to user agreements (Terms of Use) were raised. It has been determined what should be understood by valid reasons allowing the modification of digital content or services. Considered requirements for informing the consumer about the introduction of certain modifications. In particular, the specifics related to informing the consumer using a durable information carrier are defined, in the event that the modification negatively affects the consumer’s access to digital content or digital service or their use. Finally, a comparison of the provisions of Directive 2019/770 and Draft Law No. 6576 dated 31.01.2022 was made, as a result of which a number of significant shortcomings were identified, which cause inconsistency between the mentioned legal acts. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The conducted analysis established the absence of a legal definition of «modification», however, it suggests considering under this concept any modification of digital content, services or a method of accessing them, which is characterized by the appearance of new features or properties while preserving the essence. Regarding the correspondence between the concepts of «digital content» and «digital service» between Directive 2019/770 and the Draft Law, it is possible to conclude that they are consistent. Both definitions are characterized by sufficient abstractness in order to increase the adaptability of regulatory legal acts to the rapid development of the digital market. However, the text of the directive allows you to understand the approximate list, in particular: computer programs, applications, video files, audio files, music files, digital games, e-books or other electronic publications, etc. As the study found, modification of digital content or service can be considered both a right and a legal obligation of the provider. As for the prerequisites for the modification (whether it is a right or an obligation), it can by its very nature only be applied to digital content or service provided or made available to the consumer during a certain period. As an obligation, modification is considered in the context that the provider is obliged to ensure the maintenance of compliance of the digital content or service with subjective and objective requirements, i.e., must make the necessary changes to prevent non-compliance or to eliminate already existing non-compliance. At the same time, the consumer has the right to use the provided means of protection in case of non-compliance. The use of modification as a supplier’s right must be based on several requirements designed to ensure minimum guarantees of fairness for the consumer. The main prerequisite for this is the conclusion of a contract between the supplier and the consumer (usually a “User Agreement” such as “Terms of Use”). In such a contract, valid reasons for making modifications must be provided (the list of valid reasons is not exhaustive, but must comply with the general principles of reasonableness and proportionality). In addition, any modification must be carried out without additional costs for the consumer (which, as it turned out, should be understood not only as direct financial costs as an increase in payment). Finally, the consumer must be clearly and comprehensibly informed about the modification (if necessary, using a durable medium). It was found that the Ukrainian Draft Law, despite the overwhelming compliance with Directive 2019/770, has a number of significant inconsistencies: the absence of a subjective requirement «to be updated as provided for in the contract », instead of which the Draft Law includes in the list of subjective compliance criteria the requirement to provide the latest version, which according to Directive 2019/770 is an objective criterion; uncoordinated settlement of the supplier’s responsibility for a public statement; completely ignoring the requirement for proper consumer notification of modifications using durable media in certain cases.
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Farinha, Martim. "Modifications on the digital content or digital service by the trader in the Directive (EU) 2019/770." Revista Electrónica de Direito 25, no. 2 (2021): 84–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2021-0002_0004.
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Barceló Compte, Rosa. "A propósito de la STJUE de 8 de octubre de 2020 (caso EU contra PE Digital GmbH): suministro de servicios digitales y derecho de desistimiento." Revista Electrónica de Direito 26, no. 3 (2021): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2021-0003_0003.
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The commentary that is addressed analyzes the judgment of the CJEU of 8 October 2020 (Case EU v. PE Digital GmbH) which examines several preliminary questions relating to the exercise of the right of withdrawal on a contract for the provision of digital services concluded at a distance. Thus, the work affects the question relating to the nature of the contract for the supply of digital content and digital services and analyzes whether one of the performances of the contractual object can be considered as digital content according to the definition provided by Directive 2019/770 of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services. The following pages also focus on the consequence that the legal nature of the contract and of one of its performances has on the exercise of the consumer's right of withdrawal provided for in Directive 2011/83 on consumer rights.
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Savanets, Liudmyla M., and Anna M. Stakhyra. "New EU legislative instruments concerning contracts for the sale of goods and supply of digital content." Pravovedenie 64, no. 2 (2020): 222–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2020.202.
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On the 20th of May 2019, the European legislator adopted new Directives on the sale of goods and supply of digital content, which determine the vector of future contract law development in the European Union. Directive 2019/770 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services, and Directive 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods are the first steps in adapting European private law to the requirements of the digital economy. The article discusses the reasons and preconditions for the adoption of new Directives. The authors, making a historical excursion of the harmonization of European contract law, demonstrate the continuity of the new Directives’ norms of European tradition on the basis of Principles of European Contract Law, Acquis Principles, Draft Common Frame of Reference, Common European Sales Law and Directive 1999/44/EC on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees. The advantages and disadvantages of the selected full harmonization in new Directives are examined. The legislative freedom granted to European Union Member States on certain issues related to contractual relations for the sale of goods and the supply of digital content are analyzed. The authors pay considerable attention to the disclosure of major legislative novelties related to contractual relations for the sale of goods and the supply of digital content, in particular the conformity of goods (digital content), and requirements for conformity; the seller’s (trader’s) duty to ensure that the consumer is informed of and supplied with updates that are necessary to keep those goods (digital content) in conformity; the burden of proof; data monetization; remedies for lack of conformity of goods (digital content). The problem of the hierarchy of remedies for lack of conformity of goods in a circular economy, such as repair and replacement, is also touched upon. The authors draw attention to the fact that taking into account the peculiarities of the circular economy and in order to determine the disproportion of the chosen method of legal protection, it is necessary to enshrine in legislation on the sale of goods the requirement to take into account its impact on the environment.
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Prystai, R., and І. Yavorska. "Consumer rights protection in digital contracts within the framework of the European Union." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 74 (2023): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.74.77.
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Having analyzed the mechanisms of consumer rights protection in the field of concluding electronic contracts, it is noted that there is no separate definition of the concept of this type of contract in EU law, instead the concept of a distance contract is used. EU law regarding the conclusion of contracts in electronic form allows the use of various forms of negotiations between the parties, which is the main feature of this type of contract. From this, we came to the conclusion that in the process of protecting the rights of consumers in the field of electronic commerce, it is appropriate to use the general concept of a distance contract and apply to it the norms arising from the legislation on the protection of consumer rights.
