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1
Khomeini, Ruhollah. Imam's final discourse: The text of the political and religious testament of the leader of the Islamic Revolution and the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Imam Khomeini. Ministry of Guidance and Islamic Culture, 1990.
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2
Marcus, Marvin. Orientations: The found poetry of scholarly discourse on Asia. Mellen Poetry Press, 2004.
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3
Language lost and found: On Iris Murdoch and the limits of philosophical discourse. Bloomsbury Academic, An imprint of Bloomsbury Pub. Plc, 2013.
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4
Wagshul, Yitzchok Dovid. Beyond all reason: An adaptation of the discourse Chayav inash livsumei, "The Purim discourse" found in Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi's Torah or. Dwelling Place Publishing, 2006.
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5
Puffer, Reuben. A discourse on revealed religion: Delivered in the chapel of the University in Cambridge, May 11, 1808, at the anniversary lecture founded by the Hon. Paul Dudley, Esq. Hilliard and Metcalf, 1985.
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6
Siewert, Senta. Performing Moving Images. Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985834.
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Performing Moving Images: Access, Archive and Affects presents institutions, individuals and networks who have ensured experimental films and Expanded Cinema of the 1960s and 1970s are not consigned to oblivion. Through a comparison of recent international case studies from festivals, museums, and gallery spaces, the book analyzes their new contexts, and describes the affective reception of those events. The study asks: what is the relationship between an aesthetic experience and memory at the point where film archives, cinema, and exhibition practices intersect? What can we learn from re-screenings, re-enactments, and found footage works, that are using archival material? How does the affective experience of the images, sounds and music resonate today? Performing Moving Images: Access, Archive and Affects proposes a theoretical framework from the perspective of the performative practice of programming, curating, and reconstructing, bringing in insights from original interviews with cultural agents together with an interdisciplinary academic discourse.
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Whitbourne, Richard. A discourse and discovery of Neuu-Found-land: With many reasons to prooue how worthy and beneficiall a plantation may there be made ... together with the laying open of certaine enormities and abuses committed by some that trade to that country ... Imprinted at London by Felix Kingston, 2005.
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8
Murphy, Patrick D. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041037.003.0007.
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The conclusion digests the main issues explored in the previous chapters. The core argument put forward is that the global media landscape that materialized at the end of the twentieth century has become a central mediator of eco-consciousness around the globe. This landscape is defined primary by the Promethean discourse, which assumes that growth is perpetual and that individuals operating within the market have the agency to solve any and all environmental problems. This discourse is problematic when considered in the face of anthropogenic climate change and declining natural resource reserves. However, even powerful discourses co-produced and are hence not immune to challenges. This means that alternative environmental discourses can be found within market driven media, suggesting that while the contemporary media commons is the domain of non-ecologically responsive normative trends, its also offers openings for more progressive environmental thought and action.
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DuBois, John W. Ergativity in Discourse and Grammar. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.2.
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This chapter considers how a discourse profile may provide a key piece of the puzzle for explaining the distribution of ergative grammatical structures within and across the world’s languages. The ergative discourse profile, isomorphic to the ergative-absolutive pattern of syntactic alignment, is found in a typologically diverse array of languages including ergative, accusative, and active. Speakers tend to follow soft constraints limiting the Quantity and Role of new and lexical noun phrases within the clause. Evidence for the universality of the ergative discourse profile is examined from typology, child language, and diachrony. A conflicting discourse pressure for topicality motivates accusativity, giving rise to competing motivations. As one recurrent resolution of competing demands, ergativity represents an evolutionarily stable strategy realized in grammar. While discourse-pragmatic and cognitive motivations contribute crucially to a functional explanation of ergativity, additional factors must include semantics of verbs, constructions, aspects, and splits; inherited morphosyntax; and more.
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Angelova, Diliana N. Sacred Founders: Women, Men, and Gods in the Discourse of Imperial Founding, Rome Through Early Byzantium. University of California Press, 2015.
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11
Sacred Founders: Women, Men, and Gods in the Discourse of Imperial Founding, Rome Through Early Byzantium. University of California Press, 2015.
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12
Kripal, Jeffrey J. Sexuality and the Erotic. Edited by John Corrigan. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170214.003.0010.
