Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dirijat'

El treball d’aquesta tesi consisteix en proporcionar una visió global dels pacients amb Malaltia Pulmonar Obstructiva Crònica (MPOC) i avaluar l’efectivitat d’un programa d’educació mèdica integral dirigit als professionals sanitaris d’Atenció Primària de Salut (APS) comparat amb la pràctica habitual. Aquesta tesi fa una incursió en el diagnòstic, el maneig i l’estat de salut dels pacients amb MPOC i pretén aportar a través de tres estudis publicats en revistes d’impacte un coneixement més profund sobre l’ús de l’espirometria, l’impacte de programes d’educació integral en metges i infermeres dels pacients amb MPOC i l’evolució de la qualitat de vida dels pacients MPOC al llarg del temps dins l’àmbit d’APS. El primer estudi es dedica a conèixer l’estat d’utilització de l’espirometria en l’atenció dels malalts amb MPOC. Com a aportació més important indica la infrautilització de l’espirometria dins l’àmbit d’APS. La seva realització durant el seguiment no es va associar a unes pautes diferents de tractament ni a un abordatge més complet de la malaltia. A més, es va observar variabilitat significativa en la realització d’espirometries diagnòstiques entre els diferents centres d’APS. Tot i que darrerament s’ha difós molt l’ús de l’espirometria en el primer nivell assistencial, aquests resultats posen de manifest que l’espirometria continua sent infrautilitzada i que hi ha una necessitat d’Implementar programes per millorar l’ús de l’espirometria a l’APS. El segon estudi mostra que la implementació d’un programa d’educació integral en Atenció Primària dirigida als professionals de la salut, basat en l’aplicació de diferents estratègies i focalitzat en aspectes d’educació sanitaria recomanats per les Guies de Pràctica Clínica no va aconseguir els canvis esperats en la qualitat de vida dels pacients MPOC a l’any de seguiment. No obstant això, en aquest estudi es va observar un canvi de conducta en els professionals i en conseqüència una millora en el maneig clínic i en els estils de vida dels pacients tot i que no es va acompanyar de cap millora ni en l’evolució clínica ni en l’estat de salut dels malalts MPOC al cap d’un any de seguiment. Aquets resultats controvertits proporcionen nova evidencia sobre l’impacte en els pacients MPOC d’un programa d’intervenció dels metges i infermeres, i poden ajudar en el desenvolupament de futurs programes educatius per professionals sanitaris i pacients amb MPOC més efectius. Els resultats del tercer estudi indiquen que els pacients amb MPOC atesos a l’APS no presenten un deteriorament important en el seu estat de salut després d’un any de seguiment, quan es consideren globalment. Tot i així, hem detectat una gran variabilitat a nivell individual. Un terç dels pacients (36,7%) van presentar una millora clínicament rellevant de la seva QVRS, associada a l’inici de la polimedicació, visites al pneumòleg, dieta equilibrada, deixar de realitzar rehabilitació respiratòria, deixar de fumar, i no ser un exacerbador freqüent. D’altra banda, un altre terç (29,2%) dels pacients amb MPOC van presentar un empitjorament clínicament rellevant de la seva QVRS, associat a un increment dels símptomes i dels ingressos hospitalaris. El disseny de l’estudi va permetre observar que la incidència de determinats factors clínics i de tractament durant el seguiment influenciaven més la QVRS que no la seva persistència La valoració d’aquests canvis pot ajudar als professionals sanitaris a millorar l’atenció i satisfacció del pacient.<br>The main aim of this PhD Thesis is to provide an overview of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive health education programme for primary health care (PHC) professionals compared with standard clinical practice. This thesis includes the results from 3 published articles that analyze three essential elements of COPD: diagnosis, management and health status of patients with COPD. The articles evaluate the actual use of spirometry, the impact on patients with COPD of comprehensive education programmes for health professionals and the progression of quality of life (QoL) of patients with COPD in the PHC setting. The main observation of the first study, which examined the actual use of spirometry for patients with COPD, is the underuse of spirometry in PHC. Moreover, the use of spirometry during follow up was not associated with changes in clinical management or with a more comprehensive approach to the disease. Also, a significant variability in the use of diagnostic spirometry was observed between primary care centres. Despite the recent expansion in the use of spirometry in PHC, the results of this study highlight the underuse of this technique and the need to implement programmes to improve the use of spirometry in PHC. The results of the second study show that the implementation of a comprehensive education programme for PHC professionals based on different strategies and health education as recommended in the clinical practice guidelines did not achieve the expected improvement in QoL for patients with COPD at 1-year follow up. Indeed, the change in attitudes of professionals that resulted in better clinical care and better patient lifestyle was not associated with significant improvements in the clinical progression or health status of patients with COPD. These conflicting results underline the need for more effective educational programmes for health professionals and COPD patients. The results of the third study indicate that the health status of patients with COPD does not significantly deteriorate after a year of follow up in PHC. However, a great individual variability was detected. Indeed, a third of the patients showed a significant improvement in their health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which was associated with the start of polymedication, visits to the respiratory medicine specialist and of a balanced diet and with stopping respiratory rehabilitation, quitting smoking and not being a frequent exacerbator. Another third of COPD patients showed a significant worsening in their HRQoL associated with an increase in symptoms and hospital admissions. The design of the study demonstrated that the incidence of some clinical symptoms had a greater impact on the HRQoL than their persistence. The results of this study will help health professionals to improve care and satisfaction for the patient with COPD.