 It is indicated that at the EU level, the system of consumer protection in electronic contracts is horizontal in nature. Thus, the main Directives are Directive 2019/770 «On certain aspects of contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services» and Directive 2019/771 «On certain aspects of contracts for the sale of goods». Together with them, Directive 2011/83 «On Consumer Rights» (CRD) and the new EU Directive «On Better Implementation and Modernization of EU Consumer Rights Protection» (2019/2161/EU) apply when concluding contracts. General EU rules on consumer protection when using electronic payment methods were also established. In January 2018, the existing legal regulation was replaced by Directive No. 2015/2366 «On Payment Services in the Internal Market» (or PSD 2). PSD 2 introduced additional protections for online and mobile payments and strengthened security requirements, which in turn, along with other measures, provided additional guarantees for consumers’ rights to conclude and execute electronic contracts.
 It was noted that the judicial practice of the EU Court in the field of consumer rights protection also allows us to assert a constant increase in attention to ensuring more effective protection of the rights of consumers who are parties to electronic contracts. Among the essential mechanisms for guaranteeing the protection of consumer rights, the durable medium principle, which is widely used in judicial practice, means the possibility of using an electronic means of communication that is considered acceptable for providing information. as it allows the client to store information addressed personally to this client in a way accessible to him and for a period of time sufficient for the purposes of the information and which allows the unchanged reproduction of the stored information.
 The EU Directive «On Better Enforcement and Modernization of EU Consumer Protection» (2019/2161), part of the «New Deal for Consumers» package, improves the rules for digital developments, such as the transparency of online markets, aimed at guaranteeing equal rights of consumers to «free» digital services, ensuring transparency of consumer feedback, ensuring the possibility of submitting claims for price reductions.
 Thus, regulatory regulation and judicial practice in the field of EU consumer rights protection should be taken into account during normative design activities in Ukraine, during bringing legislation into line with EU law, as one of the priority areas of harmonization, and reflecting and taking into account changes in the methods of concluding agreements to guarantee sufficient mechanisms for the protection of consumer rights during the conclusion of electronic contracts.
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Mišćenić, Emilija, and Lidija Ileković. "Novo uređenje isporuke digitalnog sadržaja i digitalnih usluga u hrvatskom potrošačkom pravu." Harmonius Journal of Legal and Social Studies in South East Europe 13, no. 1 (2025): 193–235. https://doi.org/10.51204/harmonius_24107a.
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Directive (EU) 2019/770 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services was transposed into the Croatian legal order through the entry into force of the Act on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services on January 1, 2022. The subject of this special and new Act is the conformity of digital contentor a digital service with the contract and the rights and obligations of contractual parties in cases of non-conformity or failure to supply, as well as in cases of modification of the digital content or digital service. The introduction of legal regulation of these extremely important aspects of today’s digital everyday life is still quite a novelty and a challenge in practice in most Member States of the European Union. Despite the daily use of a wide variety of digital content and digital services by consumers, the legal regulation of this matter was lagging behind the actual development of the digital market. The article therefore provides an in-depth analysis of the novelties introduced into the Croatian legal framework and practice through harmonization with Directive (EU) 2019/770. By examining and interpreting the newly introduced autonomous European legal concepts such as interoperability, functionality, compatibility, etc., but also through practical examples of (non-) conformity of digital content and digital services, it points at the rights and obligations of consumers as users and traders as suppliers of digital content and digital services.
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Renko, Jernej. "Personal Data as Means of Payment for Digital Content or Digital Services in the Slovenian Implementation of the Digital Content and Services Directive." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 74, no. 5-6 (2024): 921–41. https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.74.56.9.
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One of the most significant features introduced by Directive (EU) 2019/770 (Digital Content and Services Directive, DCSD) is the regulation of contracts in which consumers provide their personal data to traders in exchange for digital content or digital services. The DCSD effectively places consumers who “pay” with their personal data on an equal footing with those who pay a monetary price for digital content or services. However, this results in the overlap of two entirely distinct legal fields: consumer law and data protection law. Should the provision of personal data be active? Should it include non-personal data as well? What happens when a consumer withdraws their consent for the processing of personal data? Since the DCSD leaves many such questions to the discretion of Member States, there is a considerable risk of diverging transpositions of the DCSD into national legal systems. Slovenia’s implementation of the DCSD remains relatively conservative and closely follows the Directive’s framework. Nevertheless, it addresses the trader’s right to terminate the contract if the consumer withdraws consent for the processing of personal data.
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García Pérez, Rosa María. "Bases jurídicas relevantes del tratamiento de datos personales en la contratación de contenidos y servicios digitales = Relevant legal bases in the processing of personal data in the contracts of digital contents and digital services." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 1 (2020): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5228.
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Resumen: El proceso emprendido a nivel europeo de revisión, modernización y adaptación de las reglas de protección de consumidores al entorno tecnológico ha puesto en contacto dos esferas normativas de contrapuestos intereses: protección de datos personales y Derecho de consumo. El primer punto de inflexión de la compleja interacción entre ambos marcos regulatorios ha venido de la mano de la Directiva (UE) 2019/770 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 20 de mayo de 2019, relativa a determinados aspectos relacionados con los contratos de suministro de contenido digital y servicios digitales, que ofrece los mismos remedios contractuales tanto a consumidores que abonan un precio como a quienes, a modo de contraprestación, facilitan sus datos personales. De las nuevas e interesantes perspectivas de análisis que ofrece la imbricación del derecho fundamental a la protección de datos en la esfera contractual, este trabajo centra su atención en la determinación de las bases de licitud, conforme al Reglamento General de Protección de Datos, de los tratamientos de datos personales derivados del ámbito de aplicación de la Directiva y su incidencia contractual.Palabras clave: Mercado Único Digital Europeo, interacción derecho de consumo-protección de datos personales, suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales, datos personales como contraprestación, principio de licitud del tratamiento.Abstract: The European process of revision, modernization and adaptation of consumer protection rules to the technological environment has brought into contact two regulatory spheres of opposite interests: personal data protection and consumer law. The first inflection point of the complex interaction between both regulatory frameworks has come from the hand of Directive (EU) 2019/770 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 20 May 2019, on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services, which offers the same contractual remedies both to consumers who pay a price and to those who, by way of counter performance, provide their personal data. Of the new and interesting perspectives of analysis offered by the overlapping of the fundamental right to data protection in the contractual sphere, this paper focuses on the determination of the bases of lawfulness, according to the General Data Protection Regulation, of the processing of derived personal data of the scope of the Directive and its contractual impact.Keywords: EU Digital Single Market, interaction consumer law - data protection regulation, supply of digital content and digital services, counter-performance in the form of personal data, principle of lawfulness of the personal data processing.
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Schulze, Reiner. "Characteristics of modern European contract law." Pravovedenie 64, no. 2 (2020): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2020.201.