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The biological, psychological, cultural, and ethical complexities of what we today call sexuality, gender, sexual orientation, and sexual trauma have been the focus of intense research for well over a century now. It would be difficult to overestimate the importance of this corporate knowledge for how we have come to see “religion,” and it is worth noting that both the modern categories of religion and sexuality as signs marking fields of rational discourse and critical study were born more or less together within the same time period (the nineteenth and twentieth centuries) and within the same cultural institution (the Western university). This article examines the abstract categories of sexuality, gender, sexual orientation, the erotic, desire, and sexual trauma. It concludes with two individual fields of sexual-religious emotion and, in this case, two historical female bodies, one (apparently) heterosexual, the other homosexual or bisexual: Mother Ann Lee, the charismatic founder of the American Shaker community, and the contemporary Hollywood actress, Anne Heche.
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Jean, d'Aspremont. The Discourse on Customary International Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192843906.001.0001.
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This book argues that it does not suffice to simply invoke and demonstrate the two constitutive elements of customary international law, practice and opinion juris, to successfully and plausibly make a claim under the doctrine of customary international law. Behind what may look like a very crude dualist type of legal reasoning, a fine variety of discursive constructions are at work. By unpacking these discursive constructions, the book depicts the discursive splendour of customary international law. It reviews eight discursive performances at work in the discourse on customary international law and makes a number of original and provocative claims about this aspect of law. For example, the book claims that customary international law is not the surviving trace of an ancient law-making mechanism that used to be found in traditional societies. Indeed, as is shown throughout, the splendour of customary international law is everything but ancient. In fact, there is hardly any doctrine of international law that contains so many of the features of modern thinking. The book also puts forward the idea that all discursive performances of customary international law are shaped by texts, are articulated around texts, echo and continue pre-existing texts, unfold in a textual space, or, more simply, originate in a text-constituted environment.
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Thomas, Susan. Experimental Alternatives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842741.003.0003.
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In 1969 the director of Cuba’s film institute, Alfredo Guevara, founded a musical collective whose official purpose was to provide film music for Cuba’s vibrant and experimental new socialist cinema. The resulting Grupo de Experimentación Sonora represented something of a “rescue mission” for artists who for reasons political, aesthetic, or of personality found themselves on the margins of increasingly conservative and restrictive state-run cultural institutions. Under the direction of composer Leo Brouwer, the Grupo incorporated musicians who became some of the Revolution’s most renowned artists. Brouwer declared that the primary mission of the Grupo was not to create film music but “to transform the repertoire of Cuban popular music to the best of our abilities.” The Grupo merged discourses of the artistic avant-garde with those of revolutionary praxis and in doing so, positioned their sonic experiments both aesthetically and politically. The Grupo has had a marked impact on later groups who also struggled on the margins of state institutions. Drawing overt references to the Grupo and appropriating similar avant-garde rhetoric, collectives such as Habana Abierta and Interactivo promoted a new musical and social “revolution from within,” one that advocated from the margins of official discourse for a radically new transnational model of Cuban citizenship and civic participation.
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Petersen, Kristian. Arabic Discourse, Linguistic Authority, and Islamic Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634346.003.0006.
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This chapter outlines the use of Arabic by Wang Daiyu, Liu Zhi, and Ma Dexin, as well as the guiding principles behind it. I trace the shifting motivations that caused these scholars to employ Arabic and determine why they chose to utilize it in their writings. I argue that the use of Arabic became more prominent over time because Sino-Muslims found themselves in a shrinking world, where the global Muslim population was establishing more contact and communication between disparate local communities. Arabic acted as a unifier between divergent linguistic and cultural Muslim communities in both theological and practical levels. The language served as a means for social and religious positioning through the posturing of Han Kitab discursive models and linguistic revision. Han Kitab scholarship joined the perceived orthodox Islamic intellectual tradition through the use of an established discursive framework when employing Arabic.
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Richetti, John. Non-Fictional Discourses and the Novel. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199580033.003.0021.
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This chapter looks at how readers of eighteenth-century British fiction seem to have possessed less carefully policed divisions between fact and fiction. It speculates that their credulity was more flexible than that of current critics and readers. Into the 1750s and beyond, many narratives that were obviously fictional featured titles or subtitles that gestured toward the kind of factuality to be found in such ‘news’: fiction that was somehow truthful or claimed a kind of non-literal truth. The chapter notes that, from antiquity onwards historians were ignorant of many things. And of course the classical tradition of historical writing allowed or indeed encouraged invented speeches and concocted descriptions.
