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Kim, Won-Joong. "An analysis of insurance distribution systems." Connect to resource, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1264614857.
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Venter, Petrus Albertus. "Change processes related to managing outsourced distribution within a life insurer." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5541.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.Financial services and in particular the insurance industry, has been exposed to large-scale pressures and challenges from various fronts. For the past few decades, the life insurance industry has been self-regulated through the Life Offices Association (LOA). The LOA, representing life insurers, however never succeeded in keeping the industry abreast of market, and the needs of the role players' (authors' opinion based on interaction with in the industry and supported by the implementation of consumer-driven legislation). The LOA together with a range of other financial services industry bodies have since been disbanded (2008) and will in future form part of the greater industry body ASISA (Association for savings & investment South Africa) Over the past 10 years the slow transformation caught up with the insurance industry. Life insurers wanting to satisfy their shareholders focussed on the generation of new business, often to the detriment of the consumer. Consumer understanding of what they bought increased at a faster rate than the knowledge of many of the brokers selling these products, partly due to the information era and the free availability of information. Lack of transparency, misrepresentations and bad advice from insurers and brokers have been exposed at an increasing rate since the late 1990s. The South African government decided to correct the wrongs of the past by taking control of the situation, copying the UK model on Financial Services. Government instituted the Financial Services Board and implemented a number of regulations to ensure compliance to set criteria. If compared to the regulatory model and processes applied in the UK (FSA), the insurance industry can expect more regulatory pressures in the immediate future. The increased regulation will increase the cost of doing business for all role-players. A reduction in broker numbers can also be expected. Insurers will have to find new ways of increasing production with a reduced distribution capacity. Insurers need to produce sufficient returns on investment for their shareholders to ensure continued capital. By being creative and partnering existing distribution structures, such as distribution networks, bank brokerages, etc., insurers will be able to lock-in distribution capacity without incurring excessive costs. It is undeniable that insurers will have to revisit their distribution strategies if they are to survive the next few years. At the current cost of distribution, insurers will not survive the changing environment. Distribution through existing internal distribution structures will continue to be under severe cost pressures in servicing brokers with low to average production levels. If the international trends are to filter through into the South African insurance industry, larger number of brokers will join networks merely to limit the impact the changing environment has on their practices. Such a move works in favour of all role players: • Insurers are able to reduce/restructure their costs and lock-in distribution capacity through singular points of entry. • Brokers are less fragmented and so improve their ability of being heard, through a greater unified voice. • Regulators can drive change and compliance through singular points of access to multiple brokers. • The industry is able to retain the knowledge and expertise to deliver their products and improve its overall public image. • Government are assured of a larger part of the population having access to financial services and in particular life insurance. • Clients would experience improved and standardised service levels from the brokers. Insurers unable to lock-in distribution capacity will find it extremely difficult to survive the changing climate. Insurers have been locking-in distribution capacity by means of: • agency forces that write products of the specific insurer • bank-assurance agreements where insurers and banks have cross shareholding • franchise agreements where the sales people are in fact agents of the franchisee • call centres either owned by the insurer or having dedicated seats selling products of the insurer • loyalty programmes aimed at gaining a larger portion of the brokers production • recently the formation of distribution networks provide insurers on the network platform access to affiliated brokers. The formation of networks and distribution networks counteracts the constrictions these structures place on broker independence by providing increased operational freedom to their affiliated brokers. The choice of partnering a distribution network needs to be supported by the following: • The choice of partner • A cost-benefit analysis • The timing of entering the partnership • The resources and supporting structures • The communication of the change • The preparation for the change • An approach in support of the partnership Partnering with a network is a strategic initiative as it involves outsourcing what was previously thought to be a core function of the insurer. This change in approach impacts many of the current structures and various people at all levels of the operation. How to approach partnering and implementing a model to support outsourcing to external distribution networks is dealt with in this study. The success of partnering with external distributors is reliant upon eight identified critical factors. These relate to: • fit, management, formalities and relationships of the partnership • systems, processes and support structures in support of the partnership • management of risk, control and growth within the partnership. The changing business environment will continue to increase the attractiveness of distribution networks to brokers. A shift in distribution capacity demographics towards distribution networks can thus be expected. In order to maximise their distribution capacity life insurers will need to embrace the change and adapt their approach towards the partnership. Without understanding, managing and finding solutions to each of the critical success factors (CSFs) an insurer will find it extremely difficult competing and increasing market share within the distribution network. The findings indicate a realistic probability that insurers are able to adapt to the changing environment. This however requires a change in style of management from one of control towards one of influence. Effectively, each partner should be treated as partners.
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Liu, Zhen. "Essays in the economics of property-liability insurance and life insurance markets." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/305024.
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Business Administration/Risk Management and InsurancePh.D.
The first part of the dissertation investigates cost experience in the US life and health insurance industry over the period 1998-2012. We generally test the difference in expenses among different distribution systems, which mainly consists of independent agency, broker, career agency, exclusive agency, and direct writing. We check to see if cost, revenue and profit efficiency differences are associated with different distribution methods. Cost, revenue, and profit efficiencies are estimated by Data Envelopment Analysis. Unlike the results in the property and liability insurance industry, the cost difference is insignificant among distribution systems. Results on cost efficiency and revenue efficiency support the market imperfection hypothesis, which says that the market imperfections such as entry barriers, price regulation, or search costs cause the coexistence of different distribution systems. The second part of the dissertation examines the relationship between mergers and acquisitions (M&As), and underwriting cycles in the P-L insurance industry. In a soft market, capital is relatively high. This leads to an increase in the number of M&A transactions and the probability that managers conduct non-value-increasing M&As. We test this proposition by analyzing the associations between volumes of M&A deals, and returns associated with M&As and underwriting cycle. The results show that the numbers of M&As are negatively related with the premium rate changes and positively related with changes in the combined ratio. We also find that the cumulative abnormal returns around the announcement date of M&As are smaller for the shareholders of insurer acquirers in a soft market. Even more, we find that the market reaction of M&As is less sensitive to agency problems in a hard market than in a soft market.
Temple University--Theses
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Hsu, Minchung. "Essays on health insurance, saving behavior and the wealth distribution." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1428847741&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Le, Coz Maïwen. "Distribution et rôle trophique du zooplancton dans le bassin versant de l'Escaut." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30044/document.
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Les caractéristiques structurelles et fonctionnelles du zooplancton du bassin versant de l'Escaut ont été étudiées en relation avec les conditions environnementales présentées dans les cours d'eau. L'Escaut est un fleuve long de plus de 350km répartis entre la France, la Belgique et les Pays-Bas. Son bassin versant draine un territoire soumis à de nombreuses pressions d'origine anthropique industrielle, agricole et domestique. Par conséquent, d'après l'évaluation de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau, l'état écologique des cours d'eau est jugé plutôt insatisfaisant. Les précédentes études sur le zooplancton de l'Escaut ayant porté principalement sur les tronçons estuariens du fleuve, les communautés zooplanctoniques des cours d'eau de l'amont du bassin versant, dans la zone transfrontalière entre la France et la Belgique étaient jusqu'alors non documentées à notre connaissance. De la source à l'embouchure de l'Escaut, 4 grandes zones fonctionnelles ont pu être identifiées présentant différentes conditions d'habitat pour le zooplancton, définies principalement par le gradient de salinité et l'influence de la marée. A l'échelle de la partie non estuarienne du bassin versant, la variabilité spatiale et temporelle du zooplancton a été explorée, en relation avec les conditions environnementales. La distribution du zooplancton a montré une forte hétérogénéité, induisant une faible prédictibilité dans au regard de l'état écologique (DCE), des conditions environnementales et des profils de contamination des sites (en considérant une gamme de polluants organiques persistants et métaux traces caractéristiques de la zone d'étude). En revanche, un rôle trophique important a pu être mis en évidence, avec une sélectivité trophique de la fraction zooplanctonique 50 -250 µm envers les groupes algaux, en particulier les Chlorophytes, et un broutage suggéré sur les cyanobactériesStructural and functional characteristics of the Scheldt basin zooplankton have been studied in relation with environmental conditions presented in watercourses. The Scheldt runs for 350 km from Northern France to the Netherlands, crossing Belgium. Its basin drains an area subject to multiple pollutions originating from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities. As a consequence, ecological states of watercourses are unsatisfactory according to the Water Framework Directive (WFD) evaluation. So far, studies on Scheldt zooplankton have focused on estuarine reaches, and the upstream basin's communities were scarcely documented. From source to mouth of the Scheldt, 4 functional zones have been identified presenting different habitat conditions for zooplankton, defined mainly by salinity gradient and tidal influence. At the scale of the non-tidal watershed, spatial and temporal variability of zooplankton communities have been explored, in relation with environmental conditions. Zooplankton distribution showed a strong heterogeneity, inducing little predictability concerning ecological status (WFD), environmental conditions, and contamination patterns of sites (considering a set of persistent organic pollutants and trace metals characteristics of the study area). However, an important trophic role has been highlighted. The zooplankton community between 50-250 µm showed a selective feeding on some algal groups, particularly on chlorophytes, and and the results suggest a grazing activity on cyanobacteria
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Ng, Cheuk-yin Andrew, and 伍卓賢. "On the joint distribution of surplus prior and after ruin." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30501179.
