Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Directors' powers'

In Company Law there are two bodies or organs of the company that have the power to make decisions regarding the management of the company. These two bodies are the shareholders in the general meeting and the board of directors. The exact nature of the relationship between the directors and the company is not easily described. While directors have been said to be agents, trustees or even managers of a company, none of these fully describe the position with total accuracy. The nature of the position of the director is best described as being sui generis, and having similarities to each of those in certain circumstances. The Companies Act 71 of 2008 gives a new expanded definition of “director” which clarifies who is considered to be a director. The Common Law initially considered the members in the general meeting, to be the company and any resolution by them was considered to be a corporate act. The constitutional documents of the company were considered to be a contract between them and the majority rule was enforced. The directors would have their power delegated to them. This position changed in 1906 after the case of Automatic Self-cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cunninghame [1906] 2 Ch 34 (CA). Here the court held that there was a division of power, according to the constitutional documents, between the shareholders in the general meeting and the board of directors. The general meeting could not interfere with those powers of the board, except if they changed the articles of association by special resolution. The shareholders had residual and default powers and were the ultimate organ of the company. The position of the board of directors in Companies Act 61 of 1973 was given in Article 59 of Table A. Here the board was given the power to manage the business of the company. It was found that this included the power to derive a profit and stop trading in certain circumstances but did not include the power to liquidate the company. The board’s powers, according to Article 59 of Table A, were still subject to the shareholders in the general meeting. This showed that the shareholders still remained the ultimate power in the company. The division of powers in Company Law has been drastically changed by Section 66(1) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. The board of directors is now statutory empowered to manage not only the business of the company, but also the affairs. It was stated in the case of Ex parte Russlyn Construction (Pty) Ltd 1987 (1) SA 33 (D) that affairs had a wider meaning than business and could include the power to liquidate the company. Delport states, with reference to Canadian Law, that the word “affairs” means the internal dealings of a company as well as the existence of the company. The statutory empowerment of the board, and inclusion of the word ‘’affairs’’ in section 66(1), changes the division of powers in the company. The board of directors now has original powers and is the ultimate power in the company being able to bring an end to the very existence of the company. The full effect of this change is one which will only be revealed in years to come as case law around this matter develops.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Mercantile Law
unrestricted

This thesis is an analysis of directors' powers, duties and liabilities under the British company Law. It consists of ten chapters, the first of which is an introductory one. The second chapter discusses the powers of directors. Directors' duties to the company are examined in chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6. The fair dealing rules (i.e. the co-conflict rule and the no-profit rule) and the statutory as well as the common law role to relax them are examined in both chapters 3 and 4. The fifth chapter is concerned with directors' duty of honesty and good faith; whereas, the duty of skill and care is examined in chapter 6. Directors' duty to individual shareholders is the subject of chapter 7. In chapter 8 directors' duties to the creditors of their company have been highlighted. Litigation and the protection of minority shareholders have been examined in chapter 9. The thesis ends with a summary and conclusions. The power to manage a company is usually vested in the board of directors. A director's primary duty is owed to his company. However, in some exceptional cases a director may owe duties to the company's shareholders and its creditors. It is submitted that the fair dealing rules as applied in the U.K. are inflexible. The courts, however, have shown their willingness to relax them. The test of the duty to act bona fide is mainly subjective. Whereas the test of the proper purpose is mainly subjective. Directors' duties of skill and care are mainly governed by the common law rules. The applied test to the duty of care and skill is mainly subjective. Since a director's breach of duty may harm the minority shareholders, the common law as well as the legislation tried to provide minority shareholders with the necessary protection.

This work is a comparative study of shareholders' powers to appoint and remove directors in the United Kingdom, United States and Germany as an internal corporate control mechanism. It highlights the entrenched positions of corporate managers in the face of shareholders' weakening powers in these systems. Having recognised the importance of shareholders' position as the contributors of corporate capital, the laws of these three systems give them the right to bring about changes in the control of companies by vesting power in the general meeting to determine the composition of corporate boards. Shareholders appoint directors to act on their behalf, the board in turn selects and monitors its executives to ensure that the interests of shareholders and other stakeholders are protected. The Anglo-American system is characterised by dispersed shareholding and management dominated boards, with the result that shareholders do not exercise their voting rights effectively. Under the German two-tier board system companies are accountable to a wide range of stakeholders and have a different structure of shareholding, where banks control the majority of shares. Despite the absence of management-dominated boards in that system the depository share system together with the practice of co-determination tend to restrict shareholders' participation in corporate control. The reality is that directors may 2 end up using certain devices to entrench themselves on the board so as to restrict the ability of shareholders to remove them. This thesis advocates a greater role for shareholders through improved opportunities for them to use their voting powers in determining the composition of their boards. It makes various recommendations in the different areas in which shareholders face difficulties in exercising these powers. It is hoped that the implementation of these suggestions will result in a system which will enable shareholders to exercise their voting powers more effectively for the purpose of controlling their companies.

La tesi affronta il tema della responsabilità dei membri del consiglio di amministrazione di s.p.a verso la società per gli inadempimenti dei doveri gestori insiti negli atti o nelle omissioni collegiali. L'accertamento dei presupposti della responsabilità degli amministratori deve avvenire su base individuale con conseguente possibilità di imputazione del danno da risarcire ad alcuni consiglieri e non ad altri, che pure abbiano compartecipato al medesimo inadempimento: il singolo amministratore può infatti essere esonerato da responsabilità mediante la prova della personale immunità da colpa (dimostrando di essere stato diligente alla luce della natura del suo incarico e delle sue specifiche competenze) anche a prescindere dalla manifestazione formale del dissenso ex art. 2392 cc., ult. comma. La solidarietà rappresenta la regola di attuazione dell'obbligazione risarcitoria tra gli amministratori ritenuti corresponsabili in relazione al medesimo fatto dannoso. È possibile tuttavia pervenire ad una graduazione della condanna risarcitoria in virtù dell'eventuale connotazione dolosa dell'inadempimento di un singolo consigliere e dell'applicazione del regime risarcitorio differenziato di cui all'art. 1307 c.c.. La società può inoltre rinunziare alla solidarietà anche ex ante con adozione in via statutaria di un regime di responsabilità parziaria per tutti o alcuni degli amministratori, purchè nei soli rapporti tra società e amministratori e nei limiti di cui all'art. 1229 cc.
This thesis provides an analysis of the pertinent aspects of the liability of corporate directors for breach of their fiduciary duties in case of collegial functioning of an Italian s.p.a.'s board of directors. The liability of the directors must be determined on an individual basis and whether they are exculpated from liability for a breach of their duties can vary for each director based on his specialized skills and on the role he plays in the board (independent director, president, member of a committee), regardless of the entering of the dissent from the board's action into the corporate records. The liability is joint and several where two or more directors jointly participate in the same breach of a fiduciary duty with a right of contribution inter se. The corporation ( S.P.A. ) may waive to the protection secured by the joint and several liability rule either (i) by opting for a proportional liability regime with respect to the directors' liability vis-a-vis the corporation and except for the cases of directors' fraud or gross negligence or (ii) by entering into partial settlements with one director (or more directors) for the portion of the damage attributable to his (or their) personal fault.

Aucun texte de loi n'affirme que la société anonyme est régie selon les principes de hiérarchie et de séparation des pouvoirs. C'est la jurisprudence de l'arrêt Motte qui fonde ces principes à l'image d'une démocratie politique. L'enjeu consiste donc à vérifier l'application de ces principes dans les sociétés anonymes de type classique. La présence du principe de séparation des pouvoirs semble associée à la présence du principe de hiérarchie. Pourtant, les rapports entre les deux principes sont traditionnellement tumultueux. Pour autant, il ne s'agit guère d'un simple constat. L'affirmation selon laquelle l'assemblée d'actionnaires occupe une position souveraine dans la hiérarchie ne résiste pas longtemps à l'analyse. L'apparente cohabitation 'paisible entre principe de hiérarchie et principe de séparation des pouvoirs s'érode devant les exigences du marché. Ce marché est un acteur externe à la société anonyme mais démontre intensément que les règles régissant l'organisation des pouvoirs dans la société anonyme reflètent imparfaitement les rapports entre ces principes. Les différentes figures de ces principes ont permis de constater la présence de forts déséquilibres très contraignants et paradoxaux, voire une distorsion entre la pratique de ces principes et ce qu'exige l'essence de leurs déterminants. Ces constats ne s'opposent pas à la possibilité de retrouver une cohérence et une harmonie générale au fonctionnement de la société anonyme. Toutefois, le développement des solutions alternatives ne devrait guère contester l'influence légitime du marché; bien au contraire, il convient d'affirmer le rôle économique de la société anonyme. Ainsi, l'un des objectifs premiers de cette thèse est de montrer que si les principes de hiérarchie et de séparation des pouvoirs sont des principes fondateurs du fonctionnement des sociétés anonymes; ils nécessitent néanmoins une refondation. Celle-ci consiste à déterminer les finalités des principes, la redéfinition des pouvoirs de l'organe souverain, ainsi qu'une rationalisation des pouvoirs de l'organe de gestion. Enfin, pour renouer le dialogue entre ces deux organes, il convient de relativiser leurs rapports, en intégrant les valeurs de collaboration et de conciliation dans la culture de la société anonyme
There is no legislation asserting that the limited company is governed according to the principles of hierarchy and separation of powers. It is the jurisprudence of the Motte ruling that establishes these principles modeled on a political democracy. The challenge is therefore to verity the application of these principles in classic limited companies. The presence of the principle of separation of powers seems to be associated with the presence of the principle of hierarchy. However, the relationship between the two principles is traditionally tumultuous. Nevertheless, it is hardly about a simple report. Indeed, the assertion according to which shareholders assembly occupies a sovereign position in the hierarchy does not resist for a long time to the analysis. The apparent peaceful coexistence between the principle of hierarchy and the principle of separation of powers is eroded when facing the market requirements. This market is an external actor to the limited company. However it intensely demonstrates that the rules governing the organization of power in the company imperfectly reflect the relationship between these principles. The different cases of these principles revealed the presence of strongly binding and paradoxical imbalances, even distortions, between the practice of these principles and what is required by the essence of their determinants. These findings are not opposed to the possibility of reaching consistency and harmony in the general operation of the limited company. However, the development of alternatives should not challenge the legitimate influence of the market. On the contrary, it is to enforce the economic role of the company. Thus, a primary objective of this thesis is to show that even though the principles of hierarchy and separation of powers are the founders of the companies operating principles, they nevertheless require a re-founding. The re-founding aims to determine the purpose of the principles, redefining the powers of the sovereign body, as well as streamlining the powers of the managing body. Finally, to resume the dialogue between the two bodies, their relationship should be relativized, incorporating the values of cooperation and conciliation in the culture of the company

The objective of this thesis is to research to what extent do the duties and powers conferred to the business rescue practitioner conflict with that of the directors during the business rescue proceedings since both of them form part of the management of the financially distressed company. In so doing, an analysis of the South African statutory provisions will be undertaken, followed by a probe into how those provisions can lead to the probable conflicts to be encountered between management and the practitioner, which can in turn considerably affect the effectiveness and success of the corporate reorganisation. In order to be able to find solutions to reduce possible conflicts, a juxtaposed analysis will be made with similarly statutory provisions in Australia, United Kingdom and United States of America.

This study sought to determine female college and university athletic directors' perceptions of position power according to selected job-related characteristics, through development and use of a nineteen-item survey instrument. The study was conducted during the 1991-1992 academic year and consisted of an initial study to determine content validity of the survey instrument, followed by construct validity and reliability determination utilizing a pilot study group of twenty female intercollegiate athletic directors.