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Elves, The Silver. Discourses on High Sorcery: More Correspondence Between the Silver Elves and the Founders of the Elf Queen's Daughters. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012.
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18
Hardy, Duncan. Associations and the Discourses of Peace, Common Weal, and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827252.003.0008.
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Associations such as alliances and leagues were not merely functional tools. The rhetoric found in treaties and correspondence suggests that some members of associations perceived their participation as an activity freighted with political and moral significance. Almost all alliance and league foundation treaties and renewals contain appeals to clusters of ideas, centred on the concepts of divinely ordained peace, the common good of the community, and the Holy Roman Empire (conceptually linked, from the late fifteenth century, to the ‘German nation’). These discourses can only be found in this precise form in one other setting: the imperial diets and Empire-wide correspondence and legislation that they produced. This indicates that members of associations claimed to be involving themselves in the most significant and legitimate spheres of political activity in the Empire, even when their immediate objectives were modest and localized, or the legality of their alliances was challenged by other authorities.
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Novetzke, Christian Lee. The Quotidian Revolution. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231175807.001.0001.
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In thirteenth-century Maharashtra, a new vernacular literature emerged to challenge the hegemony of Sanskrit, a language largely restricted to men of high caste. In a vivid and accessible idiom, this new Marathi literature inaugurated a public debate over the ethics of social difference grounded in the idiom of everyday life. The arguments of vernacular intellectuals pushed the question of social inclusion into ever-wider social realms, spearheading the development of a nascent premodern public sphere that valorized the quotidian world in sociopolitical terms. The Quotidian Revolution examines this pivotal moment of vernacularization in Indian literature, religion, and public life by investigating courtly donative Marathi inscriptions alongside the first extant texts of Marathi literature: the Līlācaritra (1278) and the Jñāneśvarī (1290). Novetzke revisits the influence of Chakradhar (c. 1194), the founder of the Mahanubhav religion, and Jnandev (c. 1271), who became a major figure of the Varkari religion, to observe how these avant-garde and worldly elites pursued a radical intervention into the social questions and ethics of the age. Drawing on political anthropology and contemporary theories of social justice, religion, and the public sphere, The Quotidian Revolution explores the specific circumstances of this new discourse oriented around everyday life and its lasting legacy: widening the space of public debate in a way that presages key aspects of Indian modernity and dem
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Ellis, Markman. Novel and Empire. Edited by Alan Downie. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566747.013.022.
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This essay examines novel’s relation with empire through the relationship between the form of the novel and the ideology of empire. It analyses the themes of colony and cross-cultural global encounters in popular prose subgenres of the eighteenth century, including the robinsonade, imitations of Crusoe’s island adventures, and the oriental tale, free imitations of the Islamic story collection. Although contemporary discourse on the British Empire argued that it was founded on ideas of liberty, commerce, and Christianity, the problem of slavery presented a powerful contradiction and growing controversy. Depictions of slavery in the sentimental novel advertised the asymmetrical violence endemic to the slave system, contributing to the emerging campaign for the abolition of the slave trade and, eventually, the emancipation of the slaves. Nonetheless, Gothic fictions found creative potential in the terrors of slavery and in folk beliefs derived from slave society, such as obeah and the zombie.
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Harris, Frances. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802440.003.0001.
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This introduces the Marlborough-Godolphin partnership as not just a political alliance, but a close friendship founded on ideals of platonic love and heroic virtue. It reviews the various discourses of friendship, noting the cultural influences (the essayists Montaigne, Sir William Temple, Saint-Évremond, as well as heroic drama and opera) which carried the ideal forward, but with the growing sense that it must prove itself in actual human transactions. It suggests that studying the Marlborough-Godolphin friendship as it proved itself in war abroad and party conflict at home is revealing of two historical figures whom historians have often found enigmatic, though in the end their commitment to it contributed to their short-term failure as well as their longer-term success. The distinction between friendship and royal favour is also touched on.
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Bartlett, Gillian Carol. An examination and comparison of cohesive ties found in twelfth graders' oral and written versions of four discourse tasks. 1989.
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23
Barrett, Rusty. Viral Loads. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390179.003.0006.