Submitted by Roberth Novaes (roberth.novaes@live.com) on 2018-10-08T18:21:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Arivaldo Sacramento de Souza.pdf: 7752239 bytes, checksum: fa675073f46498bea84d810a86a77d00 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Setor de Periódicos (per_macedocosta@ufba.br) on 2018-10-08T19:47:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Arivaldo Sacramento de Souza.pdf: 7752239 bytes, checksum: fa675073f46498bea84d810a86a77d00 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-08T19:47:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Arivaldo Sacramento de Souza.pdf: 7752239 bytes, checksum: fa675073f46498bea84d810a86a77d00 (MD5)<br>Greta Garbo, quem diria, acabou no Irajá – texto de Fernando Mello que dramatiza uma relação homoerótica conturbada entre um enfermeiro idoso e um jovem desabrigado do interior do Rio de Janeiro – tem sido encenada desde a década de 1970 com grande repercussão no cenário artístico nacional brasileiro, inclusive, surpreendentemente, no contexto político sob o qual o Brasil viveu o regime de repressão ditatorial militar. A história de todo esse processo ficou documentada no Arquivo Nacional de Brasília, no Fundo Divisão de Censura de Diversões Públicas, e nos textos dos jornais de grande circulação, a partir dos quais podem ser recuperadas as tensões culturais e os discursos de repressão às expressões de sexualidades dissidentes. É exatamente por isso que, ao estudar essa tradição textual e a recepção do texto de Mello, podemos compreender o problema posto por esta pesquisa, qual seja: o estudo crítico-filológico dos scripts teatrais de Greta Garbo... que encenam as homossexualidades, observando as inter-relações entre o processo de transformação pela circulação social do texto com as ações, muitas vezes coercitivas e homofóbicas, de diferentes sujeitos que mediaram a liberação, veto ou corte de trechos da peça. Para isso, do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico, investimos, em diálogo com as teorias de desconstrução da metafísica tradicional, na renovação da práxis filológica no sentido de entendê-la como uma atuação crítica e investigativa das materialidades textuais, visando à leitura das pluralidades tanto das lições de cada script quanto das intervenções censórias que transformaram o texto. Assim, ao passo que compreendemos as formas de sociabilidades textuais da peça de Mello, experienciamos uma reflexão teórica sobre: (i) a atuação crítica do filólogo como intelectual humanista contemporâneo; (ii) a construção de edições e arquivos hipertextuais de orientação pragmática que escapam à gramática do cientificismo teleológico editorial; e (iii) a leitura filológica para resgate de memórias e de narrativas de sujeitos destituídos do discurso historiográfico oficial.<br>Greta Garbo, quem diria, acabou no Irajá – a Fernando Mello´s text that dramatizes a troubled homoerotic relation between an old nurse and an unsheltered young man in the countryside of Rio de Janeiro – has been acted since the 1970s with great repercussion in the national Brazilian artistic scenario, including, surprisingly, in the political context under which Brazil experienced dictatorial military repression. The history of all this process is documented in the National Brazilian Archive, in the Censorship Division Fund of Public Entertainment, and in the texts of widely circulated newspaper, from which the cultural tensions and the repressive discourse to the dissident sexual expressions can be recovered. This is the reason why by studying this textual tradition as well as Mello´s text reception, it is possible to understand the problem this research poses: the philological-critical study of the theatrical scripts of Greta Garbo… that act homosexualities, by observing the interrelations between the transformational process by the social circulation of the text with the action, many times homophobic and coercive, from different subjects that mediated release, interdiction or cut in parts of the play. For so, from a theoretical-methodological standpoint, we invested, in a dialogue with the deconstruction theories of traditional metaphysics, in the renewal of philological praxis to understand it as an investigative and critical act of textual materialities, aiming the reading of pluralities not only of the lessons of each script, but also the censored interventions that transformed the text. Thus, as we understand the textual sociability ways of Mello´s play, we experience a theoretical reflection about: (i) the critical work of the philologist as a contemporary humanist intellectual; (ii) the construction of editions and hipertextual archives of pragmatic orientation that escape the grammar of the editorial teleological scientism; and (iii) the philological reading for rescuing the memories and narratives of subjects deprived of official historiographical discourse.

