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1
Foster, Sarah, Paula Hooper, Nicola W. Burton, Wendy J. Brown, Billie Giles-Corti, Jerome N. Rachele, and Gavin Turrell. "Safe Habitats: Does the Association Between Neighborhood Crime and Walking Differ by Neighborhood Disadvantage?" Environment and Behavior 53, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 3–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916519853300.
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Interrelationships between neighborhood walkability, area disadvantage, and crime may contribute to the inconsistent associations between crime and walking. We examined associations between crime and walking, and tested for differences by neighborhood disadvantage while addressing these additional complexities. Participants ( n = 6,680) from 200 neighborhoods spanning the most and least disadvantaged in Brisbane, Australia, completed a questionnaire and objective measures were generated for the individual-level 1,000-m neighborhood. Multilevel models examined associations between crime (perceived and objective) and walking (recreational and transport), and interactions tested for differences by neighborhood disadvantage. High perceived crime was associated with reduced odds of transport walking, whereas high objective crime was associated with increased odds of transport walking. Patterns did not differ by neighborhood disadvantage. In disadvantaged neighborhoods, the “negative” criminogenic attributes were insufficient to outweigh the “positive” walkability attributes, producing similar walking patterns to advantaged neighborhoods where residents were dislocated from local destinations but buffered from crime.
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McCain, Dextiny, Adrienne Aiken Morgan, Karon Phillips, and Keith Whitfield. "Physical Activity and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage Among Low-Income African Americans." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1279.
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Abstract Research shows regular physical activity (PA) is associated with better health and longevity; however, few studies consider contextual factors related to PA among African American (AA) older adults living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. The Physical and Cognitive Health Pilot Study (n=50) was used to examine associations between PA and level of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage among sedentary, AA older adults from four public housing communities in Durham, NC and Annapolis, MD (mean age=64.5; SD=10.42; 72% women). Participants were administered the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS), a self-report questionnaire measuring weekly frequency and duration of PAs. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage was defined by the Neighborhood Atlas Area Deprivation Index (ADI), which ranks neighborhoods according to Census block group/neighborhoods within each state and nationally. For the present sample, two of the Durham housing facilities were located in communities in the most disadvantaged block groups. Meanwhile, one Durham location and the Annapolis community were located in the least disadvantaged block groups. Bivariate correlations showed greater neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with less participation in various PAs (p<.05). Next, ANOVA revealed the Annapolis group participated in statistically significantly more PAs, including visiting the senior center, church attendance, and light gardening (p<.05) compared to the most disadvantaged groups. The present findings suggest there are benefits to living in advantaged contexts despite lower-income status. These findings also suggest barriers within disadvantaged neighborhoods that limit access to recreational activities favorable to health status. Future research should address ways to overcome such barriers.
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Friedson, Michael, and Patrick Sharkey. "Violence and Neighborhood Disadvantage after the Crime Decline." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 660, no. 1 (June 9, 2015): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215579825.
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Violent crime is known to be concentrated in the same urban neighborhoods as poverty and other forms of disadvantage. While U.S. violent crime has declined at an unprecedented rate over the past two decades, little is known about the spatial distribution of this decline within cities. Using longitudinal neighborhood crime data from six U.S. cities during the national crime decline, this article examines changes in (1) crime rates of neighborhoods grouped by their initial crime levels, poverty rates, and racial/ethnic makeups; (2) the neighborhood exposure to violence of urban residents classified by race/ethnicity and poverty status; and (3) the relative distribution of violent crime across urban neighborhoods. We find that crime levels declined the most in the initially most violent and disadvantaged neighborhoods and that exposure to violence fell the most among disadvantaged urban residents. Nonetheless, crime remained concentrated in cities’ initially most violent and disadvantaged locales.
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Lei, Man-Kit, Ronald L. Simons, Mary Bond Edmond, Leslie Gordon Simons, and Carolyn E. Cutrona. "The effect of neighborhood disadvantage, social ties, and genetic variation on the antisocial behavior of African American women: A multilevel analysis." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 4pt1 (April 8, 2014): 1113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000200.
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AbstractSocial disorganization theory posits that individuals who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior than are those who live in advantaged neighborhoods and that neighborhood disadvantage asserts this effect through its disruptive impact on social ties. Past research on this framework has been limited in two respects. First, most studies have concentrated on adolescent males. In contrast, the present study focused on a sample of adult African American females. Second, past research has largely ignored individual-level factors that might explain why people who grow up in disadvantaged neighborhoods often do not engage in antisocial behavior. We investigated the extent to which genetic variation contributes to heterogeneity of response to neighborhood conditions. We found that the impact of neighborhood disadvantage on antisocial behavior was mediated by neighborhood social ties. Further, the analysis indicated that the effects of neighborhood disadvantage and social ties on antisocial behavior were moderated by genetic polymorphisms. Examination of these moderating effects provided support for the differential susceptibility model of Gene × Environment. The effect of Gene × Neighborhood Disadvantage on antisocial behavior was mediated by the effect of Gene × Neighborhood Social Ties, providing support for an expanded view of social disorganization theory.
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Scaria, Elizabeth, Ryan Powell, Jen Birstler, Oguzhan Alagoz, Daniel Shirley, and Nasia Safdar. "2377. Social Determinants Impact Readmission Following Clostridioides difficile-Related Index Hospital Stay in Medicare Patients." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2055.
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Abstract Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea and recurs in up to 30% of patients, often requiring readmission. Socioeconomic factors, such as living in a disadvantaged neighborhood may impact readmission but have not been studied. Methods We examined the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage, as measured by the Singh validated area deprivation index (ADI), and 30-day all-cause readmission risk in patients with an index hospital stay with CDI. We analyzed a random 20% sample of national Medicare claims for patients’ initial index hospitalization with a CDI diagnosis in 2014 (n = 19,528) that included each patient’s neighborhood ADI national percentile. The most disadvantaged neighborhoods were categorized as those in the upper 35 percentile, while the least disadvantaged was defined as those in the bottom 65% of national ADI rankings. We evaluated the relationship between ADI percentile and 30-day readmission risk using multivariate logistic regression, controlling for key patient demographics, comorbidities, and hospital/stay characteristics. Results A total of 19,528 patients had an index stay with CDI, 4,899 were readmitted within 30 days. Patients from the most disadvantaged neighborhoods had a higher average rate of readmission compared with those living in the least disadvantaged neighborhoods (28% vs. 24% rate; unadjusted risk ratio = 1.16 [1.10, 1.21]). This relationship held after controlling for confounders. After adjustment, being a resident in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods was associated with a 10% increased risk of readmission (adjusted risk ratio = 1.10 [1.05, 1.16]), which was similar to the effect sizes associated with dual Medicaid-Medicare enrollment status (adjusted risk ratio = 1.09 [1.03, 1.15]) and renal failure (adjusted risk ratio = 1.14 [1.08, 1.21]). Conclusion Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with an increased 30-day readmission risk similar in magnitude to Medicaid status and renal failure in patients with index hospitalizations of CDI. Future studies should examine whether interventions such as post discharge support and care coordination for patients in disadvantaged neighborhoods may reduce readmissions in this patient population. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Besbris, Max, Jacob William Faber, Peter Rich, and Patrick Sharkey. "Effect of neighborhood stigma on economic transactions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 16 (April 6, 2015): 4994–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414139112.