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This chapter analyzes patterns of the interactional stance on blogs written by self-identified barebackers, gay men who eschew the use of condoms. In the early part of the twenty-first century, barebacker subculture was highly controversial as barebackers were often portrayed both as rejecting commonsense advice from public health officials and as dangerous for potentially putting their sexual partners at risk for HIV infection. After a discussion of the controversies that surrounded barebacker identity, the chapter examines various types of stance in barebacker discourse. Barebackers use stance to realign the arguments surrounding safe sex to emphasize knowledge about disease transmission and possible risks (rather than the use of condoms) as critical to disease prevention. The barebacker discourse analyzed here also uses instrumental stance to construct an identity founded in a natural desire for semen, which is impeded by condom use.
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A short discourse of the New-found-land: Contaynig [sic] diverse reasons and inducements, for the planting of that countrey. Printed by the Societie of Stationers, 1989.
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25
Shome, Siddhartha. The Social Vision of the Alternative Food Movement. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.010.
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This article examines the social vision and ideology of the alternative food movement. The movement is based on a vision of American pastoralism, which is accompanied by an ideology of limits and a deep suspicion of scientific and technological progress. It also rests on a vision of heroic Third World peasants, who are depicted as living lives close to nature and to God. The article begins by considering the ideas of Wendell Berry, one of the founders of the movement. It then turns to the views of Indian environmentalist and food activist Vandana Shiva, who is also one of the strongest proponents of the vision of heroic Third World peasants. This is followed by a discussion of the alternative food movement’s environmental vision, which is contrasted with that of two prominent American environmentalists. Finally, the analysis moves on to India, where the underlying ideology shaping the alternative food movement has long found expression in the broader political discourse. The ideas of two prominent Indian thinkers—Mahatma Gandhi and B. R. (Babasaheb) Ambedkar— are presented.
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Gentry, Caron E. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901264.003.0001.
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This introduction contrasts the election of President Obama with the election of President Trump, introducing the concept of anxiety politics and the role of emotions in discourse. It argues that while Christian realism, as articulated by Reinhold Niebuhr, continues to be relevant, its discussion of power structures and anxiety needs to be reevaluated in light of feminist thought. It does so by intersecting Niebuhr with other theologies on the imago dei and creativity. In this way it can better account for the racial and misogynist structures that the United States is founded upon and that continue to haunt and effect US politics.
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Shepherd, Laura J. Gender, UN Peacebuilding, and the Politics of Space. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199982721.001.0001.
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The United Nations is an organization founded at least in part on hope: hope for a postwar future offering security, human rights, justice, “social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.” This book documents some of the ways in which the UN engages with peacebuilding as a practice of hope, under the auspices of the UN Peacebuilding Commission that was created in 2005. Hope was part of the Commission’s foundational mandate: the hope that the Commission, as a principal actor in the UN peacebuilding apparatus, would “integrate a gender perspective into all of its work”; and the hope that the Commission would “consult with civil society, non-governmental organizations, including women’s organizations, and the private sector engaged in peacebuilding activities, as appropriate.” This book engages with the work that gender is doing conceptually to organize the way that peacebuilding is defined, enacted, and resourced, as well as exploring the ways in which women, gender, and civil society are constructed in UN peacebuilding discourse. Laying bare the logics of gender and space that organize the discourse, the author argues that these constructions work independently and together to constitute the terrain of UN peacebuilding discourse in three ways: to create “conditions of impossibility” in the implementation of peacebuilding activities that take gender seriously as a power dynamic; to heavily circumscribe women’s meaningful participation in peacebuilding; and to produce hierarchies that paradoxically undermine the contemporary emphasis on “bottom-up” governance of peacebuilding activities.
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Schlapbach, Karin. Dance as Method and Experience: Emotional and Epistemic Aspects of Dance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807728.003.0004.
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This chapter elucidates philosophical and religious aspects of ancient dance discourse. It traces novel connections from the poetic and philosophical motif of the dance of the stars to later ancient dance discourse. A link is found in the genre of exhortations (protreptics) to philosophy, which influenced Lucian’s On Dancing, and in the philosophical ideal of heavenly contemplation. The latter yields a particularly interesting variation by Augustine, who finds in dance spectacles an occasion to know things through themselves. The remainder of the chapter discusses the evidence for the role of dancing in ancient mystery cults and argues that in this context dance represents a way to attain cognition through sensory and emotional experience. This path is pursued further with an examination of the early Christian dance ritual depicted in the apocryphal Acts of John.
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Henning, Tim. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797036.003.0009.