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Struyven, Geert J. P. E. "EU accounting harmonisation : an analysis of the development, shaping and impact of the Insurance Accounts Directive in the UK, France and Germany." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363135.
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Bevan, Nicholas. "On the infringements associated with the United Kingdom's transposition of European Council Directive 2009/103/EC of 1 September 2009 on motor insurance." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27591.
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The United Kingdom (UK)’s transposition of the European Directive on motor insurance (the Directive) is shot through with provisions that fall below the minimum standard of compensatory protection for accident victims prescribed under this superior law. These expose third party victims to the risk of being left undercompensated, or recovering nothing at all. The author’s research has demonstrated that the handful of cases that had previously been perceived as isolated anomalies in the UK’s transposition of this European law are in fact symptomatic of a more extensive and deep-rooted nonconformity. His published articles over the past five years were the first to reveal the prevalence of this problem and the resulting lack of legal certainty. He has been the first to offer detailed proposals for reform, as well as fresh insights into legal remedies potentially available to private citizens affected by these irregularities. Sections 2 and 3 of this paper are a summary of the author’s views covered in his various articles and research into the causes and effects of this disparity. They explain that whilst both the UK and European Union’s legislature share a policy objective the different approaches to achieving that end have resulted in different standards of compensatory protection. Section 4 recounts the author’s empirical approach that led him to undertake the first comprehensive comparative law analysis in this field. Section 5 explains the original, if sometimes controversial, nature of the author’s case commentaries, articles and official reports proposing reform. Section 6 sets out the author’s contribution to legal knowledge and practice in this area. This includes his opinion, contrary to long established precedent, that the Directive is capable of having direct effect against the Motor Insurers’ Bureau.
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Oliveira, Diogo Rocha de. "Ratemaking in motor insurance : an application." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14125.
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Mestrado em Ciências ActuariaisThe scope of this work is to calculate an Automobile Tariff for Third Party Liability Coverage and Shock, Collision and Rollover Coverage assuming the basic distributions, Poisson for Claim Frequency and Gamma for Average Cost using Generalized Linear Regression Models. After a brief presentation of the methodology we develop an exploratory analysis of the portfolio both from a frequency and a severity point of view. Using the main conclusions of this exploratory analysis we estimate our models. We use a log link for both frequency and severity, i.e. we define a multiplicative tariff. When modelling the frequency we use a Poisson regression model with over dispersion and we introduce the bonus-malus in force in the company as an offset since the definitions of a new bonus malus system was outside our setup. Once the models are estimated we define a tariff structure and, finally, in the last chapter we analyze the results and take some conclusions.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Karásek, Martin. "Aktuální otázky působení pojišťovacích zprostředkovatelů na českém pojistném trhu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-116230.
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The thesis focuses particularly on the issues of the activites of insurance intermediaries. It identifies problems with the activities of insurance intermediaries and also presents and evaluates options for solving these problems in the context of legislation and market in the Czech Republic.
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Baumann, Michael. "A 3D ultrasound-based tracking system for prostate biopsy distribution quality insurance and guidance." Grenoble INPG, 2008. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00332730.
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A l'heure actuelle, la procédure clinique standard de prélèvement de biopsies de la prostate est effectuée sous contrôle échographique 2D en utilisant un protocole systématique. Il est difficile pour le clinicien de localiser les cibles de biopsie avec précision, et il est impossible de connaître la position exacte des tissus échantillonnés après l'intervention. Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons une méthode permettant de localiser la position des tissus prélevés avec une précision millimétrique par rapport à une image 3D de la prostate de référence. Elle combine des techniques de recalage rigide et élastique basées sur les intensités (recalage iconique) avec des modèles a priori des contraintes biomécaniques. Ce travail permet la mise en œuvre d'applications telles que la validation postopératoire de la distribution des biopsies et l'établissement de cartographies précises des tissus cancéreux, ce qui permettrait éventuellement un traitement localisé du cancer de la prostate. L'approche proposée permet également de guider le clinicien vers des cibles définies sur l'image de référence, provenant par exemple d'une autre modalité d'imagerie telle que l'IRM ou le SpectroIRMThe clinical standard procedure for prostate biopsy acquisition is currently performed under ultrasound control following a systematic protocol. It is difficult for the clinician to aim the biopsy targets precisely and it is impossible to know the exact sampling locations after the intervention. This thesis proposes a method for localization of the sampled tissues with a precision of about a millimeter with respect to a 3D image of the prostate that serves as reference. The approach combines rigid and elastic registration techniques driven by cost functions defined on the image intensities with a priori models of the bio-mechanical constraints of the acquisition process. This work makes it possible to implement applications like post-interventional validation of the biopsy distribution and precise cancer distribution maps, which could make focal prostate cancer treatment possible. The proposed approach also allows to guide the clinician towards targets defined in the reference image, these targets might originate for instance from a different imaging modality like MRI or SpectroMRI
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Andersen, Emelie. "Aeshna viridis distribution and habitat choices in South and Central Sweden and the possibility to use a database as a tool in monitoring a threatened species." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Ekologi och miljövetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-25561.
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Aeshna viridis, a dragonfly generally considered to be a specialist as it in most cases choosesStratiotes aloides as its habitat, have suffered badly from habitat loss and fragmentationsthroughout Europe under the last century as the human demand of land use have grown. It´sthereby considered near threatened on EU red list and is included in the Habitat Directive.This means that it is protected by EU law as all EU Member States is committed to protect,monitor and report back to EU the status of the species. Several European countries havedesigned protection plans for S. aloides to improve the preservation of A. viridis. My study inSouth and Central Sweden shows that the strong connection between A. viridis and S. aloidesmay not be consistent all over the distribution range of A. viridis, as my survey showed thatlarvae occur among other water plants when S. aloides is not present. Another aim in thisstudy was to evaluate the possibility to use occurrence data on A. viridis and S. aloides fromthe Species Observations System to monitor A. viridis distribution and dispersal. My studyimplies uncertainties of how well the datasets reflects reality and more research is necessarybefore clarifying if datasets could be a possible tool in conservation management of A. viridis.
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Griffin, Paul. "Transaction Cost Economics: An Analysis of Commitment in Asymmetrical Insurer-Broker Dyads. An Exploratory Case Study of ING Canada and its Distribution Counterparties." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4862.
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Since the early 1980's there has been a heightened academic interest in the field of commitment, particularly as it relates to business relationships. Knowledge of commitment continues to advance and has begun splintering and applied into specific and narrow fields. The particular field of interest in this study surrounds commitment levels in business relationships within property and casualty insurance distribution networks. The intent of understanding and enhancing commitment levels is to allow stakeholders to explore new ways to improve profitability. This can be achieved by deepening the level of understanding and knowledge of relationship partners with a view to anticipating and fulfilling their needs better than the competition. However, commitment is intangible and involves many factors including human emotion. This increases the difficulty in comprehending the whole phenomenon of commitment. To assist in furthering the knowledge in this area, transaction cost theory is examined and applied to insurance company and broker relationships. In seeking a greater understanding of the underlying drivers of commitment, this thesis investigates the theoretical contribution of transaction cost economics theory in assessing commitment levels. The purpose is to utilize the elements of transaction costs as a means to extend the awareness of how commitment is constructed, and to search for ways to improve and strengthen these relationships. The primary research method consists of three major case studies within the Canadian property and casualty insurance distribution sector. The first case study explores the perspectives of insurance brokers in Ontario. The second study reveals the perceptions of relationship managers employed with ING Canada, the country's largest property and casualty insurance company. Lastly, the research incorporates a series of interviews with ING Canada senior executives to capture their perspectives and validate the research findings from the first two case studies. These investigations into the Canadian insurance industry have provided several outputs, chief among them is the development of a conceptual model referred to as the 'Commitment Wheel'. This model has the advantages of seating affective and calculative commitment at the centre of a moving environment of commitment enablers.
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Nilsson, Mattias. "Tail Estimation for Large Insurance Claims, an Extreme Value Approach." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Computer Science, Physics and Mathematics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-7826.
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In this thesis are extreme value theory used to estimate the probability that large insuranceclaims are exceeding a certain threshold. The expected claim size, given that the claimhas exceeded a certain limit, are also estimated. Two different models are used for thispurpose. The first model is based on maximum domain of attraction conditions. A Paretodistribution is used in the other model. Different graphical tools are used to check thevalidity for both models. Länsförsäkring Kronoberg has provided us with insurance datato perform the study.Conclusions, which have been drawn, are that both models seem to be valid and theresults from both models are essential equal.