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The hypothesis of neighborhood stigma predicts that individuals who reside in areas known for high crime, poverty, disorder, and/or racial isolation embody the negative characteristics attributed to their communities and experience suspicion and mistrust in their interactions with strangers. This article provides an experimental test of whether neighborhood stigma affects individuals in one domain of social life: economic transactions. To evaluate the neighborhood stigma hypothesis, this study adopts an audit design in a locally organized, online classified market, using advertisements for used iPhones and randomly manipulating the neighborhood of the seller. The primary outcome under study is the number of responses generated by sellers from disadvantaged relative to advantaged neighborhoods. Advertisements from disadvantaged neighborhoods received significantly fewer responses than advertisements from advantaged neighborhoods. Results provide robust evidence that individuals from disadvantaged neighborhoods bear a stigma that influences their prospects in economic exchanges. The stigma is greater for advertisements originating from disadvantaged neighborhoods where the majority of residents are black. This evidence reveals that residence in a disadvantaged neighborhood not only affects individuals through mechanisms involving economic resources, institutional quality, and social networks but also affects residents through the perceptions of others.
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Mericle, Amy A., Lee A. Kaskutas, Doug L. Polcin, and Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe. "Independent and Interactive Effects of Neighborhood Disadvantage and Social Network Characteristics on Problem Drinking After Treatment." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.1.1.
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Socioecological approaches to public health problems like addiction emphasize the importance of person-environment interactions. Neighborhood and social network characteristics may influence the likelihood of relapse among individuals in recovery, but these factors have been understudied, particularly with respect to conceptualizing social network characteristics as moderators of neighborhood disadvantage. Drawing from a larger prospective study of individuals recruited from outpatient treatment (N = 451) and interviewed 1, 3, 5, and 7 years later, the aim of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of neighborhood and social network characteristics on continued problem drinking after treatment. Models using generalized estimating equations controlling for demographic and other risk factors found the number of heavy drinkers in one's network increases risk of relapse, with the effects being significantly stronger among those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods than among those in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods. No independent effects were found for neighborhood disadvantage or for the number of network members supporting reduced drinking. Future research is needed to examine potential protective factors in neighborhoods which may offset socioeconomic disadvantage as well as to investigate the functions that network members serve in helping to improve long-term treatment outcomes.
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Lu, Yuqi. "Hurricane Flooding and Environmental Inequality: Do Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Have Lower Elevations?" Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 3 (January 1, 2017): 237802311774070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023117740700.
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Most research on environmental inequality studies whether poor and minority neighborhoods are more exposed to environmental hazards in the form of pollution and waste. However, natural disasters, such as hurricanes, and their aftermaths are also important forms of environmental hazards and may disproportionally affect disadvantaged neighborhoods. Using data from Google Maps API and the American Community Survey, this study shows that poor neighborhoods in the Houston area tend to have lower elevations and thus may be more vulnerable to flooding. Further analyses show that this association persists even after controlling for latitude, longitude, and population density. Additionally, other types of neighborhood disadvantage, such as poverty and high concentration of racial-ethnic minorities and noncitizens, are also associated with lower elevations. Moreover, these patterns are common among most of the 20 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. These findings reveal a new dimension of environmental inequality and the consequences of spatially concentrated disadvantages.
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Hunt, Jack F. V., Nicholas M. Vogt, Erin M. Jonaitis, William R. Buckingham, Rebecca L. Koscik, Megan Zuelsdorff, Lindsay R. Clark, et al. "Association of Neighborhood Context, Cognitive Decline, and Cortical Change in an Unimpaired Cohort." Neurology 96, no. 20 (April 14, 2021): e2500-e2512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000011918.
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ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that neighborhood-level disadvantage is associated with longitudinal measures of neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in an unimpaired cohort.MethodsLongitudinal MRI and cognitive testing data were collected from 601 cognitively unimpaired participants in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention Study and the Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center clinical cohort. Area Deprivation Index was geospatially determined based on participant residence geocode and ranked relative to state of residence. Linear regression models were fitted to test associations between neighborhood-level disadvantage and longitudinal change in cortical thickness and cognitive test performance. Mediation tests were used to assess whether neurodegeneration and cognitive decline were associated with neighborhood-level disadvantage along the same theoretical causal path.ResultsIn our middle- to older-aged study population (mean baseline age 59 years), living in the 20% most disadvantaged neighborhoods (n = 19) relative to state of residence was associated with cortical thinning in Alzheimer signature regions (p = 0.002) and decline in the Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease Cognitive Composite (p = 0.04), particularly the Trail-Making Test, part B (p < 0.001), but not Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (p = 0.77) or Story Memory Delayed Recall (p = 0.49) subtests. Associations were attenuated but remained significant after controlling for racial and demographic differences between neighborhood-level disadvantage groups. Cortical thinning partially mediated the association between neighborhood-level disadvantage and cognitive decline.ConclusionsIn this longitudinal study of cognitively unimpaired adults, living in the most highly disadvantaged neighborhoods was associated with accelerated degeneration in Alzheimer signature regions and cognitive decline. This study provides further evidence for neighborhood-level disadvantage as a risk factor for preclinical neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in certain populations. Limitations of the present study, including a small number of participants from highly disadvantaged neighborhoods and a circumscribed geographic setting, should be explored in larger and more diverse study cohorts.
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Ross, Catherine E., John Mirowsky, and Shana Pribesh. "Disadvantage, Disorder, and Urban Mistrust." City & Community 1, no. 1 (March 2002): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6040.00008.
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Does life in the city foster mistrust of others? This study tests four connected hypotheses about urban mistrust by comparing the City of Chicago to suburbs, small cities, towns, and rural areas. The Urban Mistrust Hypothesis is that urban residents are more mistrusting than residents of places outside the city. The Neighborhood Disadvantage Hypothesis is that mistrust increases with the prevalence of economic and social disadvantage in one's neighborhood, which accounts for some of the mistrust associated with urban residence. The Individual Disadvantage Hypothesis is that socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals are more mistrusting than others, which accounts for some of the mistrust associated with residence in Chicago and in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The Neighborhood Disorder Hypothesis is that mistrust correlates positively with observing signs of disorder in one's neighborhood such as graffiti, vandalism, run‐down or abandoned buildings, noise, crime, and people hanging out on the streets, drinking, or taking drugs; and disorder mediates some of the effects of residence in the city and in a disadvantaged neighborhood. Some, but not all, of the association between disorder and mistrust is mediated by criminal victimization. We examine these hypotheses using the Community, Crime and Health data, which is a 1995 survey of a representative sample of 2,482 Illinois residents linked to contextual data on their neighborhoods. We find results consistent with all four hypotheses. The mean level of mistrust reported by residents of Chicago is more than half a standard deviation above that of people living elsewhere. Most of the higher mistrust in Chicago can be attributed to three related things: neighborhood disadvantage, individual disadvantage, and neighborhood disorder; but even with adjustments for disadvantage and disorder, urban residents report more mistrust.
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Turner, Michael G., Jennifer L. Hartman, and Donna M. Bishop. "The Effects of Prenatal Problems, Family Functioning, and Neighborhood Disadvantage in Predicting Life-Course-Persistent Offending." Criminal Justice and Behavior 34, no. 10 (October 2007): 1241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854807304829.