This work presents the design of two prototype permanent magnetized electric machines for two different applications where large permanent magnet machines might be used. Existing technology have been used as the fundament for new design and adapted to new applications, contributing, hopefully, to the development of better and more environmental friendly energy conversion. The first application presented is represented with a prototype made in cooperation with the industry in which a PM-motor is integrated into a propeller unit. Both because of the industrial connection, and the integration between the PM-motor and the propeller, the choices made for the PM-motor are conservative trying to reduce the risk. The direct rim driven thruster prototype includes a surface mounted radial flux permanent magnet machine (SM RFPM) with fractional slot winding with a q around 1. Other engineering features were introduced to make the integration of propeller and motor feasible, but without the PM-machine the thruster would not have reached the performance demand. An important part of the project was to show that the SM RFPM enables this solution, providing high performance with a large air gap. The prototype has been tested in sea, under harsh conditions, and even though the magnets have been exposed directly to sea water and been visible corroded, the electric motor still performs well within the specifications. The second application is represented with a prototype PM-generator for wind turbines. This is an example of a new, very low speed high torque machine. The generator is built to test phenomena regarding concentrated coils, and as opposed to the first application, being a pure academic university project, its success is not connected to its performance, but with the prototype’s ability to expose the phenomena in question. The prototype, or laboratory model, of the generator for direct driven wind turbines features SM RFPM with concentrated coils (CC). An opportunity to push the limits for the design was given, and taken, choosing a relative high frequency and open slots to investigate the consequences of large reluctance variations in the air gap and distorted MMF. The main purpose of the PM generator is to explore a very low speed machine with high pole number and concentrated coils with coils wound around every other tooth. The study leading to the design included a discussion of scaling of the prototype from the full size generator, which parameters to keep, which to stress and which to forget. An investigation of the winding layout and winding factors included building a smaller table model for testing of different winding configurations, was also an important part of the work. Though the prototype has its flaws, or experimental setbacks, it successfully enhances the characteristic of the low speed, high pole number and slot geometry focusing on the harmonic content of the MMF and the consequences for the losses and reactance.

L’abordatge i l’atenció de persones amb diabetis tipus 1 és especialment complex durant l’adolescència, període que coincideix amb el necessari trasllat d’aquests joves des del centre pedià-tric a la unitat d’adults. En aquesta tesi es valora el procés que segueixen els joves i llurs famílies en el període de transició i s’avalua l’impacte del programa d’atenció i educació terapèutica que realitzen durant el primer any en el centre d’adults. Inicialment i als 12 mesos s’avaluen paràmetres de control metabòlic, automaneig del tractament, nivell de coneixements de diabetis, percepció de hipoglucèmies i qualitat de vida. Es comparen resultats en funció de diferents modalitats de tractament; bomba d’insulina versus múltiples dosis d’insulina i en funció del grau d’adherència al tractament. Així mateix s’analitzen les narracions que fan els joves i llurs famílies abans del trasllat i 1 any posterior per valorar els punts forts, febles i estratègies de millora del programa.<br>The management and care of people with type 1 diabetes is especially complex during adolescence, a period that coincides with the necessary transfer of these adolescents from the pediatric center to the adult unit. This dissertation evaluates the process that adolescents and their families follow in the transition period, and evaluates the impact of the therapeutic education and care program they carry out during the first year in the adult center. Initially and at 12 months the parameters of metabolic control, self-management of the treatment, level of diabetes knowledge, perception of hypoglycemia and quality of life were evaluated. Results are compared based on different treatment modalities; insulin pump versus multiple doses of insulin and depending on the degree of adherence to the treatment. It also analyzes the narratives made by adolescences and their families before and one year later to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses and strategies for improving the program.

The presented thesis entitled “High-resolution guiding patterns for the directed self-assembly of block copolymers” investigates strategies to introduce long-range order into block copolymer thin films for nanopatterning applications. Structures defined by top-down lithography that enable the introduction of long-range order into an otherwise disordered thin film of block copolymers are referred to as guiding patterns. This thesis explores and develops different techniques that enable the fabrication of guiding patterns with a particular focus on methods capable of providing high-resolution and high-accuracy, because they are at the prospect of playing a crucial role in the directed self-assembly of very low-pitch block copolymer materials. We demonstrate the directed self-assembly of an 11.7 nm full-pitch PS-b-PMMA block copolymer with guiding patterns fabricated by means of five different top-down lithography techniques. One strategy to fabricate guiding patterns consists in the generation of topographic structures, which is referred to as graphoepitaxy. In this case, we have used extreme-ultraviolet interference lithography to fabricate trenches with nanometer precision to study the self-assembly behavior of block copolymers under nanoconfinement with high accuracy. This system has allowed us to develop a free energy model to predict for which guiding pattern dimensions the defect-free directed self-assembly can be expected. Moreover, we have used electron beam lithography for the fabrication of sub-10 nm wide topographical guiding patterns and study the directed self-assembly of block copolymers in structures with feature sizes close to the material’s half-pitch. Another strategy to fabricate guiding pattern consists of chemical surface modification to create areas that are selectively affine to one of the blocks. We have presented a novel approach based on thermal scanning probe lithography and adjust the patterning conditions for the fabrication of chemical guiding patterns with 10 nm line width. Due to the absence of the proximity and diffraction effects, thermal scanning probe lithography is ideal for the fabrication of dense high-resolution chemical patterns. As a third strategy to align block copolymers, we use grain boundaries in block copolymer thin films as order-inducing surfaces. A surface modification is used to trap a grain of vertically oriented block copolymers between two grains of horizontally oriented block copolymer domains in a controlled manner. We call the developed technique “grain-boundary induced alignment”. To demonstrate its working principle we employ mechanical AFM and electron beam direct writing, and show the ordering of block copolymers on length scales of various hundreds of nanometers. The presented thesis is complemented with the development of a probe-based imaging technique to study the thermal conductivity of polymer materials with sub-10 nm lateral resolution. The dissipation of heat into a sample is determined at each measurement point by means of an electrical circuit that is integrated into the cantilever. We study the thermal conductivity of PS-b-PMMA block copolymers with different pitches and different orientations. This technique represents an advance in the investigation of polymeric surfaces due to its high resolution and good material sensitivity.