I detta arbete används extremvärdesteori för att uppskatta sannolikheten att stora försäkringsskadoröverträffar en vis nivå. Även den förväntade storleken på skadan, givetatt skadan överstiger ett visst belopp, uppskattas. Två olika modeller används. Den förstamodellen bygger på antagandet att underliggande slumpvariabler tillhör maximat aven extremvärdesfördelning. I den andra modellen används en Pareto fördelning. Olikagrafiska verktyg används för att besluta om modellernas giltighet. För att kunna genomförastudien har Länsförsäkring Kronoberg ställt upp med försäkringsdata.Slutsatser som dras är att båda modellerna verkar vara giltiga och att resultaten ärlikvärdiga.
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Yuan, Zhongyi. "Quantitative analysis of extreme risks in insurance and finance." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2422.
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In this thesis, we aim at a quantitative understanding of extreme risks. We use heavy-tailed distribution functions to model extreme risks, and use various tools, such as copulas and MRV, to model dependence structures. We focus on modeling as well as quantitatively estimating certain measurements of extreme risks.
We start with a credit risk management problem. More specifically, we consider a credit portfolio of multiple obligors subject to possible default. We propose a new structural model for the loss given default, which takes into account the severity of default. Then we study the tail behavior of the loss given default under the assumption that the losses of the obligors jointly follow an MRV structure. This structure provides an ideal framework for modeling both heavy tails and asymptotic dependence. Using HRV, we also accommodate the asymptotically independent case. Multivariate models involving Archimedean copulas, mixtures and linear transforms are revisited.
We then derive asymptotic estimates for the Value at Risk and Conditional Tail Expectation of the loss given default and compare them with the traditional empirical estimates.
Next, we consider an investor who invests in multiple lines of business and study a capital allocation problem. A randomly weighted sum structure is proposed, which can capture both the heavy-tailedness of losses and the dependence among them, while at the same time separates the magnitudes from dependence. To pursue as much generality as possible, we do not impose any requirement on the dependence structure of the random weights. We first study the tail behavior of the total loss and obtain asymptotic formulas under various sets of conditions. Then we derive asymptotic formulas for capital allocation and further refine them to be explicit for some cases.
Finally, we conduct extreme risk analysis for an insurer who makes investments. We consider a discrete-time risk model in which the insurer is allowed to invest a proportion of its wealth in a risky stock and keep the rest in a risk-free bond. Assume that the claim amounts within individual periods follow an autoregressive process with heavy-tailed innovations and that the log-returns of the stock follow another autoregressive process, independent of the former one. We derive an asymptotic formula for the finite-time ruin probability and propose a hybrid method, combining simulation with asymptotics, to compute this ruin probability more efficiently. As an application, we consider a portfolio optimization problem in which we determine the proportion invested in the risky stock that maximizes the expected terminal wealth subject to a constraint on the ruin probability.
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Binet, Charlyne. "La convention de courtage en matière d'assurance." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAA004.
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La convention de courtage d’assurance constitue un accord d’intermédiation d’assurance conclu entre un courtier d’assurance et un preneur d’assurance en vue de la conclusion ou la gestion d’un contrat d’assurance visant la préservation des intérêts à assurance du client. Elle permet ainsi la réalisation d’une opération complexe, l’opération de courtage d’assurance. Quoi qu’il s’agisse d’une convention ancienne et fréquente en pratique, la convention de courtage d’assurance est mal connue et sa qualification juridique reste incertaine. Si d’aucuns la rattachent au contrat de mandat, elle reste pour d’autres un contrat distinct sans qualification juridique précise. Dans un premier temps, une étude analytique des spécificités de la convention de courtage d’assurance est réalisée. La qualification juridique de cette convention est ainsi recherchée au regard de la caractérisation préalable des particularités systémiques que revêt l’activité de courtage d’assurance. Par ailleurs, cette activité lui fournit un cadre normatif spécifique, alliant règles législatives et normes privées et offrant une protection des intérêts du preneur d’assurance pluridisciplinaire. Dans un second temps, la recherche de l’influence des spécificités de l’activité de courtage d’assurance permet de dégager le régime de droit de la relation contractuelle entre le courtier et le preneur d’assurance. Appréciée dans sa dimension bipartite, la convention de courtage d’assurance doit en outre, être envisagée dans la configuration triangulaire de l’opération de courtage d’assurance en ce qu’elle coexiste aux côtés d’autres relations de droit, ce qui induit des influences réciproquesThe insurance brokerage agreement is an insurance mediation contract entered into between an insurance broker and a policyholder for the purpose of entering into or managing an insurance contract which tends to the protection of the client’s insurance interests. It creates a complex operation, the insurance brokerage operation to be realised. Although it is a former and frequent agreement in practice, the insurance brokerage agreement is not well known and its legal classification is uncertain. While some scholars associate this agreement with mandate contract, for others it is a separate agreement without specific legal classification. First, an analytical study of the specificities of the insurance brokerage agreement is carried out. The legal classification of this agreement is thus sought in the light of the prior characterisation of the systemic specificities of the insurance brokerage activity. Furthermore, this activity provides a specific regulatory framework for the insurance brokerage agreement by combining legal rules and private standards and offering a multidisciplinary protection of the policyholder’s insurance interests. Secondly, the search for the influence of the specificities of the insurance brokerage activity allows to identify the legal regime of the contractual relationship between the insurance broker and the policyholder. Appreciated in its bipartite dimension, the insurance brokerage agreement must also be considered in the triangular configuration of the insurance brokerage operation in that it coexists alongside other legal relationships, which induces mutual influences
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Kulhánková, Martina. "Pojišťovací zprostředkovatelé a další distribuční kanály pojistných produktů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75344.
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My thesis describes possible methods of distributing insurance products, especially the insurance intermediaries, who are the most important distribution channel in Czech Republic. The work analyses current legislation and its future development. At the conclusion there are investigated specific requirements of insurance clients.
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Vojáček, Petr. "Způsob prodeje pojistných produktů spotřebiteli." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85163.
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The master thesis deals with the sale of insurance products to customers. In the first chapter are discussed the distribution possibilities used by insurance companies on the Czech insurance market. Distribution possibilities are divided into internal and external ones, and the emphasis is consequently pointed out on the current trends in these areas. The other chapter is focused on specific entities entering into the process of buying, selling and brokering of insurance products. The main theses of this chapter include an analysis of shopping habits of consumers of insurance, selling insurance products by insurance companies and insurance solutions to the specific needs of potential clients.
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Karam, Elias. "Measuring and managing operational risk in the insurance and banking sectors." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01057040.
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Our interest in this thesis is first to combine the different measurement techniques for operational risk in financial companies, and we highlight more and more the consequences of estimation risk which is treated as a particular part of operational risk. In the first part, we will present a full overview of operational risk, from the regulatory laws and regulations to the associated mathematical and actuarial concepts as well as a numerical application regarding the Advanced Measurement Approach, like Loss Distribution to calculate the capital requirement, then applying the Extreme Value Theory. We conclude this first part by setting a scaling technique based on (OLS) enabling us to normalize our external data to a local Lebanese Bank. On the second part, we feature estimation risk by first measuring the error induced on the SCR by the estimation error of the parameters, to having an alternative yield curve estimation and finishing by calling attention to the reflections on assumptions of the calculation instead of focusing on the so called hypothesis "consistent with market values", would be more appropriate and effective than to complicate models and generate additional errors and instability. Chapters in this part illustrate the estimation risk in its different aspects which is a part of operational risk, highlighting as so the attention that should be given in treating our models
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Sundin, Jesper. "Risk contribution and its application in asset and risk management for life insurance." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188873.
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In risk management one important aspect is the allocation of total portfolio risk into its components. This can be done by measuring each components' risk contribution relative to the total risk, taking into account the covariance between components. The measurement procedure is straightforward under assumptions of elliptical distributions but not under the commonly used multivariate log-normal distributions. Two portfolio strategies are considered, the "buy and hold" and the "constant mix" strategy. The profits and losses of the components of a generic portfolio strategy are defined in order to enable a proper definition of risk contribution for the constant mix strategy. Then kernel estimation of risk contribution is performed for both portfolio strategies using Monte Carlo simulation. Further, applications for asset and risk management with risk contributions are discussed in the context of life insurance.En viktig aspekt inom riskhantering är tilldelning av total portföljrisk till tillångsportföljens beståndsdelar. Detta kan åstadkommas genom att mäta riskbidrag, som även kan ta hänsyn till beroenden mellan risktillgångar. Beräkning av riskbidrag är enkel vid antagande om elliptiska fördelningar så som multivariat normalfördelning, men inte vid antagande om multivariat log-normalfördelning där analytiska formler saknas. Skillnaden mellan riskbidragen inom två portföljstrategier undersöks. Dessa strategier är "buy and hold" och "constant mix" (konstant ombalansering). Tilldelning av resultaten hos de olika beståndsdelarna med en generisk portföljstrategi härleds för att kunna definiera riskbidrag för "constant mix" portföljstrategin. "Kernel estimering" används för att estimera riskbidrag genom simulering. Vidare diskuteras applikationer för tillgångs- och riskhantering inom ramen för livförsäkringsbolag.