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This brief chapter summarizes central findings regarding the role of parenthetical sentences in practical discourse. But it also provides historical context. It suggests that a precursor of parentheticalism may be found in Kant, especially in Kant’s views about the “I think,” especially as they are expressed in the B-Version of the “Transcendental Deduction” and the B-Version of the chapter on Paralogisms in the Critique of Pure Reason.
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H. Makhoul, Manar. Palestinian Citizens of Israel. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474459273.001.0001.
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Palestinian citizens in Israel are part of the Palestinian nation that was scattered and divided during the 1948 War (Nakba, a catastrophe), amidst which Israel was founded. Today, Palestinian citizens in Israel are not part of the emancipatory movement of Palestinians outside of Israel. The primary question, then, that this book aims to address relates to understanding the transformation in Palestinian discourse, from that which spoke of national self-determination, to a discourse that is not coherently nationalist. The study of literature aims to provide a view ‘from within’ onto Palestinian discourse. Incorporating almost the entire corpus of Palestinian novels published in Israel between 1948 and 2010, the book aims to deal with the widest possible spectrum of representation. This choice aims to complement existing sociological and literary analysis on Palestinians in Israel. The book is divided to three chapters, corresponding to political periods in the life of Palestinians in Israel (1948−1967; 1967−1987; and 1987−2010). In the first period, Palestinians in Israel adapt to life under military rule, but they also undergo a process of modernization that aimed, so they believed, to facilitate their integration in Israeli society. Since the late 1960s, during the second period, Palestinians start to question the implications of modernization on their society, highlighting the ambivalence of their life in Israel. In the third period, Palestinians in Israel start to contemplate ‘solutions’ for this ambivalence, or alienation, bringing to the fore issues relating to their relationship with Israel as well as Palestinians across the border.
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Blidstein, Moshe. The Origenist Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791959.003.0009.
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This chapter argues that Origen’s purity discourse was innovative on many fronts, as can be seen in his writings on sexuality, baptism, and on dietary issues. Defilement imagery concerning sexuality is especially prominent. Although Origen did not prohibit marriage, he saw sexuality as defiled, the quintessential expression of human corporeality, closely connected with sin though not synonymous with it. I argue that Origen was the first Christian thinker who integrated the notion of temporary sexual defilement found in the Hebrew Bible with the second-century Christian notion of essential sexual defilement, creating a nuanced conception of defilement. As in sexual issues, in baptism too Origen supplies a relatively systematic usage of purity discourse; baptism and sex are linked through his understanding of infant baptism as purification from an inherent defilement linked to the sexual origin of the human body.
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Legaspi, Michael C. Piety and Wisdom in Socrates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190885120.003.0005.
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For Socrates, wisdom begins with the recognition of a moral order that identifies human flourishing with the life of virtue. The virtuous individual lives in harmony with a world governed by divine benevolence and characterized by justice. Because virtue is found in people in varying degrees, the social order is not necessarily ordered to wisdom and is, at times, inimical to it. Social life is the venue for a pursuit of wisdom in which rational discourse—as opposed to power and manipulation—structures a search for the good. Rational discourse, however, also reveals human moral and intellectual limitations, such that any claim to know what is good must be held tentatively and kept open to revision. In the face of human ignorance and hostility, loyalty to the good is sustained by piety, or reverence for the good, and by integrity, the refusal to give up one’s own just life.
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Polinsky, Maria, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.001.0001.
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This Handbook offers an introduction to the linguistically diverse languages of the Caucasus, spoken in southern Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. Three indigenous language families of the area include Nakh-Dagestanian, Northwest Caucasian (also known as Abkhaz-Adyghe), and South Caucasian (also known as Kartvelian). Languages of the Caucasus display a number of cross-linguistically unusual features rarely found elsewhere. The Handbook presents descriptions of language families of the area and individual languages within these families, with the linguistic profiles enriched by demographic and sociolinguistic research. In addition, the Handbook delves more deeply into theoretical analyses of linguistic features, such as sound systems, agreement, ellipsis, and discourse properties, which are found in some languages of the Caucasus.
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Hahn, Ulrike, Roland Bluhm, and Frank Zenker. Causal Argument. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.26.
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This chapter outlines the range of argument forms involving causation that can be found in everyday discourse. It also surveys empirical work concerned with the generation and evaluation of such arguments. This survey makes clear that there is presently no unified body of research concerned with causal argument. It highlights the benefits of a unified treatment both for those interested in causal cognition and those interested in argumentation, and identifies the key challenges that must be met for a full understanding of causal argumentation.