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European contract law has recently entered a new phase in its development as a result of the introduction of new legislation responding to the challenges posed by digitalization and, in particular, the supply of digital content and digital services. Whereas the new legislation contains several characteristics which reflect a continuity of concepts already well-established in European contract law, several innovations have been necessary in order to take account of the specific features of these digital products and the manner in which they are supplied. The legislative responses will play a pivotal role not only in consumer protection but for European contract law. This article will focus in particular on two new “twin” directives: Directive 2019/770 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services and Directive 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods. In examining the core features of these two Directives, this article will consider how their new and innovative characteristics which respond to the challenges of digitalization can contribute towards a modern European contract law. These new approaches in European legislation clearly show that the further development of contract law is facing challenges that go beyond this area of law. The modernization of contract law therefore raises questions that must ultimately be directed at clarifying the overarching features of European private law as a whole. Finally, the relationship between the law of obligations, on the one hand, and property law or intellectual property law, on the other, and possibly a new definition of the boundaries and interaction between these areas, can be considered if contract law recognizes data as an asset, but it will not be able to guarantee sufficient protection of these assets with its instruments alone. Embedding the new concepts, principles and rules in the field of contract law in the development of private law as a whole, in line with the changes in the “digital age”, will therefore remain a major task for legislation and legal doctrine in the EU and beyond.
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Poperechna, H., and L. Savanets. "Legal regulation for sale of goods and supply digital content in EU – analysis of novelties of new EU directives." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 78 (2023): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.78.2.67.
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This article is devoted to the study of new legislative instruments of the European Union in the field of unification of European contract law, namely: Directive 2019/771 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods and Directive 2019/770 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services of 20 May 2019. Considerable attention is paid to the study of the novelties of these legal acts, including: determining the compliance of goods, digital content and digital services with the terms of the contract, researching and establishing the criteria for such compliance, and identifying additional information obligations of the seller and supplier of digital content, digital services and goods with digital elements.
 Particular attention is focused on the seller’s (supplier’s) obligations to periodically update the buyer’s (recipient’s) software in order to ensure the functioning of digital content (goods with digital elements) throughout the entire term of the contract, in accordance with its terms.
 The authors analyze the presumption of non-compliance of goods with the terms of the contract and prove that the burden of proof of compliance of the transferred goods with the terms of the contract rests with the seller (supplier).
 The article pays special attention to the issues of personal data protection, monetization of personal data of the buyer (recipient) of digital content and digital services.
 The authors analyze the ways of protecting the violated rights of the buyer (recipient), and study the environmental friendliness of the legal provisions of the new directives in the field of restoration of the violated rights of the buyer in case of failure to transfer goods, goods with digital elements, digital content, or transfer of goods that do not comply with the terms of the contract.
 The authors conclude that, given the problems and prospects for the development of the circular economy, and with a view to determining the disproportionality of the remedy chosen by the buyer, it is advisable to enshrine in the legislation on sale and purchase the requirement to take into account the impact of this remedy on the environment.
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Sarya, Gede, Retno Trimurtiningrum, Nurani Hartatik, and Ahmad Ainur Rochman. "STUDI KOMPARASI PENGARUH GEMPA TERHADAP GEDUNG BETON BERTULANG BERDASARKAN SNI 03-1726-2012 DAN SNI 03-1726-2019." EXTRAPOLASI 18, no. 2 (2021): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/extrapolasi.v18i2.6020.
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AbstrakPerencanaan struktur bangunan gedung tahan gempa sangat penting di Indonesia, mengingat sebagian besar wilayahnya terletak dalam wilayah gempa dengan intensitas moderat hingga tinggi. SNI gempa telah mengalami banyak perubahan dari waktu ke waktu. Semenjak diterbitkannya peraturan gempa Indonesia SNI 03-1726-2012, Indonesia telah mengalami beberapa kejadian gempa yang amat besar antara lain seperti gempa Mentawai pada tahun 2016 dengan kekuatan 7,8 magnitudo, gempa Lombok 2018 dengan kekuatan 7,0 magnitudo, gempa Palu 2018 dengan kekuatan 7,4 Magnitudo, dan gempa-gempa lainnya, sehingga standar peraturan gempa di Indonesia mengalami pembaharuan menjadi SNI 03-1726-2019. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh gaya gempa berdasarkan peraturan SNI 03-1726-2012 dan SNI 03-1726-2019 dengan meninjau besar gaya geser dasar, simpangan dan simpangan antar lantai. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perbandingan gaya geser dasar yang terjadi adalah sebesar 47% untuk arah Y dan 69% untuk arah X, perbandingan simpangan maksimum yang terjadi sebesar 1.17% untuk arah X dan 0.92% untuk arah Y, serta peningkatan simpangan antar lantai maksimum terjadi sebesar 0.6-1.2%. AbstractThe design of earthquake resistant building structure is very important in Indonesia, considering that most of the area is located in eartquakes areas with moderate to high intensity. Indonesian Code for earthquake has undergone many changes from time to time. Since Indonesian earthquake code SNI 03-1726-2013 has been published, Indonesia has experienced several large earthquakes, such as Mentawai eatchquake with magnitude of 7.8 in 2016, Lombok earthquake with magnitude of 7.0 in 2018, Palu earhquake with magnitude of 7.0 and 7.4 in 2018 and others, so that the earthquake code in Indonesia has been updated to SNI 03-1726-2019. This study aims to determine the effect of earthquake load based on SNI 03-1726-2019 and SNI 03-1726-2012 by observing the base-shear forces, drift and story drift. The result show that the differences of base shear forces are 47% for Y direction and 69% for X-direction, the maximum drift differences are 1.17% for X direction and 0.92% for Y direction, the increase percentage of story drift is 0.6-1.2%.
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Morais Carvalho, Jorge. "Venda de Bens de Consumo e Fornecimento de Conteúdos e Serviços Digitais – As Diretivas 2019/771 e 2019/770 e o seu Impacto no Direito Português." Revista Electrónica de Direito 20, no. 3 (2019): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2019-0003_0004.
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A Diretiva 2019/770, sobre certos aspetos relativos aos contratos de fornecimento de conteúdos e serviços digitais, e a Diretiva 2019/771, relativa a certos aspetos dos contratos de compra e venda de bens, publicadas no Jornal Oficial da União Europeia em maio de 2019, constituem um marco muito relevante no direito europeu dos contratos de consumo. Procede-se neste texto a uma análise de alguns dos principais problemas ligados a estes dois diplomas, realçando vias possíveis de transposição para a ordem jurídica interna e assinalando aspetos em que o direito português terá de ser alterado, em alguns casos diminuindo o nível de proteção do consumidor.
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Avilés García, Javier. "Disponibilidad de piezas de recambio en los servicios postventa: una reciente distorsión legislativa interna con el Derecho europeo." Revista CESCO de Derecho de Consumo 39 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/rcdc_2021.39.2791.