El fum de tabac residual (thirdhand smoke en anglès, THS) és una via d'exposició a compostos tòxics de fum tabac poc estudiada fins ara. El THS es produeix per la deposició de parEcules i gasos en superFcies i pols, on es poden reemetre i/o reaccionar produint nous compostos tòxics, alguns d'ells carcinògens. Malgrat les creixents evidències, els riscos inherents a l'exposició a THS encara no s'han descrit completament. L'objecKu principal d'aquesta tesi és avançar en la caracterització química del THS i dels efectes per a la salut derivats d'aquesta exposició mitjançant l'aplicació de mètodes analíKcs dirigits i no dirigits. Aquesta tesi presenta el desenvolupament de un nou mètode analíKc per determinar simultàniament tòxics del tabac en pols domèsKca, mitjançant cromatografia líquida (UHPLC). En aquesta tesi, també s'ha desenvolupat un mètode d'anàlisi no dirigit basat en l'adquisició de mostres per UHPLC acoblada a espectrometria de masses d'alta resolució (HR-MS), amb l'aplicació d'estratègies avançades de processament de dades, la priorització estadísKca d’ions rellevants i una nova estratègia per a l'anotació de compostos. La combinació d'aquests dos mètodes va proporcionar per primera vegada l'anotació de dotzenes de tòxics relacionats amb la contaminació per THS adherits a la pols domèsKca. Pel que fa als efectes sobre la salut, presentem el primer estudi metabolòmic no dirigit en fetge de ratolins exposats a THS. L'aplicació de les tècniques UHPLC-HRMS i ressonància magnèKca nuclear (RMN) va permetre idenKficar dotzenes de metabòlits hepàKcs alterats, mentre que les imatges d'espectrometria de masses (MSI) van mostrar la distribució espacial diferencial de lípids en fetge induïda per THS. Aquests resultats confirmen els perills de l'exposició a THS i el paper clau de la introducció de noves estratègies metodològiques en la invesKgació en salut ambiental.<br>El humo de tabaco residual (thirdhand smoke en inglés, THS) es una vía de exposición a compuestos tóxicos del humo del tabaco poco estudiada hasta la fecha. El THS se produce por la deposición de parBculas y gases en superficies y polvo, dónde se pueden reemiEr y/o reaccionar produciendo nuevos compuestos tóxicos, algunos de ellos carcinógenos. A pesar de las crecientes evidencias, los riesgos inherentes a la exposición a THS aún no se han descrito por completo. El objeEvo principal de esta tesis es avanzar en la caracterización química del THS y de los efectos para la salud derivados de esta exposición mediante la aplicación de métodos analíEcos dirigidos y no dirigidos. Esta tesis presenta el desarrollo de un nuevo método analíEco para determinar simultáneamente tóxicos del tabaco en polvo domésEco mediante cromatograMa líquida (UHPLC). En esta tesis, también se ha desarrollado un método de análisis no dirigido basado en la adquisición de muestras por UHPLC acoplada a espectrometría de masas de alta resolución (HR-MS), con la aplicación de estrategias avanzadas de procesamiento de datos, la priorización estadísEca de iones relevantes y una nueva estrategia para la anotación de compuestos. La combinación de estos dos métodos proporcionó por primera vez la anotación de docenas de tóxicos relacionados con la contaminación por THS adheridos al polvo domésEco.Respecto a los efectos sobre la salud, presentamos el primer estudio metabolómico no dirigido en hígado de ratones expuestos a THS. La aplicación de las técnicas UHPLC-HRMS y resonancia magnéEca nuclear (RMN) permiEó idenEficar docenas de metabolitos hepáEcos alterados, mientras que las imágenes de espectrometría de masas (MSI) mostraron la distribución espacial diferencial de lípidos en hígado inducida por THS. Estos resultados confirman los peligros de la exposición a THS y el papel clave de nuevos enfoques metodológicos en la invesEgación en salud ambiental.<br>Thirdhand tobacco smoke (THS) is a novel and poorly understood pathway of tobacco exposure produced by the deposi=on and ageing of tobacco smoke par=cles and toxicants in surfaces and dust. This aged tobacco smoke could reemit into the air or react with other atmospheric chemicals to yield new toxicants, including carcinogens and becoming increasingly toxic with age. Although growing evidences of THS hazards, its chemical characteriza=on and the related health effects remain to be fully elucidated. Hence, this thesis aims to advance on the current knowledge on THS chemical characteriza=on and on the health effects derived from THS exposure by applying novel targeted and untargeted approaches. To advance on THS chemical characteriza=on, we have developed an efficient, quick and robust analy=cal method for simultaneously determining tobacco-specific compounds in household dust by ultra-highperformance liquid-chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MSMS). We applied this target method in combina=on with untargeted strategies for a comprehensive characteriza=on of THS toxicants aNached to household dust. The developed untargeted workflow combines the sample acquisi=on by UHPLC coupled to high-resolu=on mass spectrometry (HR-MS) with the applica=on of advanced data processing strategies, the sta=s=cal priori=za=on of relevant features and a novel strategy for compound annota=on. The combina=on of these two approaches provided for the first =me the annota=on of dozens of toxicants related to THS contamina=on. To advance on the health effects, this thesis presents the first mul=plaQorm untargeted metabolomics study to unravel the molecular altera=ons of liver from mice exposed to THS. UHPLC-HRMS and nuclear magne=c resonance (NMR) revealed dozens of hepa=c metabolites altered in THS-exposed mice whilst mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) showed the differen=al spa=al distribu=on of lipids induced by THS. The results presented here confirm the hazards of THS exposure and the key role of combined untargeted and targeted methods in environmental health research.