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Gray van Heerden, Chantelle, and Aragorn Eloff, eds. Deleuze and Anarchism. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439077.001.0001.
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Both the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari, and anarchism, have gained more academic interest over the past decades. Many authors have also recognised an anarchist sensibility in Deleuze and Guattari’s philosophy, yet there has been no sustained or explicit discussion of anarchism in their work to date. This collection aims to provide readers with a map detailing Deleuze and Guattari’s anarchistic thought and the ways in which it intersects with classic and contemporary anarchist discourse and practices found both in academia and society at large.
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Kim, Christine. Global Loss. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040139.003.0005.
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This chapter looks at the poetry of Souvankham Thammavongsa to understand the figure of the Asian refugee as a metaphor for the inhuman within human rights discourses. Her first two books, Small Arguments (2003) and Found (2007), offer mediations on the mechanisms of power that threaten to render certain lives lost and forgotten. The chapter then turns to her work in big boots, a now defunct Toronto-based zine united by feminist and racialized concerns. By recording the experiences and creative outputs of this minor public in print, this zine legitimates marginalized lives and interrogates the structures that constantly threaten them with erasure. Ultimately, these texts investigate how the legitimating capabilities of print are necessary in order for a logic of exception to be exercised and human rights discourses to operate.
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Bean, Hamilton. United States Intelligence Cultures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.357.
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Organizational culture refers to the constellation of values, beliefs, identities, and artifacts that both shape and emerge from the interactions among the formal members of the US intelligence community. It is useful for understanding interagency cooperation and information sharing, institutional reform, leadership, intelligence failure, intelligence analysis, decision making, and intelligence theory. Organizational culture is also important in understanding the dynamics of US intelligence. There are four “levels” of, or “perspectives” on, organizational culture: vernacular and mundane organizational communication; strategic and reflective discourse; theoretical discourse; and metatheoretical discourse. Meanwhile, four overarching claims can be made about the intelligence studies literature in relation to organizational culture. First, explicit references to organizational culture within the literature do not appear until the 1970s. Second, studies of organizational culture usually critique “differentiation” among the subcultures of a single agency—most often the CIA or the FBI. Third, few intelligence scholars have provided audiences with opportunities to hear the voices of the men and women working inside these agencies. Finally, the majority of this literature views organizational culture from the dominant, managerial perspective. Ultimately, this literature evidences four themes that map to traditionally functionalist assumptions about organizational culture: (1) a differentiated or fragmented culture diminishes organizational effectiveness, while (2) an integrated or unified culture promotes effectiveness; (3) senior officials can and should determine organizational culture; and (4) the US intelligence community should model its culture after those found in private sector corporations or institutions such as law or medicine.
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Anooshahr, Ali. Turkestan and the Rise of Eurasian Empires. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693565.001.0001.
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It has long been known that the origins of the early modern dynasties of the Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Mongols, and Shibanids in the sixteenth century go back to “Turco-Mongol” or “Turcophone” war bands. However, too often has this connection been taken at face value, usually along the lines of ethnolinguistic continuity. The connection between a mythologized “Turkestani” or “Turco-Mongol” origin and these dynasties was not simply and objectively present as fact. Rather, much creative energy was unleashed by courtiers and leaders from Bosnia to Bihar (with Bukhara and Badakhshan along the way) in order to manipulate, invent, and in some cases disavow the ancestry of the founders of these dynasties. Essentially, one can even say that Turco-Mongol progenitors did not beget the Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Mongol, and Shibanid states. Quite the contrary, one can say that historians writing in these empires were the ancestors of the “Turco-Mongol” lineage of their founders. Using one or more specimens of Persian historiography, in a series of five case studies, each focusing on one of these nascent polities, the book intends to show how “Turkestan,” “Central Asia,” and “Turco-Mongol” functioned as literary tropes in the political discourse of the time.
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Blank, Andreas. Cartesian Logic and Locke’s Critique of Maxims. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815037.003.0012.
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This chapter contextualizes Locke’s critique of logical and metaphysical maxims within the framework of the Cartesian critique of the topical tradition. It makes clear that Locke, targeting the Scholastic, proof-theoretic conception of maxims, replicates argumentative patterns found in the work of the Cartesian logicians Johannes Clauberg and Antoine Arnauld, who argued against the topical (Ramist) conception of maxims. Locke also inherits certain weaknesses of this Cartesian critique, which, it is argued, does not adequately capture the view of Petrus Ramus and others in the topical tradition that maxims only make explicit the rules that implicitly govern various areas of discourse.