The primary focus of this study is with the interactions and power relations between UK companies and other persons and organisations (who directly or indirectly are involved with their concerns) and the Accounting Standards Committee(RSC). Such a concern is explored at both the general level (i.e interactions and power relations about the process of setting accounting standards more generally) and on the specific level (i.e the depreciation and leasing standards). Th. contents of this study can be seen to be divided into three major parts. The first, presents a case for, and describes the nature of, a methodological approach based on Foucault's philosophy. The second, building on the first, takes a critical look at literature related to the concern of this study, paying particular attention to Its epistemological and methodological underpinnings. The third part, building again on the first, traces the micro —powers (techniques of power ) exercised between UK companies (directly or indirectly) and the ASC. In so doing, the study demonstrates and lends support to the following points. Firstly, to fully understand, the interactions and power relations between UK companies and the ASC concerning particular standards requires an uncovering of the wider context of interactions between the other interested parties and the RSC. In addition, these interactions should be placed in the wider context of interactions concerning the process of setting accounting standards more generally. Secondly, any change in the standards and the process of setting them, as visible events, are preceded and surrounded with Invisible interactions and power relations between UK companies and other interested parties and the ASC. Thirdly, these interactions have been expressed through both visible and invisible procedures and processes. These different forms of interaction are presented at every stage in the formulation of any standard. Fourthly, and finally, power exercised In the process of setting accounting standard on both a general and specific level has disciplinary, relational, and positive aspects.

The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the leadership experiences of woman presidents of nonprofit agencies who are perceived as successful. Recognizing that participants' descriptions of their leadership experience are both similar and different, those similarities and differences are explored and analyzed. Commitment to the organization's mission, communicating a vision into action, fostering collaboration, and an adaptable leadership approach all contributed to the success of these female board presidents. A case study design was used to obtain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon of women leaders on nonprofit boards of directors. In-depth interviewing, observations with field notes, member checking, and written materials were utilized as data collection techniques. The selection of eight current and former board presidents for this study involved purposeful, criterion-based sampling. The researcher selected subjects based on their knowledge and experience with the phenomenon under investigation. An interesting finding from the study was that participants shared the same motivation and commitment to nonprofit work, as well as similar leadership qualities despite their differences in socioeconomic background, ethnicity, race, and age. The data also revealed these women place a high value on the social element of nonprofit work. Research supports that women overall are more likely to attach importance to helping others then men who place more significance on status and prestige. This finding based on the literature review and data analysis, suggests further research should include a comparative study of leadership qualities of men and women nonprofit board presidents to determine if there is a consistent leadership model.Nonprofits need to recognize that future leaders are out there waiting to be trained and among them are women who have transferable skills along with a passion and commitment to an organization. Those nonprofit agencies who understand the value of training and board development will be cultivating the leaders of tomorrow.

Gender equality is widely discussed topic in the modern society, and the issue of female underrepresentation on corporate boards has been discussed for decades. Previous research, on one hand, is focused on non-financial contribution of women on boards, such as improvement of communication, decision-making, stronger focus on CSR and stakeholder orientation etc. On the other hand, correlation between female presence and financial outcomes, such as accounting and market performance, has been receiving contradicting results that would show positive relationship, negative or no relationship at all. However, earlier studies only considered the physical presence of women on boards as a predictor of performance. They did not account for the actual role of women on the boards - are they tokens, or do they hold a real power to make a change and influence financial outcomes? In order to rise above the shortcomings of the previous research, this study evaluates the power held by women on Swedish boards in Large Cap companies. With that purpose, power indices had been developed that consider such influence sources as leadership, committee participation, connections to the owners and to the management, and experience. The power index also accounts for the fulfillment of “critical mass” criterion. The findings had shown a negative relationship between power of female directors and firm performance, although this correlation might be explained by a short-term oriented nature of the research. Furthermore, this paper suggests a large variety of subjects for future research in the field of gender equality on boards.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Corporate governance has become the latest business "buzz-word" during the last number of years. It is almost being used as an excuse for too many things that go wrong with, or within, companies. However, the word is not going to disappear from business lexicon, it has come to stay. Too many companies and investors have suffered due to the greed of individuals, appointed to lead and manage the business that have misused their position of trust and enriched themselves in many ways. This could have been brought about by many reasons: • Directors who have not been trained properly for their fiduciary duties and other duties and responsibilities. • Directors who have not been evaluated on their performance as a board or individually. • No formal governance structures within the organisation. • No culture of accountability within the organisation. • Simple greed. This study concentrates on some of the literature, ranging from the Cadbury report released in 1992, the OECD principles and international trends, to the South African King II Report, released in 2002. From the literature, and the recommendations from it, there can be no doubt that the pressure to improve governance structures will become fiercer around the globe. Investors are taking it seriously and are willing to pay a premium for shares in a properly governed enterprise. Directors will have to sharpen their skills in being the primary instrument in preventing further corporate scandals. The importance of their accountability towards the company will be measured when board evaluation no longer is an exception, but the rule, in creating effective boards. Agricol Beherend Limited should be no exception. Although not required to formally comply with the recommendations of the King II Code, it can only be advantageous in striving to long-term sustainability. It is further concluded that entrepreneurship is at the heart of capitalistic society, the sphere in which businesses operate in creating wealth for their investors. This is where the influence and leadership abilities of non-executives play a vital role in creating the environment and culture for enterprises to flourish in. They have to determine the equilibrium between conformance and performance in keeping the entrepreneurial spirit alive, yet complying with best practice principles of corporate governance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Korporatiewe bestuur, of beheer, het oor die laaste aantal jare die nuutste gebruikswoorde in die besigheidsomgewing geword. Dit word feitlik as verskoning gebruik vir alles wat met, of binne-in, organisasies verkeerd loop. Desnieteenstaande, die woorde gaan nie van die algemene besigheidsspreektaal verdwyn nie, dit het gekom om te bly. Te veel maatskappye en beleggers het gely onder die hebsug van individue wat aangestel is om maatskappye te lei en te bestuur, maar wat hulle vertrouensposisie misbruik het om hulself op verskeie maniere te verryk. Dit kon deur 'n verskeidenheid van redes teweeggebring gewees het: • Direkteure wat nie behoorlik opgelei is in hulle fudisiëre pligte, asook ander pligte en verantwoordelikhede nie. • Direkteure wat nie behoorlik geëvalueer is op hulle prestasie as 'n raad of op individuele basis nie. • Geen behoorlike formele korporatiewe bestuursstrukture binne die maatskappy nie. • Geen kultuur van verantwoording binne die maatskappy nie. • Eenvoudige hebsug. Die studie konsentreer op sekere gedeeltes van die literatuur wat strek van die Cadbury verslag wat in1992 vrygestel is, die OECD beginsels en internasionale tendense, tot by die Suid-Afrikaanse King II verslag wat in 2002 verskyn het. Uit die literatuur, en die aanbevelings daarin vervat, kan daar geen twyfel wees dat die druk om korporatiewe beheerstrukture te verbeter in die toekoms, wêreldwyd, slegs groter sal word nie. Beleggers is besig om ernstig daarna op te let en is selfs bereid om 'n premie te betaal vir aandele in 'n organisasie wat behoorlike korporatiewe bestuur toepas. Direkteure sal hulle vaardighede moet opknap, aangesien hulle die primêre instrument is om verdere korporatiewe skandale te voorkom. Die belangrikheid van hulle verantwoording teenoor die maatskappy sal gemeet word wanneer die evaluering van direksies nie meer die uitsondering is nie, maar die reël, in die samestelling van effektiewe direksies. Agricol Beherend Beperk behoort geen uitsondering te wees nie. Alhoewel dit nie verlang word om formeel aan die aanbevelings van die King II Kode te voldoen nie, kan dit slegs tot voordeel wees in die strewe na langtermyn volhoubaarheid. Die verdere gevolgtrekking is dat entrepreneurskap die kern vorm van 'n kapitalistiese bestel, die ruimte waarin besighede opereer om welvaart vir beleggers te skep. Dit is waar die invloed en leierskapsvaardighede van nie-uitvoerende direkteure 'n belangrike rol speel in die skepping van 'n omgewing en kultuur waarbinne besighede kan floreer. Hulle moet die ekwilibrium bepaal tussen voldoening en prestasie, deur 'n gees van entrepreneurskap, terwyl daar voldoen word aan beste korporatiewe bestuursbeginsels.

This thesis represents a scholarly journey towards an understanding of corporate governance. Unlike the vast majority of writings on governance, this work attempts to take a step back, and to consider why and how we should study corporate governance. These critical questions have been largely ignored during the frenzy of governance research in the past few decades. The thesis argues that corporate governance theory and practice reflects a Tower of Academic Babel¹ reality as writers from diverse backgrounds use different approaches, invent terminology and proclaim a new 'theory'. The thesis analyses the extent of this conceptual confusion about corporate governance and why this arises. It also considers some possible reasons for the increasing disillusionment with the legal, ethical, cultural, institutional, regulatory and other contexts of corporate governance. The corporate governance literature indicates that much uncertainty has arisen over the nature of corporate governance. Both, denotative and connotative meanings of corporate governance have been ambiguous, often because of poorly defined concepts. This ambiguity is compounded by confusion over methodological concepts such as "paradigm", "system", "model" and "theory", the key constructs employed by many legal, and other, writers. Moreover, much of the literature on corporate governance is founded on ethnocentric concepts that are often "chauvinistic in the extreme".² This confusion has been intensified by the added complexity of unique phenomenology, demonstrated by numerous writers with "scholarship and advocacy that is culturally and economically insensitive"³ This thesis argues that the search for corporate efficiency and effectiveness is often misguided, both because of biased performance criteria and a lack of a clear conceptual domain. Consequently, the corporate governance discourse fails meaningfully to address the enigma of what is the range of corporate governance influence on corporate activities? The overarching argument made in this thesis is that our understanding of corporate governance requires a clarification of methodological approach and a comparative perspective. By recasting corporate governance research within consistent models, theories and applications this thesis lays the foundation for future research by which we may investigate the causal relationships that determine corporate efficiency, effectiveness and the optimum structures for good corporate governance. practitioners from most cultures.

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Best corporate governance practices published in the primers of Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission and the Brazilian Corporate Governance Institute promote board independence as much as possible, as a way to increase the effectiveness of governance mechanism (Sanzovo, 2010). Therefore, this paper aims at understanding if what the managerial literature portraits as being self-evident - stricter governance, better performance - can be observed in actual evidence. The question answered is: do companies with a stricter control and monitoring system perform better than others? The method applied in this paper consists on comparing 116 companies in respect to the their independence level between top management team and board directors– being that measured by four parameters, namely, the percentage of independent outsiders in the board, the separation of CEO and chairman, the adoption of contingent compensation and the percentage of institutional investors in the ownership structure – and their financial return measured in terms return on assets (ROA) from the latest Quarterly Earnings release of 2012. From the 534 companies listed in the Stock Exchange of Sao Paulo – Bovespa – 116 were selected due to their level of corporate governance. The title 'Novo Mercado' refers to the superior level of governance level within companies listed in Bovespa, as they have to follow specific criteria to assure shareholders ´protection (BM&F, 2011). Regression analyses were conducted in order to reveal the correlation level between two selected variables. The results from the regression analysis were the following: the correlation between each parameter and ROA was 10.26%; the second regression analysis conducted measured the correlation between the independence level of top management team vis-à-vis board directors – namely, CEO relative power - and ROA, leading to a multiple R of 5.45%. Understanding that the scale is a simplification of the reality, the second part of the analysis transforms all the four parameters into dummy variables, excluding what could be called as an arbitrary scale. The ultimate result from this paper led to a multiple R of 28.44%, which implies that the combination of the variables are still not enough to translate the complex reality of organizations. Nonetheless, an important finding can be taken from this paper: two variables (percentage of outside directors and percentage of institutional investor ownership) are significant in the regression, with p-value lower than 10% and with negative coefficients. In other words, counter affirming what the literature very often portraits as being self-evident – stricter governance leads to higher performance – this paper has provided evidences to believe that the increase in the formal governance structure trough outside directors in the board and ownership by institutional investor might actually lead to worse performance. The section limitations and suggestions for future researches presents some reasons explaining why, although supported by strong theoretical background, this paper faced some challenging methodological assumptions, precluding categorical statements about the level of governance – measured by four selected parameters – and the financial return in terms of financial on assets.