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Research examining Moffitt's dual taxonomy theory of offending has generally supported the idea that neuropsychological deficits interact with disadvantaged familial environments to predict life-course-persistent offending. Most research, however, has neglected to investigate the power of this interaction across different neighborhood and racial contexts. Using data extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Moffitt's biosocial hypothesis is tested across different neighborhood and racial contexts. The findings indicate that the biosocial interaction predicts life-course-persistent offending only among non-Whites in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Stated differently, macro-level structural factors appear to moderate the effects of individual and family risks. That poor non-Whites reside in neighborhoods that are ecologically distinct from those in which poor Whites reside exacerbates the criminogenic effects of individual-level deficits and family disadvantage.
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Hu, Jianhui, Amy J. H. Kind, and David Nerenz. "Area Deprivation Index Predicts Readmission Risk at an Urban Teaching Hospital." American Journal of Medical Quality 33, no. 5 (January 22, 2018): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1062860617753063.
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A growing body of evidence has shown that neighborhood characteristics have significant effects on quality metrics that evaluate health plans or health care providers. Using a data set of an urban teaching hospital patient discharges, this study aimed to determine whether a significant effect of neighborhood characteristics, measured by the Area Deprivation Index, could be observed on patients’ readmission risk, independent of patient-level clinical and demographic factors. This study found that patients residing in more disadvantaged neighborhoods had significantly higher 30-day readmission risks compared to those living in less disadvantaged neighborhoods, even after accounting for individual-level factors. Those who lived in the most extremely socioeconomically challenged neighborhoods were 70% more likely to be readmitted than their counterparts who lived in less disadvantaged neighborhoods. These findings suggest that neighborhood-level factors should be considered along with individual-level factors in future work on adjustment of quality metrics for social risk factors.
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Dupéré, V., T. Leventhal, and É. Lacourse. "Neighborhood poverty and suicidal thoughts and attempts in late adolescence." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 8 (October 10, 2008): 1295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170800456x.
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BackgroundSuicide tends to concentrate in disadvantaged neighborhoods, and neighborhood disadvantage is associated with many important risk factors for youth suicide. However, no study has directly investigated the link between neighborhood poverty and youth suicidal behaviors, while controlling for pre-existing vulnerabilities. The objective of this study was to determine whether living in a poor neighborhood is associated with suicidal thoughts and attempts in late adolescence over and above background vulnerabilities, and whether this association can be explained by late-adolescence psychosocial risks: depression, social support, negative life events (NLEs), delinquent activities, substance abuse and exposure to suicide. The potential moderating role of neighborhood poverty was also examined.MethodA subset of 2776 participants was selected from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY). Late-adolescence suicidal behaviors and risk factors were self-reported. The 2001 Canadian Census was used to characterize neighborhoods during early and middle adolescence. Late-childhood family and individual controls were assessed through parent-report.ResultsAt the bivariate level, the odds of reporting suicidal thoughts were about twice as high in poor than non-poor neighborhoods, and the odds of attempting suicide were about four times higher. After controlling for background vulnerabilities, neighborhood poverty remained significantly associated with both suicidal thoughts and attempts. However, these associations were not explained by late-adolescence psychosocial risks. Rather, youth living in poor neighborhoods may be at greater risk through the amplification of other risk factors in disadvantaged neighborhoods.ConclusionsPotential explanations for the increased vulnerability of youth living in poor neighborhoods are discussed.
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Sharp, Gregory. "Eclipsing Community? Neighborhood Disadvantage, Social Mechanisms, and Neighborly Attitudes and Behaviors." City & Community 17, no. 3 (September 2018): 615–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12327.
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This study investigates how objective neighborhood characteristics influence attitudinal and behavioral dimensions of community social organization. Grounded in ecological and neighborhood effects traditions, I extend prior inquiries by adjudicating the social mechanisms that link neighborhood disadvantage with residents’ satisfaction and neighboring. Results from longitudinal data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey indicate that the neighborhood disadvantage perspective garners support when considering neighborhood satisfaction, while the systemic model marshals support for informal neighboring. Consistent with the local danger model, experiencing fearful feelings toward the neighborhood is detrimental to both satisfaction and neighboring. In addition, a cumulative disadvantage effect exists whereby individuals who live in highly disadvantaged areas and perceive the neighborhood as dangerous exhibit the highest levels of dissatisfaction. Having friendship ties living nearby buffers the impact of fear on neighborhood satisfaction, while being socially isolated exacerbates feelings of local danger. These findings suggest that community investment initiatives could mitigate the factors contributing to disadvantaged neighborhoods and foster local satisfaction and engagement as a result.
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York Cornwell, Erin, and Rachel L. Behler. "Urbanism, Neighborhood Context, and Social Networks." City & Community 14, no. 3 (September 2015): 311–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12124.
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Theories of urbanism suggest that the urban context erodes individuals’ strong social ties with friends and family. Recent research has narrowed focus to the neighborhood context, emphasizing how localized structural disadvantage affects community–level cohesion and social capital. In this paper, we argue that neighborhood context also shapes social ties with friends and family—particularly for community–dwelling seniors. We hypothesize that neighborhood disadvantage, residential instability, and disorder restrict residents’ abilities to cultivate close relationships with friends and family, regardless of whether they live in the same neighborhood. Using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, we find that older adults who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods have smaller social networks. Neighborhood disadvantage is also associated with fewer close network ties and less frequent interaction—but only among men. Residents of disordered neighborhoods have both smaller networks and weaker ties. We urge scholars to pay greater attention to how neighborhood context contributes to disparities in network–based access to resources.
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Stevens, Robin, Stacia Gilliard-Matthews, Jamie Dunaev, Marcus K. Woods, and Bridgette M. Brawner. "The digital hood: Social media use among youth in disadvantaged neighborhoods." New Media & Society 19, no. 6 (January 27, 2016): 950–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444815625941.
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This study examines the role of social media in the lives of youth living in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Feminist Standpoint Theory, which privileges the voices of marginalized communities in understanding social phenomena, suggests that youth at the margins have specific knowledge that helps us understand social media more broadly. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 females and 30 males aged 13–24 years about their social worlds and neighborhoods, both online and offline. The findings reveal a dynamic and somewhat concerning interplay between the geographic neighborhood and the digital neighborhood, whereby negative social interactions in the geographic neighborhood are reproduced and amplified on social media.
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Wang, Qi, Nolan Edward Phillips, Mario L. Small, and Robert J. Sampson. "Urban mobility and neighborhood isolation in America’s 50 largest cities." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 30 (July 9, 2018): 7735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802537115.
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Influential research on the negative effects of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood assumes that its residents are socially isolated from nonpoor or “mainstream” neighborhoods, but the extent and nature of such isolation remain in question. We develop a test of neighborhood isolation that improves on static measures derived from commonly used census reports by leveraging fine-grained dynamic data on the everyday movement of residents in America’s 50 largest cities. We analyze 650 million geocoded Twitter messages to estimate the home locations and travel patterns of almost 400,000 residents over 18 mo. We find surprisingly high consistency across neighborhoods of different race and income characteristics in the average travel distance (radius) and number of neighborhoods traveled to (spread) in the metropolitan region; however, we uncover notable differences in the composition of the neighborhoods visited. Residents of primarily black and Hispanic neighborhoods—whether poor or not—are far less exposed to either nonpoor or white middle-class neighborhoods than residents of primarily white neighborhoods. These large racial differences are notable given recent declines in segregation and the increasing diversity of American cities. We also find that white poor neighborhoods are substantially isolated from nonpoor white neighborhoods. The results suggest that even though residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods travel far and wide, their relative isolation and segregation persist.