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Khan, Jahangir. "The impact of social security compensation inequality on earnings distribution due to sickness and disability /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-459-7/.
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Malcherová, Yvona. "Analýza pojistných produktů v ČR z pohledu distribučních kanálů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113566.
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The topic of this thesis is the analysis of insurance products in the Czech republic from the point of view of distributional channels. The thesis is devided into a theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part the insurance and its characteristics are discussed. Further, individual parts of insurance marketing mix are mentioned and explained, distributional channels and insurance products are described. In the second analytical part the analysis of 5 insurance products from the point of view of distributional channels and their accuracy both from the client's side and an insurance agency is accomplished. The analysis is devoted to travel insurance, motor car insurance, life insurance, enterprisers' insurance and home insurance. The conclusion includes the final summary of the analysis and its results evaluation.
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Hlavínová, Kristýna. "Specifika prodeje pojistných produktů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-11561.
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Thesis adresses specificity of sale insurance products. The theoretical part analyses specificity of insurance services and their reflection of marketing insurance company and methods of sale insurance products. The practical part analyses two products according to adjusted arguments, namely - investment life insurance, saving account (as a next possibility of financial source for clients). Both chosen products are model applied to one client. The aim of this analysis is to compare product specificity of sale insurance products. Characteristics of products and their segment specifics are listed in recapitulation as well as segment advantages and disadvantages of individual channels of distribution. Personal contact with client, which can be realized either throught network of insurance brokers or branch insurance company, is accented in connection with the specificity of insurance services and their complexity factors.
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Zheng, Wanyu. "Efficiency measurement : a methodological comparison of parametric and non-parametric approaches." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7294.
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The thesis examines technical efficiency using frontier efficiency estimation techniques from parametric and non-parametric approaches. Five different frontier efficiency estimation techniques are considered which are SFA, DFA, DEA-CCR, DEA-BCC and DEA-RAM. These techniques are then used on an artificially generated panel dataset using a two-input two-output production function framework based on characteristics of German life-insurers. The key contribution of the thesis is firstly, a study that uses simulated panel dataset to estimate frontier efficiency techniques and secondly, a research framework that compares multiple frontier efficiency techniques across parametric and non-parametric approaches in the context of simulated panel data. The findings suggest that, as opposed to previous studies, parametric and non-parametric approaches can both generate comparable technical efficiency scores with simulated data. Moreover, techniques from parametric approaches, i.e. SFA and DFA are consistent with each other whereas the same applies to non-parametric approaches, i.e. DEA models. The research study also discusses some important theoretical and methodological implication of the findings and suggests some ways whereby future research can enable to overcome some of the restrictions associated with current approaches.
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Wiid, Yvette. "An evaluation of the parametric amendments of legislation relating to the distribution of retirement benefits upon divorce." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7286_1363774406.
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This thesis will examine the effects of divorce on the benefit payable to a member of a retirement fund, where divorce has occurred before the member has reached retirement age. In
particular, parametric (that is, piecemeal) amendments to the relevant legislation will be analysed in order to outline the development of the legislation relating to divorce and the consequent distribution of
assets (including retirement savings). The previous and current legal position in South Africa relating to divorce and retirement savings will be set out and critically analysed to determine whether the current position can be regarded as an improvement upon the previous legal position, or whether other and/or new problems in this area have been created. Parametric amendments to
relevant legislation have thus far been the subject of many cases in our courts and adjudicative tribunals. A systemic overhaul of a particular area of law is a useful tool in providing legal certainty
and clarifying the laws applicable to that area. This thesis will therefore argue in favour of a systemic overhaul of the legislation applicable to the allocation of retirement benefits at divorce, as opposed to the ineffectual parametric (i.e. piecemeal) amendments that have been implemented thus far. An essential aspect of this study is a comparative study of South African legal principles
relating to retirement benefits and divorce with the legal principles of this subject in the United Kingdom (UK).
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Chen, Shu-Ling. "Three essays on agricultural and catastrophic risk management." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179368620.
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Pontoni, Federico. "Essays on water economics." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100053/document.
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La thèse est structurée autour de quatre articles. Le premier article - What determines efficiency? An analysis of the Italian water sector – offre une évaluation d’efficience du plus grand échantillon d’entreprises italiennes dans le secteur de l’eau qui ait jamais été rassemblé. Cela sur un horizon temporel de quatre ans. Le deuxième article – Hydropower rent in Northern Italy: economic and environmental concerns in the renewal procedure – a deux objectifs: le premier est d’estimer la rente de l’hydroélectricité en Italie, ce qui n’a jamais été intenté auparavant ; le seconde est d’analyser le trade-off entre l’appropriation de la rente et les améliorations environnementales. Le troisième article – Estimating a performance-based environmental fee for hydropower production: a choice experiment approach – développe une redevance basée sur la performance environnementale à mesure non seulement d’internaliser les coûts environnementaux que l’hydroélectricité détermine, mais aussi d'inciter les producteurs à aller au delà de la régulation environnementale existante : de cette façon, ils payent moins. Enfin, le quatrième article – Cheaper electricity or a better river? Estimating fluvial ecosystem value in Southern France – applique la méthodologie CE à l’étude du trade-off potentiel entre revenue-sharing et améliorations environnementales dans la Vallée d’Aspe (Pyrénées français), où plus de 100 MW de capacité hydroélectrique sont installésThe thesis is structured as a collection of four papers and it is ideally divided into two parts: the first one, composed of just one paper, is an efficiency analysis of the Italian integrated water sector; the second part, made of the other three papers, is thematic and studies hydropower production in terms of rent generation and environmental impacts.The first paper – What determines efficiency? An analysis of the Italian water sector – offers an original evaluation of the efficiency of the biggest sample ever gathered of Italian water companies over a period of four years.The first paper of the thematic part – Hydropower rent in Northern Italy: economic and environmental concerns in the renewal procedure – has two objectives: the first one is to estimate the hydropower rent in Italy, which has never been done before; the second one is to investigate the trade-off between rent seizing and environmental improvements.The second thematic paper – Estimating a performance-based environmental fee for hydropower production: a choice experiment approach – develops a performance-based environmental fee able not only to internalize the environmental costs that hydropower causes, but also to stimulate producers to outperform existing environmental regulation: the more they outperform, the less they pay.Finally, the third thematic paper – Cheaper electricity or a better river? Estimating fluvial ecosystem value in Southern France – applies the DCE approach to study the potential trade-off between revenue-sharing and environmental improvements in the Aspe valley, located in the French Pyrenees, where more than 100 MW of hydropower capacity are installed
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Naguez, Naceur. "Essais sur la gestion et la mesure de performance des portefeuilles : distribution de Johnson en gestion alternative et structurée." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CERG0534/document.
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Apostolova-Mihaylova, Maria R. "MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS AND MICROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_etds/16.
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This dissertation focuses on the relationship between the education-based fertility gap and economic growth and on policy as a determinant of fertility.
In the first essay I evaluate the impact of differential fertility (the difference between fertility rates of women with high educational attainment and women with low educational attainment) on economic growth by accounting for critical marginal effects and the general level of educational attainment in a given country. I also examine the possibility that this effect varies based on level of inequality and income levels. I find that for a less developed country with high income inequality, higher fertility rates of women with lower education has a favorable impact on economic development.
In the second essay I examine the transmission and magnitude of the effect of differential fertility on economic growth at the subnational level. I explore the relationship between differential fertility and economic growth in a cross-U.S. state context. I find that a larger gap in fertility rates between highly-educated and less-educated women is strongly associated with a decrease in the rate of long-run economic growth across U.S. states, even after accounting for the levels of inequality and overall fertility.
In the third essay I explore policy as a determinant of the education-based fertility gap. I use the 2007 Massachusetts healthcare reform which provides a good setting for evaluating the effect of an exogenous policy on the fertility. I find that fertility increases among young married women and decreases among young unmarried women but that there is no asymmetrical fertility response based on the education level of the mother.
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Assad, Alaim Mosciaro. "Aplicação da metodologia LDA para gestão do risco operacional de companhia seguradora." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2013. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/599.
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Previous issue date: 2013-08-19Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa
The Operational Risk did not receive much attention from firms, regulators and the market until the event of the fraud on Bahrings Bank, in 1995. The regulatory agencies have issued more complex and rigorous regulations in reply to this and to many other events of operational losses. Their goal is to improve the quality of the controls of the financial institutions, as well as to mitigate the occurrence of new events of this kind. As a new discipline, the regulatory agencies have been incentivizing the financial firms to develop advance approaches based on internal models. In response, they shall have a decrease on the regulatory capital applicable. In other hand, the financial firms themselves shall benefit from na internal model that fits their characteristics, and so, as taylor made. The goal of this research is to study the development of an internal model for operational risk, based on LDA, which has been largely used by financial firms worldwide. The focus on an Insurance company is due to the expressive growth of this market in the later years, which has giving it an increasing importance to the national economy as well as institutional investors role.