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McMahan, Jeff. Human Dignity, Suicide, and Assisting Others to Die. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675967.003.0002.
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The notion of human dignity is pervasive in political and philosophical discourse, but it can have various different meanings and in some contexts may have little determinate meaning at all. It is often invoked on both sides of the debate about the permissibility of assisting others to die. This chapter canvasses and critically evaluates various ways of understanding the concept human dignity, including that found in the work of Kant and some contemporary Kantians. It is argued that none of these understandings provide the basis for a convincing argument against the permissibility of suicide or of assisting others to die.
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Blidstein, Moshe. General Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791959.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
In the general conclusion, I discuss the consequences of the textual analyses for the overarching theme of the book—how purity and defilement are redefined in early Christianity to support the theology, demonology, and understanding of human nature found in second- and third-century communities, and to construct the identity of these communities. I compare different areas of purity discourse (sexuality, dietary laws, asceticism, baptism), and trace the historical development of purity concepts and ideas through the first three centuries of Christianity, underlining the unique place of Origen and of Jewish-Christian communities in this development.
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Sharma, Mukul. Eco-casteism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199477562.003.0001.
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This chapter examines some of the significant lines of environmental conceptions in India since the 1980s. It pays critical attention to caste and its expression or marginalization in environmental discourses. It attempts to show how Brahmanical religious traditions and their arguments have had a powerful resonance in India’s dominant environmental leanings. It intermeshes these with some of the recent criticisms made by Dalit scholars regarding India’s environmental thought. Through the particular case study of Sulabh International (founded by Bindeshwar Pathak), a prominent organization working on sanitation and rural development, the chapter further shows how a noteworthy, well-intentioned, and much celebrated environmental initiative for the abolition of scavenging (which is deeply related to the Hindu caste system) in India assumes a Hindu religious ecology.
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Al-Hassan, Hawraa. Women, Writing and the Iraqi Ba'thist State. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474441759.001.0001.
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The book examines the trajectory of the state sponsored novel in Iraq and considers the ways in which explicitly political and/or ideological texts functioned as resistive counter narratives. It argues that both the novel and ‘progressive’ discourses on women were used as markers of Iraq’s cultural revival under the Ba‘th and were a key element in the state’s propaganda campaign within Iraq and abroad. In an effort to expand its readership and increase support for its pan-Arab project, the Iraqi Ba‘th almost completely eradicated illiteracy among women. As Iraq was metaphorically transformed into a ‘female’, through its nationalist trope, women writers simultaneously found opportunities and faced obstacles from the state, as the ‘Woman Question’ became a site of contention between those who would advocate the progressiveness of the Ba‘th and those who would stress its repressiveness and immorality. By exploring discourses on gender in both propaganda and high art fictional writings by Iraqis, this book offers an alternative narrative of the literary and cultural history of Iraq. It ultimately expands the idea of cultural resistance beyond the modern/traditional, progressive/backward paradigms that characterise discourses on Arab women and the state, and argues that resistance is embedded in the material form of texts as much as their content or ideological message.
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James, Joy. The Quartet in the Political Persona of Ida B. Wells. Edited by Naomi Zack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.37.
Full textAbstract:
Antilynching activism and advocacy are codified in Wells’s writings, particularly the 1892 pamphlet Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. Wells presented an astute political analysis of racial-sexual violence within US democracy that remains influential from the late nineteenth to the early twenty-first century. A review of Wells’s advocacy for Afro-American autonomy and self-defense to counter racial terror and rape, and her critique of the duplicity of antirape discourse that demonizes blacks, suggests that the legacy of Ida B. Wells is discernible in contemporary analysis and activism found in organizations such as Black Lives Matter and the Black Women’s Blueprint.
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Owens, David. Descartes’ Use of Doubt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713234.003.0007.
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Chapter 5 argues that Descartes’ scepticism depends on his demand for certainty. The current chapter elaborates the justification for that demand to be found in the Fourth Meditation, making it clear why (as Descartes insists) the sceptical inquiry must take the form of a meditation. It also explains Descartes’ insistence (in the Discourse) that his demand for certainty does not apply to the affairs of ordinary life. For the purpose of leading our lives whilst engaged in Descartes’ sceptical inquiry we are invited to rely on a state distinct from belief, namely conjecture. And to prosecute the sceptical inquiry itself we must make use of another device: supposition.