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Vila Nova Esperança é uma das 400 favelas do estado de São Paulo. Nos últimos anos, esta comunidade sobreviveu a um duro processo judiciário em contra de poderosos órgãos governamentais e ganhou a atenção de organizações não governamentais que vêm esta comunidade como um lugar de sucesso para implementar os seus projetos. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar quem som os atores de dentro e de fora que mais influencia têm na comunidade, como foi que eles conseguiram esse poder e as implicações da distribuição de poder. As principais conclusões desta dissertação são que o poder dentro da comunidade está centrado em apenas uma pessoa, que a os membros da comunidade sentem que eles não tem controle da sua situação, que existe um déficit de comunicação entre a comunidade e as administrações publicas e que as ONGs que alcançam posições de influência dentro da comunidade fazê-lo graças ao seu esforço e persistência prolongado no tempo.
Vila Nova Esperança é uma das 400 favelas do estado de São Paulo. Nos últimos anos, esta comunidade sobreviveu a um duro processo judiciário em contra de poderosos órgãos governamentais e ganhou a atenção de organizações não governamentais que vêm esta comunidade como um lugar de sucesso para implementar os seus projetos. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar quem som os atores de dentro e de fora que mais influencia têm na comunidade, como foi que eles conseguiram esse poder e as implicações da distribuição de poder. As principais conclusões desta dissertação são que o poder dentro da comunidade está centrado em apenas uma pessoa, que a os membros da comunidade sentem que eles não tem controle da sua situação, que existe um déficit de comunicação entre a comunidade e as administrações publicas e que as ONGs que alcançam posições de influência dentro da comunidade fazê-lo graças ao seu esforço e persistência prolongado no tempo.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais na especialidade de Relações Internacionais
Tendo em vista a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Sociais, na especialidade de Relações Internacionais, o autor procurou ao longo da Tese apresentar a sua perspectiva sobre como seria possível relacionar a existência de potências regionais em África com as linhas programáticas que norteiam a União Africana. Para isso, o autor elaborou um plano de trabalho, que foi seguido ao longo da Tese com as alterações normais que a investigação causou e a isso o levou, onde o contributo dos movimentos de negritude norte-americano contribuíram para a emergência dos movimentos pan-africanistas, a problemática histórica da independência angolana e todo o que condicionou os anos seguintes até à sua Paz, em 2002, sem esquecer todos os condicionalismos externos que ajudaram a moldar a história angolana, e desta até ao estágio actual de potência regional emergente aliado às relações de Angola com o Continente africano e com os seus principais parceiros estratégicos nas regiões onde se insere como um emergente Estado- Director.
In order to obtain the degree of Doctor of Social Science, in International Relations variant, the author has over the Thesis give his views on how it would be possible to relate the existence of regional powers in Africa with the programmatic lines that guide the Union African. For this, the author developed a work plan, which was followed throughout the Thesis with the normal changes that caused the investigation and this led him, where the contribution of the “negritude” movement of the U.S. contributed to the emergence of the pan-African movement the problematic history of Angolan independence and all that conditioned the following years until peace in 2002, while all external circumstances that helped shape the Angolan history, until the current stage of emerging regional power allied relations of Angola with the African continent and its key strategic partners in regions where it forms as an emerging State-Director.
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The thesis explores the nature of executive leadership in international organisation. Executive leadership is often praised or blamed for outcomes in international agencies, and yet, the disciplinary literature fails to incorporate the executive head into institutional analyses of politics, power, and change over time. The thesis aims to address this lacuna and the role of executive leadership by analysing if and how it matters in international politics. The thesis draws on a composite literature from other areas of political research to establish what is known. A review of the literature and prevailing approaches to leadership studies reveals that an overwhelming majority of scholarship relies on exclusively structural or agential accounts of leadership. This somewhat determinist literature has distorted the limited knowledge on the nature of executive leadership in international organisation. Approaches that focus on agency-based explanations argue that executive heads matter greatly. Approaches that utilise structure to interpret executive leadership find that it matters little, if at all. Rejecting these narrow frameworks, the thesis uses a dialectical approach, supported by critical realism, to analyse four cases of executive leadership in the World Trade Organization to address the research questions and lacuna. The case studies draw on over 70 years of multilateral trade governance to reveal a set of core and subsidiary findings about politics, power, executive leadership, and change over time. The thesis argues that executive leadership matters, but that how it matters is contingent on the executive head and the circumstances of their term. By incorporating the executive head into the disciplinary literature, the thesis argues politics, power, and change over time can be more accurately understood.

Le directeur des services de greffe judiciaires, ancien greffier en chef, est un fonctionnaire de catégorie A de la fonction publique qui exerce des fonctions de gestion et d’encadrement au sein des juridictions de l’ordre judiciaire. Au fil du temps, ses missions se sont diversifiées par le transfert d’un certain nombre de compétences jusqu'alors dévolues aux magistrats. Par la suite, le directeur des services de greffe a été déchargé de certaines des compétences transférées pour se recentrer sur son cœur de métier qui est l’administration et la gestion. Le rôle de ce cadre est peu connu non seulement à l'extérieur des juridictions mais aussi en leur sein. Pourtant son rôle est essentiel dans le fonctionnement des juridictions où il exerce de multiples attributions. La multiplicité de ses attributions l’expose à voir sa responsabilité souvent mise en cause, chacune de ses fonctions pouvant être à l’origine d’une faute engageant sa responsabilité. Cette responsabilité est multiforme, elle peut être indemnitaire, pénale, disciplinaire et financière
The Director of administrative service of the court, formerly the Chief Clerk, is a public service category A public servant who performs managerial and supervisory functions in the courts of the judiciary. Over time, his missions have diversified by transferring a number of skills previously assigned to magistrates. Subsequently, the Director of administrative service of the court was relieved of some of the transferred skills to refocus on his core business of administration and management. The role of this cadre is little known not only outside but also within the jurisdictions. Yet his role is essential in the functioning of the jurisdictions in which he has multiple powers. The multiplicity of his attributions exposes him to see his responsibility often questioned, each of his functions being able to be at the origin of a fault engaging his responsibility. This responsibility is multifaceted; it can be compensatory, penal, disciplinary and financial

Notre recherche s'intéresse aux déterminants de la rémunération des plus hauts dirigeants exécutifs des entreprises françaises cotées au SBF 120. Ce sujet trouve tout son intérêt du fait de la survenue de scandales liés aux montants de rémunération des dirigeants et dans un contexte national marqué par un fort tabou quant à cette question. Pour traiter de notre problématique, nous mobilisons le cadre de la théorie de l'agence complété par des approches permettant de prendre en compte le rôle actif des dirigeants dans la fixation de leurs montants de rémunération (théorie du pouvoir managérial et théorie de l'enracinement). Notre démarche empirique s'inscrit dans une perspective exploratoire en contexte français. Une première étape a consisté, par une étude qualitative, à préciser notre angle de recherche afin de dégager des hypothèses par l'administration d'entretiens semi-directifs et de questionnaires auprès des dirigeants. Ceci a permis de faire émerger des relations entre la performance boursière et économique passées des entreprises (en « t »), le pouvoir du dirigeant, le contrôle du conseil et de l'actionnariat et le montant de rémunération en espèces des dirigeants (salaire et bonus) (en « t +1 »). Nos résultats montrent l'absence de relation entre la performance boursière et économique passées de l'entreprise et le montant de rémunération en espèces des plus hauts dirigeants exécutifs. Par ailleurs des mécanismes de contrôle du conseil et de l'actionnariat externes (administrateurs indépendants et investisseurs institutionnels) affecteraient positivement la rémunération en espèces des dirigeants
Our research focuses on the determinants of CEO remuneration for French companies listed on the SBF 120. This topic is of crucial importance because of the occurrence of scandals about the amounts of CEO compensation and in a national context characterized by a strong taboo on this issue. To address this problem, we mobilize the framework of the agency theory complemented by approaches that take into account the active role of CEOs in setting their remuneration amounts (managerial power theory and entrenchment theory). Our empirical approach is exploratory in the French context. A first step consists, thanks to a qualitative study, in clarifying our terms of research to generate hypotheses by administering semi-structured interviews and questionnaires with CEOs. This has led to the emergence of relationships between past corporate stock market and economic performance (in "t"), CEO power, the control of the Board of Directors and shareholders and the amount of CEO cash remuneration (salary and bonus) (in "t+1"). Our results show no relationship between corporate stock market and economic performance and the amount of CEO cash remuneration. We found a positive and significant relationship between the control of the Board of Directors and shareholders independent directors and institutional investors) and the amount of CEO cash remuneration. Finally, the CEO power positively and significantly affects their amount of cash remuneration

Uppsatsen gör en första ansats att utifrån befintliga organisationsteorier definiera de faktorer vilka påverkar Försvarsmakten och R3-organisationen. Oganisations-teorierna pekar på yttre krafter så som politik, ekonomi och teknologi samt inre logik-faktorer, vilka består av sociala processer som utvecklas och påverkar det klimat som präglar en organisation.

Förutom yttre krafter och inre logik, påverkar även organisationsformen en organisation. Inom Försvarsmakten och dess underorganisationer, däribland R3, är organisationsformen till övervägande del hierarkisk. Ett välanpassat och dubbelriktat informationsutbyte mellan de olika nivåerna inom hierarkin gör den välfungerande och effektiv. Inom R3-organisationen finns detta informationsutbyte bland annat mellan funktionsutvecklaren och utbildningsförbanden. Klimatet samt funktionen inom detta utbyte påverkar organisationens effektivitet och optimering. Framtiden är till del oviss och utveckling, omvärld och resurser förändras ständigt. Genom att sträva efter att vara en lärande organisation kan Försvarsmakten tillgodogöra organisationen de kunskaper som individerna innehar och förvärvar. En lärande organisation investerar i människor och deras fortlöpande lärande. Viktigt är att öka det subjektiva och objektiva handlingsutrymmet för individerna i syfte att gynna lärprocessen, vilket utvecklar hela organisationen. Det ökade internationella samarbetet Försvarsmakten strävar mot, främjar rimligtvis effektivitet och optimering på så vis att kunskapsprocesserna utvecklar och vidgar de referensramar individ och organisation har.

Fortsatt forskning kan bland annat ge svar på hur det internationella samarbetet skall utvecklas för att ge ytterligare positiva aspekter avseende den lärande organisationen och dess utveckling.

The author of this essay is Elisabet Hökerberg, a Cadet at the Swedish Armed Forces Technical School, Halmstad. The essay is written as a part of the Officer Education.