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McNeeley, Susan. "Ecological Context, Criminal Propensity, and Recidivism." Criminal Justice Review 43, no. 4 (May 22, 2018): 494–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016818776725.
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This study examines whether the relationship between individual-level risk and recidivism varies according to ecological context, measured at the census tract level. It is hypothesized that high-risk offenders—as measured by Minnesota Screening Tool Assessing Recidivism Risk (MnSTARR) 2.0 and Level of Service Inventory–Revised (LSI-R)—will have elevated risk of recidivism when living in disadvantaged neighborhoods and lower risk of recidivism when living in affluent neighborhoods. These hypotheses are tested with hierarchical logistic models predicting rearrest and revocation for a technical violation among a sample of approximately 3,000 offenders released from Minnesota state prisons in 2009. Rearrest was positively related to neighborhood disadvantage and negatively related to neighborhood affluence, while revocation was positively related to neighborhood urbanism. Further, neighborhood disadvantage moderated the association between LSI-R and rearrest; however, this interaction was not in the hypothesized direction. The results contradict prior literature examining similar relationships at the county level.
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Caston, Nicole, Courtney Williams, Star Ye, Cameron Pywell, Stacey A. Ingram, Elaine Yu, Monica S. Aswani, Andres Azuero, and Gabrielle Betty Rocque. "Effect of rurality and neighborhood disadvantage on clinical trial interest and decision-making style in patients with cancer living in the Deep South." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 29_suppl (October 10, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.29_suppl.110.
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110 Background: Patients living in rural or disadvantaged settings are historically underrepresented in clinical trials. This study sought to understand associations between neighborhood characteristics and both interest in clinical trial participation and decision-making style preference. Methods: This cross-sectional study used patient-reported outcome data from patients with cancer treated at the University of Alabama at Birmingham from January 2017 to May 2019. Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes (RUCA) scores were used to determine rurality of patient residence. Area Deprivation Index (ADI) values (range 0-100) were used to identify patients living in the most disadvantaged (top 15%) census block groups. The Control Preferences Scale captured decision-making preference. Likelihood of interest in clinical trial participation by rurality and neighborhood disadvantage was estimated using risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from modified Poisson regression models. Multinomial regression was used to calculate RRs and 95% CIs estimating likelihood of preferred decision-making style by rurality and neighborhood disadvantage. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, cancer type, cancer stage, ECOG performance status, and phase of care. Results: Of 1005 patients with cancer, mean age was 67 (SD 11), 68% were female, and 74% white. Gynecologic cancer (32%) was the most prevalent diagnosis, followed by hematologic (20%) and breast (15%) cancer. Of this sample, 16% of patients lived in a rural setting and 18% lived in a disadvantaged neighborhood. Interest in clinical trial participation was no different for patients living in rural vs. urban (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.73-1.17) or disadvantaged vs. non-disadvantaged neighborhoods (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.69-1.13). Patients living in rural vs. urban settings trended toward increased likelihood of preferring physician- to patient-driven decision-making (RR 1.67, 95% CI 0.95-2.94). Patients living in disadvantaged vs. non-disadvantaged neighborhoods trended toward increased likelihood of preferring physician- to patient-driven decision-making (RR 1.39, 95% CI 0.82-2.35). Conclusions: Though clinical trial participation interest was similar, patients with cancer living in rural vs. urban settings trended toward increased likelihood of preferring physician- vs. patient-driven decision-making. Opportunities exist for providers to engage historically underrepresented patients for trial participation.
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Webb, E. Kate, Carissa Weis, Ken Bennett, Ashley Huggins, Elizabeth Parisi, Jessica Krukowski, Terri deRoon-Cassini, and Christine Larson. "68415 Neural Impact of Neighborhood Disadvantage in Traumatically-Injured Adults: a Multi-Modal Investigation." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (March 2021): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.462.
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ABSTRACT IMPACT: Neighborhood disadvantage was significantly associated with brain structure and function in trauma-exposed adults, providing evidence that contextual factors should be assessed in mental health research, particularly in high-risk populations. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Over 13 percent of Americans live in a socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhood. Previous work has linked lower individual socioeconomic position to alterations in brain structure and function. However, the neural effects of area-level socioeconomic factors, such as neighborhood disadvantage, are unclear. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We recruited two-hundred and fifteen traumatically-injured participants from an Emergency Department in southeastern Wisconsin. An Area Deprivation Index (ADI) score, a national measure of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, was derived from each participant’s home address. Two-weeks post-trauma, participants underwent a battery of self-report measures and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. Using a multi-modal approach, we investigated the impact of ADI on brain structure as well as neural activation during rest and during an emotional uncertainty task. We sought to disentangle the relationship between neighborhood and individual socioeconomic position and neural activity in the context of trauma. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We demonstrated that neighborhood disadvantage is associated with decreased volume and alterations of resting state functional connectivity of structures implicated in affect processing, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These results held even after controlling for relevant individual variables, including acute post-traumatic stress symptoms and years of education. Moreover, individuals from disadvantaged neighborhoods exhibited heighted activation of these same structures in response to aversive stimuli. Thus, brain regions critical for recognizing and processing negative stimuli are susceptible to the effects of area-level socioeconomic factors. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: The results offer additional evidence that neurobiological mechanisms clarify how stress ‘gets under the skin’. Changes to key brain regions may explain why those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods are at a heighted risk of PTSD. Broadly, these findings should inform future policies and community-driven interventions aimed at reducing poverty.
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Payne, Brian K., and Randy R. Gainey. "Attitudes About the Police and Neighborhood Safety in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods." Criminal Justice Review 32, no. 2 (June 2007): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016807300500.
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Berg, Kristen, Adam Perzynski, Nikolas I. Krieger, Douglas Einstadter, and Jarrod Dalton. "Neighborhood Socioeconomic Position and Social Support in a Clinical Population of Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1276.
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Abstract Models of successful aging underscore the critical role of external social resources in older adults’ health and well-being. Neighborhood socioeconomic position is known to influence health, but little is known about the linkages between neighborhood conditions, social relationships and health among older adults. We identified a cohort of 12,434 adults (aged 65+) who attended a Medicare Annual Wellness Visit from the NEOCARE Learning Health Registry. NEOCARE includes electronic health record (EHR) and neighborhood data from 1999-2017 on over 3 million unique Northeast Ohio individuals. The study population was 60% White, 32% Black or African American, 64% female, and 90% non-Hispanic. Over 60% were ages 65-74, 29% 75-84, and 10% 85 years or older (range from 65 to 101). We used ANOVA and chi square tests to examine variation in social support by quintile of the census tract area deprivation index. Compared to those in less disadvantaged neighborhoods, older adults in more disadvantaged neighborhoods were more likely to report needing help with care needs (Bonferroni-corrected x2=95.21, df=4, n=8,967, p<.001) but were less likely to report having help at home (x2=85.72, 4, n=12,354, p<.001). Similarly, adults in more disadvantaged neighborhoods reported less help available to them compared to those in more advantaged communities (F=39.31, df=4, n=12,099, p<.001). Furthermore, older adults living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods experienced significantly less functional independence (F=3.68, df=4 , n=8,571, p<.01). Our results suggest that the pathway from neighborhood socioeconomic conditions to successful aging includes perceived social needs and social support.