Até 1995, com a fraude do Banco Bahrings, não era dada maior relevância ao Risco Operacional pelas firmas, órgãos reguladores e pelo mercado em geral. Após esse e uma série de outros eventos de perdas, algumas delas com consequências desastrosas para o mercado financeiro, os órgãos reguladores passaram a publicar regulamentações cada vez mais rigorosas, para melhorar o controle das instituições financeiras, e evitar a ocorrência de novas perdas. Esses requerimentos regulatórios, dado o seu caráter ainda incipiente, estimulam o desenvolvimento de técnicas de abordagens avançadas, calcadas em modelos internos, com a promessa que, como um modelo de gestão adequado às características de cada instituição será mais eficiente, em consequência, reduzirá a necessidade de capital regulatório. Esta pesquisa encaixa-se no rol desse desenvolvimento do conhecimento das técnicas de gestão avançadas do Risco Operacional, ao abordar o desenvolvimento de um modelo de gestão de Riscos Operacionais baseado numa dessas técnicas avançadas: a distribuição de perdas operacionais (LDA). A LDA vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada pelas instituições financeiras internacionais, e seu uso já é previsto nos normativos regulamentares nacionais em fase de audiência pública. A ênfase da aplicação desta pesquisa numa companhia seguradora se deve ao expressivo crescimento do setor nos últimos anos, que vem lhe conferindo importância cada vez maior na economia, especialmente quanto ao seu papel de investidor institucional.
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Åström, Pia, and Diala Saliba. "Vad omfattas av undantaget för försäkringstjänster i 3 kapitlet 10 § mervärdesskattelagen? : ." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7596.
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Rehder, Eike, and Jürgen Karla. "Adaption des Technology Acceptance Model für den Onlinevertrieb von Versicherungsprodukten." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-142797.
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Le, Duigou Sarah. "La dimension temporelle dans les modèles de recherche d’emploi : horizon, âge, expérience." Thesis, Le Mans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEMA2004/document.
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Les modèles de recherche d'emploi sont aujourd'hui très largement utilisés en économie pour modéliser le marché du travail et évaluer les effets de certaines politiques publiques sur ce marché. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons l'âge des travailleurs, dans ses deux dimensions, celle de l'expérience et celle de l'horizon social (âge de départ à la retraite), au sein d'un modèle de recherche d'emploi modélisant en même temps la distribution des salaires et les flux sur le marché du travail. Nous montrons que cette hétérogénéité affecte tous les comportements sur le marché du travail : la fixation de salaire, l'intensité de la recherche d'emploi et la productivité des appariements. Un tel modèle nous permet de décomposer la trajectoire salariale des travailleurs au cours de leur cycle de vie, en trois grands canaux : le jeu de salaire, l'accumulation du capital humain, et la présence d'institutions. Ce dernier canal explique notamment, par le biais des allocations chômage indexées sur le dernier salaire, la forte progression salariale associée à un faible taux de mobilité des travailleurs observé en France. Mais l'horizon peut aussi être technologique : la technologie d'une firme devient avec le temps obsolète. Dans ce cadre, nous montrons que la présence d'allocation chômage croissante avec l'ancienneté crée une distorsion croissante qui vient accélérer cette obsolescence. En vue d'atteindre l'optimum social, nous montrons qu'il est alors nécessaire d'introduire une taxe sur les licenciements, elle-même croissanteIn economics, it is today usual to use search models to modelize labor market, and assess public policy on this market. In this thesis, we introduce the age heterogeneity of workers in a search model which takes into account both labor market flows and endogenous wage distribution. We show that this heterogeneity affects greatly agents' economic behaviors in terms of wage setting, search intensity, and matches' productivity, by its two dimensions, the workers' experience and the workers' horizon. This model allows us to decompose the wage trajectory of workers over their life cycle into three main channels : the wage game, the human capital accumulation and the presence of institutions. Besides, we show that this last channel, as composed of unemployment benefits indexed on workers' last wage, accounts for the simultaneous strong wage progression and weak workers' mobility observed in the French data. Yet, the horizon can also be technological : firms' embodied technology becomes obsolete with time. Given this technological horizon, the presence of tenure-growing unemployement benefits yields a distorsion which fastens obsolescence. In this context, only a tenure-growing firing tax allows the economy to reach its social optimum
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Duarte, Gislaine Vieira. "Precificação do seguro agrícola: novas abordagens utilizando distribuições de probabilidades alternativas e o uso de cópulas bidimensionais e tridimensionais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-17012019-152335/.
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A atividade agrícola é uma das atividades mais importantes para o ser humano, pois é fonte de matéria prima, alimentação e energia. No entanto, os principais grandes riscos desta atividade são os de produção e de mercado. A maneira mais popular de gerenciamento destes riscos são os seguros agrícolas. O seguro de produtividade agrícola gerencia o risco de quebra de produção relacionado às adversidades climáticas. Por sua vez, o seguro de faturamento agrícola é uma maneira de gerenciar os riscos de produção e de mercado (preços) conjuntamente. Portanto, este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar métodos alternativos para precificação dos riscos de produtividade e faturamento agrícola. Na modelagem da distribuição de produtividade utilizou-se distribuições paramétricas que capturam a simetria, a assimetria e a bimodalidade dos dados, características estas geralmente encontradas em produtividades brasileiras. Além disso, a metodologia de cópulas foi utilizada na análise multivariada entre produtividade e preço. Esta metodologia apresenta um ganho significante para estudos de problemas multivariados comparados à distribuição normal multivariada, pois pode-se levar em consideração estruturas de dependências linear, não linear e dependência somente nas caudas da distribuição multivariada. Além disso especifica qualquer tipo de distribuição para as distribuições marginais. Ademais, analisou-se a estrutura de dependência entre produtividade, preços futuros de contrato de soja negociados na Chicago Mercantil Exchange (CME) e a cotação do dólar. Esta análise tridimensional do problema do seguro de faturamento é inédita e foi utilizada pelo fato da soja produzida no Brasil ser exportada e os produtores utilizarem como referência internacional de preços a bolsa americana. Além disso, esta análise tridimensional via cópulas considera a variabilidade e a influência do dólar e o preço futuro da commoditie na modelagem do seguro. Todas as análises foram discutidas e comparadas com as taxas dos seguros aplicadas pelas seguradoras brasileiras. No caso do seguro de produtividade e faturamento (tridimensional), os resultados sugerem que as taxas cobradas pelas seguradoras estão superfaturadas quando comparadas com a metodologia apresentada. A superestimação da taxa dificulta a expressiva venda de seguros no Brasil, além de atrair agricultores com maiores riscos, fortalecendo o problema de seleção adversa. No caso do seguro de faturamento (bidimensional), em que não se leva em consideração a influência do câmbio (dólar) na modelagem, os resultados sugerem que as seguradoras subestimam as taxas do seguro de faturamento, o que pode levar a uma perda grande para a seguradora, pois esta pode estar considerando um risco muito menor do que deveria ser levado em consideração. Na realização das análises foi utilizado o software R.The agricultural activity is one of the most important activities for humans, as it is a source of raw materials, food and energy. However, this activity presents two major risks: production and market. Agricultural insurance is the most efficient way of managing these risks. Insuring agricultural productivity allows to manage the risk of crop failure due to weather adversities. However, revenue insurance is a way to manage both the production and the market (prices) risks simultaneously. This study aims to present alternative pricing methods risks of agricultural productivity and billing. In modeling the distribution of yield, parametric distributions that capture symmetry, asymmetry and bimodality of the data were used, features usually found in yield in Brazil. In addition, the coupling methodology was used in multivariate analysis between yield and prices. This methodology offers an exceptional gain of multivariate problems compared to the Multivariate Normal distribution, as it takes into account structures of linear and non-linear dependencies and dependency only on the tails of multivariate distribution, in addition to specifying any distribution type for marginal distributions. In addition, we analyzed the dependence structure between yield soybean, future prices traded at the Chicago Mercantil Exchange(CME) and, exchange rate (USD/R$). The three-dimensional analysis of insurance billing via copulas considers variability and influence of dollar and price of commodities exported and traded at CME. All analyses were discussed and compared with insurance rates applied by insurance companies. All analysis are conducted using the R software.
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Rehder, Eike, and Jürgen Karla. "Adaption des Technology Acceptance Model für den Onlinevertrieb von Versicherungsprodukten." Technische Universität Dresden, 2010. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28016.
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Aguilar, Ibarra Alonso. "Les peuplements de poissons comme outil pour la gestion de la qualité environnementale du réseau hydrographique de la Garonne." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7394/1/aguilar.pdf.