The objective of this study is to research and examine the main factors which affect the potential for an organization to function as effectively as possible. The essay also aims at describing the most preferable climate characterizing an optimal and effective organization. Factors such as politics, technical boundaries and economies are external factors which affect an organization and are often difficult for the organization to influence. These external factors also have a direct effect on the inner logic that characterizes the relations and climate between the members of the organization. Inner logics are social processes which develop without the members’ direct awareness of them. Opportunism is a typical inner logic factor.

In order to increase efficiency and realize the objectives of the organization it is important for those in command to handle these inner logics with care and to be aware of their importance. To realize the objective of an organization the executive staff must have the ability, will and means to lead and guide their employees towards the Managing Directors’ intended objective.

The Swedish Armed Forces is no exception and the external powers and inner logics influence the military organization just as it does a regular company. The hierarchic organization which the military organization constitutes also affects its efficiency and optimising. In order to make a hierarchic organization function with effectiveness it is of importance that the vertical and horizontal boundaries are flexible and variable.

The result of the study shows that the conception of learning organisations can be an important part of the way towards an organization with minimized negative affection from the inner logic factors. The learning organisation has the ability to assimilate not only the available knowledge of the employees, but also encourages them to incorporate new. By investing in knowledge in this way the personnel readily understand their own importance in the way towards the objective, which leads to a more efficient organization.

Mestrado em Marketing
Nas últimas décadas, deu-se uma mudança no paradigma internacional e na maneira como os países se interrelacionam. Estas relações, cada vez mais económicas, exigem uma nova abordagem por parte dos países. Neste sentido, o conceito de soft power de Joseph Nye, enquanto poder de atracção de um país e que pode ser encontrado na sua cultura, valores e políticas externas, ao invés de hard power, considerado como poder de coerção e que pode ser económico ou militar, ganha uma maior relevância. Neste contexto, o papel do country branding enquanto ferramenta utilizada pelos países para a prossecução da sua própria agenda tem vindo a ser desenvolvido, pretendendo o presente estudo analisar o papel do mesmo com o objetivo de atrair Investimento Directo Estrangeiro e a existência de evidências de soft power e hard power nessas estratégias. Para isso, foram desenvolvidas categorias e sub-categorias de soft e hard power, baseadas na visão de Nye, que são aplicadas a uma análise qualitativa dos sites oficiais de atracção de Investimento Directo Estrangeiro das economias emergentes denominadas de BRIC (Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China). As conclusões apontam para uma forte interdependência entre as dimensões de soft power, assim como o papel que as mesmas desempenham na construção da imagem de um país.
It has been a change, in the last decades, in the international paradigm and in the way countries relate. These relationships, increasingly economic, require a new approach by countries. In this sense, the concept of soft power by Joseph Nye, as the attractiveness of a country that can be found in their culture, values and foreign policies, rather than hard power, considered coercive power and that can be economic or military, gains greater relevance. In this context, the role of country branding as a tool used by countries to pursue its own agenda has been developed, pretending this study to examine its role with the objective of Foreign Direct Investment attraction and the existence of evidence soft power and hard power in these strategies. For this, we developed categories and sub-categories of soft and hard power, based on the vision of Nye, who are applied in a qualitative analysis of the official websites for Foreign Direct Investment attraction of the emerging economies known as BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China). The conclusions suggest a strong interdependence between the soft power dimensions and also the importance of their role in the image construction of a country.

The purpose of the thesis is to question the hegemony of auteurist, director-based criticisms of Shakespearean films by rescuing the film-editor from anonymity. By drawing my attention to the determining, yet largely disregarded work of editorial creation, I offer a reading of a selection of Shakespearean films that acknowledges the centrality of collaborative work in representing Shakespeare on film. In order to recreate the editor as a 'collaborative auteur', I propose to trace the authorial signature(s) of the editore(s) by examining and identifying in which ways and according to which specific patterns the Shakespearean pre-texts are transformed into 'Shakespearean' film texts.

Les Energies Marines Renouvelables (EMR) se développent aujourd’hui très vite tant au niveau de la recherche amont que de la R&D, et même des premiers démonstrateurs à la mer. Parmi ces EMR, l'énergie des vagues présente un potentiel particulièrement intéressant. Avec une ressource annuelle brute moyenne estimée à 40 kW/m au large de la côte atlantique, le littoral français est plutôt bien exposé. Mais l’exploitation à grande échelle de cette énergie renouvelable ne sera réalisable et pertinente qu'à condition d'une bonne intégration au réseau électrique (qualité) ainsi que d'une gestion et d'un dimensionnement optimisé au sens du coût sur cycle de vie. Une première solution de génération tout électrique pour un houlogénérateur a d’abord été évaluée dans le cadre de la thèse de Marie RUELLAN menée sur le site de Bretagne du laboratoire SATIE (ENS de Cachan). Ces travaux ont mis en évidence le potentiel de viabilité économique de cette chaîne de conversion et ont permis de poser la question du dimensionnement de l’ensemble convertisseur-machine et de soulever les problèmes associés à la qualité de l’énergie produite. Puis une seconde thèse a été menée par Judicaël AUBRY dans la même équipe de recherche. Elle a consisté, entre autres, en l’étude d’une première solution de traitement des fluctuations de la puissance basée sur un système de stockage par supercondensateurs. Une méthodologie de dimensionnement de l’ensemble convertisseur-machine et de gestion de l’énergie stockée fut également élaborée, mais en découplant le dimensionnement et la gestion de la production d’énergie et de ceux de son système de stockage. Le doctorant devra donc : 1. S’approprier les travaux antérieurs réalisés dans le domaine de la récupération de l’énergie des vagues ainsi que les modèles hydrodynamiques et mécaniques réalisés par notre partenaire : le LHEEA de l’Ecole Centrale de Nantes - 2. Résoudre le problème du couplage entre dimensionnement/gestion de la chaîne de conversion et dimensionnement/gestion du système de stockage. 3. Participer à la réalisation d’un banc test à échelle réduite de la chaine électrique et valider expérimentalement les modèles énergétiques du stockage et des convertisseurs statiques associés - 4. Proposer une méthodologie de dimensionnement de la chaine électrique intégrant le stockage et les lois de contrôle préalablement élaborées 5. Déterminer les gains en termes de capacités de stockage obtenus grâce à la mutualisation de la production (parc de machines) et évaluer l’intérêt d’un stockage centralisé - 6. Analyser l’impact sur le réseau d’une production houlogénérée selon divers scenarii, modèles et outils développés par tous les partenaires dans le cadre du projet QUALIPHE. L’exemple traité sera celui de l’Ile d’Yeu (en collaboration avec le SyDEV
The work of this PhD thesis deals with the minimization of the per-kWh cost of direct-drive wave energy converter, crucial to the economic feasibility of this technology. Despite the simplicity of such a chain (that should provide a better reliability compared to indirect chain), the conversion principle uses an oscillating system (a heaving buoy for example) that induces significant power fluctuations on the production. Without precautions, such fluctuations can lead to: a low global efficiency, an accelerated aging of the fragile electrical components and a failure to respect power quality constraints. To solve these issues, we firstly study the optimization of the direct drive wave energy converter control in order to increase the global energy efficiency (from wave to grid), considering conversion losses and the limit s from the sizing of an electrical chain (maximum force and power). The results point out the effect of the prediction horizon or the mechanical energy into the objective function. Production profiles allow the study of the flicker constraint (due to grid voltage fluctuations) linked notably to the grid characteristics at the connection point. Other models have also been developed to quantify the aging of the most fragile and highly stressed components, namely the energy storage system used for power smoothing (with super capacitors or electrochemical batteries Li-ion) and power semiconductors.Finally, these aging models are used to optimize key design parameters using life-cycle analysis. Moreover, the sizing of the storage system is co-optimized with the smoothing management

Mestrado em Marketing
Nas últimas décadas, deu-se uma mudança no paradigma internacional e na maneira como os países se interrelacionam. Estas relações, cada vez mais económicas, exigem uma nova abordagem por parte dos países. Neste sentido, o conceito de soft power de Joseph Nye, enquanto poder de atracção de um país e que pode ser encontrado na sua cultura, valores e políticas externas, ao invés de hard power, considerado como poder de coerção e que pode ser económico ou militar, ganha uma maior relevância. Neste contexto, o papel do country branding enquanto ferramenta utilizada pelos países para a prossecução da sua própria agenda tem vindo a ser desenvolvido, pretendendo o presente estudo analisar o papel do mesmo com o objetivo de atrair Investimento Directo Estrangeiro e a existência de evidências de soft power e hard power nessas estratégias. Para isso, foram desenvolvidas categorias e sub-categorias de soft e hard power, baseadas na visão de Nye, que são aplicadas a uma análise qualitativa dos sites oficiais de atracção de Investimento Directo Estrangeiro das economias emergentes denominadas de BRIC (Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China). As conclusões apontam para uma forte interdependência entre as dimensões de soft power, assim como o papel que as mesmas desempenham na construção da imagem de um país.
It has been a change, in the last decades, in the international paradigm and in the way countries relate. These relationships, increasingly economic, require a new approach by countries. In this sense, the concept of soft power by Joseph Nye, as the attractiveness of a country that can be found in their culture, values and foreign policies, rather than hard power, considered coercive power and that can be economic or military, gains greater relevance. In this context, the role of country branding as a tool used by countries to pursue its own agenda has been developed, pretending this study to examine its role with the objective of Foreign Direct Investment attraction and the existence of evidence soft power and hard power in these strategies. For this, we developed categories and sub-categories of soft and hard power, based on the vision of Nye, who are applied in a qualitative analysis of the official websites for Foreign Direct Investment attraction of the emerging economies known as BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China). The conclusions suggest a strong interdependence between the soft power dimensions and also the importance of their role in the image construction of a country.

La tesi concerne il potere di rappresentanza degli amministratori e la rilevanza esterna del procedimento decisorio nelle società di capitali. Dall’interpretazione della direttiva 2009/101/CE risulta un sistema che stabilisce l’opponibilità dei limiti legali e l’inopponibilità dei limiti convenzionali. Dalle limitazioni soggettive consentite dalla direttiva si ricava “per sottrazione” che il diritto europeo prevede una regola suppletiva secondo la quale il potere di rappresentanza spetta a ciascun amministratore disgiuntamente. Nel diritto interno, nel silenzio delle fonti convenzionali, la mancanza di un’espressa regola suppletiva determina l’operatività della regola suppletiva europea. La fonte del potere di rappresentanza ha natura legale ma le fonti convenzionali possono stabilire delle limitazioni soggettive opponibili ai terzi ex artt. 2383, comma 4°, e 2448 c.c. Ammessa la rilevanza esterna dei limiti legali ai poteri degli amministratori, accogliendo la tesi secondo cui nelle società di capitali la dissociazione tra potere gestorio e potere rappresentativo costituisce un elemento del modulo organizzativo legale dell’amministrazione pluripersonale, si sostiene che il mancato rispetto del procedimento decisorio sia opponibile ai terzi che la società provi essere stati a conoscenza o aver colpevolmente ignorato il vizio affettante un presupposto legale del procedimento collegiale richiesto dalla legge (art. 2388, comma 5, c.c.).
This thesis concerns the power of representation of the directors and the external relevance of the decisional process in italian companies. The Directive 2009/101/EC provides a system in which the legal limits can be invoked and the internal limits cannot be invoked with respect to third parties. From the subjective limitations allowed by the Directive is obtained "by subtraction" that European law provides a default rule, according to which every director has the power of representation separately. In domestic law, in the silence of the statute, the lack of an explicit rule determines the operation of the European default rule. The source of the power of representation has a legal nature, however the statute can determine subjective limitations that can be invoked with respect to third parties. Admitting the external relevance of legal limits on the powers of the directors and accepting the argument that in case of a board of directors the legal model provides that the decision-making power is dissociated from the power of representation, it is argued that the breach of the decisional process can be invoked if the company proves that the third party knew the lack of a legal condition of the process required by law or ignored it culpably.