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Nahmod, N. G., L. Master, H. F. McClintock, L. Hale, and O. M. Buxton. "0360 Neighborhood Disadvantage is Associated with Lower Quality Sleep and More Variability in Weeknight Sleep Duration Among Urban Adolescents." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A137—A138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.357.
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Abstract Introduction Differential social and contextual environments may contribute to adolescent sleep disparities. Yet, most prior studies are limited to self-reported sleep data, and the actigraphic studies of sleep are not conducted at a national level, thus limiting the variation in neighborhood contexts. This study examined the association between neighborhood disadvantage and actigraphic assessment of adolescent sleep. Methods Participants (682 adolescents, mean age 15.4 years) were racially/ethnically diverse (44% Black, 26% Hispanic, 17% White, 14% other race/ethnicity), sampled from 20 large US cities in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Neighborhood disadvantage was calculated from American Community Survey 2015 census data using the Standardized Neighborhood Deprivation Index (SNDI), consolidating five variables (proportion of female-headed households, public assistance recipients, households in poverty, adults without high school degrees, and unemployed) into an index. SNDI quartiles 1-3 fell below national averages of SNDI variables (“most disadvantaged”) and were compared to quartile 4 (“least disadvantaged”). Sleep indicators (duration, quality, and timing) were measured over ≥5 nights using wrist-worn accelerometers. Separate multilevel models estimated differences in sleep indicators, adjusting for weekday/weekend and summer/school year. General linear models used within-person standard deviations of sleep indicators (controlling for number of days) to test for associations between neighborhood disadvantage and consistency of weeknight sleep patterns. Models adjusted for individual-level sociodemographic covariates (age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, caregiver education, and family structure). Results In fully adjusted models, adolescents living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods spent more time awake after falling asleep (4.0 minutes/night, p<0.05), spent greater percentage of nighttime sleep intervals awake (1%, p<.01), and had less consistent sleep duration (11.7% higher standard deviation, p<.05). Sleep duration and timing did not differ across neighborhood groups. Conclusion Living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods is associated with lower quality adolescent sleep; more research is needed to identify causal mechanisms. Support Research was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), award numbers R01HD073352 (PI: Hale), R01HD36916, R01HD39135, and R01 HD40421, and private foundations. The content is the responsibility of the authors and does not represent official NIH views.
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Besbris, Max, Jacob William Faber, and Patrick Sharkey. "Disentangling the Effects of Race and Place in Economic Transactions: Findings from an Online Field Experiment." City & Community 18, no. 2 (June 2019): 529–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12394.
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Scholarship on discrimination consistently shows that non–Whites are at a disadvantage in obtaining goods and services relative to Whites. To a lesser extent, recent work has asked whether or not place of residence may also affect individuals’ chances in economic markets. In this study, we use a field experiment in an online market for second–hand goods to examine transactional opportunities for White, Black, Asian, and Latino residents of both advantaged and disadvantaged neighborhoods. Our results show that sellers prefer transactional partners who live in advantaged neighborhoods to those who live in neighborhoods that are majority non–White and have higher rates of poverty. This was true across all four racial/ethnic groups, revealing that neighborhood stigma exists independently of racial stigma. We discuss the implications for scholarship on neighborhood effects and we outline how future research using experiments can leverage various types of markets to better specify when characteristics like race trigger discrimination.
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Kirby, James B., and Toshiko Kaneda. "Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Access to Health Care." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46, no. 1 (March 2005): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002214650504600103.
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Most research on access to health care focuses on individual-level determinants such as income and insurance coverage. The role of community-level factors in helping or hindering individuals in obtaining needed care, however, has not received much attention. We address this gap in the literature by examining how neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with access to health care. We find that living in disadvantaged neighborhoods reduces the likelihood of having a usual source of care and of obtaining recommended preventive services, while it increases the likelihood of having unmet medical need. These associations are not explained by the supply of health care providers. Furthermore, though controlling for individual-level characteristics reduces the association between neighborhood disadvantage and access to health care, a significant association remains. This suggests that when individuals who are disadvantaged are concentrated into specific areas, disadvantage becomes an “emergent characteristic” of those areas that predicts the ability of residents to obtain health care.
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Mullins, Teagan S., Ethan M. Campbell, and Jeremy Hogeveen. "Neighborhood Deprivation Shapes Motivational-Neurocircuit Recruitment in Children." Psychological Science 31, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620929299.
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Implementing motivated behaviors on the basis of prior reward is central to adaptive human functioning, but aberrant reward-motivated behavior is a core feature of neuropsychiatric illness. Children from disadvantaged neighborhoods have decreased access to rewards, which may shape motivational neurocircuits and risk for psychopathology. Here, we leveraged the unprecedented neuroimaging data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study to test the hypothesis that neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage shapes the functional recruitment of motivational neurocircuits in children. Specifically, via the ABCD study’s monetary-incentive-delay task ( N = 6,396 children; age: 9–10 years), we found that children from zip codes with a high Area Deprivation Index demonstrate blunted recruitment of striatum (dorsal and ventral nuclei) and pallidum during reward anticipation. In fact, blunted dorsal striatal recruitment during reward anticipation mediated the association between Area Deprivation Index and increased attention problems. These data reveal a candidate mechanism driving elevated risk for psychopathology in children from socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods.
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Farrell, Chelsea. "Exploring the Overlap Between Sexual Victimization and Offending Among Young Women Across Neighborhoods: Does the Type of Force and Type of Offending Matter?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 3-4 (January 24, 2017): 571–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516689778.
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The relationship between victimization and subsequent maladaptive behaviors such as offending is well established. To a lesser degree, a contextual lens has been used to examine how neighborhood characteristics influence the overlap between victimization and offending. The existing literature has yet to explore how the neighborhood context moderates the victim–offender overlap among young women, specifically, or whether the type of force used during sexual victimization or offending matters. This study uses data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to examine whether concentrated disadvantage moderates the impact of sexual victimization on subsequent offending for women. Results indicate that young women who experience sexual victimization are more likely to engage in general offending regardless of neighborhood type. However, closer examination reveals that, when taking into account the type of force used in sexual victimization (physical or coerced) and the type of offending (violent, property, drug use), the overlap does indeed vary across neighborhoods. Specifically, results indicate that only coerced sexual victimization significantly affects property offending in neighborhoods with high levels of concentrated disadvantage. Related to violent offending, physical sexual victimization has a strong positive impact in less disadvantaged neighborhoods. Finally, coerced sexual victimization is significantly associated with an increased likelihood for drug use, and this relationship is consistent across neighborhoods. The findings suggest that nuances in the nature of victimization and offending need to be taken into account to fully understand the victim–offender overlap across neighborhood context.
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Stattin, Håkan, Ylva Svensson, and Liliia Korol. "Schools can be supporting environments in disadvantaged neighborhoods." International Journal of Behavioral Development 43, no. 5 (March 19, 2019): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025419833824.