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Cette étude concerne le bassin hydrographique de la Garonne en utilisant les communautés piscicoles comme outils d'analyses et de gestion de la qualité environnementale. La première partie aborde l'approche globale à l'échelle du bassin versant. La diversité du peuplement de poissons a été étudiée selon le profil longitudinal et les guildes, en relation avec les facteurs environnementaux. Les variables utilisées sont la composition spécifique des peuplements ainsi que les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et topographiques du chaque cours d'eau. L'analyse statistique s'effectue par des méthodes multivariées, y compris les réseaux de neurones artificiels. La deuxième partie concerne l'approche à l'échelle locale. Deux cas d'anthropisation ont été étudiés. L'un porte sur la dégradation du milieu par le rejet d'une usine de pâte à papier. L'indice de comparaison abondance-biomasse est utilisé afin d'évaluer le stress au sein du peuplement de poissons. L'autre cas étudie une rivière à truites soumise aux débits réservés et à la pêche de loisir. L'analyse s'effectue selon le modèle de Ricker (stock-recrutement) pour estimer un seuil de conservation. Les résultats montrent l'importance de la caractérisation des peuplements de poissons, de leurs habitats, de l'échelle spatiale de l'étude, de la prise en compte de l'hétérogénéité du paysage et l'application des approches mathématiques pour la gestion de la qualité environnementale des grands bassins.
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Cahová, Pavlína. "Bankovní klient a jeho ochrana v českém právním systému." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-11115.
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The diploma work is concerned with the topic of bank client security, as a consumer and an investor, captured in the Czech law, incorporating elements of EU directives. The thesis defines terms of "consumer" and "investor", explains why they are considered bank clients and introduces reasons of their protection. It describes elements of bank clients' protection such as: deposit insurance (including comparison of foreign systems - Switzerland and New Zealand), consumer credits rules, payment system and Bureau of Financial Arbiter, personal information security and bank secret. The last chapter addresses investor protection, falling under European directive MiFID (Markets in Financial Instruments Directive).
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Alahuhta, J. (Janne). "Patterns of aquatic macrophytes in the boreal region: implications for spatial scale issues and ecological assessment." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514295430.
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Abstract Eutrophication and global warming are increasingly causing deterioration of aquatic ecosystems, and boreal freshwaters are especially vulnerable to these changes. Anthropogenic pressures and landscape characteristics influencing the functioning and structure of ecosystems vary with spatial scale (grain size i.e. study unit and extent i.e. study area). This emphasises that the understanding of spatial scale is a vital element when studying species distribution patterns. Moreover, spatial scale is often neglected in ecological assessments, in which the degree of ecological integrity of an ecosystem is assessed using selected biological groups. One of these groups is aquatic macrophytes. The aims of this thesis were (i) to study the distribution and richness of aquatic macrophytes in the boreal region in Finland at multiple scales and (ii) to evaluate the performance of ecological assessment metrics selected for Finnish lake macrophytes. The spatial extent at which aquatic macrophytes were studied had an important influence on the patterns found. Climatic factors associated with latitudinal and altitudinal gradient determined macrophytes at broad extent, although the patterns changed at finer regional extent. Moreover, this strong effect of climate could lead to the widening of distribution ranges of helophytes in boreal catchments during the 21st century due to the climate change. Many of these species have already widened their range limits during the previous century and increasing temperatures may create new niches for vegetation to colonize. Lake macrophyte richness, turnover and quality metrics showed a clear relationship with nutrient concentration in waters at landscape and regional extent. Helophytes and metrics were positively or inversely negatively related to nutrients, whereas species turnover and other life-form groups had a unimodal or non-significant response to nutrient availability. In addition, land use (agricultural and urban areas and forestry ditch drainage) influenced macrophytes directly through shore morphology changes and indirectly through water quality. Macrophytes were also explained at various scales by area and depth, which were related to habitat heterogeneity, and aquatic plants responded to water ionic and electrical characteristics (pH, alkalinity and conductivity). Ecological quality metrics of macrophytes appeared to be scale dependent, since land use adjacent to the lake shoreline had a higher influence on the metrics compared to land use of the whole catchment. However, the scale-related pattern in the effect of land use was not congruent between metrics, as the Trophic Index showed poorer performance compared to the proportion of type-specific species and Percent Model Affinity. This was presumably due to lack of helophytes in the species pool used and to reference values which were defined across lake types in the Trophic Index. Uneven performance of the metrics derived from different biological groups suggests that an approach integrating multiple lines of evidence on ecological status appears most feasible for assessment of the overall lake statusTiivistelmä Vesistöjen rehevöityminen ja ilmastonmuutos heikentävät vesiekosysteemien laatua, ja boreaaliset sisävedet ovat erityisen alttiita näiden uhkatekijöiden aiheuttamille muutoksille. Ihmistoiminnan aiheuttamien muutoksien ja luontaisten maisematekijöiden merkitys vesiekosysteemien toimintaan ja rakenteeseen vaihtelee mittakaavan (tutkimusyksikön ja -alueen) mukaan. Kuitenkin spatiaalisen mittakaavan merkitys on usein unohdettu ekologisissa arvioinneissa, joissa selvitetään ekosysteemin luonnontilaisuutta eri biologisilla lajiryhmillä. Vesikasvit ovat yksi usein käytetty biologinen ryhmä järvien ekologissa arvioinneissa. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus on (i) tutkia vesikasvien levinneisyyttä ja runsautta Suomessa useissa mittakaavoissa, ja (ii) arvioida ekologisten luokittelumuuttujien toimivuutta järvien vesikasveilla eri mittakaavoissa. Mittakaava, jossa vesikasveja tutkittiin, vaikutti merkittävästi saatuihin tuloksiin. Leveysasteeseen ja korkeuteen liittyvä gradientti määritti vesikasvien levinneisyyttä alueellisessa mittakaavassa. Lisäksi ilmaston voimakas vaikutus vesikasveihin voi johtaa niiden levinneisyysrajojen laajenemiseen, koska ilmastonmuutos saattaa luoda edullisemmat kasvuolosuhteet kasvillisuudelle tällä vuosisadalla. Monet vesikasvilajit ovat jo levinneet pohjoisemmaksi 1900-luvulla, ja lämpötilojen nousu voi lisätä ekolokeroita vesikasvien levittäytymiselle. Vesikasvien runsaus, lajimäärä ja luokittelumuuttujat olivat selkeästi yhteydessä vesien ravinteisuuteen maisemallisessa ja alueellisessa mittakaavassa. Ilmaversoisilla vesikasveilla ja luokittelumuuttujilla oli positiivinen tai käänteisesti negatiivinen suhde ravinteisiin, kun taas lajimäärä ja muut vesikasvien kasvumuodot olivat unimodaalisessa tai merkityksettömässä yhteydessä ravinteisuuteen. Lisäksi maankäyttö, erityisesti maatalous, kaupunkiasutus ja metsäojitus, vaikutti vesikasveihin suoraan rantavyöhykkeen morfologisin muutoksin tai epäsuorasti ravinteisuuden kautta. Vesikasvien levinneisyyttä ja runsautta selitti myös pinta-ala ja syvyys, jotka liittyivät elinympäristön heterogeenisyyteen, sekä veden fysikaalis-kemialliset ominaisuudet, kuten pH, alkaliniteetti ja sähkönjohtokyky. Ekologiset luokittelumuuttujat olivat riippuvaisia mittakaavasta, koska rantavyöhykkeen läheisellä maankäytöllä oli suurempi merkitys muuttujille kuin koko valuma-alueen maankäytöllä. Kuitenkin mittakaavan merkitys vaihteli eri muuttujien välillä, kun referenssi-indeksi osoitti heikompaa vastetta maankäyttöön eri mittakaavoissa kuin tyyppilajien suhteellinen osuus ja prosenttinen mallin samankaltaisuus. Tämä luultavasti johtui siitä, että referenssi-indeksissä ilmaversoiset vesikasvit puuttuivat tutkittavista lajeista ja referenssiarvot olivat yhteiset riippumatta järvityypistä. Eri biologisiin ryhmiin perustuva luokittelujärjestelmä ilmensi hyvin vaihtelevasti ekologista laatua, minkä vuoksi eri muuttujia yhdistävä menetelmä, joka arvioi vesimuodostuman kokonaistilaa, on toteuttamiskelpoisin lähestymistapa boreaalisissa järvissä
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Šiler, Zdeněk. "Vývoj datového skladu na platformě Teradata a Informatica v sektoru pojišťovnictví." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-150105.