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Tras la entrada en vigor este 1 de marzo de 2021 de una serie de reglamentos de ejecución comunitarios que traen causa de la Directiva 2009/125/CE, 21 octubre (diseño productos), la configuración jurídica del nuevo “derecho a la reparación” de los bienes de consumo susceptibles de reparación ha dado un nuevo paso: la ampliación del plazo obligatorio de disponibilidad de las piezas de recambio en el mercado. Esta obligación temporal específica por cuenta de fabricantes, importadores o representantes autorizados se ha trasladado a nuestro país de una manera equívoca e inarmónica con la normativa europea, según la redacción dada al nuevo artículo 127 bis TRLGDCU. La reforma operada no distingue ni separa con nitidez lo que supone la reparación de los bienes de consumo como medida correctora específica por causa de la disconformidad con el contrato de compraventa -recogida en las Directivas 2019/770/UE y 2019/771/UE transpuestas-, y la reparación de los bienes de consumo entendida como medida general de política legislativa fundada en el ciclo de vida útil de esos bienes, incardinada ésta dentro del Plan de Acción europeo para la Economía Circular (2015, 2020), y que no estaba bajo el presupuesto habilitante en la transposición de ambas directivas.
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Zoll, Fryderyk, Katarzyna M. Południak-Gierz, and Wojciech K. Bańczyk. "Sustainable consumption and circular economy in the Directive 2019/771." Pravovedenie 64, no. 4 (2020): 526–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2020.406.
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One of the aims behind issuing a new directive on consumer sales contracts (directive 2019/771) was to adjust this part of contract law so that it can contribute to sustainable development. The Rec. 32 of the directive explicitly states that one of its objectives is to achieve more sustainable consumption patterns and a circular economy. This article analyses whether and to what extent this motive is reflected in the black letter rules of the directive (the previous directive on consumer sales contracts constitutes a point of reference). The work begins with a general assessment of the interplay between the values the directive is meant to protect. The impact that the values at hand may have on the interpretation of the directive’s provisions is diagnosed (with a focus on the influence of the choice of the method of harmonization on the interpretation process). The study covers ecology-related issues emerging in the context of durability requirements, objective conformity requirements stemming from various quality standards, reparability of the good, consumers rights under the directive and the interplay between the general private law rules and the directive’s norms. Based on the analysis, the first conclusions regarding the ecological effectiveness of the directive are made. Although directive 2019/711 announces striving for the achievement of sustainable consumption and a circular economy as one of its aims, within its black letter provisions no significant changes are introduced in comparison to its predecessor. The EU legislature has correctly diagnosed some (but not all) areas where modifications should be made to ensure sustainable consumption within the consumer market. Nevertheless, no significant changes in their regard were introduced. As a result, the interpretation of the directive’s provisions through the prism of the ecology-related values should be applied to ensure that this regulatory intervention brings about the intended change to the consumer sales law.
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Akulov, Yu V. "Legal regulation of digital transformation in Ukraine: institutional and technological criteria for effectiveness in the context of European integration." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 3, no. 86 (2025): 209–14. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.86.3.31.
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This article provides a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the criteria for the effectiveness of state policy in the areas of digitalisation and artificial intelligence. It particularly focuses on the examination of normative-legal, institutional, technological, and innovative aspects of digital transformation amid the processes of European integration and martial law in Ukraine. Through a systemic analysis of the normative-legal framework, it is established that the legislative support for digitalisation in Ukraine is characterised by complexity and alignment with European standards. A key role is played by the Law of Ukraine on «Digital Content and Digital Services,» which ensures the harmonisation of national legislation with Directive 2019/770. The synergistic effect of the interaction between various normative-legal acts in the sphere of digitalisation is analysed, including laws on cloud services and e-commerce. Institutional criteria for effectiveness are explored, reflecting the organisational capacity of state authorities to implement digital transformation policies. The role of the Ministry of Digital Transformation and the effectiveness of CDTO positions within state authorities are examined. The necessity of establishing specialised regulatory bodies, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence, is identified, akin to the European Artificial Intelligence Board. Technological criteria are assessed through the lens of the Regional Digital Transformation Index, demonstrating significant progress in the implementation of digital solutions, particularly in the areas of paperless documentation and electronic services. Regional disparities in the level of digitalisation are analysed, and key factors for successful digital transformation at the local level are determined. Innovative criteria are investigated in the context of developing research activities and technology transfer mechanisms. The role of digitalisation in enhancing the transparency of public administration and strengthening trust in state institutions is defined. Strategies for supporting the digitalisation of research activities and mechanisms for protecting intellectual property rights during technology transfer are analysed.
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Savanets, Liudmyla. "Determining the Parties Obligations in Contracts for the Supply Digital Content: Problems and Prospects of Adapting Ukrainian Legislation to Eu Law." Archives des Sciences 74, no. 3 (2024): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.62227/as/74337.
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After signing the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States [47], Ukraine undertook a number of commitments, including the progressive alignment of its legislation with the European Union acquis. This includes the strengthening of economic and trade relations with a view to Ukraine’s gradual integration into the European Union internal market through the establishment of a deep and comprehensive free trade area, including intangible goods such as digital content. In May 2019, the European Parliament and the Council adopted a new legislative act in the field of digital content distribution – Directive 2019/770 on contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services, which entered into force for European Union member states on July 1, 2021. The process of implementation of the Directive provisions involves recodification of the member states’ national civil legislation. This underlines the importance of studying the provisions of this regulatory act in the context of the Ukrainian legislation adaptation. Therefore, the study of the possible implementation of the provisions of this Directive, in particular of the perspective of determining the parties’ obligations in contracts for the supply of digital content into the national legal system of Ukraine, is of great importance. The purpose of this study is to clarify the content of the obligations of the parties in contracts for the supply of digital content, to examine the possibility of application current national legislation to regulate relations for the supply of digital content, and to develop regulatory provisions for the improvement of Ukrainian legislation in accordance with the provisions of European Union law. In the course of this research, the following general scientific and special legal methods have been applied: the method of legal analysis, the method of comparative law and modeling, the system-functional method, the method of analysis and synthesis, and the method of generalization. The article substantiates the need to establish a digital content supply contract in the Civil Code of Ukraine as a separate type of named contract with its own subject matter and other essential conditions. The authors demonstrate the ineffectiveness of applying the rules of sale of goods, service, and lease contracts to legal relations with digital content. The authors substantiate the appropriateness of the imposition of additional information obligations on the provider of digital content in contracts with consumers. Within the framework of the conducted research, the authors identify the obligations of the supplier of the digital content, including: a) to deliver the digital content; b) to transfer the ownership of the physical data carrier on which the digital content is stored in favor of the recipient; c) to ensure that the digital content complies with the terms of the contract; d) to ensure the possibility of using the digital content in accordance with the terms of the contract; e) to transfer the necessary documents to the recipient together with the digital content. The article proves that the recipient’s obligations under a contract for the supply of digital content are as follows: a) to pay the contract price (unless the terms of the contract provide for the fulfillment of another counter-obligation, including the provision of personal data usage, or provide for the supply of digital content on a gratuitous basis); b) to accept the digital content together with the necessary supporting and authorization documents; c) to take the necessary measures to ensure the use of the digital content.