Nesta pesquisa descrevem-se e exploram-se pela primeira vez os papéis de controle, direcionamento (estratégia e política) e prestação de serviços dos Conselhos de Administração (CAs) e sua relevância no sistema de governança corporativa nas empresas listadas na BOVESPA. Estuda-se, ainda, também pela primeira vez, de um lado a relação entre os papéis do CAs e a estrutura e tipo de propriedade, tamanho e idade da empresa, determinantes da qualidade de governança no nível do CA e de outro a relação entre os papéis e a participação de investidores institucionais. Os resultados, dada a concentração da amostra, são principalmente aplicáveis às empresas listadas no Novo Mercado ou que emitem ADRs na Bolsa de Nova Iorque. No estudo quantitativo, de caráter descritivo e correlacional, considerou-se uma amostra não probabilística, por conveniência composta por 65 empresas listadas e 122 administradores. O Modelo de Equações Estruturais foi usado inicialmente, mas suspeitas sobre sua adequação levaram a um segundo modelo - o Modelo de Equações Simultâneas. Devido à ausência de dados, o modelo estatístico acabou por utilizar um total de 88 observações. Os CAs em grande parte são dominados pelos acionistas controladores. A participação de conselheiros independentes ainda está abaixo da recomendação das melhores práticas e a presença de acionistas minoritários nos CAs é pequena. O acúmulo dos cargos de presidente do conselho e presidente executivo não é um problema maior, porém mais importante é o acúmulo de poder verificado já que a presidência do CA é, em grande parte, ocupada por familiar do acionista controlador ou por ele próprio. A frequência relevante de presidentes executivos que também são familiares do controlador é outro elemento de concentração de poder. O papel de controle predomina nos CAs estudados, mas o papel de direcionamento também é relevante. O papel de serviço é o menos importante. O papel de controle pode ser enfraquecido nas empresas onde o presidente executivo e o presidente do conselho são familiares dos acionistas controladores. CAs com maiores níveis decisórios estão associados a um número maior de melhores práticas de governança. Os resultados não confirmaram as hipóteses de relação entre os elementos estudados e o papel das empresas listadas brasileiras. A pesquisa traz contribuições práticas aos agentes de mercado, indicando prioridades para a melhoria das práticas do CA e introduzindo não só o conceito de estilo do CA, mas também seu nível decisório. Para a pesquisa acadêmica, contribui-se com a construção de dois indicadores de concentração de poder e de endogenia/exogenia dos CAs que poderão ser utilizados não só em futuras pesquisas, como também pelas empresas. Os papéis do conselho de administração devem ser mais explorados e, já que o entendimento do órgão central do sistema de governança está apenas se iniciando, conclui-se esta dissertação com proposições de caminhos de pesquisa.
This study is the first to describe and to explore the control, guidance (strategy- and policydirecting), and service roles of boards of directors (BoD) and their relevance to the corporate governance system of companies listed on the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BOVESPA). It also studies on one side the relationship between the roles of the boards and structure and type of ownership, company size and age, board-level determinants of governance quality and on the other, the role of boards and institutional investor participation, and was also the first study to analyze this. Due to the concentration of the study sample, results are mainly applicable to companies listed on the Novo Mercado or issuing ADRs on the New York Stock Exchange. This quantitative, descriptive, and correlational study used a nonprobabilistic convenience sample of 65 listed companies and 122 executives and board directors. Structural equation modeling was initially employed, but suspicion on its adequacy led to an alternative one, the simultaneous equation model. Because there was an absence of data, a total of 88 observations were used in the statistical model. Boards are mostly dominated by controlling shareholders; participation of independent directors is still below the best practice recommendations levels, and minority shareholder participation is low. The functions of CEO and chairman played by the same person is not a major concern; the power concentration is more important, as boards are often chaired by relatives of controlling shareholders or by controlling shareholders themselves. Another element that concentrates power is the relevant frequency with which controlling shareholders relatives hold CEO positions. In the selected boards, the control role is dominant, with guidance also playing a relevant part; the service role was the least important. The control role may be weakened in companies where CEO and chairmen are from controlling shareholders family. Boards with higher decision-making levels are associated with a higher number of best governance practices. Results did not confirm the hypotheses of a relation between the studied elements and the role of listed Brazilian companies. This dissertation provides practical contributions for market agents, suggesting priorities for the improvement of board practices and introducing the concept of board style and decision-making level. The study also contributes to the academic literature by constructing two indicators concentration of power and board endogeny/exogeny which may be used in future researches and in the corporate environment. The roles of the BoD must be explored further, as we have only just begun to understand this central body of the corporate governance system. This dissertation concludes by proposing several possible research directions.

This is an exploration of the director's role in autobiographical theatre. The director is in a unique position when storytelling on a personal level is being executed theatrically. I explored this topic over the course of directing three plays, each of which contained a strong personal storytelling element, which broadened my perspective of the director's role. The three plays were Slashtipher Coleman’s The Neon Man and Me, Birth by Karen Brody, and Will Power to Youth Richmond presents: William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. Traditionally, the director’s role includes a myriad of tasks. These tasks can include and are not limited to creating pictures on stage that reflect the story being told, coaching actors in their craft specific to the production, vocal and movement coaching, viii creating a concept, interpreting and translating the action, and being the intermediary amongst the creative team in reaching the overall artistic vision. However, when the director is presented with personal stories to shape and mold, this role changes; no longer can the director wear a traditional hat and assume that the story will tell itself through a series of pictures, but now the director dons different hats and accesses other skills that more closely reflect those of mentor, spiritual leader, psychologist, teacher, and friend. This thesis is a narrative of the explorative process that one director experienced when staging these three prototypes of autobiographical theatre.

This Master Thesis is the research done in the country of Rwanda. The project leads to study the climate of this country in order to establish whether this climate could be used to produce energy from air and to implement the first wind turbine for serving the nation.   After an introduction about the historical background of wind power, the thesis work deals with assessment of wind energy potential of Rwanda in focusing of the most suitable place for wind power plants. The best location with annual mean wind speed, the rate of use of turbine with hub height for an annual production per year, the mean wind speeds for 6 sites of Rwanda based on ECMWF for climatic data for one year at relief of altitude of 100m and coordinates are reported too.   The result of energy produced and calculations were done based on power hitting wind turbine generator in order to calculate Kinetic energy and power available at the best location to the measurement over the period of 12 months, that could be hoped for long term.   With help of logarithmic law, where wind speed usually increases with increasing in elevation and the desired wind speeds at all 6 sites were used. The annual energy production was taken into account at the best site with desired wind speed at the initial cost of turbine as well as the cost of energy (COE).However, with comparison of the tariff of EWSA, the price of Wind designed in this Research per kWh is cheaper and suitable for people of Rwanda.

I WISH TO PUBLISH MY THESIS

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Analysts are essential to the functioning of capital markets as they make predictions and recommendations that support the investment decisions of both institutions and individual investors. Analysts study the fundamentals of public companies, their growth prospects, financial structure and cash flow, corporate governance, industry structure and the macroeconomic environment in which companies are inserted. In this context, business leaders play a major role, as they influence the directions of the corporation and their performance. The goal of this paper is to investigate the influence of the concentration of power in the hands of the major corporate leader on the accuracy of analyst earnings forecasts of Brazilian companies. The accuracy is measured in accordance with the international literature. The proxy for the concentration of power was constructed by Silveira and Barros (2011b) and takes into consideration the individual power of the main corporate leader the Chairman of the Board of Directors (Chairman) or the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) and also the degree of passivity and homogeneity of the Board of Directors. The sample contains 107 public companies listed in BM&FBOVESPA (Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo) in 2010. It only includes companies that had analyst coverage in the twelve months preceding the end of the fiscal year. The forecasts and financial information were collected from Thomson One Analytics® and Economática®. Information on the concentration of power was provided by Silveira and Barros (2011b), who collected the data in the websites of companies and in Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM). The analysis shows evidence that the concentration of power positively influences the accuracy of analyst forecasts. This idea is in line with a few prior studies on the concentration of power and volatility of results that argue that powerful business leaders tend to be more conservative.
Os analistas de mercado são importantes para o funcionamento do mercado de capitais à medida que fazem previsões e recomendações que fundamentam as decisões de investimentos de instituições e investidores individuais. Para isso, os analistas estudam os fundamentos de companhias abertas, sua capacidade de crescimento de receita, estrutura financeira e geração de caixa, governança corporativa, setor de atuação e a conjuntura macroeconômica na qual as empresas estão inseridas. Nesse contexto, os líderes corporativos exercem papel preponderante, pois determinam os rumos das corporações e exercem impacto importante sobre seus resultados. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é investigar a influência da concentração de poder nas empresas de capital aberto brasileiro sobre acurácia das previsões dos analistas de mercado. A acurácia é mensurada através de metodologias utilizadas na literatura internacional. Como proxy para a concentração de poder é utilizada a medida construída por Silveira e Barros (2011b) que considera o poder individual do principal líder corporativo Presidente do Conselho de Administração (Chairman) ou Diretor Presidente (Chief Executive Officer CEO), a passividade e a homogeneidade do Conselho. A amostra é composta por 107 companhias de capital aberto listadas na BM&FBOVESPA (Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo) no ano fiscal de 2010. A amostra do trabalho consiste em um conjunto de dados em corte transversal. Foram consideradas na amostra somente as empresas que apresentavam cobertura dos analistas nos doze meses anteriores ao final do ano fiscal. As previsões e informações financeiras foram coletadas junto à Thomson One Analytics® e Banco de Dados do Sistema Economática®. As informações sobre concentração de poder referem-se à base de dados de Silveira e Barros (2011b) coletadas a partir de websites das companhias e da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM). De acordo com os resultados encontrados há evidências de que a concentração de poder influencia positivamente a acurácia das previsões dos analistas. Essa ideia está alinhada com alguns estudos sobre concentração de poder e volatilidade dos resultados que argumentam que líderes corporativos poderosos podem assumir uma posição conservadora.