La tesi doctoral titulada “Auto-assemblatge de copolímers de bloc per modificació química de la superfície”, presenta com a objectiu principal el desenvolupament, implementació i caracterització d’un mètode de guiatge de copolímers de bloc basat en la modificació química de la superfície. El desenvolupament d’aquest mètode de nanofabricació contribueix a la futura generació de dispositius i circuits nanoelectrònics. Primer de tot, es presenten els aspectes generals sobre l’auto-assemblatge dirigit de copolímers de bloc, així com el seu rol dins del futur de la nanoelectrònica comparat amb altres tecnologies emergents. Després, per tal d’entendre i determinar les interaccions que tenen lloc durant el procés d’auto-assemblatge, es dóna una visió general sobre els processos químics i físics que tenen lloc en les pel·lícules primes de copolímers de bloc. La part principal de la tesi es focalitza en l’estudi, desenvolupament i implementació d’un mètode de guiatge químic per tal de dirigir l’auto-assemblatge de copolímers de bloc. A banda d’estudiar el procés experimental, també es caracteritzen els mecanismes que condueixen l’alineament i s’introdueixen a un model per simular el procés d’auto-assemblatge dirigit. A més, també es presenta la transferència del procés a una línia pilot industrial de fabricació de circuits integrats. La implementació del procés de guiatge químic s’ha provat no únicament amb materials comercials, sinó també amb nous sistemes polimèrics que permeten arribar a mides per sota dels 10 nm. Per aquests sistemes, es defineix un nou mètode de guiatge basat en la combinació de modificacions topogràfiques i químiques. Per tal d’entendre millor el procés, s’estudien tècniques específiques de metrologia. En particular, mitjançant tècniques d’alta energia de rajos X, es descriuen les principals diferències entre patrons químics de guiatge. D’altra banda, les propietats nanomecàniques dels diferents dominis del copolímer es determinen mitjançant el mode peak force tapping de la microscòpia de força atòmica. Finalment, es mostra un mètode per transferir els motius del copolímer al substrat. Aquest es basa en la infiltració d’un domini del copolímer. La infiltració canvia les propietats del material i el fa més resistiu al gravat amb oxigen. D’altra banda, i com a aplicació final, es presenta un procés de fabricació de ressonadors nanomecànics, basats en el procés d’auto-assemblatge de copolímers de bloc amb infiltració.<br>The thesis entitled “Directed self-assembly of block copolymers on chemically nano-patterned surfaces”, aboard the challenge of the development, implementation and characterization of a chemical epitaxy process to direct self-assemble block copolymers. The development of this nanofabrication method contributes to the next generation of nanoelectronic devices and circuits. Firstly, the main aspects of directed self-assembly of block copolymers and its role and status in the future of nanoelectronics is presented, and compared with other powerful technologies. Then, a general overview about the physics and chemistry involved in block copolymer thin films is presented, in order to understand and determine the interactions taking place during the DSA process. The main part of the thesis is focused on the study, development and implementation of a chemical epitaxy approach to guide the self-assembly of block copolymers. Apart from the process development, the mechanisms which drive the block copolymer alignment are characterized and simulated into a DSA model. Moreover, the process transfer to a more industrial pilot line is presented. The implementation of the chemical epitaxy process is addressed not only with commercial block copolymers, but also with new polymer systems which allow getting sub- 10 nm resolution. For these systems, a new guiding method is presented based on the combination of a chemical and graphoepitaxy approach. To better understand the DSA process, dedicated metrology methods are also studied. In particular, by using high-energy X-ray techniques it is possible to describe the main characteristics of the chemical guiding patterns. On the other hand, the nanomechanical properties of block copolymer domains are studied by using the peak force tapping mode in atomic force microscopy. A reliable method to pattern transfer the block copolymer features into the substrate is showed. It is based on infiltrating one block copolymer domain and enhancing thus, its resistivity to plasma etching. Finally, as a final application, a novel fabrication process of a nanowire mechanical resonator by means of DSA and infiltration is presented.