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Hidalgo, Cerezo Alberto. "Obsolescencia programada y obsolescencia provocada. La falta de conformidad sobrevenida por las actualizaciones de contenidos digitales y el derecho al regreso a la versión anterior («the right to downgrade»)." Anuario de Derecho Civil 77, no. 2 (2024): 617–66. https://doi.org/10.53054/adc.v77i2.10508.
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<strong>RESUMEN:</strong> El fenómeno de la obsolescencia programada, nacida en el contexto de la crisis económica de la Gran Depresión de la década de 1920, ha sido objeto de análisis en la doctrina, pero carece de una regulación unificada que aborde de manera integral sus implicaciones. Su impacto adverso se percibe desde las perspectivas del derecho del consumidor, derecho de la competencia y derecho al medio ambiente, dado que contribuye a la generación de residuos de difícil gestión. Las reformas actuales y futuras (recientemente, el Reglamento (UE) 2023/1542 sobre pilas y baterías) probablemente abordarán esta cuestión en clave de promoción de un modelo de economía más sostenible y empoderamiento del consumidor, lo que podría calificarse como como un avance en beneficio del interés general, la solidaridad intergeneracional y la protección de los legítimos intereses económicos de los consumidores. No obstante, la “obsolescencia provocada” o “forzada” representa una nueva manifestación más sofisticada de la obsolescencia programada original. En este caso, la pérdida de rendimiento del producto no se debe al desgaste natural o fatiga por el uso, sino a actualizaciones realizadas en el dispositivo, ya sea por acción del consumidor instigado por el fabricante o incluso por iniciativa directa del fabricante. Estas actualizaciones provocan la pérdida de rendimiento o funcionalidades que conducen a una falta de conformidad sobrevenida y antes no existente, afectando al consumidor que, de no haber actualizado su dispositivo, no habría experimentado este perjuicio. En la actualidad, la posibilidad de realizar “downgrade” a versiones anteriores del firmware o sistema operativo está limitada contractual y técnicamente de forma artificial, impidiendo en muchos casos revertir la situación mediante un simple mecanismo de “restauración del sistema”. En este trabajo, abordaremos la existencia de instrumentos jurídicos que permitan reconocer el “derecho al regreso a la versión anterior” en caso de pérdida de rendimiento causada por actualizaciones, es decir, en situaciones de “obsolescencia provocada”. Existe un número creciente de casos históricos que involucran a importantes fabricantes como Apple con iOS y sus teléfonos iPhone, Samsung con Android y Marshmallow, o Sony y PlayStation, donde las autoridades ya se han pronunciado, considerando estas prácticas como contrarias a derecho, y que son la viva representación de este nuevo fenómeno de “obsolescencia provocada”. En última instancia, cabría afirmar que la Directiva 2019/770 relativa a determinados aspectos de los contratos de suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales, sí ofrece un instrumento adecuado en su artículo 19 para proteger a los consumidores frente a estas situaciones. Por consiguiente, se considera que existen bases normativas suficientes para abordar tanto la “obsolescencia provocada” como el “derecho al regreso a la versión anterior” de manera viable. <strong>PALABRAS CLAVE:</strong> Obsolescencia provocada, obsolescencia programada, derecho a reparar, dispositivos móviles, bienes con elementos digitales, derecho al regreso a la versión a anterior. <strong> </strong> Planned obsolescence and forced obsolescence. Non-conformity arising from digital content updates and the right to downgrade. <strong>ABSTRACT:</strong> The problem of planned obsolescence, which arose in the context of the economic crisis of the Great Depression in the 1920s, has been analysed in the doctrine, but lacks a unified regulation that comprehensively addresses its implications. Its adverse impact is perceived from the prospects of consumer law, competition law and environmental law, given that it contributes to the generation of e-waste that is difficult to be managed. Current and future reforms (most recently Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries) are likely to address this issue in terms of promoting a more sustainable economic model and consumer empowerment, which could be seen as a step forward in the general interest, intergenerational solidarity and the protection of consumers' legitimate economic interests. However, “forced” or “triggered” obsolescence represents a new and more sophisticated manifestation from the original planned obsolescence. In this case, the loss of product performance is not due to natural wear and tear or exhaustion from use, but to upgrades made to the device, either by consumer action (instigated by the manufacturer) or even at the direct initiative of the manufacturer. These updates cause a loss of performance or functionalities leading to a previously non-existent and supervening lack of conformity, affecting the consumer who, if he had not updated his device, would not have experienced this damage. Currently, the possibility of downgrading to previous versions of the firmware or operating system is contractually and technically artificially limited, in many cases preventing the situation from being reversed by a simple “system restore” mechanism. In this paper, we will address the existence of legal instruments to recognise the “right to downgrade” in case of loss of performance caused by upgrades, i.e. in situations of “forced obsolescence”. There are a growing number of landmark cases involving major manufacturers such as Apple with iOS and its iPhone smartphones, Samsung with Android and Marshmallow, or Sony and PlayStation, where the authorities have taken action considering these practices to be against the law, and which are the living representation of this “forced obsolescence”. Ultimately, it could be argued that Directive 2019/770 on certain aspects of contracts for the supply of digital content and services does provide an adequate instrument in its Article 19. Therefore, it is considered that there are sufficient regulatory bases to address both “forced obsolescence” and the “right to downgrade” in a workable manner. <strong>KEYWORDS:</strong> Forced obsolescence, planned obsolescence, right to repair, mobile devices, goods with digital components, right to downgrade.
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Gsell, Beate, and Rodrigo Araldi. "Plazos de las medidas correctoras en caso de vicios ocultos según la Directiva (UE) 2019/770 sobre contratos de suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales y la directiva (UE) 2019/771 sobre el contrato de compraventa de bienes." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 2 (2020): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5617.