Dans un contexte de développement rapide des projets d’énergies marines renouvelables, le but de cette thèse était d’améliorer les connaissances sur les impacts potentiels des câbles électriques sous-marins sur les écosystèmes benthiques côtiers. En se focalisant sur la phase de fonctionnement, ce travail était essentiellement dédié à la caractérisation de l’effet récif généré par ces câbles et leurs structures associées (protection, stabilisation) sur les communautés épibenthiques fixées et la mégafaune mobile. L’étude était principalement basée sur l’utilisation d’images sous-marines (photo et vidéo) prises in situ par des plongeurs. Ce travail a mené à des réflexions méthodologiques sur la manière la plus efficace d’analyser ce genre de données afin d’appréhender pleinement la dynamique de colonisation des structures artificielles et leur rôle d’habitat pour des espèces commerciales. Outre cet effet récif, certains organismes se retrouvent exposés à des champs magnétiques émis par les câbles électriques. Ceci m’a conduit à mesurer expérimentalement l’impact de champs magnétiques artificiels sur le comportement du homard Européen (Homarus gammarus) au stade juvénile. Finalement, nous avons étudié in situ les potentiels bénéfices pour la macrofaune benthique de l’exclusion d’activités anthropiques autour de la route de câbles électriques. Le couplage d’approches in situ et ex situ m’a permis de mieux appréhender les impacts environnementaux associés aux câbles électriques sous-marins. Ces résultats permettront d’améliorer l’évaluation de l’empreinte écologique des futurs raccordements électriques
In a global context of rapid development of marine renewable energy projects, the aim of this PhD thesis was to better characterise the potential impacts of submarine power cables on coastal benthic ecosystems. The work specifically focused on the impacts associated with the operational phase. The major part of this work was dedicated to the reef effect created by these cables and their protective and stabilising structures on sessile epibenthic communities and mobile megafauna. This work was mainly based on underwater imagery, either video or photo collected in situ by divers. The challenge of working with underwater imagery has led me to optimise image analyses so as to effectively monitor benthic colonisation and to quantify artificial reef habitat provision to commercial species.In addition to this reef effect, colonising organisms are exposed to magnetic fields generated by the power cables. Thus, I designed an experimental study to assess the impact of realistic magnetic fields on the behaviour of juvenile European lobsters (Homarus gammarus). Finally, we explored the ecological impacts of excluding anthropogenic activity from the cables routes and potential benefits for benthic macrofauna. By coupling both in situ and ex situ approaches, my PhD research better characterises the environmental impacts associated with submarine power cables. These results will help to assess the ecological footprint of future power grid connections

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Este trabalho tratou de investigar as origens do instituto da limitação da responsabilidade dos sócios e estabelecer a importância de tal limitação – a partir da harmonização entre os princípios constitucionais de proteção aos direitos sociais e os princípios – igualmente constitucionais – da livre iniciativa do qual decorre também o princípio da preservação da empresa. De modo semelhante buscou se estabelecer a importância da delimitação da responsabilização dos administradores que não possuem vínculo societário com as empresas por eles administradas tanto no âmbito legislativo quanto judicial. Nesse contexto buscou-se demonstrar – para além dos prejuízos – a ociosidade da aplicação da teoria da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica em face dos remédios jurídicos já existentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro para as ocasiões em que se verifique a ocorrência de fraude simulação e prática dos atos ultra vires. Advoga-se neste trabalho a possibilidade de se buscar a preservação da empresa atendendo ao chamado do devido processo legal e – simultaneamente– ao chamado da busca pela satisfação do crédito ou reparação de prejuízos ensejados mediante o abuso. da pessoa jurídica seja por administrador seja por sócio fortalecendo assim os caros institutos da segurança jurídica e previsibilidade das decisões judiciais. Concorrem também para a consagração do tudo quanto aqui exposto uma redução do ativismo judicial que se verifica em preterimento de direitos processuais que gozam de status constitucional como os da ampla defesa e do contraditório. Além disso buscou-se evidenciar a necessidade de diálogo entre Direito – através dos magistrados – e Economia a partir da compreensão por parte daqueles dos reflexos de sua atuação para o desenvolvimento econômico e consequentemente para o desenvolvimento social. Nesse tocante acredita-se útil a colaboração que pode ser fornecida pela Psicanálise a partir de uma das três instâncias do aparelho psíquico: o superego no entendimento do Judiciário como superego da sociedade.
Salvador

Confronté, dans les entreprises de grande taille, à l’impossibilité d’exercer lui-même la totalité de ses pouvoirs, le chef d’entreprise est conduit à en déléguer à des préposés. Cette transmission du pouvoir participe de l’organisation de l’entreprise. La délégation de pouvoir en constitue le vecteur le plus pertinent. La flexibilité de son régime incite à y recourir dans l’entreprise voire dans le périmètre d’un groupe. Le transfert de pouvoir a pour corollaire un transfert de responsabilité, y compris, sous certaines conditions, de responsabilité à la charge du délégataire.La délégation de pouvoir s’impose aujourd’hui comme un des outils privilégiés d’organisation de l’entreprise d’autant qu’elle permet, face à la forte pénalisation des relations de travail, une répartition des risques entre ses acteurs. Elle permet au chef d’entreprise, destinataire de multiples obligations légales, d’opérer une déconcentration du pouvoir et de la responsabilité qui l’accompagne en confiant à des salariés dotés des compétences requises la réalisation de tâches qu’il n’est pas, en pratique, en mesure d’assumer. Son action y gagne en efficacité, dans l’intérêt de tous
Faced with the impossibility of exercising his or her full powers in a large company, the executive director has to delegate some these to his or her subordinates. Transmission of power therefore becomes part of the organisation of the company and constitutes the most pertinent vector of said organisation. The flexibility of its regime is an incentive to use delegation in the company or even in the scope of the corporate group. The transfer of responsibility becomes a corollary of the transfer of power, including, under certain conditions, the transfer of responsability borne by the delegator. Delegation of power has become one of the preferred tools in the organisation of a company as it also allows for the distribution of risks amongst its actors in the face of the current strong penalisation of work relations. It allows the executive director, the bearer of multiple legal obligations, to carry out a deconcentration of power and stemming from that, of responsibility, by giving employees possessing the required skills the tasks that he or she isn’t, in practice, able to undertake. His or her action increases efficiency in the interest of all

Cette thèse explore la manière dont se construisent les relations de pouvoir dans les écoles primaires françaises, en se posant la question de la réalité du « pouvoir » des directions d'école. Le pouvoir est surtout entendu au sens crozierien, comme la maîtrise des zones d'incertitudes par les différents acteurs en présence. Les recherches françaises sont peu nombreuses sur la question des directions d'école primaire, alors même qu'elles abondent sur la question des chefs d'établissement. Mais l'école primaire n'est pas un établissement juridiquement autonome comme le collège ou le lycée. Elle ne dispose conséquemment d'aucune autonomie juridique et financière. Le directeur n'est pas un « chef d'établissement », il n'en a pas le statut administratif. L'émergence de l'école primaire en France, analysée historiquement en première partie, montre un modèle d'école sous forte tutelle hiérarchique, dans un système très centralisé avec une importante légitimation bureaucratique et réglementaire. Cette légitimité est remise en cause par l'irruption de nouveaux acteurs et de nouvelles politiques, en vue d'une meilleure efficacité qui se concrétise par une demande de travailler en « projet » au niveau local. La méfiance de bien des enseignants face à ce qui est reçu comme une injonction, se répercute à la fois sur la hiérarchie proche (IEN) et lointaine (circulaires, décrets, changements de politiques en fonction des aléas électoraux) mais avant tout sur la direction d'école responsable de la mise en œuvre. Ceci est mis en perspective avec différents modèles sociologiques (deuxième partie) et en particulier avec la sociologie des organisations de Crozier rapportée à des modèles plus récents (Mintzberg, Boltanski entre autres). La triangulation des méthodes permet d'obtenir une vision et des données à la fois généralistes, via une enquête par questionnaire (N=5 747 dont 2 211 directeurs d'école), singulières par une ethnographie intégrée au travail quotidien d'une directrice d'école et complémentaires à partir d'entretiens auprès de directeurs et directrices d'école (N=15) comme auprès de la hiérarchie proche (Inspecteurs, N=5) et décisionnelle, allant jusqu'au cabinet ministériel. Épistémologiquement et méthodologiquement, cette thèse assume la complémentarité de méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives (Troisième partie). Ce travail montre la tension, dans le temps d'un changement de référentiel, entre la liberté pédagogique et l'individualisme qui en découle et un appel au travail « collectif » selon les formes du "New public management". Il montre aussi les hésitations entre ce modèle de « l'autonomie » et du local et un modèle centralisé pyramidal. Il examine le paradoxe d'une direction d'école non hiérarchique, dépourvue de statut et la psychologisation des relations qui en découle. Nous examinons tant le point de vue des directeurs, que celui des enseignants quant à la question particulièrement importante analytiquement du statut des premiers qui clivent les fonctions. L'examen d'un important corpus qualitatif en montre les raisons et les conséquences (quatrième partie). Une ethnographie intégrée et des entretiens de directeurs (cinquième partie) mettent à jour de manière plus précise l'ensemble des enjeux et conflits de pouvoir dans une équipe spécifique; l'occupation des lieux, l'usage de l'argent de la coopérative scolaire, les relations avec les parents et le périscolaire par exemple, complète le portrait du directeur en « marginal sécant ». Des entretiens avec la hiérarchie parachève la situation des directeurs d'école (Sixième partie). Le directeur est sans doute un « marginal sécant », mais son pouvoir » est limité, parfois contesté. Assigné au « sale boulot » du maintien de l'ordre, il est au centre de jeux et d'enjeux d'alliances complexes dans et hors de son école. Il est finalement examiné à quelles conditions il peut être ou devenir un « acteur ingénieux » capable d'entraîner une équipe au-delà de son seul charisme
This thesis explores the way in which power relations are constructed in French primary schools, by posing the question of the reality of the "power" of school principals. Power is mainly understood in the Croatian sense, as the control of areas of uncertainty by the various actors involved. French research is scarce on the issue of primary school principals, even though they abound on the issue of school heads. But primary school is not a legally autonomous institution like college or high school. It therefore has no legal and financial autonomy. The director is not a "headteacher", he does not have the administrative status. The emergence of primary school in France, analyzed historically in the first part, shows a school model under strong hierarchical supervision, in a highly centralized system with significant bureaucratic and regulatory legitimization. This legitimacy is challenged by the emergence of new actors and new policies, with a view to greater efficiency, which translates into a demand to work as a "project" at the local level. The mistrust of many teachers in the face of what is received as an injunction, has repercussions both on the close (NEI) and distant hierarchy (circulars, decrees, changes in policies depending on the electoral hazards) but above all on the direction school responsible for implementation. This is put in perspective with different sociological models (second part) and in particular with the sociology of Crozier's organizations related to more recent models (Mintzberg, Boltanski among others).The triangulation of the methods allows to obtain a vision and data at the same time generalist, via a survey by questionnaire (N = 5 747 among which 2 211 directors of school), singular by an ethnography integrated in the daily work of a director d and complementary from interviews with principals (N = 15) and with the immediate hierarchy (Inspectors, N = 5) and decision-makers, up to the ministerial cabinet. Epistemologically and methodologically, this thesis assumes the complementarity of quantitative and qualitative methods (Part Three). This work shows the tension, in the time of a change of frame of reference, between the educational freedom and the individualism which results from it and a call to the work "collective" according to the forms of the "New public management". It also shows the hesitations between this model of "autonomy" and the local and a centralized pyramidal model. He examines the paradox of a non-hierarchical, status-free school leadership and the resulting psychologization of relationships. We examine both the point of view of the directors and the point of view of the teachers on the particularly important issue analytically of the status of the first who cleave the functions. An examination of an important body of work shows the reasons and the consequences (fourth part). An integrated ethnography and interviews of directors (fifth part) bring out more precisely all the issues and power conflicts in a specific team; the occupation of the premises, the use of the school cooperative's money, the relations with the parents and the extracurricular for example, completes the portrait of the director in "marginal secant". Interviews with the superiors complete the situation of principals (Part Six). The director is undoubtedly a "secant marginal", but his power "is limited, sometimes disputed. Assigned to the "dirty work" of policing, he is at the center of games and challenges of complex alliances in and out of his school. It is finally examined whether and under what conditions it can be or become an "ingenious actor" capable of training a team beyond its only charisma
Esta tesis explora la forma en que las relaciones de poder se construyen en las escuelas primarias francesas, planteando la cuestión de la realidad del "poder" de los directores de las escuelas. El poder se entiende principalmente en el sentido croata, como el control de las áreas de incertidumbre por parte de los diversos actores involucrados. La investigación francesa es escasa en el tema de los directores de escuelas primarias, a pesar de que abundan en el tema de los directores de escuelas. Pero la escuela primaria no es una institución legalmente autónoma como la universidad o la escuela secundaria. Por lo tanto, no tiene autonomía legal y financiera. El director no es un "director", no tiene el estado administrativo. El surgimiento de la escuela primaria en Francia, analizado históricamente en la primera parte, muestra un modelo escolar bajo una fuerte supervisión jerárquica, en un sistema altamente centralizado con una importante legitimación burocrática y regulatoria. Esta legitimidad se ve desafiada por la aparición de nuevos actores y nuevas políticas, con miras a una mayor eficiencia, lo que se traduce en una demanda para trabajar como un "proyecto" a nivel local. La desconfianza de muchos docentes frente a lo que se recibe como medida cautelar, tiene repercusiones tanto en la jerarquía cercana (NEI) como distante (circulares, decretos, cambios en las políticas dependiendo de los riesgos electorales) pero sobre todo en la dirección escuela responsable de la implementación. Esto se pone en perspectiva con diferentes modelos sociológicos (segunda parte) y, en particular, con la sociología de las organizaciones de Crozier relacionadas con modelos más recientes (Mintzberg, Boltanski, entre otros). La triangulación de los métodos permite obtener una visión y datos a la vez generalistas, a través de una encuesta por cuestionario (N = 5 747 entre los que se encuentran 2 211 directores de escuela), singular por una etnografía integrada en el trabajo diario de un director d y complementario de las entrevistas con los directores (N = 15) y con la jerarquía inmediata (inspectores, N = 5) y los responsables de la toma de decisiones, hasta el gabinete ministerial. Epistemológica y metodológicamente, esta tesis asume la complementariedad de los métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos (Parte Tres). Este trabajo muestra la tensión, en el momento de un cambio de marco de referencia, entre la libertad educativa y el individualismo que resulta de ella y un llamado al trabajo "colectivo" según las formas de la "Nueva gestión pública". También muestra las dudas entre este modelo de "autonomía" y el modelo piramidal central y local. Examina la paradoja de un liderazgo escolar no jerárquico y libre de status y la consiguiente psicologización de las relaciones. Examinamos tanto el punto de vista de los directores y el punto de vista de los profesores sobre el tema particularmente importante analíticamente del estado de los primeros que escindieron las funciones. Un examen de un cuerpo importante de trabajo muestra los motivos y las consecuencias (cuarta parte). Una etnografía integrada y entrevistas de directores (quinta parte) ponen de manifiesto con mayor precisión todos los problemas y conflictos de poder en un equipo específico; la ocupación de las instalaciones, el uso del dinero de la cooperativa escolar, las relaciones con los padres y las actividades extracurriculares, por ejemplo, completa el retrato del director en "secante marginal". Las entrevistas con los superiores completan la situación de los directores (Parte Seis). El director es indudablemente un "marginal secante", pero su poder "es limitado, a veces disputado. Asignado al "trabajo sucio" de la policía, él está en el centro de los juegos y los desafíos de las alianzas complejas dentro y fuera de su escuela. Finalmente es examinado en qué condiciones puede ser o convertirse en un "actor ingenioso" capaz de entrenar a un equipo más allá de su único carisma