In the past two decades we witnessed a decrease in both the number of oil spill incidents, and of the quantity of oil released in these incidents, which led to a diminished interest for basic oil spill science. With the introduction of more stringent oil spill legislation, much of the spill response, assessment and restoration activities were passed to governmental agencies and other stakeholders. Their capabilities were perhaps sufficient to deal with the most frequently occurring small-scale spills, however, recent large, catastrophic incidents such as the sinking of Prestige in 2002, or the Deepwater Horizon blowout in 2010, renewed the need for fundamental science in order to be able to fully understand and estimate the scope of the impacts such spills can have on the environment, economy and society. This is particularly important in the context of new explorations and discoveries of hydrocarbon resources in pristine regions such as Arctic, where extreme weather and the lack of infrastructure emphasize even more the need for a comprehensive assessment of all of the possible effects the future oil production could cause. The objectives of this thesis were set to provide new approaches and methodologies, and to improve and reevaluate the previously existing ones, in a way which can contribute to this comprehensive and proactive strategy. Their scope is comprehensive because it covers all the important aspects of marine oil spills – the sources, environmental fate and possible toxic effects. In addition, particular relevance of this thesis is drawn from the fact that the studies presented here include the investigation of real major oil spills (Prestige, DWH), and of a broad range of oils and oil products that are currently produced and transported worldwide. In order to fulfill the abovementioned general objectives, the following specific objectives had to be accomplished: Firstly, a physicochemical database of frequently transported crude and refined oils was created using elemental analysis, thin-layer liquid chromatography (TLC) with flame ionization detector (FID) analysis of principal oil compound groups, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) fingerprinting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and biomarkers, and available oil assays. This database was then applied to assess their possible fate in the case of a spill, and to model three spill scenarios in different European regional seas using ADIOS2 software from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Fingerprints of selected oils were assessed and statistically compared to discover the most relevant compositional differences that could facilitate the identification of oil spill sources. Secondly, the GC-MS methodology used to create the fingerprint database of selected oils was evaluated in an international interlaboratory ring test. The objective was to test the capability of this fingerprinting methodology to identify the type and source of weathered (biodegraded) oil samples. Thirdly, the weathering of oil samples from Prestige and Deepwater Horizon spills, in particular the photooxidation, was studied. Samples weathered in field and in laboratory experiments were analyzed using TLC-FID, GC-MS, comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) with FID, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) to discover compositional changes on the bulk level as well as on the molecular level. PAHs and triaromatic steranes (TAS) were of particular interest, as well as the effects of the photooxidation on the robustness of the oil fingerprinting methodology. Finally, the effects of selected fresh and weathered (evaporated, photooxidized) crude and refined oils were studied, using the effect-directed analysis (EDA). The samples were sequentially fractionated using open-column liquid chromatography and normal-phase semipreparative HPLC, and the obtained fractions were subjected to bioassays to test their AhR agonist and AR antagonist activity. The most active fractions were then analyzed using GCxGC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), and this data was related to bioassay results using N-way partial least square (N-PLS) chemometric model, in order to identify the compounds responsible for the observed effects.<br>A pesar de las tendencias positivas en las últimas décadas, los vertidos ocasionados por la exploración, extracción y transporte de petróleo siguen siendo una importante amenaza para los ecosistemas marinos y especialmente costeros. Esta Tesis se ocupa de todos los aspectos importantes sobre los vertidos marinos de petróleo: el origen, el destino ambiental y sus posibles efectos. Para permitir su comprensión global, se utilizaron diferentes metodologías complementarias. En primer lugar, se ha creado una base de datos físico-químicos de diferentes petróleos (crudos y refinados) que se transportan frecuentemente usando el análisis elemental, la cromatografía en capa fina (TLC) acoplada a un detector de ionización de llama (FID) de los principales grupos de compuestos de petróleo, la toma de huellas químicas de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) y los biomarcadores mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS), y ensayos de petróleo disponibles. A continuación, se aplicó esta base de datos para evaluar su posible destino en el caso de un vertido, y para modelar tres escenarios de vertidos en diferentes mares regionales europeos usando el software ADIOS2 de la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica (NOAA). Las huellas químicas de los petróleos seleccionados fueron evaluadas y comparadas estadísticamente para investigar las diferencias de composición más relevantes que podrían facilitar la identificación del origen de vertido. En segundo lugar, la metodología de GC-MS utilizada para crear la base de datos de las huellas químicas de los petróleos seleccionados se ha evaluado en una prueba interlaboratorio internacional. El objetivo fue investigar la capacidad que tiene esta metodología de toma de huellas químicas para identificar el tipo y el origen de las muestras envejecidas (biodegradadas) de petróleo. En tercer lugar, se ha estudiado el envejecimiento de las muestras de petróleo de los vertidos de Prestige (2002) y de la plataforma Deepwater Horizon (2010), en particular, debido a la fotooxidación. Se analizaron muestras envejecidas en el campo y en experimentos de laboratorio mediante TLC-FID, GCMS, cromatografía de gases bidimensional integrada (GCxGC) acoplada a un FID, y espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) para investigar los cambios de composición tanto a nivel global como a nivel molecular. Los HAP y esteranos triaromáticos fueron de especial interés, así como los efectos de la fotooxidación en la robustez de la metodología de toma de huellas químicas de petróleo. Finalmente, se estudiaron los efectos de las muestras no tratadas y envejecidas (evaporadas, fotooxidadas) de los petróleos crudos y refinados seleccionados, utilizando el análisis dirigido por los efectos tóxicos (EDA). Las muestras se fraccionaron secuencialmente usando la cromatografía líquida en columna abierta y la cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia (HPLC) semipreparativa en fase normal. Las fracciones obtenidas se sometieron a bioensayos para investigar su actividad agonista de los receptores AhR y la actividad antagonista de los receptores AR. En el siguiente paso, las fracciones más activas fueron analizadas mediante GCxGC acoplada a espectrometría de masas en tiempo de vuelo (TOFMS), y estos datos se relacionaron con los resultados de los bioensayos utilizando un modelo quimiométrico de regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales en N direcciones (N-PLS), con el fin de identificar los compuestos responsables de los efectos observados.