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In Sweden, as in many other European countries, poor neighborhoods with ethnically diverse inhabitants and high crime rates have grown up around big cities in the last decades. We hypothesized that, compared with adolescents in advantaged neighborhoods, adolescents in disadvantaged neighborhoods would perceive their schools as relatively safe, due to their contrast with the more threatening and dangerous neighborhoods they lived in. Also, they would perceive their schools as relatively more open to their influence, due to the contrast with a lack of influence in their families. More broadly, they would experience their schools as supporting environments to a greater extent than adolescents in advantaged neighborhoods. We tested these ideas using a sample of 1390 adolescents ( Mage = 14.34, SD = 1.01) in a Swedish city. The hypotheses were supported, and the findings were most salient for immigrant adolescents in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Thus, particularly for immigrant adolescents in disadvantaged neighborhoods, schools can be supporting environments, which should have implications for local policies regarding resource allocation to schools and student influence. Overall, schools seem to be able to play an important role in students’ lives by functioning as a positive contrast to negative out-of-school experiences in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
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Krivo, Lauren J., and Ruth D. Peterson. "Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime." Social Forces 75, no. 2 (December 1996): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2580416.
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Krivo, L. J., and R. D. Peterson. "Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime." Social Forces 75, no. 2 (December 1, 1996): 619–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/75.2.619.
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Kim, Young-Jae, and Eun Jung Kim. "Neighborhood Greenery as a Predictor of Outdoor Crimes between Low and High Income Neighborhoods." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051470.
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Neighborhood greenery contributes to improving mental, emotional, and physical health and may help to promote neighborhood safety. Several studies have reported positive effects of neighborhood greenery on the improvement of outdoor safety, but little is known about whether the relationship between green vegetation and outdoor safety varies with the income status of neighborhoods. The purpose of this study is to examine neighborhood greenery as a predictor of outdoor crime rates between low and high-income neighborhoods while controlling for the sociodemographic conditions of the neighborhoods. This study used 2010 census block group data and objectively measured natural environment data derived from GIS in Austin, Texas. Comparison t-tests and ordinal least square regressions were conducted as statistical analyses. The t-tests showed that low-income neighborhoods were more socioeconomically disadvantaged and had less greenery than high-income neighborhoods. The final regression models showed that neighborhood greenery had a negative relationship with outdoor crimes for low-income neighborhoods but a positive relationship with crimes for high-income neighborhoods. The results suggest that different strategies may be needed in dealing with neighborhood safety according to neighborhood-level income.
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Lau, Nancy, Miranda C. Bradford, Angela Steineck, Samantha Scott, Kira Bona, Joyce P. Yi-Frazier, Elizabeth McCauley, and Abby R. Rosenberg. "Examining key sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents and young adults with cancer: A post hoc analysis of the Promoting Resilience in Stress Management randomized clinical trial." Palliative Medicine 34, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216319886215.
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Background: The “Promoting Resilience in Stress Management” intervention is a skills-based, early palliative care intervention with demonstrated efficacy in adolescents and young adults with cancer. Aim: Utilizing data from a randomized clinical trial of Promoting Resilience in Stress Management versus Usual Care, we examined whether response to Promoting Resilience in Stress Management differed across key sociodemographic characteristics. Design: Adolescents and young adults with cancer completed patient-reported outcome measures of resilience, hope, benefit-finding, quality of life, and distress at enrollment and 6 months. Participants were stratified by sex, age, race, and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage based on home address (Area Deprivation Index scores with 8–10 = most disadvantaged). Differences in the magnitude of effect sizes between stratification subgroups were noted using a conservative cutoff of d > 0.5. Setting/participants: Participants were 12 to 25 years old, English-speaking, and receiving cancer care at Seattle Children’s Hospital. Results: In total, 92 adolescents and young adults (48 Promoting Resilience in Stress Management, 44 Usual Care) completed baseline measures. They were 43% female, 73% 12 to 17 years old, 64% White, and 24% most disadvantaged. Effect sizes stratified by sex, age, and race were in an expected positive direction and of similar magnitude for the majority of outcomes with some exceptions in magnitude of treatment effect. Those who lived in less disadvantaged neighborhoods benefited more from Promoting Resilience in Stress Management, and those living in most disadvantaged neighborhoods benefited less. Conclusion: The “Promoting Resilience in Stress Management” intervention demonstrated a positive effect for the majority of outcomes regardless of sex, age, and race. It may not be as helpful for adolescents and young adults living in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Future studies must confirm its generalizability and integrate opportunities for improvement by targeting individual needs.
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Humphrey, Jamie, Megan Lindstrom, Kelsey Barton, Prateek Shrestha, Elizabeth Carlton, John Adgate, Shelly Miller, and Elisabeth Root. "Social and Environmental Neighborhood Typologies and Lung Function in a Low-Income, Urban Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (March 29, 2019): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071133.
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Consensus is growing on the need to investigate the joint impact of neighborhood-level social factors and environmental hazards on respiratory health. This study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to empirically identify distinct neighborhood subtypes according to a clustering of social factors and environmental hazards, and to examine whether those subtypes are associated with lung function. The study included 182 low-income participants who were enrolled in the Colorado Home Energy Efficiency and Respiratory Health (CHEER) study during the years 2015–2017. Distinct neighborhood typologies were identified based on analyses of 632 census tracts in the Denver-Metro and Front Range area of Colorado; neighborhood characteristics used to identify typologies included green space, traffic-related air pollution, violent and property crime, racial/ethnic composition, and socioeconomic status (SES). Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association between neighborhood typology and lung function. We found four distinct neighborhood typologies and provide evidence that these social and environmental aspects of neighborhoods cluster along lines of advantage/disadvantage. We provide suggestive evidence of a double jeopardy situation where low-income populations living in disadvantaged neighborhoods may have decreased lung function. Using LPA with social and environmental characteristics may help to identify meaningful neighborhood subtypes and inform research on the mechanisms by which neighborhoods influence health.
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Browning, Christopher R., Catherine A. Calder, Bethany Boettner, Jake Tarrence, Kori Khan, Brian Soller, and Jodi L. Ford. "Neighborhoods, Activity Spaces, and the Span of Adolescent Exposures." American Sociological Review 86, no. 2 (March 18, 2021): 201–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122421994219.
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Since the inception of urban sociology, the “neighborhood” has served as the dominant context to capture developmentally significant youth experiences beyond the home. Yet no large-scale study has examined patterns of exposure to the most commonly used operationalization of neighborhood—the census tract—among urban youth. Using smartphone GPS data from the Adolescent Health and Development in Context study ( N = 1,405), we estimate the amount of time youth spend in residential neighborhoods and consider explanations for variation in neighborhood exposure. On average, youth (ages 11 to 17) spend 5.7 percent of their waking-time in their neighborhood but not at home, 60 percent at home, and 34.3 percent outside their neighborhood. Multilevel negative binomial regression models indicate that residence in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods is associated with less time in one’s neighborhood. Higher levels of local violence and the absence of a neighborhood school are negatively associated with time in-neighborhood and mediate the concentrated disadvantage effect. Fractional multinomial logit models indicate that higher violence is linked with increased time at home, and school absence is associated with increased outside-neighborhood time. Theoretical development and empirical research on neighborhood effects should incorporate findings on the extent and nature of neighborhood and broader activity space exposures among urban youth.
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Hill, Terrence D., Catherine E. Ross, and Ronald J. Angel. "Neighborhood Disorder, Psychophysiological Distress, and Health." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46, no. 2 (June 2005): 170–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002214650504600204.