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En el presente estudio se aborda la cuestión de los plazos para el ejercicio efectivo de remedios por falta de conformidad en los contratos de compraventa y suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales con arreglo a las Directivas 2019/770 y 2019/771. En particular, se examinan los plazos aplicables en caso de vicios ocultos, que sólo se manifiestan después de la entrega de los bienes o del suministro del contenido digital. Además, se ocupa de la situación más compleja de los vicios ocultos en los contratos que prevén el suministro continuo del contenido digital. La finalidad es evaluar tanto la adecuación de la solución legislativa adoptada en cada Directiva como la coherencia entre ambas en cuanto al régimen jurídico aplicable a esos plazos.
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Garlan, Mictat. "The Unemployment of Today and Tomorrow in Romania." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 2, no. 1 (2014): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v2i1.p52-63.
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For any political regime the employment and unemployment of active population represents the most pressing social and economic obligation. in Romania, any comparative study before and after 1990, on 2 x 2 decades of different economic policies, can observe the damaging effects which they had forced privatization of state enterprises on the labor market, with over 1,000,000 declared unemployed in 1999, compared to zero unemployed in 1989. After this disaster, and after a short economic rehabilitation, it followed another crisis, with a further increase in unemployment of ANOFM, from 445,000 persons in 2009 to 626,960 persons in 2010 to 740,000 in 2011 of 674,000 in November 2012 , 512 333 persons in December 2013 to 724,000 persons in March 2014. These data indicate that in Romania the crisis is not over yet. in parallel to these developments there have been published the analyzes of the National Commission for Prognosis, but with some significant deviations in two directions. On the one hand, the calculations are made on the formula BIM records, and on the other hand, they are in the direction of a lower estimates. So, in the estimates of performed forecasts for the years 2014 -2017, with trend analysis and analysis of previous years, the total number of unemployed in 2011 was to be of 730 200 persons. in 2012 the total number of unemployed was to be of 701,200 persons, in 2013 of 726,000 persons, of 705,000 persons in 2014, of 690,000 in 2015 and of 685,000 in 2016. Without contesting the effort to accuracy of this Commission and the fact that any forecast includes a dose of risk too, there are obviously immeasurable variables that were not taken into account. We refer to the quality of business environment, revenues polarization, with decreasing trends in wages, to labor migration especially medium and high qualified. We refer to the existing difficulties in the allocation of development credits, to the corruption of officials from the local councils the excess of electoral concerns of governments, with the necessity of different approaches for each of them. With this supplement of fren factors we can say that on prospective 2 years, the registered unemployment from National Institute of Statistics, will not fall below 740.000 persons. To these things, it must be added the volume of more than twice unregistered persons, which means a total of approx. two million persons, this being the actual estimation of the non-employed population, to which has reached in Romania today.
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Arroyo Amayuelas, Esther. "Entra en vigor el Real Decreto Ley 7/2021 (compraventa de bienes de consumo y suministro de contenidos y servicios digitales al consumidor)." Revista CESCO de Derecho de Consumo 41 (2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/rcdc_2022.41.2955.
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El Real Decreto-Ley 7/2021, de 27 de abril, transpone las Directivas (UE) 2019/770 y 2019/771 y modifica, una vez más, el Texto Refundido de la Ley General de Defensa de los Consumidores y Usuarios. Los nuevos artículos resultantes de la transposición son muy largos, poco manejables y a veces difíciles de entender. El siguiente comentario muestra algunas lagunas e incoherencias de la nueva normativa española.
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García Goldar, Mónica. "The inadequate approach of Directive (EU) 2019/771 towards the circular economy." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 29, no. 1 (2021): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x211051827.
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The current social context (overconsumption, planned obsolescence, etc.) will be presented in this paper to illustrate the need for the European Consumer Law to be more aligned with sustainability objectives. To this end, the relatively recent Directive (EU) 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods will be analysed to conclude that it does not reflect any of the guidelines contained in the two Action Plans for the circular economy (2015 and 2020). Despite the fact that this Directive (EU) 2019/771 aims at full harmonization, a certain margin of manoeuvre is (fortunately) granted in favour of the Member States. Finally, a reference to the possibility of the market moving towards circularity (as there is now a greater demand for sustainable products) will also be made.
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Kunes, Radim, Zbynek Havelka, Pavel Olsan, et al. "A Review: Comparison of Approaches to the Approval Process and Methodology for Estimation of Ammonia Emissions from Livestock Farms under IPPC." Atmosphere 13, no. 12 (2022): 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13122006.
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Ammonia (NH3) emissions have a negative impact on the welfare of breeding animals, human health, and the environment. These influences of modern intensive agriculture have led to numerous protocols, national regulations, and European Directives. Following previous regulatory measures, the Commission Implementing Decision European Union (EU) 2017/302 on 15 February 2017 has established best available technique (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and the Council, for the intensive rearing of poultry and pigs. This applies to intensive poultry and pig producers with a capacity of over 40,000 poultry, 750 sows, or 2000 fattening pigs. Due to the application of this directive, air emissions have been reduced by between 40% and 75% over the last 15 years. The integrated permit monitors the entire environmental burden of the farm on its surroundings (air pollution, water, soil pollution, waste production, energy use). This review aims to provide a critical overview of how member states (including the United Kingdom) are approaching the implementation of IPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) and the conclusions of BAT in their legislation and related documents, and how they monitor NH3 emissions from intensive livestock farming. The data for this review were obtained from 2019 to 2020.
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Selvestravičiūtė, Agnė. "Consumer Law and Environmental Protection: Consumer Sales Directive 2019/771 Example." Teisė 127 (July 13, 2023): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2023.127.7.
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This paper reviews principal coherence of EU Consumer law and environmental protection as demonstrated through analysis of Consumer Sales Directive. After dichotomy between EU consumer and environmental protection, and EU primary law’s obligation to coordinate these areas is assessed, rules of directive which reflect (or conversely – neglect) environmental protection goal are analysed. It is later argued that directive basically ignores Union’s quest towards sustainability. Although singular rules from directive may indeed be changed hoping it would help to fight ecological problems, taking consumer law’s role in solving ecological challenges seriously means more than fine-tuning several provisions but changing consumer law fundaments’ instead.
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Poperechna, Hanna. "Supply Digital Content: The Concept of Adaptation of New EU Directives to Ukrainian Legislation." osteuropa recht 69, no. 2 (2023): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2023-2-190.