Das Dirigieren eines größeren Ensembles war in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts weder bereits etabliert, ein institutionell erlernbarer Beruf noch als solcher in seiner Berechtigung anerkannt. So musste sich auch Richard Wagner das Handwerkliche von tätigen Dirigenten wie Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, François-Antoine Habeneck oder Gaspare Spontini »abschauen« und selbst erarbeiten. Dies begann in seiner Leipziger Ausbildungszeit etwa durch das Abschreiben von Beethovens 5. und 9. Symphonie und durch das Hörerlebnis des Conservatoire-Orchesters während des Aufenthalts in Paris. Hier hatte Wagner Gelegenheit, die intensive Probenarbeit Habenecks mit dem Orchester kennenzulernen, die ihm als Vorbild für seine Aufführung der 9. Symphonie Beethovens 1846 in Dresden als Grundlage dienen sollte – erweitert durch seine selbst entwickelten Konzepte wie seine Melos-Auffassung. Die Gruppen-, Orchester-, Chor- und letztlich Gesamtproben nach vorausgegangenem akribisch durchgeführtem Partiturstudium waren dazu angetan, nicht nur durch intensive Einstudierungsarbeit eine exzellente Aufführung zu erreichen, sondern auch die Vorstellungen einer dirigentischen Interpretation zu verwirklichen und zu verfestigen. Die auch bei Franz Liszt zu findende Vorstellung, ein Dirigent müsse wie ein Pianist mit dessen Mitteln eine Dirigierinterpretation gestalten, umfasst dabei unter anderem sowohl Tempomodifikationen als auch die Ausdrucksgestaltung. Eine auf dieser Basis erfolgte Vorbereitung und Durchführung kann durchaus als Grundlage einer neuen Kunst des Dirigierens anerkannt werden.<br>In the first half of the 19th century, conducting a larger-scale ensemble was neither an already-established, institutionally-taught profession nor did it warrant recognition as such. Thus, Richard Wagner was also compelled to »eyeball« the skills of active conductors such as Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, François-Antoine Habeneck and Gaspare Spontini in order to develop his own. This began during his studies in Leipzig through, for example, copying out Beethoven's 5th and 9th symphonies and by listening to the con-servatoire orchestra during a stay in Paris in 1839. Here, Wagner had the opportunity to familiarize himself with Habeneck's intensive rehearsal methods with the orchestra that served as the groundwork-forming inspiration for the 1846 performance of Beethoven's 9th symphony in Dresden – enhanced by his insights acquired by that time such as his notion of Melos. The aim of the group, orchestra, choir and ultimately general dress rehearsals based upon a previous, meticulously-executed study of the score was not only to achieve an excellent performance through intense rehearsal work but also to realize and solidify the conductor's interpretation of ideas. Fostered also by Franz Liszt, the idea that a conductor, with his means, must form an interpretation as would a pianist, encompasses not only tempo modifications but expressive presentation as well. Such preparation and implementation based upon this idea may certainly be recognized as the foundation of the new art of conducting. (Übersetzung: Jennifer Smyth)

This study aimed to compare the laws governing domestic violence in Ethiopia and India and to then determine their practical efficacy. Data was collected using in-depth interviews with victims of domestic violence, and an examination of judicial interpretation and findings in domestic violence cases, in both the city of Jimma, South-Western Ethiopia, and the town of Ranni, a district of Kerala in India. A comprehensive literature study was conducted concerning domestic violence against women in India and Ethiopia, international laws, and agreements on violence against women, and international best practices relating to domestic violence legislation and prevention. Ethiopian law governing domestic violence was compared with a similar law in India. The nature, cause, extent, and prevalence of domestic violence in both jurisdictions were identified. The findings of this study indicate various shortcomings in the law governing domestic violence in these two countries, which cause a contravention of international agreements and best practices. It was further found that legislation alone is inadequate to address domestic violence since other social and cultural factors are involved in the phenomenon. The need for enhanced legislation in India and Ethiopia to effectively address domestic violence was identified. Intervention strategies to inform policies and legislative changes in terms of domestic violence in India and Ethiopia are therefore proposed. Finally, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on addressing domestic violence in these jurisdictions.