L'analyse de la sécurité dynamique en temps réel est très difficile à réaliser en raison du nombre important de calculs à réaliser en quelques minutes seulement. Jusqu'à aujourd'hui, aucune méthode ne s'est révélée suffisamment efficace pour remplir cette tâche. Dans ce contexte, le filtrage des contingences représente un enjeu majeur puisqu'il permet d'économiser beaucoup de temps de calculs. Le but de nos travaux de recherche a été de mettre au point une stratégie de filtrage basée sur les méthodes d'analyse de la stabilité transitoire existantes. Dans un premier temps, les principales méthodes d'analyse de la stabilité transitoire ont été étudiées et testées à l'aide de quatre réseaux électriques de tailles différentes. Les méthodes qui sont apparues comme les plus efficaces ont ensuite été développées et modifiées, afin d'améliorer leur rapidité, leur fiabilité et leur précision. Deux nouvelles méthodes ont ainsi été crées. La première méthode permet de déterminer très rapidement et de manière très fiable la stabilité du réseau. La deuxième permet de calculer précisément le TEC avec un minimum de simulations. A partir de ces deux méthodes qui ont des caractéristiques complémentaires, une stratégie de filtrage multi-niveau, réalisant un bon compromis entre la rapidité, la fiabilité et la précision, a été proposée.

Aiming to make an intervention in both emerging Slow Cinema and classical Trauma Cinema scholarship, this thesis demonstrates the ways in which the post-trauma cinema of Filipino filmmaker Lav Diaz merges aesthetics of cinematic slowness with narratives of post-trauma in his films Melancholia (2008), Death in the Land of Encantos (2007) and Florentina Hubaldo, CTE (2012). Diaz has been repeatedly considered as representative of what Jonathan Romney termed in 2004 “Slow Cinema”. The director uses cinematic slowness for an alternative approach to an on-screen representation of post-trauma. Contrary to popular trauma cinema, Diaz’s portrait of individual and collective trauma focuses not on the instantenaeity but on the duration of trauma. In considering trauma as a condition and not as an event, Diaz challenges the standard aesthetical techniques used in contemporary Trauma Cinema, as highlighted by Janet Walker (2001, 2005), Susannah Radstone (2001), Roger Luckhurst (2008) and others. Diaz’s films focus instead on trauma’s latency period, the depletion of a survivor’s resources, and a character’s slow psychological breakdown. Slow Cinema scholarship has so far focused largely on the films’ aesthetics and their alleged opposition to mainstream cinema. Little work has been done in connecting the films’ form to their content. Furthermore, Trauma Cinema scholarship, as trauma films themselves, has been based on the immediate and most radical signs of post-trauma, which are characterised by instantaneity; flashbacks, sudden fears of death and sensorial overstimulation. Following Lutz Koepnick’s argument that slowness offers “intriguing perspectives” (Koepnick, 2014: 191) on how trauma can be represented in art, this thesis seeks to consider the equally important aspects of trauma duration, trauma’s latency period and the slow development of characteristic symptoms. With the present work, I expand on current notions of Trauma Cinema, which places emphasis on speed and the unpredictability of intrusive memories. Furthermore, I aim to broaden the area of Slow Cinema studies, which has so far been largely focused on the films’ respective aesthetics, by bridging form and content of the films under investigation. Rather than seeing Diaz’s slow films in isolation as a phenomenon of Slow Cinema, I seek to connect them to the existing scholarship of Trauma Cinema studies, thereby opening up a reading of his films.

As a company is a juristic person it can only act through human agency. A question that arises because of this fact is under what circumstances a company can be held to a contract by a third party where its representative was unauthorised to enter into such contract. There should be a careful weighing and balancing of the interests of the shareholders and the company on the one hand and the contracting third party on the other. It is further important to have legal certainty on the validity and enforceability of contracts concluded by and with companies as the absence of certainty can hamper business dealings with companies which would have an impact on the economy. The common-law principles of agency form the foundation upon which representation within the context of company law takes place. The law of agency has been adapted in the context of company law to satisfy the unique needs that have originated in this regard. One such adaptation is the creation of the Turquand rule by the English courts which rule was taken over by the South African courts. One of the primary reasons for creating the Turquand rule was due to the harsh effect that the common-law doctrine of constructive notice had on third parties dealing with a company. In this study an examination of the current legal position regarding representation of a company in South Africa was undertaken. The history and development of the common-law principles of agency and doctrines that are unique to representation in a company law context are analysed and the relevant sections of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 are discussed. The integration of the common-law principles with the relevant provisions of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 is considered and recommendations are made in respect thereof. In support of the analysis, a comparative study was undertaken of the history and development of this subject matter in England. It was concluded that South African company law, with all its shortcomings and uncertainties is still to be preferred above the position in England.
Aangesien ‘n maatskappy ‘n regspersoon is, kan dit slegs deur middel van natuurlike persone as agente optree. ‘n Vraag wat as gevolg van hierdie feit ontstaan is onder watter omstandighede ‘n maatskappy deur ‘n derde party gebonde gehou kan word aan ‘n kontrak waar die maatskappy se verteenwoordiger nie gemagtig was om die kontrak aan te gaan nie. Daar behoort ‘n versigtige afweging te wees tussen die belange van die maatskappy en sy aandeelhouers aan die een kant en ‘n derde party wat met die maatskappy kontrakteer aan die ander kant. Dit is verder belangrik om regsekerheid te hê oor die geldigheid en afdwingbaarheid van kontrakte wat met maatskappye aangegaan word aangesien die afwesigheid daarvan besigheidsverkeer met maatskappye kan kortwiek wat ‘n impak op die ekonomie tot gevolg sal hê. Die gemeenregtelike beginsels van verteenwoordiging vorm die basis waarop verteenwoordiging binne die konteks van maatskappyereg plaasvind. Verteenwoordigingsreg is aangepas binne die konteks van maatskappye om voorsiening te maak vir die unieke behoeftes wat in hierdie verband ontstaan het. Een sodanige aanpassing is die skepping van die Turquand reël deur die Engelse howe, welke reël deur die Suid-Afrikaanse howe oorgeneem is. Een van die hoofredes vir die skepping van die Turquand reël is die onregverdige uitwerking wat die gemeenregtelike leerstuk van toegerekende kennis op derde partye gehad het wat met ‘n maatskappy onderhandel. ‘n Studie van die huidige regsposisie rakende verteenwoordiging van ‘n maatskappy in Suid-Afrika is hierin gedoen. Die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van die gemeenregtelike beginsels van verteenwoordiging en leerstukke eie aan verteenwoordiging in die konteks van maatskappyereg is geanaliseer. Die betrokke artikels van die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 word bespreek. Die integrasie van hierdie gemeenregtelike beginsels met die betrokke bepalings van die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 is oorweeg en aanbevelings in verband daarmee gemaak. Ter ondersteuning van die analise is ‘n vergelykende studie van die gekiedenis en ontwikkeling van hierdie onderwerp in Engeland onderneem. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyereg, met al sy tekortkominge en onsekerhede nogsteeds bo die posisie in Engeland te verkies is.
Mercantile Law
LL. M.

The corporate governance set-up in South Africa has undergone fundamental changes during the past decade, with the country today being responsive to most corporate governance issues. South Africa should be complimented for its King Code on Corporate Governance, the Companies Act and Johannesburg Securities Exchange Listing Requirements which have significantly strengthened the country’s corporate governance framework. These legal instruments have been influential in limiting directors’ powers and regulating the way directors are remunerated as a way of achieving good corporate governance. The research discusses the South African corporate governance framework with particular focus on the legal and regulatory framework that seeks to regulate directors’ powers and remuneration. An evaluation of the extent to which the legal and regulatory framework restrains directors’ powers and curbs excessive remuneration is undertaken. Recommendations are then provided on how the existing framework can be improved to adequately and effectively regulate directors’ powers and remuneration so as to achieve good corporate governance.
Mercantile Law
LL.M.

Monistic organizational structure of a Czech join-stock company after recodification of private law Traditionally, the only board structure available for national joint-stock companies under the laws of the Czech Republic was two-tier model based on strict division of corporate governance functions between two separate boards. With the effect as of January 1st 2014, new Business Corporations Act no. 90/2012 Coll. ("Act") has introduced alternative statutory framework for one-tier board structure for join-stock companies which have its seat in the Czech Republic and thus are governed by the Czech laws. The Act made it possible for shareholders to choose between both models of board structures as what they deemed would fit best the purpose of their business. In this narrow sense the addition may have been looked at as praiseworthy. However the imperfect implementation of one-tier model of corporate governance into Czech law has raised serious interpretational issues which may effectively render this model unacceptable for adoption because the division of powers between the board of directors and general manager remains unclear. The main purpose of my thesis is to address this issue by clarifying the scope of powers which are vested by the law in the board of directors and general manager of the...