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This thesis focuses on data warehousing on technological platform TERADATA and Informatica Power Center (further only IFPC). TERADATA provides a robust database system for storage of big volume data and query processing over such data. Product Informatica Powercenter is a tool for developing of ETL processes. Both of tools belong to mature technology for large data warehouse development which stores large volumes of data over the enterprise. The thesis analyses both tools to build data warehouse and the specifics of their use in the insurance sector. The thesis is divided into two main thematic sections - theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part describes database system TERADATA and ETL tool IFPC in details, including analysis of business intelligence architecture in the insurance segment, which often uses this platform for data warehouse development. The thesis describes the architecture of database system TERADATA and the way to data storage and query processing. Then specific features, on which is necessary to focus by TERADATA data warehouse development, are characterized. Also its advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Database system TERADATA is faced with other competing database systems. The thesis deals with general characteristics of ETL tool IFPC -- software architecture a its components. It examines the advantages and disadvantages of IFPC compared to competitors on the market. Conclusion of the theoretical part analyzes the synergies between Teradata and IFPC. The thesis explains the real benefits of combination TERADATA and IFPC. The practical part of thesis demostrates the use of tools for data warehousing development on real project Unification of client data. This project describes the entire development process in a data warehouse from business requirements through functional and technical design to implementation of ETL mapping in Informatica Power Center. It deals with bug fixing during ETL development and testing methods. The pratical part focuses on implementation of chosen mapping in IFPC which is deployed in the insurance sector. Part of this thesis is a comparison of ETL tools IFPC with SSIS ETL tool integrated in MS SQL Server 2008 R2.
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Pousinho, André Pereira. "Pagamentos de sinistros." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6559.
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Mestrado em Decisão Económica e EmpresarialEm 2013, ano internacional da estatística, é elaborada esta dissertação que relaciona o cálculo atuarial com a área da estatística. Partindo das vantagens e desvantagens de métodos como os Modelos Lineares Generalizados, é pretendido elucidar e estabelecer uma ligação entre as necessidades das empresas seguradoras e os estudos efetuados para o provisionamento da reserva para sinistros. Para a aplicação dos Modelos Lineares Generalizados no cálculo de provisões técnicas para sinistros é utilizada a distribuição Tweedie, pertencente à família de dispersão exponencial. Em estudos como este, esta distribuição apresenta uma boa flexibilidade de ajustamento aos dados, permitindo obter estimativas com melhor rigor.
In 2013, the international year of statistics, this paper is developed to connect the actuarial calculation with the field of statistics. Starting with the advantages and disadvantages of methods like the Generalized Linear Models, it is intended to clarify and establish a link between the needs of insurance companies and studies carried out for the provisioning of claims outstanding reserve. The Tweedie distribution belongs to the family from exponential dispersion and it is used for the implementation of Generalized Linear Models in the calculation of claims technical provisions. In researches like these, this distribution has a good flexibility in the adjustment to data, allowing us to get estimations with better accuracy.
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Eszler, Erwin, and Stefan Fasching. "Smartphone-basierte Versicherungsapps in Österreich: Nutzerverhalten und Potential als Vertriebskanal für Mikro-Produkte - Ergebnisse einer empirischen Studie (258 Probanden/-innen) / Smartphone-Based Insurance Apps in Austria: User Behaviour and Potential as Channel of Distribution for Micro-Products - Results of an Empirical Study (258 Respondents) / Nr. 14 der "Wiener Beiträge zur Betriebswirtschaftlichen Versicherungswissenschaft" (WrBtrgBwVersWiss)." risControl, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6850/1/ESZ_FO_82_APPS_MiKRO_Fasching_LGFW_18.pdf.
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Janata, Michal. "Právní úprava distribuce finančních produktů retailového typu v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264628.
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The thesis analyses legal environment of the financial services market in relation with business practice of retail financial products distribution in Czech republic. It describes current legislation and instruments of regulation of the distributional activities both on national and supra-national (european) level. Furthermore, it introduces the development of regulation in light of identified weaknesses of legislation, leading to specific recommendations and measures ensuring vast consumer protection and fixing the level-playing-field in distribution throughout various sectors of financial markets and their layovers. The conclusions are based on author´s theoretical studies of economic and legal context and private business practice.
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Flores, Mori Jean Arnold Nurff, and Gonzales Jose Antonio Violeta. "Propuesta de automatización del proceso de emisión de seguros de salud para una empresa aseguradora usando software RPA y un motor de asignación." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/657616.
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Este proyecto se centra en el estudio de la empresa “Pacifico Seguros” que opera principalmente en el sector de seguros. El desarrollo del trabajo está enfocado en el subproceso de “Emisión” que es uno de los procesos importantes de la empresa porque acá se inicia todo el proceso de las emisiones de los clientes para las afiliaciones de sus trabajadores.
La oportunidad de mejora se presenta en la mayoría de actividades del subproceso de “Emisión” que suelen ser repetitivas y operativas; y en su mayoría son ejecutadas de forma manual. Por tal motivo, el proyecto contempla una solución para la optimización del sub proceso que permitirá reducir el tiempo de atención como principal objetivo.
La propuesta consta de un software RPA que permita a los usuarios crear “bots” que pueden aprender, imitar y luego ejecutar procesos del negocio basados en reglas para la gestión administrativa que ayudará a la descarga y respuestas de los correos, también contará con un motor de asignación para la distribución equitativa y atención de las solicitudes de afiliación.
El propósito del trabajo es llevar a cabo la gestión del desarrollo del software y la arquitectura empresarial dentro del marco de trabajo de TOGAF y PMBOK sobre el objeto estudio para la evaluación de los procesos y para una correcta arquitectura de software lo cual se podrá desarrollar en fases y actividades para formular el plan estratégico y el control de su cumplimiento.This project focuses on the study of the company “Pacificos Seguros” that operates mainly in the insurance sector. The development of the work focuses on the sub-process “Emisión” which is one of the important processes of the company because here begins the process of customer emissions for the affiliations of its workers. The opportunity for improvement occurs in most of the activities of the sub-process “Emisión”, that tend to be repetitive and operational and they are mostly run manually. Therefore, the project contemplates a solution for the optimization of the sub-process that will reduce the attention time as main objective. The proposal consists of an RPA software that allows users to create "bots" that can learn, imitate and then execute business processes based on rules for the administrative management that help download and reply to emails also there will be a queue engine for the distribution and attention of the affiliation requests. The purpose of the work is to carry out the management of the software development and business architecture in the TOGAF and PMBOK framework on the study object for the evaluation of processes and a correct software architecture which can will be developed in phases and activities to formulate a strategic plan and control its compliance.
Tesis
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Hamnell, Emelie. "Reglering av visstidsanställningar och dess konsekvenser : En kandidatuppsats om visstidsanställningar i samhället." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-18148.
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I dagens samhälle finns det ett antal arbetstagare som har anställning på begränsad tid. Denna uppsats utreder regleringarna kring visstidsanställningar samt vilket förhållande som finns mellan visstidsanställningar och samhället. Fokus i detta arbete är att undersöka hur visstidsanställningar regleras och hur dessa inverkar på individer i Sverige. För att få full förståelse behandlar uppsatsen vidare EU:s syn på Sveriges reglering av visstidsanställda. Samhällets utveckling behandlas kort för att nå en djupare kännedom om behovet av visstidsanställningar i Sverige. I anslutning till samhällsutvecklingen undersöks konsekvenser för arbetstagare och arbetsgivare vid tillämpning av visstidsanställningar. Slutligen kartläggs fördelningen av visstidsanställningar bland grupper av individer i samhället. Underlaget för denna uppsats baseras främst på berörda lagrum, förarbeten, rättsfall och doktrin. Materialet kompletteras med statistik på antalet visstidsanställningar i samhället samt fördelning av visstidsanställningar i samhället.I uppsatsen har det framkommit att det är enkelt för arbetsgivare att anställa en arbetstagare på begränsad tid. Uppsatsen belyser att det finns två typer av visstidsanställningar där den ena är mer fördelaktig än den andra för anställda. Av uppsatsen framgår det att främst kvinnor har den mindre fördelaktiga visstidsanställningen, som inte är frivilligt vald. Män är något överrepresenterade vad gäller den mer fördelaktiga visstidsanställningen, som är frivilligt vald och har positiv inverkan på löneutvecklingen. En slutsats från detta resonemang är att många visstidsanställda kvinnor missgynnas. För att uppnå jämställdhet på den svenska arbetsmarknaden borde kvinnor och män vara lika representerade även i de mindre fördelaktiga visstidsanställningarna.In today’s society there are a number of employees who are hired for a limited time. This paper investigates the regulations regarding fixed-term employment and the relationship between this type of employments and the society. To focus on this work regulation regarding fixed-term employments must be investigated and also how these affect the individuals in Sweden. To gain a full understanding the paper also deals with how other countries within EU relate to how Sweden handles the regulation of the fixed-term employments. The development of the society is shortly treated to reach a deeper understanding about the needs of temporary employments in Sweden. In connection with the development of the society, the consequences are investigated how the application of fixed-term employments will affect the employees and the employers. Finally, the distributions of temporary employments among groups of individuals in the society are mapped. The foundation of this paper is mainly based on the relevant section of law, preparation work, legal cases and doctrines. The material will be completed with statistics on the number of fixed-term employments and the distribution of these in the society.The paper shows that it is easy for employers to hire an employee for a limited time. The paper also shows that there are two types of fixed-term employments for employees, where one is more favorable than the other. It is mostly women who have less favorable fixed-term employments, and most of these jobs are not freely chosen. Men are slightly over-represented in terms of more favorable fixed-term employments which are often freely chosen and have a positive impact on the wages. The conclusion of this reasoning is that many temporary employed women are mistreated. In order to achieve equality on the Swedish labor market, both women and men should be equally represented even in the less favorable fixed-term employments.