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Die Herausforderungen der digitalen Revolution, die Schaffung eines digitalen Binnenmarktes für die Europäische Union und die Entstehung neuer vertraglicher Beziehungen für die Verbreitung digitaler Inhalte erforderten die Entwicklung und Verabschiedung einer wirksamen gesetzlichen Regelung. Eine solche gesetzliche Regelung wurde zu den Richtlinien der maximalen Harmonisierung: Richtlinie (EU) 2019/770 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates über bestimmte Aspekte von Verträgen über die Bereitstellung digitaler Inhalte und digitaler Dienstleistungen, Richtlinie (EU) 2019/771 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates über bestimmte Aspekte von Verträgen über den Verkauf von Waren vom 20. Mai 2019. Im Rahmen der Neukodifizierung des ukrainischen Zivilrechts und der Erfüllung der im Assoziierungsabkommen zwischen der Europäischen Union und ihren Mitgliedstaaten einerseits und der Ukraine andererseits eingegangenen Verpflichtungen zur schrittweisen Angleichung der ukrainischen Gesetzgebung an den gemeinschaftlichen Besitzstand ist es notwendig, ein Modell für die Umsetzung der Richtlinienbestimmungen in nationales Recht zu entwickeln. Der Artikel analysiert die Möglichkeit der Unterscheidung einer neuen Vertragsstruktur für das ukrainische Recht, beweist die Notwendigkeit der Aufnahme der entsprechenden Vorschriften in das Zivilgesetzbuch der Ukraine, legt die Definition eines neuen Vertrags, die terminologische Definition seiner Parteien und die wesentlichen Bedingungen fest.
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Kārkliņš, Jānis, and Vadim Mantrov. "The Place of Contract for Digital Thing in Latvian Contract Law Within the Context of the Consumer Sale Directives 2019." Journal of the University of Latvia. Law 14 (2021): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/jull.14.04.
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The article aims to explore the place of contract for digital thing (i.e., a good with digital elements; digital content; and digital service) from the point of view of Latvian contract law considering the recently adopted Consumer Sale Directives 2019 (Directives 2019/770 and 2019/771). The topicality of the article’s theme is rooted in transposition of these directives into Latvian national law. On the one hand, it is necessary to find a proper place for classification of contract for a digital good considering approaches and contents of Latvian contract law for the appropriate understanding of this contract within Latvian contract law and, speaking broadly, Latvian civil law. On the other, the transposition of these directives would mean that digital goods for nonconsumers will remain without explicit regulation because these directives are intended to be transposed into consumer rights protection law being as lex specialis without introducing any amendments into general contract law. At the beginning, the present article provides an overview of the place of contract for a digital thing before transposition of the Consumer Sale Directives 2019 into Latvian consumer rights protection law, i.e., in the current regulation of Latvian contract law. The article continues with analysis of the expected place of contract for a digital thing after the currently intended transposition of these directives. Afterwards the article addresses the consequences of that transposition. The article concludes with summary following the discussion contained therein.
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Savanets, Liudmyla. "The Implementation of Directive 2019/771 in Ukrainian Private Law: Future Prospects and Challenges." osteuropa recht 69, no. 2 (2023): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2023-2-233.
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Ukraine as an EU candidate country gets a duty to adopt national law to EU law. The EU sales law is one of the directions in this field. In the future, as one of the Member States, Ukraine also will have the obligation to transpose new Directive 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods. One of the main questions for Ukrainian legislator is connect with transposition of these Directive in Ukrainian Civil Code or separate Act, apply new regulation to all obligational relations, with some exceptions for consumer contracts or only to consumer contracts in case of non-conformity. The comparison of Directive 2019/771 and Ukrainian sales law is realized in the article. The general remarks on the method for transposition of Directive 2019/771 in Ukrainian private law, in particular relationship between consumer law and general private law, the term “lack of conformity”, liability of the seller in case of non-conformity and remedies for lack of conformity are analyzed.
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Jokanović, Ivan. "Lack of conformity of goods with the contract and sustainability issue – Directive (EU) 2019/771." Central European Academy Law Review 1, no. 1 (2023): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.62733/2023.1.93-102.
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This paper analyses the provisions of Directive (EU) 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods from the sustainability perspective. In order to determine whether the legal solutions enshrined in the mentioned Directive represent a novelty, the paper also focuses on the provisions of Directive 1999/44/EC on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees. This article aims to assess the contribution of Directive (EU) 2019/771 to achieving more sustainable consumption patterns. The issues covered concern the requirements of conformity, the legal guarantee period, the obligation to provide spare parts, the primary and secondary set of remedies, the commercial guarantee, and the expected future steps toward the amendments to Directive (EU) 2019/771. Although Directive (EU) 2019/771 explicitly mentions achieving more sustainable consumption patterns and a circular economy and encouraging sustainable consumption, it may be stated that these notions are not considered to a sufficient extent. Namely, the right to repair is not prioritised over the right to a replacement, while the obligation to provide spare parts is not included among the objective requirements of conformity. The opportunity granted to the Member States to allow the consumer to opt for a specific remedy if the lack of conformity appears within a period not exceeding 30 days after the delivery may be considered another example of neglecting the mentioned notions.
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Iannì, Antonio. "Thoughts on the EU Digital Single Market Strategy and the New Consumer Sales Directive." Legal Issues in the Digital Age 3, no. 1 (2022): 81–94. https://doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2022.1.81.94.
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The paper describes the impact of the EU ‘Digital Single Market Strategy’ (DSMS) on consumer law. The essay analyses, in particular, the new Consumer Sales Directive [Directive (EU) 2019/771] and its recent transposition into Italian Law. Starting from the assumption that the Information-Digital Age certainly has social-economic impacts, therefore also legal ones, the paper first of all illustrates the Strategy promoted in 2015 by the European Commission. In order to represent how the Commission intends to face the new digital “revolution” and its economic opportunities, this essay — through a brief description of the main pillars of the DSMS — tries to circumscribe the outcomes of the Strategy and its correlation with the new legal regime proposed for the building of the so-called ‘Internal Market 2.0’. Moreover, the paper analyses the important role that consumer protection plays in relation to the European Commission’s DSMS. With this in mind, the article examines the main aspects of the so-called ‘New Deal for Consumers’ (NDC), promoted in 2018 by the Commission in order to accompany the implementation of certain parts of the DSMS. In this first part of the article, a sort of “toolbox” is offered to the reader with the purpose of developing a better understanding of the current EU trends in consumer law. Following this line of research, the second part of the article focuses on the Directive (EU) 2019/771 proposed by the European Commission to regulate certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods. In the final section, the paper describes the principal characteristics of the Italian transposition of the New Consumer Sales Directive (NCSD), as implemented in November 2021. In the conclusion, the paper suggests that the most recent EU interventions on consumer law are still based on a traditional understanding of consumer protection and, with regard to certain aspects, do not appear to be very different from the previous legislation (this is the case of the so-called hierarchy of remedies).