<br>Maikemišetšo a thutelo ye ke go bapetša melao yeo e laolago bošoro ka magaeng go la Ethiopia le India go šupa ge eba melao ye e phethagatšwa ka mokgwa wo o ka thušago go fihlelela dipoelo tše di nyakwago. Tshedimošo e kgobokeditšwe ka mokgwa wa ditherišano tše di tseneletšego le batšwasehlabelo ba itemogetšego bošoro ka magaeng le tlhahlobo ya dikahlolo tša bokgaolakgang tša melato ya bošoro ka magaeng ka toropong ya Jimma, Borwa- Bodikela bja Ethiopia, gammogo le toropo ya Ranni, selete sa Kerala ka go India. Thutelo ya dingwalo ka botlalo e phethagaditšwe ya bošoro ka magaeng kgahlanong le basadi go la India le Ethiopia, melao le ditumelelano tša boditšhabatšhaba ka ga bošoro kgahlanong le basadi le mekgwa ye e amogetšwego boemong bja boditšhabatšhaba go ba ye mekaonekaone ya melao ya bošoro ka magaeng. Melao ya Ethopia yeo e laolago bošoro ka magaeng e bapeditšwe le melao yeo e swanago le yona go la India. Tlhago, seo se hlolago, bogolo le tlwaelo ya tiragalo ya bošoro ka magaeng ka kakaretšo dinageng tše pedi tše di šupilwe. Dikhwetšo tša thutelo ye di bontšha mafokodi a fapanego go melao yeo e laolago bošoro ka magaeng dinageng tše pedi tše ao a dirago gore melao ye e tshele mekgwa ye e amogetšwego boemong bja boditšhabatšhaba go ba ye mekaonekaone. Go lemogilwe gape gore tlhakamolao e nnoši ga e na maatla ao a lekanego go rarolla bošoro ka magaeng, ka ge mabaka a mangwe a setšhaba le setšo a akareditšwe. Tlhokego ya tlhakamolao ya maemo ao a phagamišitšwego ka go India le Ethiopia go lwantšha bošoro ka magaeng e šupilwe. Maano a tsenogare go fa tshedimošo ka melaotshepetšo le diphetogo tša melao ye e tsebišitšwego malebana le bošoro ka magaeng ka go India le Ethiopia ka gorealo a šišintšwe. Mafelelong, thutelo ye e tlaleletša go bontši bja tsebo ye e lego gona ka ga go rarolla bošoro ka magaeng ka go dinaga tše.<br>Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwabe kuwukuqhathanisa imithetho elawula udlame lwasekhaya e-Ethiopia kanye nase-India ngenhloso yokuthola ukuthi le mithetho isetshenziswa ngendlela efanele yini. Idatha yaqoqwa ngokuthi kubanjwe izingxoxo ezinohlonze futhi ezijulile nabantu abayizisulu zodlame lwasekhaya futhi kwacutshungulwa kwaphinde kwahlaziywa nezinqumo zenkantolo emacaleni odlame lwasekhaya edolobheni lase-Jimma, eNingizimu- Ntshonalanga Ethiopia, kanye nasedolobheni lase-Ranni, esifundeni sase-Kerala kwelase-India. Kwenziwa ucwaningo lwemibhalo olubanzi mayelana nodlame lwasekhaya olubhekiswe kwabesifazane e-India nase-Ethiopia, futhi kwahlaziywa nemibhalo equkethe imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezivumelwano eziphathelene nokunqandwa kodlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane kanye nemithetho ephuma phambili emhlabeni jikelele, eyisibonelo esihle, yokulwisana nodlame lwasekhaya. Imithetho yase-Ethiopia elawula udlame lwasekhaya yaqhathaniswa nemithetho efanayo kwelase-India. Kwahlonzwa ubunjalo, izimbangela, ububanzi kanye nokusabalala kodlame lwasekhaya kuwo womabili lawa mazwe. Okwatholwa wulolu cwaningo kubonisa amaphutha nokwahluleka okuhlukahlukene emithethweni elawula udlame lwasekhaya kulawa mazwe, okubangela ukuthi le mithetho iphule izinkambiso eziphuma phambili ezibekiwe emhlabeni jikelele eziyisibonelo emazweni amaningi. Kwatholakala futhi nokuthi imithetho iyodwa ayanele ekubhekaneni nodlame lwasekhaya, njengoba zikhona nezinye izinto eziphathelene nenhlalo kanye namasiko ezibandakanyekayo kulokhu. Kwahlonzwa isidingo sokuthi imithetho yenziwe ngcono kwelase-India nase- Ethiopia ukuze kubhekwane nodlame lwasekhaya ngendlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, kwaphakanyiswa amasu okungenelela, okuyiwona azosetshenziswa ekwakheni izinqubomgomo nokwenza izinguquko emithethweni yokulwisana nodlame lwasekhaya e-India nase-Ethiopia. Okokugcina, lolu cwaningo lufaka isandla emthamweni wolwazi olukhona njengamanje mayelana nokubhekana nodlame lwasekhaya kulawa mazwe.<br>Criminal and Procedural Law<br>D. Phil. (Criminal Justice)