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Duyên, Nguyễn Thị Thảo. "Bancassurance and the new EU Insurance Distribution Directive." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/97542.
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Esta dissertação estuda o impacto da nova Diretiva da Distribuição de Seguros da UE (2016/97 / EU, DDS) na bancassurance, que se refere à venda de produtos de seguros por instituições bancárias. O principal objetivo é estudar, sob os novos requisitos da DDS, quais os desafios legais que os bancos enfrentam na distribuição de produtos de seguros. Para esse fim, estudamos os novos requisitos impostos pela DDS e comparamos com a anterior Diretiva da Mediação de Seguros (2002/92 / EU, DMS) em relação aos seguintes aspetos: requisitos de informação, conduta dos negócios e requisitos profissionais e organizacionais.
Descobrimos que, em geral, em comparação com a DMS, a nova DDS impõe requisitos mais rigorosos que os bancos devem cumprir. A DDS restringe as atividades de distribuição de seguros através dos bancos, proibindo os bancos de distribuírem produtos de seguros sob a forma de mediadores de seguros ligados ou auxiliares. De acordo com a nova DDS, os bancos agora são considerados mediadores de seguros e devem cumprir todos os importantes requisitos da DDS, incluindo: (i) realização de pelo menos 15 horas de formação profissional por ano para os seus funcionários; (ii) divulgação aos clientes de informações sobre remuneração (iii) cumprir requisitos de supervisão e governança de produtos, em particular, os bancos devem manter e organizar uma política de supervisão e governança de produtos ou acordos de distribuição de seguros, a fim de garantir que os seus produtos ou a sua distribuição de seguros atendam aos melhores interesses dos clientes e (iv) no caso de venda cruzada, os bancos devem especificar as necessidades e exigências dos clientes em relação aos produtos de seguros e oferecer aos clientes a capacidade de comprar produtos de seguros e outros produtos separadamente. Particularmente para os produtos de seguros baseados em investimentos (IBIPs), os bancos devem: i) fornecer aos clientes mais informações, incluindo relatório periódico de avaliação da adequação dos IBIPs, uma declaração de adequação e relatório periódico sobre a distribuição dos IBIPs; ii) estabelecer uma política de conflitos de interesse, (iii) avaliar os incentivo ou esquemas de incentivo; e (iv) avaliar a adequação ou inadequação dos IBIPs.This dissertation studies the impact of the new EU Insurance Distribution Directive (2016/97/EU, IDD) on the bancassurance which is referred to the selling of insurance products by banking institutions. The main objective is to study under the new requirements of the IDD what legal challenges banks will face in distributing insurance products. To this end, we study the new requirements imposed in the IDD and compare with the previous Insurance Mediation Directive (2002/92/EU, IMD) with respect to the following aspects: requirements on information, the conduct of business, and professional and organisational requirements. We found that, in general, in comparison with the IMD, the new IDD places stricter requirements that banks must comply with. The IDD tightens the activities of insurance distribution through banks by prohibiting banks distributing insurance products under the form of tied or ancillary insurance intermediaries. Under the new IDD, banks are now considered as insurance intermediaries and must comply fully important IDD’s requirements, including: (i) conducting at least 15 hours of professional training per year for their employees, (ii) disclosing customers with information concerning remuneration in relation to insurance contracts, (iii) conducting requirements of product oversight and governance, in particular, banks must maintain and arrange whether a products oversight and governance policy or insurance distribution arrangements in order to ensure that their insurance products or their insurance distribution will meet the best interest of customers, and (iv) in the case of cross-selling, banks must specify the demands and needs of customers in relation to insurance products, and offering customers the ability of buying insurance products and other products separately. Particularly, for insurance-based investment products (IBIPs), banks must i) provide customers with more information, including periodic report of assessment of the suitability of IBIPs, a suitability statement, and periodic report concerning distribution of IBIPs, ii) establish a conflicts of interest policy, (iii) assess inducement or inducement scheme, and (iv) assess the suitability or appropriateness of IBIPs.
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Málek, Jan. "Právní úprava činnosti pojišťovacích zprostředkovatelů." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-348236.
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of the thesis In this thesis I deal with a comprehensive view of the legal regulation of the activity of insurance intermediaries, including a look into the history, analysis of the current national and European legislation and the expected development of national regulations. Work has been divided into four chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to the insurance industry as a specific economic sector. Here I define the concept of insurance, dealing with the history of the industry and briefly mention the existing legal regulations of insurance in the Czech Republic. At the end of the first chapter I analyze the various distribution networks in the insurance industry with reference to the inclusion of insurance intermediaries as the most important distribution channel. The second chapter is devoted to detailing the significance of insurance intermediaries and the nature of their activities. Similar to the first chapter, here is also a part briefly focused on a historical development of insurance intermediaries activities. A substantial part of this chapter is devoted to current legislation, of which the most important institutions are analyzed in separate sections. Gradually deal with the Insurance Intermediaries Act as a whole, individual categories of insurance intermediaries, the conditions of...
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Schirl, František. "Právní úprava činnosti pojišťovacích zprostředkovatelů." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-368618.
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Legal regulation of activities of insurance intermediaries This thesis is focused on an analysis of valid domestic legal regulation of activities of insurance intermediaries and an analysis of the newly adopted EU legislation and its possible impact on domestic legislation. Descriptive, analytic and comparative methods are used in order to achieve the object of this thesis. The first chapter of this thesis is devoted to acquainting the reader with the legal regulation of insurance, the description of insurance as a separate economic branch and to a short excursion into the history of insurance. In the remainder of the chapter I deal with the distribution channels of insurance products. A general introduction into the field of insurance should help the reader to understand the legal regulation of actions of insurance intermediaries. The second chapter is aimed at a description and analysis of the legal regulation of activities of insurance intermediaries currently in force. In the beginning of the chapter I briefly describe the functions of insurance intermediaries and further explain the interpretation of basic statutory definitions. The largest part of this chapter is dedicated to an analysis of the current system of categorization of insurance intermediaries and the conditions for the exercise...
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Vacková, Markéta. "Srovnávací analýza ochrany klienta bankovních a pojišťovacích služeb v EU." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-384221.
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The objective of this thesis is to compare measures of consumer protection and its level in insurance and banking services in the EU. The premise is that the measures are very similar because both areas are subject to financial services law and as such they are similarly regulated. The first part of this work analyses and examines Insurance Distribution Directive and its contribution to consumer protection. The thesis compares Insurance Distribution Directive with Insurance Mediation Directive which is the legislation in force as of the time of writing this thesis. The second part of the thesis analyses, examines and compares Consumer Credit Directive and Mortgage Credit Directive and their contribution to consumer protection. The third part of the thesis compares the two previous parts and describes the reasons for different approaches taken in the researched legislation. The result of the analysis is that the measures taken for consumer protection are indeed very similar with differences originating from the nature of the services. The most elaborated directive which ensures the highest level of consumer protection is Mortgage Credit Directive and it is due to the significance of mortgage credit for lives of consumers and for the economy. Insurance Distribution Directive offers higher level of...
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wang, Chan-Ban, and 王欽本. "The management of life insurance distribution channels." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41844929606484635073.
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碩士國立中興大學
企業管理學系
85
As the competition of life insurance industry become more and more impetuous,insurance companies want to improve their earnings by improving their channel management and introducing new channels.This thisis want to identify three channel''s( company sales,agent&broker,direct marketing) basic characteristics and how insurance companies manage these channels.In the basic characteristics,company sales channel needs the longest time and the most money to build up;direct marketing channel needs the shortest time and fewest money to build up;the agent&broker channel between those.In the management,company sales channel attach importance to sales person trainning ;the agent&broker channel need good management system to avoid the channel conflict;in the direct marketing channel company needs to know each marketing segment''s basic characterictics.
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Lin, Yi-Jhen, and 林宜蓁. "The Choice of Life Insurance Distribution Systems." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70220346951236567462.
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碩士實踐大學
財務金融與保險研究所
98
This study is using the data collected through 27 life insurance companies in Taiwan form 2006 to 2008. The results indicate that the larger size with more sales representatives and the size is the important decision factor in life insurance channel. Second, the positive relationship is between AD&D and health insurance and sales representatives. Third, the more business administrative expense and sales representatives benefit, the more sales representatives. Final, the ratio of broker and agent are higher in non-foreign life company.