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How do neighborhoods affect the health of residents? We propose that the impact of neighborhood disorder on self-reported health is mediated by psychological and physiological distress. We hypothesize a stress process in which chronic stressors in the environment give rise to a psychological and physiological stress response that ultimately affects health. The exogenous variable of interest is the neighborhood where disadvantaged persons live, which may expose them to chronic stressors in the form of crime, trouble, harassment, and other potentially distressing signs of disorder and decay. The mediator is the stress response that occurs in the body and brain. Of interest here is a psychological stress response in the form of fearful anxiety and depression, and a physiological stress response in the form of signs and symptoms of autonomic arousal, such as dizziness, chest pains, trouble breathing, nausea, upset stomach, and weakness. The outcome is poor health. This model is supported using data from the Welfare, Children, and Families project, a sample of 2,402 disadvantaged women in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Chicago, Boston, and San Antonio.
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Shrider, Emily A., and David M. Ramey. "Priming the Pump: Public Investment, Private Mortgage Investment, and Violent Crime." City & Community 17, no. 4 (December 2018): 996–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12344.
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Recent neighborhood crime research suggests that increased mortgage investment in local communities can help reduce street crime by defending against physical decline and improving perceptions of the neighborhood, which make informal social control more likely. Unfortunately, the neighborhoods that could benefit the most from this relationship are the least likely to get private mortgage investment, as mortgages tend to flow towards neighborhoods that are already stable. In this paper, we examine whether public investment, which can be targeted at disadvantaged neighborhoods, can play a similar role as private investment in influencing neighborhood outcomes. Specifically, we examine whether Seattle's Neighborhood Matching Fund program, a municipal initiative that provides matching funds to local organizations planning neighborhood improvement projects, is associated with reductions in crime, both directly, through community–building and physical improvements, and indirectly, by encouraging increased private mortgage investment.
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Galster, George, and Peter Tatian. "Modeling Housing Appreciation Dynamics in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods." Journal of Planning Education and Research 29, no. 1 (August 12, 2009): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x09334141.
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Harding, D. J. "Collateral Consequences of Violence in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods." Social Forces 88, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 757–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0281.
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KREAGER, DEREK A., ROSS L. MATSUEDA, and ELENA A. EROSHEVA. "MOTHERHOOD AND CRIMINAL DESISTANCE IN DISADVANTAGED NEIGHBORHOODS." Criminology 48, no. 1 (February 2010): 221–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00184.x.
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Shjarback, John A., Justin Nix, and Scott E. Wolfe. "The Ecological Structuring of Police Officers’ Perceptions of Citizen Cooperation." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 9 (December 9, 2017): 1143–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128717743779.
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Neighborhood structural conditions influence police behavior, but few studies have addressed whether neighborhood conditions are associated with officers’ perceptions of residents in those communities. This is an important gap because officers’ perceptions of what they can expect from residents in disadvantaged communities may help explain differential treatment. Using data from the Project on Policing Neighborhoods, we examined neighborhood effects on officers’ perceptions of citizen cooperation. Officers working in beats with more concentrated disadvantage and higher homicide rates were less likely to believe that citizens would be willing to cooperate with law enforcement. We discuss this finding in relation to explaining differential police treatment across communities and what it means for the legitimacy dialogue that unfolds between the police and community.
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Brown, Arleen F., Li-Jung Liang, Stefanie D. Vassar, Sharon Stein-Merkin, W. T. Longstreth, Bruce Ovbiagele, Tingjian Yan, and José J. Escarce. "Neighborhood Disadvantage and Ischemic Stroke." Stroke 42, no. 12 (December 2011): 3363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.111.622134.
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Background and Purpose— Neighborhood characteristics may influence the risk of stroke and contribute to socioeconomic disparities in stroke incidence. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status and incident ischemic stroke and examine potential mediators of these associations. Methods— We analyzed data from 3834 whites and 785 blacks enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a multicenter, population-based, longitudinal study of adults ages ≥65 years from 4 US counties. The primary outcome was adjudicated incident ischemic stroke. Neighborhood socioeconomic status was measured using a composite of 6 census tract variables. Race-stratified multilevel Cox proportional hazard models were constructed adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological risk factors. Results— Among whites, in models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, stroke hazard was significantly higher among residents of neighborhoods in the lowest compared with the highest neighborhood socioeconomic status quartile (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.01–1.72) with greater attenuation of the hazard ratio after adjustment for biological risk factors (hazard ratio, 1.16; 0.88–1.52) than for behavioral risk factors (hazard ratio, 1.30; 0.99–1.70). Among blacks, we found no significant associations between neighborhood socioeconomic status and ischemic stroke. Conclusions— Higher risk of incident ischemic stroke was observed in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods among whites, but not among blacks. The relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status and stroke among whites appears to be mediated more strongly by biological than behavioral risk factors.
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Aiken-Morgan, Adrienne, Dextiny McCain, Karon Phillips, and Keith Whitfield. "Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Health Status Among African Americans Living in Low-Income Housing." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 577–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1921.
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Abstract Research has shown the importance of social determinants of health in explaining racial/ethnic disparities in many health outcomes; however, less attention has been given to within-group differences in social determinants of health among low-income African American older adults. The Physical and Cognitive Health Pilot Study (n=50) was utilized to examine associations between level of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and self-reported health in African American older adults living in public housing in Durham, NC and Annapolis, MD. Results from ANOVA showed that Durham participants living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods had statistically significantly worse cardiovascular health, higher depression symptoms, worse sleep quality, and higher alcohol use (p=.05) than Annapolis participants living in a more resource-rich neighborhood. These findings suggest that among low-income African American elders, greater neighborhood/state socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with worse health status. Future research should consider neighborhood context as an essential variable when assessing health status among aging African Americans.
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Young, Marisa, and Shirin Montazer. "Neighborhood Effects on Immigrants’ Experiences of Work-Family Conflict and Psychological Distress." Society and Mental Health 8, no. 1 (August 9, 2017): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156869317720713.
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The neighborhood context is considered a key institution of inequality influencing individuals’ exposure and psychological vulnerability to stressors in the work-family interface, including work-family conflict (WFC). However, experiences of neighborhood context, WFC, and its mental health consequences among minority populations—including foreign-born residents—remain unexplored. We address this limitation and draw on tenants of the stress process model to unpack our hypotheses. We further test whether our focal associations vary for mothers and fathers. Using multilevel data from Toronto, Canada (N = 794), we find that neighborhood disadvantage—measured at the census level—increases reports of WFC among all respondents except foreign-born fathers, who report a decrease in WFC as disadvantage increases. Despite this benefit, the WFC of foreign-born fathers in disadvantaged neighborhoods leads to greater distress compared to other respondents. Our findings highlight important gender differences by nativity status in the impact of neighborhood context on individual-level stressors and mental health.
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Gaston, Shytierra, and Rod K. Brunson. "Reasonable Suspicion in the Eye of the Beholder: Routine Policing in Racially Different Disadvantaged Neighborhoods." Urban Affairs Review 56, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 188–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087418774641.
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This study extends Brunson and Weitzer’s 2009 endeavor to elucidate the influence of race and place in policing by reexamining enforcement practices across disadvantaged urban neighborhoods but from the purview of police. We investigate the impact of race and neighborhood context on officer decision making and routine enforcement practices by analyzing 144 official reports of drug arrests made between 2009 and 2013 in a similarly disadvantaged majority White, majority Black, and racially mixed neighborhood in St. Louis. Our analysis reveals the importance of place and race for helping to shape officers’ decision making and investigation practices. In particular, proactive traffic and pedestrian stops, motivated by officers’ views of criminogenic neighborhood conditions, drove most drug arrests in the three study settings. Enforcement practices differed, however, in the racially mixed neighborhood where proactive encounters were more frequent, capricious, and seemingly driven by race. Our findings have important implications for research and policy.