The diploma thesis deals with a one-tier (monistic) board structure of a European company (Societas Europaea) which has its registered seat in the Czech Republic. The governance of a European company is largely dependent on the national legislation, which has been in the Czech Republic significantly amended by a substantial recodification of private law. The thesis focuses on some of the interpretative difficulties that the new legislation has brought to the regulation of the monistic European Company, and presents some possible solutions thereto. In addition the statistical overview over the current state of European companies within Europe is included and commented upon. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2004.
Advisor: Dr. Bruce T. Lamont, Florida State University, College of Business, Dept. of Management. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 22, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

碩士
南華大學
應用社會學系教育社會學碩士班
102
The in-depth interview method was adopted in the research, and interviewees are directors who have assumed the offices less than three years in Chiayi county elementary schools. My concern is to discuss the adaptation from general teachers to directors, and to understand the tactics of power exercise and conflict management as a novice . Based on the research, conclusions result as below: 1.Novice directors often feel confused on determining the priority between jobs and my colleagues, and even anxious for the shocking reality at novitiate. 2.Novice directors look for social capitals such as supports of the staffs, director fellows , ex-colleagues and the professionals to solve the predicaments at work. 3.Novice directors get used to school administration and the personalities of the staffs with years. The tactics to exercise power of their colleagues will starts with protection strategy, then compromise strategy, and finally influence strategy after getting familiar with the school ‘s social capitals. 4.Since the principles assign the position, novice directors will take the protection strategy on their political power for repaying the favor of them and submit to their authorities eventually. 5.Novice directors consider themselves as a bridge between groups of different interests and within a group. 6.Novice directors will find out the potential factors of conflicts among the related persons and try to find methods to solve those conflicts. 　　Based on these conclusions, here provides some suggestions for other novice directors, education authorities and future research.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
工業教育與技術學系
107
This thesis investigates the core competency indicators of the public relations assistant of thermal Power Plant’s Director of the Taiwan Power Company and constructs the core competency indicators. Through the numerous questionnaire survey of the Delphi experts, the data is tested by narrative statistical analysis and one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov verification without parental statistics to examine the appropriateness of the core function indicators and the distribution of opinions expressed by the experts. In addition, the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks without parental statistics is used to understand the consistency of experts in each group, and to explore whether the importance of the indicators assessed by experts from different professionals varies. The results of the research and analysis of the Taiwan Power Corporation thermal power plant director construct the public relations assistant's core competencies that should include the public relations competencies, personality traits, management competencies, corporate competencies, the main four indicators. There are 21 minor indicators under the four main aspects; including the public relations competencies with the ability to express himself, the ability to communicate with the media, the ability to control the unexpected scene, the ability to manage the crisis, the ability to innovate the problem of analysis, and the ability to make decision, and to acquaint the thermal power plant equipment and power generation; 6 minor indicators Personality traits include listening and caring empathy and affinity, honesty and integrity, interpersonal and human interaction, self-adjusting emotional management, and sense of responsibility, 5 minor indicators. Management competencies also follow the Taipower's prospect, the ability of strategy execution, problem analysis and resolution in group, leadership and administrative management, and communication and coordination in group, 5 minor indicators The enterprise competencies have the ability to the same technology application, the personnel management, the knowledge learning, the financial management, and quality management ability. The 21 indicators are divided again into 94 indicators of behavioral items. The three-level indicators constructed in this study have a total of 119 indicators, 88 of which have reached the most important level, and the remaining 31 items have reached at least important levels. Therefore, all have reference values, and the most important ones are unanimously agreed by all experts: "1.2. The familiarity of the media and the communication of the outside world" of the "1. Public Relations competency ", that is "1.2.6 can establish good interpersonal relationships in a normal manner; including surrounding residents, opinion leaders, relevant interest groups, district offices, and relevant units of local governments.". It can also be used as a basis for the functions of the core competencies of the self-checkpoint of the public relations assistant of the Taiwan Power Company's thermal power plant, and as a reference for the regulation of the relevant business and the planning training course.

碩士
東海大學
企業管理學系碩士班
95
In the stream of improvement of corporate governance, companies set up outside directors ( or independent directors) was an innovation mechanism. Their main functions lied in strengthening the quality of board, preventing board from being dominated by major stockholders and being substituted by management teams. In November, 2001, Taiwan government abolished the limitation that directors should be elected from among stockholders in Company Law amendment, and it was the basis of domestic law origin. In February, 2002, the listing rules of TSE/GTSE have made amendment and every public company applying for listing should have at least two independent directors and one independent supervisor. This study examines the listed firms which set up outside directors and try to discuss the separate influence of board’s operation, firm performance, CEO’s power on the roles of outside directors. This study use Hierarchical multiple regression method to examine the listed firms which set up outside directors. The finding suggests: 1.If the official and the unofficial interactions among outside directors and other board members, management teams are more frequent, outside directors will be conducive to act their roles. 2.If the motivation of the outside directors is more close to the stockholders’ benefit, outside directors will be conducive to act their roles. 3.If the performance displays bad, outside directors will be conducive to act roles. 4.If the CEO duality exists on the board, outside directors will not have real power to act their roles. 5.If the percentage of stock share held by CEO is more than by board, outside directors will not have real power to act their roles. 6.If the tenure of CEO is longer, he will deal with any uncertainty problems and the percentage of acting their roles of outside directors will fall off. 7.If CEO holds a great amounts of boards of the other companies, he will spent a lot of time dealing with public affairs, and the percentage of outside directors who act their roles will increase.

Section 71(3) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 has introduced into South African company law a provision which for the first time permits the board of directors to remove another director from office in certain specific instances. A further significant innovation in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 is contained in section 162, which empowers a court to make an order declaring a director delinquent or placing him under probation in specific instances. The effect of section 162 is that a court is empowered to remove a director from the board of directors. The focus of this thesis is the removal of directors from office by the board of directors and by the judiciary. The thesis explores the underpinning philosophy of the statutory provisions relating to the removal of directors from office. It also examines the impact of the power given to the board of directors and to the courts to remove a director from office. The grounds and the procedures for the removal of directors by the board of directors and the judiciary are examined. The fiduciary duties applicable to directors in removing a director from the board of directors are also explored. In addition, this thesis examines the removal of directors holding multiple positions or capacities in relation to a company, such as an employee or a shareholder with loaded voting rights. The remedies which may be relied on by a director who has been removed from office by the board of directors are examined. Recommendations are made to strengthen and improve the provisions in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 relating to the removal of directors from office by the board of directors and the judiciary. Amendments to the Companies Act 71 of 2008 are suggested to remove ambiguities; to guard against the abuse of sections 71(3) and 162; to improve the grounds and procedures for the removal of directors by the board of directors and the judiciary, and to enhance the remedies that may be relied on by a director who has been removed from office by the board of directors.
Artikel 71(3) van die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 het ’n bepaling tot Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyreg toegevoeg wat die direksie vir die eerste keer in staat stel om ’n ander direkteur in sekere spesifieke gevalle uit sy of haar amp te verwyder. ’n Verdere belangrike vernuwing in die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 word in artikel 162 vervat, wat ’n hof magtig om ’n bevel uit te vaardig wat ’n direkteur misdadig verklaar of hom of haar in spesifieke gevalle aan ’n proeftydperk onderwerp. Die effek van artikel 162 is dat ’n hof by magte is om ’n direkteur uit die direksie te verwyder. Die fokus van hierdie tesis is die verwydering van direkteure uit hul ampte deur die direksie en die regbank. Die tesis verken die onderliggende filosofie van die statutêre bepalings wat met die verwydering van direkteure uit hul ampte verband hou. Dit ondersoek ook die impak van die bevoegdheid wat aan die direksie en die howe verleen word om ’n direkteur uit sy of haar amp te verwyder. Die gronde en prosedures vir die verwydering van direkteure deur die direksie en die regbank word ondersoek. Die fidusiêre pligte van toepassing op direkteure by die verwydering van ’n direkteur uit die direksie word ook verken. Daarbenewens ondersoek hierdie tesis die verwydering van direkteure wat veelvuldige posisies of hoedanighede met betrekking tot ’n maatskappy beklee, soos ʼn werknemer of aandeelhouer met gelaaide stemregte. Die regsmiddele waarop ’n direkteur, wat deur die direksie uit sy of haar amp verwyder is, kan steun, word ondersoek. Aanbevelings word gemaak om die bepalings in die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008, wat met die verwydering van direkteure uit hul ampte deur die direksie en regbank verband hou, te versterk en te verbeter. Wysigings aan die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 word voorgestel om dubbelsinnighede uit te skakel; om teen die misbruik van artikels 71(3) en 162 te waak; om die gronde en prosedures vir die verwydering van direkteure deur die direksie en die regbank te verbeter, en om die regsmiddele waarop ’n direkteur wat deur die direksie uit sy of haar amp verwyder is kan steun, te versterk.
ISigaba 71(3) Somthetho weZinkampani 71 ka 2008 sewuze wangenisa emithethweni yezinkampani zaseNingizimu Afrika, umthetho ongowokuqala ovumela ibhodi labaqondisi ukuthi libe namandla wokugudluza omunye umqondisi esikhundleni sakhe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Olunye ushintsho olusha kuMthetho wama-71 weZinkampani ka 2008 uqukethwe yiSigaba 162, wona ugunyaza inkantolo ukuthi ikhiphe umyalelo owazisa umqondisi ngokuthi unecala noma obeka umqondisi ngaphansi kophenyo, phecelezi “probation” ngesinye isikhathi. Inhloso yeSigaba 162 wukunikeza inkantolo igunya lokugudluza umqondisi kwibhodi labaqondisi. Impokophelo yale thisisi wukugudluzwa kwabaqondisi, bagudluzwe yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho/nobulungisa. Ithisisi ihlola ifilosofi yemithetho ekhishiwe emayelana nokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi ezikhundleni zabo, Kanti futhi ihlola umthelela wamandla anikezwe ibhodi labaqondisi kanye nezinkantolo ukuthi zigudluze umqondisi esikhundleni. Izizathu kanye nengqubo elandelwayo mayelana nokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho nazo ziyahlolwa. Imisebenzi emayelana nokuthembeka eyenziwa ngabaqondisi ukugudluza umqondisi kwibhodi labaqondisi nayo iyacwaningwa Ngaphezu kwalokhu, le thisisi .iphenya ukugudluzwa kwabaqondisi abaqokwe ezikhundleni eziningi noma abanegunya elithize ngokwengqubo yenkampani, enjengesisebenzi, phecelezi “employee” noma umabelwa-mashezi onamalungelo amaningi okuvota, phecelezi, “loaded with voting rights”. Izeluleko ezingasetshenziswa wumqondisi ogudluzwe esikhundleni sakhe yibhodi labaqondisi nazo ziyahlolwa. Izincomo nazo ziyenziwa ngenhloso yokuqinisa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla oMthetho we-71 weZinkampani ka 2008, mayelana nokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi ezikhundleni yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho. Izinguquko zoMthetho wama-71 weZinkampani ka 2008 ziqonde ukususa izixakaxaka, ukulwa nokudlelezelwa kweSigaba 71(3) kanye no 162, ukuthuthukisa izizathu kanye nezingqubo zokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho, ukuqinisa izindlela zokulungisa ezingasetshenziswa wumqondisi osegudluziwe esikhundleni yibhodi labaqondisi.
Mercantile Law
LL. D.