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Wang, Chunli, Qun’ou Jiang, Xiangzheng Deng, Kexin Lv, and Zhonghui Zhang. "Spatio-Temporal Evolution, Future Trend and Phenology Regularity of Net Primary Productivity of Forests in Northeast China." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (2020): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213670.
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Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is one of the significant indicators to measure environmental changes; thus, the relevant study of NPP in Northeast China, Asia, is essential to climate changes and ecological sustainable development. Based on the Global Production Efficiency (GLO-PEM) model, this study firstly estimated the NPP in Northeast China, from 2001 to 2019, and then analyzed its spatio-temporal evolution, future changing trend and phenology regularity. Over the years, the NPP of different forests type in Northeast China showed a gradual increasing trend. Compared with other different time stages, the high-value NPP (700–1300 gC·m−2·a−1) in Changbai Mountain, from 2017 to 2019, is more widely distributed. For instance, the NPP has an increasing rate of 6.92% compared to the stage of 2011–2015. Additionally, there was a significant advance at the start of the vegetation growth season (SOS), and a lag at the end of the vegetation growth season (EOS), from 2001 to 2019. Thus, the whole growth period of forests in Northeast China became prolonged with the change of phenology. Moreover, analysis on the sustainability of NPP in the future indicates that the reverse direction feature of NPP change will be slightly stronger than the co-directional feature, meaning that about 30.68% of the study area will switch from improvement to degradation. To conclude, these above studies could provide an important reference for the sustainable development of forests in Northeast China.
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Nguyen, Luan Van. "The economy of Vietnam in 2013 - 2014 from the viewpoint of macroeconomic targets." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 1 (2014): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i1.1254.
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Economic growth is the premise to implement social, environmental, ecological and welfare duties. Vietnam’s economic growth in 2013 is pretty optimistic with 5.42%, the growth quality has also been improved. This growth has contributed to the stabilization of macroeconomy, inflation control and trade surplus.The 2013’ CPI increased less than those of previous years which indicates the inflation control in 2013 is a success. The trade balance has reversed with a trade surplus of 750 and 860 million USD in 2012 and 2013 respectively. The number of employed people in 2013 also increased compared to in 2012 (increased by 1.35%) The 2014’s economic target is to keep the macroeconomic stability and control inflation. The economic targets in 2014 are: economic growth is 5.8%; inflation is controlled below 6%; employment for about 1.6 million of workers is created and export growth to the direction of balance of export and import in the manner of stability and sustainability. In order to achieve 2014’s economic targets, it is necessary to have a new driving force and significant breakthrough, which are regime reform and renovation in the way of thinking. Continue to boost the economic reform with focuces on public investment, banking system and state-owned enterprises to switch from broad economic development to in-depth economic development through capacity of synchronized factors, ensuring the stable development for the economy.
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Goicovici, Juanita. "Portabilitatea datelor cu caracter personal, prin prisma dispoziţiilor RGDP şi ale Directivei 2019/770: este gambitul reginei mutarea de deschidere adecvată?" ANALELE ȘTIINŢIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂŢII „ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA” DIN IAȘI (SERIE NOUĂ). ȘTIINŢE JURIDICE 67, Special issue 2 (2021): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/jss-2021-67-4-4.
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Żok, Krzysztof. "Consumer protection in cloud computing contracts stipulating non-monetary remuneration." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 28, no. 1 (2020): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaaa006.
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Abstract The convenience of cloud services rapidly increases their popularity among consumers. Although the services are often marketed as free, the consumer may be required to provide remuneration. Instead of charging a fee, however, providers usually collect assets other than money, in particular consumer’s personal data. This raises serious questions about consumer protection which until recently has mainly covered ‘paid’ contracts. Moreover, treating some forms of non-monetary remuneration as payment is controversial due to the special status of the information provided by the consumer in exchange for the service. The article analyses the impact of non-monetary remuneration on consumer protection in cloud computing contracts, taking as reference points Directives 2011/83 (with the latest amendments) and 2019/770. The following considerations highlight the disadvantages of both Directives, concluding that they do not remove all the concerns associated with cloud computing contracts. The article also indicates possible solutions to the issue of non-monetary remuneration.
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Kapitsa, Yurii. "Modern trends in the development of protection of intellectual property in the European Union in the context of the integration of Ukraine and the EU." Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, no. 5 (December 29, 2022): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/52022.270779.
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Keywords: protection of intellectual property rights, European Union, integrationof Ukraine and the EU, enforcement of intellectual property, copyright protection
 The modern development of EU intellectual property law in2017-2022 is studied. The active role of the European Commission in analysing the effectivenessof EU acts and determining plans for the development of the sphere of intellectualproperty in the EU is noted. Attention is drawn to the expediency of usingEuropean Commission documents within the framework of the integration of Ukraineand the EU regarding IP (IP action plan, COM/2020/760 final; IP enforcement system,COM(2017) 707 final; guidance on Directive 2004/48 /EC, COM(2017) 708 final,standard essential patents», COM(2017) 712 final etc; evaluation of design designsprotection, 2020; system of supplementary protection certificate, 2020; geographicalindications protection, 2020 etc.The essential importance of the DSM Directive (EU) 2019/790 with introduction ofa sustainable system of payment the fair remuneration to authors and performers aswell revocation mechanism regarding licence or the transfer of rights where there is alack of exploitation of that work, and the relevance of the implementation of theseprovisions in the legislation of Ukraine are emphasized.It is relevant to take into account the Guidance of the Commission on Directive2004/48/EC, in particular, that the right holder could demand that the damages set asa lump sum are calculated not only because of the single amount of that hypotheticalroyalty/fee, but also based on other appropriate aspects. Regarding Commission evaluationof the Regulations (EC) No. 469/2009 and No. 1610/96 concerning the supplementaryprotection certificate for medicinal products and plant protection products, itis relevant to take into consideration in the legislation of Ukraine not only the provisionsof the specified regulations, but also the decisions of the ECJ on the interpretationof the specified acts.
 Regarding geographical indication protection for craft and industrial products inthe EU-registration of GI for non-agricultural products is possible in Ukraine. However,the activities of the ministries need to be particularly strengthened, consideringthe experience of Poland, Moldova and other countries that envisage support fromgovernment authorities for the identification of promising geographical indications,assistance in creating associations of individuals to submit GI applications and in thepreparation of applications, as well as stimulating activities for the protection of GI.The relevance of the adoption in Ukraine of the Strategy for the Development ofthe Intellectual Property Sphere in Ukraine, which was developed in cooperation withWIPO back in 2019 and contains European oriented guidelines for the development ofthe sphere of intellectual property in Ukraine, is noted.