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Abdullahi, Ali Arazeem, and Moshood Issah. "Theorizing Youth Violence in Socially Disadvantaged Neighborhoods in Nigeria." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 15, no. 4 (July 26, 2016): 363–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341396.
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Nigerian urban centers, especially the socially disadvantaged neighborhoods (sdns), like other disadvantaged communities across Africa, are increasingly becoming breeding grounds for youth violence and Armed Non-State Actors (ansas). The increasing waves of violence in socially disadvantaged communities in Nigeria and the inability of security apparatus to curtail them, suggests a ‘nation’ bewildered and a comatose state. This article attempts to dissect the root causes of youth violence in socially disadvantaged urban areas of Nigeria using relevant sociological theories. The paper subjects the current waves of youth violence across ethnic cleavages in Nigeria to a more nuanced and pragmatic analysis in order to dissect and unravel the socio-structural and political factors responsible. The paper argues that the inherent social structural maladies embedded in socially disadvantaged communities appear to have provided an impetus for youth violence and the emergence ofansas in Nigeria. These social structural maladies are captured within the context of social disorganization, relative deprivation, and broken windows theories. The assumptions of these theories provide insights into understanding the predisposing and enabling factors to youth violence and the emergence ofansas in socially disadvantaged communities in Nigeria and beyond. They also provide fundamental policy and research options to nip the contours of violence in socially disadvantaged environments in Nigeria and beyond in the bud.
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Kim, Yeonwoo, and Catherine Cubbin. "Neighborhood Economic Changes After the Great Recession and Home Food Environments." Health Education & Behavior 46, no. 5 (July 2, 2019): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198119859409.
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Objective. Home food environments are important contexts for children and their food intake. It is unknown whether neighborhood economic context plays a role in explaining the association between a national economic crisis and children’s home food environments. This study attempts to investigate neighborhood economic changes after the Great Recession and their associations with home food environments. Method. Using data from the Geographic Research on Wellbeing survey (2012-2013), we conducted a series of logistic regression analyses to examine the association between neighborhood changes after the Great Recession and home food environments. Results. Findings showed that neighborhood economic changes after the Great Recession were concentrated in poor neighborhoods. In addition, our findings demonstrated that poor families residing in neighborhoods severely affected by the Great Recession were vulnerable to less availability of fruits and vegetables in the home after the Great Recession. Discussion. Findings imply that public health interventions aiming to improve home food environments should include strategies at the national and neighborhood levels as well as the family level. A priority population for public health interventions should be poor families living in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
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Papachristos, Andrew V., Noli Brazil, and Tony Cheng. "Understanding the Crime Gap: Violence and Inequality in an American City." City & Community 17, no. 4 (December 2018): 1051–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12348.
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The United States has experienced an unprecedented decline in violent crime over the last two decades. Throughout this decline, however, violent crime continued to concentrate in socially and economically disadvantaged urban neighborhoods. Using detailed homicide records from 1990 to 2010, this study examines the spatial patterning of violent crime in Chicago to determine whether or not all neighborhoods experienced decreases in violence. We find that while in absolute terms nearly all neighborhoods in the city benefited from reductions in homicide, relative inequality in crime between the city's safest and most dangerous neighborhoods actually increased by 10 percent. This increase was driven by a greater rate of decline in the city's safest neighborhoods. This crime gap can be partly attributed to the decreasing association between concentrated disadvantage and homicide in the safest neighborhoods. We also find that the decline did not significantly alter the spatial distribution of crime, as homicides remained concentrated in the initially most dangerous neighborhoods and their adjacent areas.
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Li, Angran, and Mary J. Fischer. "Advantaged/Disadvantaged School Neighborhoods, Parental Networks, and Parental Involvement at Elementary School." Sociology of Education 90, no. 4 (September 15, 2017): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038040717732332.
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This article examines the relationship between parental networks and parental school involvement during the elementary school years. Using a large, nationally representative data set of elementary school students—the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort—and contextual data from the 2000 U.S. Census, our multilevel analysis shows that higher levels of parental networks in first grade are associated with higher levels of parental school involvement in third grade after controlling for individual- and school-level characteristics. Parental networks are positively related to school involvement activities in formal organizations that consist of parents, teachers, and school staff, including participating in parent–teacher organizations and volunteering at school. Furthermore, the positive effects of parental networks on parental school involvement is stronger for families whose children attend schools in disadvantaged neighborhoods. This suggests that well-connected parental networks can serve as a buffer against school neighborhood disadvantages in encouraging parents to be actively involved in schools.
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Wooldredge, John, James Frank, and Natalie Goulette. "Ecological Contributors to Disparities in Bond Amounts and Pretrial Detention." Crime & Delinquency 63, no. 13 (July 25, 2016): 1682–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128716659636.
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Pretrial dispositions have been receiving greater attention in the literature on extralegal disparities in criminal case processing. We examined the relevance of areas in which crimes are committed for court decisions regarding bond amounts and whether suspects are ultimately detained prior to trial. A random sample of 2,677 persons charged with felony crimes committed in 820 blocks of a major urban U.S. jurisdiction was examined, with separate analyses of property, violent, and drug offenses. Defendants were more likely to be held in jail prior to trial when crimes were committed in more disadvantaged neighborhoods (higher percentages of female-headed households, vacant residences, renters, and African Americans). However, the odds of pretrial detention were also higher for defendants accused of crimes in less disadvantaged neighborhoods relative to their own. Evidence favors neighborhood composition as an important contributor to disparities in pretrial detention beyond individual factors such as a defendant’s race.
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Berg, Kristen, Nikolas I. Krieger, Douglas Einstadter, Lorella Shamakian, Jarrod Dalton, and Adam Perzynski. "Neighborhood Disadvantage, Cognition, and Health Self-Efficacy of Older Adults in a Clinical Population." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 483–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1563.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Medicare Annual Wellness Visit (MWV) includes an assessment of health risks for older adults in the United States. Research suggests that neighborhood-level social inequality influences multiple health outcomes. We sought to examine the association between neighborhood socioeconomic position and older adults’ cognition, health management self-efficacy, and other health risks. We identified a cohort of 12,434 adults aged 65 and over from the NEOCARE Learning Health Registry who attended a routine MWV between 2011 and 2019. NEOCARE includes electronic health record and neighborhood data from 1999-2017 on over 3 million unique Northeast Ohio individuals. The study population was 60% White, 32% Black or African American, 64% female, and 90% non-Hispanic. Over 60% were ages 65-74, 29% 75-84, and 10% 85 years or older (range from 65 to 101). We used ANOVA and chi square tests to examine variation in health risks by quintile of census tract area deprivation index. Cognitive functioning differed across quintiles of area deprivation and Bonferroni-corrected tests indicated that adults in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods had lower average cognitive screening scores as compared to older adults in less disadvantaged areas (F=53.50, df=4, n=12,204, p<.001). The proportion of adults feeling efficacious in managing their health differed according to area deprivation, with adults in more disadvantaged neighborhoods having slightly lower self-efficacy, (x2=11.01, df=8, n=11,937, p<.001). Better understanding of the relationship between cognitive functioning and health self-efficacy and neighborhood environment is critical for designing programmatic and policy interventions aimed at supporting proactive aging in older adulthood.