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Green, Barbara. Genre Criticism and the Prophets. Edited by Carolyn J. Sharp. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.013.15.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter offers a current explanation of the term “genre,” to distinguish it from form, and then proposes twenty-five genres that are found typically and frequently in the Latter Prophets. For each genre, a definition is offered, and a biblical text is instanced, with the shape, function, and effect of the genre suggested. The genres include the following: allegory; argumenta minori ad maius; call/commission; day of the Lord saying; dialogue; dirge; discourse ascribed; disputation; doxology/hymn; exhortation/admonition; lament; metaphor; metonymy; parable; parodic speech; personification; prayer; pronouncement; question; root metaphor; satire/taunt; symbolic action report; theophany report; uncreation saying; and vision report.
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Freeden, Michael. 9. Stimuli and responses: seeing and feeling ideology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192802811.003.0009.
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Ideology has been dealt with as it is found in written and spoken languages but in ‘Stimuli and responses: seeing and feeling ideologies’ three further themes are introduced. Firstly, ideology appears in many non-verbal forms. Second, even as textual discourse, ideology includes metaphors and stories that are not directly decodable as political language. Third, ideology concerns not only the rational and the irrational, the cognitive and the unconscious, but the emotional as well. Over the last century, with the advent of film and television, as well as the mass production of art and advertising, the virtual messages of ideology have been conveyed in new forms.
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Scolieri, Paul A. “An Interesting Experiment in Eugenics”. Edited by Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199754281.013.001.
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The “ethnic dance” movement in the United States is closely associated with Ted Shawn, the “Father of American Dance” (1891–1972). Shawn and his wife and dancing partner, Ruth St. Denis, founded a dance company called Denishawn, whose repertory incorporated Native American, “Negro,” and Spanish folk dances. By the mid-1920s, Shawn viewed American dance in terms of moral and physical purity—a philosophy he based on the discourse of eugenics. This article explores how the eugenics movement informed Shawn’s vision of American dance in the 1920s, particularly with respect to two of his related writings, The American Ballet and “An American Ballet.” It explains how Shawn’s personal and professional relationship with Havelock Ellis, a British physician who was a leading proponent of the eugenics movement in Europe and whom he considered his idol, influenced his views about eugenics. It also examines how Shawn’s anxiety about his own sexual “unfitness” (his homosexuality) shaped his racist, nativist, and xenophobic “experiment” with eugenics in American dance.
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Rogers, Holly, and Jeremy Barham, eds. The Music and Sound of Experimental Film. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190469894.001.0001.
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This book explores music- and sound-image relationships in non-mainstream screen repertoire from the earliest examples of experimental audiovisuality to the most recent forms of expanded and digital technology. It challenges presumptions of visual primacy in experimental cinema and rethinks screen music discourse in light of the aesthetics of non-commercial imperatives. Several themes run through the book, connecting with and significantly enlarging upon current critical discourse surrounding realism and audibility in the fiction film, the role of music in mainstream cinema, and the audiovisual strategies of experimental film. The contributors investigate repertoires and artists from Europe and the United States through the critical lenses of synchronicity and animated sound, interrelations of experimentation in image and sound, audiovisual synchresis and dissonance, experimental soundscape traditions, found-footage film, remediation of pre-existent music and sound, popular and queer sound cultures, and a diversity of radical technological and aesthetic tropes in film media traversing the work of early pioneers such as Walter Ruttmann and Len Lye, through the mid-century innovations of Norman McLaren, Stan Brakhage, Lis Rhodes, Kenneth Anger, Andy Warhol, and studio collectives in Poland, to latter-day experimentalists John Smith and Bill Morrison, as well as the contemporary practices of VJing.
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Bogdan, Henrik. Western Esotericism and New Religious Movements. Edited by James R. Lewis and Inga Tøllefsen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466176.013.34.
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The study of Western esotericism is a comparatively new field of research that covers a wide range of currents, notions and practices from late antiquity to the present. Esotericism is often understood as the “rejected knowledge” of Western culture, which often centers on claims of absolute knowledge or gnosis. This chapter discusses four discourses that can be found in many esoteric NRMs, namely “secrecy and unveiling”, “initiation and progress”, “the higher self”, and “Secret Masters”. In the second part of the chapter four examples of esoteric NRMs are briefly discussed, Spiritualism, Theosophy, Thelema, and Wicca.